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de Albuquerque KCO, da Veiga ADSS, Silveira FT, Campos MB, da Costa APL, Brito AKM, Melo PRDS, Percario S, de Molfetta FA, Dolabela MF. Anti-leishmanial activity of Eleutherine plicata Herb. and predictions of isoeleutherin and its analogues. Front Chem 2024; 12:1341172. [PMID: 38510811 PMCID: PMC10950963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1341172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, classified as tegumentary and visceral. The disease treatment is still a serious problem, due to the toxic effects of available drugs, the costly treatment and reports of parasitic resistance, making the search for therapeutic alternatives urgent. This study assessed the in vitro anti-leishmanial potential of the extract, fractions, and isoeleutherin from Eleutherine plicata, as well as the in silico interactions of isoeleutherin and its analogs with Trypanothione Reductase (TR), in addition to predicting pharmacokinetic parameters. Methods: From the ethanolic extract of E. plicata (EEEp) the dichloromethane fraction (FDEp) was obtained, and isoeleutherin isolated. All samples were tested against promastigotes, and parasite viability was evaluated. Isoeleutherin analogues were selected based on similarity in databases (ZINK and eMolecules) to verify the impact on structural change. Results and Discussion: The extract and its fractions were not active against the promastigote form (IC50 > 200 μg/mL), while isoeleutherin was active (IC50 = 25 μg/mL). All analogues have high intestinal absorption (HIA), cell permeability was moderate in Caco2 and low to moderate in MDCK. Structural changes interfered with plasma protein binding and blood-brain barrier permeability. Regarding metabolism, all molecules appear to be CYP3A4 metabolized and inhibited 2-3 CYPs. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics assessed the interactions between the most stable configurations of isoeleutherin, analogue compound 17, and quinacrine (control drug). Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated stability and favorable interactions with TR. In summary, fractionation contributed to antileishmanial activity and isoleutherin seems to be promising. Structural alterations did not contribute to improve pharmacokinetic aspects and analogue 17 proved to be more promising than isoeleutherin, presenting better stabilization in TR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Lima da Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandro Percario
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Postgraduate Program (BIONORTE), Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alberto de Molfetta
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Postgraduate Program (BIONORTE), Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Innovation Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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2
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Sarfraz M, Bakht MA, Alshammari MS, Alrofaidi M, Alzahrani AR, Eltaib L, Asdaq SMB, Aba Alkhayl FF, Abida, Mohd Imran. Beyond traditional medications: exploring novel and potential inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (LmTr) of Leishmania parasites. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38213287 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The trypanothione reductase enzyme, which neutralizes the reactive oxygen species produced inside the macrophages to kill the parasites, is one of the evasion strategies Leishmania uses to survive inside the cells. The vitality of the parasite depends on Leishmania major trypanothione reductase (LmTr), a NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase essential for thiol metabolism. Since this enzyme is distinct and lacking in humans, we focused on it in our study to screen for new inhibitors to combat leishmaniasis. Using the I-TASSER server, a three-dimensional model of LmTr was generated. The Autodock vina program was used in high-throughput virtual screening of the ZINC database. The top seven molecules were ranked according to their binding affinity. The compounds with the highest binding affinities and the right number of hydrogen bonds were chosen. These compounds may be effective at inhibiting the target enzyme's (LmTr) activity, making them new leishmaniasis treatments. These compounds may serve as a useful starting point for a hit-to-lead approach in the quest for new anti-Leishmania drugs that are more efficient and less cytotoxic. The average node degree is 5.09, the average local clustering coefficient is 0.868, and the PPI enrichment p-value is 8.9e-06, indicating that it is sufficiently connected to regulate the network. TRYR (LmTr protein) also interacts physically with ten additional proteins in the pathogenesis network. The findings of the study indicated that successfully suppressing the LmTr protein in vitro and in vivo may finally result in regulating the L. major pathogenesis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - M Afroz Bakht
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin, Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sanad Alshammari
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alrofaidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Eltaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Faris F Aba Alkhayl
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Barrera-Téllez FJ, Prieto-Martínez FD, Hernández-Campos A, Martínez-Mayorga K, Castillo-Bocanegra R. In Silico Exploration of the Trypanothione Reductase (TryR) of L. mexicana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16046. [PMID: 38003236 PMCID: PMC10671491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease which affects nearly 1.5 million people every year, with Mexico being an important endemic region. One of the major defense mechanisms of these parasites is based in the polyamine metabolic pathway, as it provides the necessary compounds for its survival. Among the enzymes in this route, trypanothione reductase (TryR), an oxidoreductase enzyme, is crucial for the Leishmania genus' survival against oxidative stress. Thus, it poses as an attractive drug target, yet due to the size and features of its catalytic pocket, modeling techniques such as molecular docking focusing on that region is not convenient. Herein, we present a computational study using several structure-based approaches to assess the druggability of TryR from L. mexicana, the predominant Leishmania species in Mexico, beyond its catalytic site. Using this consensus methodology, three relevant pockets were found, of which the one we call σ-site promises to be the most favorable one. These findings may help the design of new drugs of trypanothione-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrera-Téllez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando D. Prieto-Martínez
- Instituto de Química, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Km. 4.5, Ucú 97357, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Karina Martínez-Mayorga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sierra Papacal, Mérida 97302, Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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4
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González-González A, Vázquez C, Encalada R, Saavedra E, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Ortiz-Pérez E, Bolognesi ML, Rivera G. Phenothiazine-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics of new trypanothione reductase inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2300069. [PMID: 37490403 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives can unselectively inhibit the trypanothione-dependent antioxidant system enzyme trypanothione reductase (TR). A virtual screening of 2163 phenothiazine derivatives from the ZINC15 and PubChem databases docked on the active site of T. cruzi TR showed that 285 compounds have higher affinity than the natural ligand trypanothione disulfide. 244 compounds showed higher affinity toward the parasite's enzyme than to its human homolog glutathione reductase. Protein-ligand interaction profiling predicted that the main interactions for the top scored compounds were with residues important for trypanothione disulfide binding: Phe396, Pro398, Leu399, His461, Glu466, and Glu467, particularly His461, which participates in catalysis. Two compounds with the desired profiles, ZINC1033681 (Zn_C687) and ZINC10213096 (Zn_C216), decreased parasite growth by 20 % and 50 %, respectively. They behaved as mixed-type inhibitors of recombinant TR, with Ki values of 59 and 47 μM, respectively. This study provides a further understanding of the potential of phenothiazine derivatives as TR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - Citlali Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
| | - María Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, México
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5
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Paes SS, Silva-Silva JV, Portal Gomes PW, da Silva LO, da Costa APL, Lopes Júnior ML, Hardoim DDJ, Moragas-Tellis CJ, Taniwaki NN, Bertho AL, de Molfetta FA, Almeida-Souza F, Santos LS, Calabrese KDS. (-)-5-Demethoxygrandisin B a New Lignan from Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. Leaves: Evaluation of the Leishmanicidal Activity by In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2292. [PMID: 37765261 PMCID: PMC10535778 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by infection with different Leishmania parasites. The number of medications used for its treatment is still limited and the discovery of new drugs is a valuable approach. In this context, here we describe the in vitro leishmanicidal activity and the in silico interaction between trypanothione reductase (TryR) and (-)-5-demethoxygrandisin B from the leaves of Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. The compound (-)-5-demethoxygrandisin B was isolated from V. surinamensis leaves, a plant found in the Brazilian Amazon, and it was characterized as (7R,8S,7'R,8'S)-3,4,5,3',4'-pentamethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan. In vitro antileishmanial activity was examined against Leishmania amazonensis, covering both promastigote and intracellular amastigote phases. Cytotoxicity and nitrite production were gauged using BALB/c peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy was applied to probe ultrastructural alterations, and flow cytometry assessed the shifts in the mitochondrial membrane potential. In silico methods such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics assessed the interaction between the most stable configuration of (-)-5-demethoxygrandisin B and TryR from L. infantum (PDB ID 2JK6). As a result, the (-)-5-demethoxygrandisin B was active against promastigote (IC50 7.0 µM) and intracellular amastigote (IC50 26.04 µM) forms of L. amazonensis, with acceptable selectivity indexes. (-)-5-demethoxygrandisin B caused ultrastructural changes in promastigotes, including mitochondrial swelling, altered kDNA patterns, vacuoles, vesicular structures, autophagosomes, and enlarged flagellar pockets. It reduced the mitochondria membrane potential and formed bonds with important residues in the TryR enzyme. The molecular dynamics simulations showed stability and favorable interaction with TryR. The compound targets L. amazonensis mitochondria via TryR enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Souza Paes
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - João Victor Silva-Silva
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil (K.d.S.C.)
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Wender Portal Gomes
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | | | - Ana Paula Lima da Costa
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Manoel Leão Lopes Júnior
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Jesus Hardoim
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil (K.d.S.C.)
| | - Carla J. Moragas-Tellis
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alberto de Molfetta
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil (K.d.S.C.)
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Maranhão, Sao Luis 65055-310, MA, Brazil
| | - Lourivaldo Silva Santos
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil (K.d.S.C.)
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6
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Santiago-Silva KM, Camargo PG, Bispo MLF. Promising Molecular Targets Related to Polyamine Biosynthesis in Drug Discovery against Leishmaniasis. Med Chem 2023; 19:2-9. [PMID: 35838221 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220713145446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease widely distributed worldwide, caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Despite representing a significant public health problem, the therapeutic options are old, with several reported adverse effects, have high costs, with administration mainly by parenteral route, which makes treatment difficult, increasing dropout and, consequently, the emergence of resistant strains. Thus, the research and development of new antileishmanial therapies become necessary. In this field, inhibiting essential targets that affect the parasite's growth, survival, and infectivity represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. With this in mind, this review addresses the main structural, functional characteristics and recent reports of the discovery of promising inhibitors of the enzymes Arginase (ARG) and trypanothione synthase (TryS), which are involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines and trypanothione and Trypanothione Reductase (TR), responsible for the reduction of trypanothione thiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio M Santiago-Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila G Camargo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelle L F Bispo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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7
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Karan Kumar B, Faheem, Balana Fouce R, Melcon-Fernandez E, Perez-Pertejo Yolanda Y, Reguera RM, Adinarayana N, Chandra Sekhar KVG, Vanaparthi S, Murugesan S. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel β-carboline ester analogues as potential anti-leishmanial agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12592-12607. [PMID: 34488559 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1973564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of today's most neglected diseases. The emergence of new anti-leishmanial therapies emphasizes several study groups funded by the World Health Organization. The present investigation will focus on the research to determine a few new potential derivatives of β-carboline ester derivatives against leishmaniasis. The in-silico predicted ADMET properties of most of the titled compounds are in an acceptable range and having drug like properties. Among all the tested analogs, compound ES-3 (EC50 3.36 μM; SI > 29.80) showed comparable and equipotent anti-leishmanial activity as that of standard drug miltefosine (EC50 4.80 μM; SI > 20.80) against amastigote forms of the tested L. infantum strain. Two compounds ES-6 and ES-10 exhibited significant activity with EC50 10.16, 13.56 μM; SI > 4.90, 7.37, respectively. In-silico based molecular docking and dynamics study of the significantly active analog also performed to study the putative binding mode, interaction pattern at the active site of the target leishmanial trypanothione reductase enzyme as well as stability of the target-ligand complex. The changes in the conformation of molecules during MD (frame wise trajectory analysis) provided new insights for the development of novel potent molecules. These findings will further give insight that will help modify the compound ES-3 for better potency and the design of novel inhibitors for leishmaniasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Faheem
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | | | - Rosa M Reguera
- Department of Ciencias Biomedicas, University de Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Nandikolla Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Sankaranarayan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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8
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Xie Y, Liang H, Jiang N, Liu D, Zhang N, Li Q, Zhang K, Sang X, Feng Y, Chen R, Zhang Y, Chen Q. Graphene quantum dots induce cascadic apoptosis via interaction with proteins associated with anti-oxidation after endocytosis by Trypanosoma brucei. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022050. [PMID: 36561761 PMCID: PMC9763322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the pathogen causing African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) in humans, causes debilitating diseases in many regions of the world, but mainly in African countries with tropical and subtropical climates. Enormous efforts have been devoted to controlling trypanosomiasis, including expanding vector control programs, searching for novel anti-trypanosomial agents, and developing vaccines, but with limited success. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) on trypanosomal parasites and their underlying mechanisms. Ultrasmall-sized GQDs can be efficiently endocytosed by T. brucei and with no toxicity to mammalian-derived cells, triggering a cascade of apoptotic reactions, including mitochondrial disorder, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, Ca2+ accumulation, DNA fragmentation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis impairment, and cell cycle arrest. All of these were caused by the direct interaction between GQDs and the proteins associated with cell apoptosis and anti-oxidation responses, such as trypanothione reductase (TryR), a key protein in anti-oxidation. GQDs specifically inhibited the enzymatic activity of TryR, leading to a reduction in the antioxidant capacity and, ultimately, parasite apoptotic death. These data, for the first time, provide a basis for the exploration of GQDs in the development of anti-trypanosomials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongrui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Naiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, China,Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanism of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Qijun Chen,
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9
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González-González A, Sánchez-Sánchez O, Krauth-Siegel RL, Bolognesi ML, Gớmez-Escobedo R, Nogueda-Torres B, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Saavedra E, Encalada R, Espinoza-Hicks JC, Paz-González AD, Rivera G. In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of New n-Butyl and Isobutyl Quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di- N-oxide Derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi as Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13315. [PMID: 36362102 PMCID: PMC9655728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a worldwide health problem that requires attention due to ineffective treatment options. We evaluated n-butyl and isobutyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives against trypomastigotes of the Trypanosoma cruzi strains NINOA and INC-5. An in silico analysis of the interactions of 1,4-di-N-oxide on the active site of trypanothione reductase (TR) and an enzyme inhibition study was carried out. The n-butyl series compound identified as T-150 had the best trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi trypomastigotes, with a 13% TR inhibition at 44 μM. The derivative T-147 behaved as a mixed inhibitor with Ki and Ki' inhibition constants of 11.4 and 60.8 µM, respectively. This finding is comparable to the TR inhibitor mepacrine (Ki = 19 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Oscar Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Center of Biochemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rogelio Gớmez-Escobedo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Lenci K. Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D. Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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10
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Battista T, Federico S, Brogi S, Pozzetti L, Khan T, Butini S, Ramunno A, Fiorentino E, Orsini S, Di Muccio T, Fiorillo A, Exertier C, Di Risola D, Colotti G, Gemma S, Ilari A, Campiani G. Optimization of Potent and Specific Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors: A Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1687-1699. [PMID: 35880849 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are responsible for up to 1 million new cases each year. The current therapeutic arsenal against Leishmania is largely inadequate, and there is an urgent need for better drugs. Trypanothione reductase (TR) represents a druggable target since it is essential for the parasite and not shared by the human host. Here, we report the optimization of a novel class of potent and selective LiTR inhibitors realized through a concerted effort involving X-ray crystallography, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation, molecular modeling, and in vitro phenotypic assays. 5-Nitrothiophene-2-carboxamides 3, 6e, and 8 were among the most potent and selective TR inhibitors identified in this study. 6e and 8 displayed leishmanicidal activity in the low micromolar range coupled to SI > 50. Our studies could pave the way for the use of TR inhibitors not only against leishmaniasis but also against other trypanosomatidae due to the structural similarity of TR enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Battista
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Tuhina Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Ramunno
- Department of Pharmacy/DIFARMA, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Orsini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Cécile Exertier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Di Risola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM) of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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11
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Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Machado AS, Santos TTO, Gonçalves IAP, Dias ACS, Alves PT, Fraga VG, Bandeira RS, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Reis TAR, Lage DP, Martins VT, Freitas CS, Chaves AT, Guimarães NS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Tupinambás U, Rocha MOC, Cota GF, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL, Goulart LR, Coelho EAF. Diagnostic application of sensitive and specific phage-exposed epitopes for visceral leishmaniasis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Parasitology 2021; 148:1706-1714. [PMID: 35060464 PMCID: PMC11010164 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has improved with the search of novel antigens; however, their performance is limited when samples from VL/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients are tested. In this context, studies conducted to identify more suitable antigens to detect both VL and VL/HIC coinfection cases should be performed. In the current study, phage display was performed using serum samples from healthy subjects and VL, HIV-infected and VL/HIV-coinfected patients; aiming to identify novel phage-exposed epitopes to be evaluated with this diagnostic purpose. Nine non-repetitive and valid sequences were identified, synthetized and tested as peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments. Results showed that three (Pep2, Pep3 and Pep4) peptides showed excellent performance to diagnose VL and VL/HIV coinfection, with 100% sensitivity and specificity values. The other peptides showed sensitivity varying from 50.9 to 80.0%, as well as specificity ranging from 60.0 to 95.6%. Pep2, Pep3 and Pep4 also showed a potential prognostic effect, since specific serological reactivity was significantly decreased after patient treatment. Bioinformatics assays indicated that Leishmania trypanothione reductase protein was predicted to contain these three conformational epitopes. In conclusion, data suggest that Pep2, Pep3 and Pep4 could be tested for the diagnosis of VL and VL/HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F. Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S. V. Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S. Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís T. O. Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A. P. Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C. S. Dias
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T. Alves
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa G. Fraga
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S. Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A. Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A. R. Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T. Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S. Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana T. Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S. Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manoel O. C. Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gláucia F. Cota
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lílian L. Bueno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA95616, USA
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Maamri S, Benarous K, Yousfi M. Identification of 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic Acid as New Target Inhibitors against Trypanothione Reductase from Leishmania Infantum Using Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction. Molecules 2021; 26:3335. [PMID: 34206087 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic and Terpenoids are potent natural antiparasitic compounds. This study aimed to identify new drug against Leishmania parasites, leishmaniasis’s causal agent. A new in silico analysis was accomplished using molecular docking, with the Autodock vina program, to find the binding affinity of two important phytochemical compounds, Masticadienonic acid and the 3-Methoxycarpachromene, towards the trypanothione reductase as target drugs, responsible for the defense mechanism against oxidative stress and virulence of these parasites. There were exciting and new positive results: the molecular docking results show as elective binding profile for ligands inside the active site of this crucial enzyme. The ADMET study suggests that the 3-Methoxycarpachromene has the highest probability of human intestinal absorption. Through this work, 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic acid are shown to be potentially significant in drug discovery, especially in treating leishmaniasis. Hence, drug development should be completed with promising results.
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13
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Inacio JDF, Fonseca MS, Limaverde-Sousa G, Tomas AM, Castro H, Almeida-Amaral EE. Epigallocathechin- O-3-Gallate Inhibits Trypanothione Reductase of Leishmania infantum, Causing Alterations in Redox Balance and Leading to Parasite Death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:640561. [PMID: 33842389 PMCID: PMC8027256 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.640561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite that causes a vector borne infectious disease in humans known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This pathology, also caused by L. donovani, presently impacts the health of 500,000 people worldwide, and is treated with outdated anti-parasitic drugs that suffer from poor treatment regimens, severe side effects, high cost and/or emergence of resistant parasites. In previous works we have disclosed the anti-Leishmania activity of (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG), a flavonoid compound present in green tea leaves. To date, the mechanism of action of EGCG against Leishmania remains unknown. This work aims to shed new light into the leishmanicidal mode of action of EGCG. Towards this goal, we first confirmed that EGCG inhibits L. infantum promastigote proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Second, we established that the leishmanicidal effect of EGCG was associated with i) mitochondria depolarization and ii) decreased concentration of intracellular ATP, and iii) increased concentration of intracellular H2O2. Third, we found that the leishmanicidal effect and the elevated H2O2 levels induced by of EGCG can be abolished by PEG-catalase, strongly suggesting that this flavonoid kills L. infantum promastigotes by disturbing their intracellular redox balance. Finally, we gathered in silico and in vitro evidence that EGCG binds to trypanothione reductase (TR), a central enzyme of the redox homeostasis of Leishmania, acting as a competitive inhibitor of its trypanothione substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job D F Inacio
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myslene S Fonseca
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Limaverde-Sousa
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose Experimental, Instituto Osvaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M Tomas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Castro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elmo E Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Etxebeste-Mitxeltorena M, Plano D, Espuelas S, Moreno E, Aydillo C, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Soriano JCG, Sanmartín C. New Amides Containing Selenium as Potent Leishmanicidal Agents Targeting Trypanothione Reductase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:e00524-20. [PMID: 33046492 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00524-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new series of 28 selenocyanate and diselenide derivatives containing amide moieties were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes, and selectivity was assessed in human THP-1 cells. Eleven compounds exhibited excellent leishmanicidal activity with EC50 values lower than the reference drug miltefosine (EC50 = 2.84 μM). In addition, for six of them the selectivity index ranged from 9 to >1,442, greater than both references used. The most potent and selective compounds were compounds 2h, 2k, and 2m that displayed EC50 values of 0.52, 1.19, and 0.50 μM, respectively, and a high selectivity index (SI) when tested against THP-1 monocytic cells (SI = >1,442, >672, and >1,100, respectively). These derivatives showed an efficacy similar to that of the reference drugs but much better SI values. They also showed interesting activity values against infected macrophages. Trypanothione reductase (TryR) activity and intracellular thiol level measurement assays were performed for the three best compounds in an attempt to elucidate their mechanism of action. Despite that the new analogs exhibited comparable or better inhibitory activities than the reference TryR inhibitors, more studies are necessary to confirm this result. In summary, our findings suggest that the three compounds described here could constitute leading leishmanicidal drug candidates.
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15
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Camargo PG, Bortoleti BTDS, Fabris M, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Lima CHDS, Pavanelli WR, Bispo MDLF, Macedo F. Thiohydantoins as anti-leishmanial agents: n vitro biological evaluation and multi-target investigation by molecular docking studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3213-3222. [PMID: 33183184 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1845979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The first-line treatment of this disease is still based on pentavalent antimonial drugs that have a high toxicity profile, which could induce parasitic resistance. Therefore, there is a critical need to discover more effective and selective novel anti-leishmanial agents. In this context, thiohydantoins are a versatile class of substances due to their simple synthesis and several biological activities. In this work, thiohydantoins 1a-l were evaluated in vitro for antileishmania activity. Among them, four derivatives (1c, 1e, 1h and 1l) showed promising IC50 values around 10 µM against promastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis and low cytotoxicity profile for peritoneal macrophages cells. Besides, these compounds induce oxidative stress through an increase in ROS production and the labeling of annexin-V and propidium iodide, indicating that promastigotes were undergoing a late apoptosis-like process. Additionally, molecular consensual docking analysis was carried out against two important targets to L. amazonensis: arginase and trypanothione reductase enzymes. Docking results suggest that thiohydantoin ring could be a pharmacophoric group due to its binding affinity by hydrogens bond interactions with important amino acid residues at the active site of both enzymes. These results demonstrate that compounds 1c, 1e, 1h and 1l may are promising in future advance studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Goes Camargo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcieli Fabris
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Macedo
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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de Lucio H, Toro MA, Camarasa M, Velázquez S, Gago F, Jiménez‐Ruiz A. Pseudoirreversible slow-binding inhibition of trypanothione reductase by a protein-protein interaction disruptor. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5163-5176. [PMID: 32888319 PMCID: PMC7588817 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peptide P4 was described as a dimerization disruptor of trypanothione reductase (TryR), a homodimeric enzyme essential for survival of trypanosomatids. Determination of the true inhibitory constant (Ki ) for P4 was not achieved because reaction rates continuously decreased with time, even when substrate concentration was kept constant. The aim of this study was to find a suitable kinetic model that could allow characterization of the complex pattern of TryR inhibition caused by P4. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After showing the slow-binding and pseudoirreversible activity of P4 against Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase (Li-TryR), analysis of the curvatures of the reaction progress curves at different inhibitor concentrations allowed us to define the apparent inhibitory constants (Kiapp ) at five different substrate concentrations. Analysis of the changes in Kiapp values allowed precise definition of the type of inhibition. KEY RESULTS Li-TryR inhibition by P4 requires two sequential steps that involve rapid generation of a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex followed by a pseudoirreversible slow inactivation of the enzyme. Recovery of enzyme activity after inhibitor dissociation is barely detectable. P4 is a non-competitive pseudoirreversible inhibitor of Li- TryR that displays an overall inhibition constant (Ki* ) smaller than 0.02 μM. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Li-TryRdimer disruption by peptide P4 is a pseudoirreversible time-dependent process which is non-competitive with respect to the oxidized trypanothione (TS2 ) substrate. Therefore, unlike reversible Li-TryR competitive inhibitors, enzyme inhibition by P4 is not affected by the TS2 accumulation observed during oxidant processes such as the oxidative burst in host macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor de Lucio
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de SistemasUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, MadridSpain
| | - Miguel A. Toro
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica—CNSGUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellinAntioquiaColombia
| | - María‐José Camarasa
- Departamento de Biomiméticos para el descubrimiento de FármacosInstituto de Química Médica (IQM‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Sonsoles Velázquez
- Departamento de Biomiméticos para el descubrimiento de FármacosInstituto de Química Médica (IQM‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Federico Gago
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada Al IQM‐CSICUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, MadridSpain
| | - Antonio Jiménez‐Ruiz
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de SistemasUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de Henares, MadridSpain
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Crentsil JA, Yamthe LRT, Anibea BZ, Broni E, Kwofie SK, Tetteh JKA, Osei-Safo D. Leishmanicidal Potential of Hardwickiic Acid Isolated From Croton sylvaticus. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:753. [PMID: 32523532 PMCID: PMC7261830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a parasitic protozoon responsible for the neglected tropical disease Leishmaniasis. Approximately, 350 million people are susceptible and close to 70,000 death cases globally are reported annually. The lack of effective leishmanicides, the emergence of drug resistance and toxicity concerns necessitate the pursuit for effective antileishmanial drugs. Natural compounds serve as reservoirs for discovering new drugs due to their chemical diversity. Hardwickiic acid (HA) isolated from the stembark of Croton sylvaticus was evaluated for its leishmanicidal potential against Leishmania donovani and L. major promastigotes. The susceptibility of the promastigotes to HA was determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide/phenazine methosulfate colorimetric assay with Amphotericin B serving as positive control. HA showed a significant antileishmanial activity on L. donovani promastigotes with an IC50 value of 31.57± 0.06 µM with respect to the control drug, amphotericin B with IC50 of 3.35 ± 0.14 µM). The cytotoxic activity was observed to be CC50 = 247.83 ± 6.32 µM against 29.99 ± 2.82 µM for curcumin, the control, resulting in a selectivity index of SI = 7.85. Molecular modeling, docking and dynamics simulations of selected drug targets corroborated the observed antileishmanial activity of HA. Novel insights into the mechanisms of binding were obtained for trypanothione reductase (TR), pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1), and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). The binding affinity of HA to the drug targets LmGCL, LmPTR1, LdTR, LmTR, LdGCL, and LdPTR1 were obtained as -8.0, -7.8, -7.6, -7.5, -7.4 and -7.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The role of Lys16, Ser111, and Arg17 as critical residues required for binding to LdPTR1 was reinforced. HA was predicted as a Caspase-3 stimulant and Caspase-8 stimulant, implying a possible role in apoptosis, which was shown experimentally that HA induced parasite death by loss of membrane integrity. HA was also predicted as antileishmanial molecule corroborating the experimental activity. Therefore, HA is a promising antileishmanial molecule worthy of further development as a biotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Afrifa Crentsil
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences (CBAS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lauve Rachel Tchokouaha Yamthe
- Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Barbara Zenabu Anibea
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences (CBAS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Broni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, CBAS, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kojo Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, CBAS, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, CBAS, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States.,Department of Physics and Engineering Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, United States
| | - John Kweku Amissah Tetteh
- Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorcas Osei-Safo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences (CBAS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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18
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Dukhyil AAAB. Targeting Trypanothione Reductase of Leishmanial major to Fight Against Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:388-393. [PMID: 29732996 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180502141849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1.2-2.0 million cases of leishmaniasis occur annually throughout the world. The available drugs like Amphotericin B, antimonials and miltefosine are unable to fulfill the need due to less effectiveness, high toxicity, resistance, high cost and complex route of administration. Leishmania survives inside the macrophages through different evasion mechanisms; one of that is activation of its trypanothione reductase enzyme which neutralizes the reactive oxygen species generated inside the macrophages to kill the parasites. This enzyme is unique and absent in human, therefore in this study I targeted it for screening of new inhibitors to fight against leishmaniasis. METHODS Homology modeling of Leishmania major trypanothione reductase was performed using Phyre2 server. The homology based modelled protein was validated with PROCHECK analysis. Ligplot analysis was performed to predict the active residues inside the binding pocket. Further, virtual screening of ligand library containing 113 ligands from PubChem Bioassay was performed against the target using AutoDock Vina Tool. RESULTS Top five ligands showed best binding affinity. The molecule having PubChem CID: 10553746 showed highest binding affinity of -11.3 kcal/mol. Over all this molecule showed highest binding affinity and moderate number of hydrogen bonds. Hopefully, this molecule will be able to block the activity of target enzyme, trypanothione reductase of Leishmania major effectively and may work as new molecules to fight against cutaneous leishmanaisis. CONCLUSION This study will help the researchers to identify the new molecules which can block the activity of leishmanial-trypanothione reductase, a novel enzyme of trypanosomatids. These screened inhibitors may also be effective not only in leishmaniasis but also other trypanosomatid-mediated infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz A Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah- 11952, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Battista T, Colotti G, Ilari A, Fiorillo A. Targeting Trypanothione Reductase, a Key Enzyme in the Redox Trypanosomatid Metabolism, to Develop New Drugs against Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiases. Molecules 2020; 25:E1924. [PMID: 32326257 PMCID: PMC7221613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoans Leishmania and Trypanosoma, belonging to the same Trypanosomatidae family, are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis. Overall, these infections affect millions of people worldwide, posing a serious health issue as well as socio-economical concern. Current treatments are inadequate, mainly due to poor efficacy, toxicity, and emerging resistance; therefore, there is an urgent need for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, IBPM-CNR, c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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20
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Lenz M, Krauth-Siegel RL, Schmidt TJ. Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones of the 4,15- iso-Atriplicolide Type are Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203737. [PMID: 31623252 PMCID: PMC6832266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of our investigations on the antitrypanosomal potential of sesquiterpene lactones (STL), we have recently reported on the exceptionally strong activity of 4,15-iso-Atriplicolide tiglate, which demonstrated an IC50 value of 15 nM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the etiologic agent responsible for East African human trypanosomiasis (HAT). Since STLs are known to often interact with their biological targets (e.g., in anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity) by means of the covalent modification of biological nucleophiles—most prominently free cysteine thiol groups in proteins—it was a straightforward assumption that such compounds might interfere with the trypanothione-associated detoxification system of trypanosomes. This system heavily relies on thiol groups in the form of the dithiol trypanothione (T(SH)2) and in the active centers of enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism and homeostasis. Indeed, we found in the present study that 4,15-iso-atriplicolide tiglate, as well as its structural homologues, the corresponding methacrylate and isobutyrate, are inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (TR), the enzyme serving the parasites to keep T(SH)2 in the dithiol state. The TR inhibitory activity was demonstrated to be time-dependent and irreversible. Quite interestingly, of the several further STLs with different core structures that were also tested, none inhibited TR at a significant level. Thus, the TR inhibitory effect by the 4,15-iso-atriplicolide esters appears to be specific for this particular type of furanoheliangolide-type STL. Some structure–activity relationships can already be deduced on the basis of the data reported here, which may serve as the starting point for searching further, possibly more potent, TR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairin Lenz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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21
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Matadamas-Martínez F, Hernández-Campos A, Téllez-Valencia A, Vázquez-Raygoza A, Comparán-Alarcón S, Yépez-Mulia L, Castillo R. Leishmania mexicana Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors: Computational and Biological Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183216. [PMID: 31487860 PMCID: PMC6767256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmanicidal drugs have many side effects, and drug resistance to all of them has been documented. Therefore, the development of new drugs and the identification of novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Leishmania mexicana trypanothione reductase (LmTR), a NADPH-dependent flavoprotein oxidoreductase important to thiol metabolism, is essential for parasite viability. Its absence in the mammalian host makes this enzyme an attractive target for the development of new anti-Leishmania drugs. Herein, a tridimensional model of LmTR was constructed and the molecular docking of 20 molecules from a ZINC database was performed. Five compounds (ZINC04684558, ZINC09642432, ZINC12151998, ZINC14970552, and ZINC11841871) were selected (docking scores -10.27 kcal/mol to -5.29 kcal/mol and structurally different) and evaluated against recombinant LmTR (rLmTR) and L. mexicana promastigote. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation of LmTR-selected compound complexes was achieved. The five selected compounds inhibited rLmTR activity in the range of 32.9% to 40.1%. The binding of selected compounds to LmTR involving different hydrogen bonds with distinct residues of the molecule monomers A and B is described. Compound ZINC12151998 (docking score -10.27 kcal/mol) inhibited 32.9% the enzyme activity (100 µM) and showed the highest leishmanicidal activity (IC50 = 58 µM) of all the selected compounds. It was more active than glucantime, and although its half-maximal cytotoxicity concentration (CC50 = 53 µM) was higher than that of the other four compounds, it was less cytotoxic than amphotericin B. Therefore, compound ZINC12151998 provides a promising starting point for a hit-to-lead process in our search for new anti-Leishmania drugs that are more potent and less cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Matadamas-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Téllez-Valencia
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vázquez-Raygoza
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango Av. Universidad y Fanny Anitúa S/N, Durango 34000, Mexico
| | - Sandra Comparán-Alarcón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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22
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Revuelto A, Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, de Lucio H, Gamo A, Carriles AA, Gutiérrez KJ, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Hermoso JA, Gago F, Camarasa MJ, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Velázquez S. Pyrrolopyrimidine vs Imidazole-Phenyl-Thiazole Scaffolds in Nonpeptidic Dimerization Inhibitors of Leishmania infantum Trypanothione Reductase. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:873-891. [PMID: 30983322 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of protein-protein interactions of essential oligomeric enzymes by small molecules represents a significant challenge. We recently reported some linear and cyclic peptides derived from an α-helical region present in the homodimeric interface of Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase ( Li-TryR) that showed potent effects on both dimerization and redox activity of this essential enzyme. Here, we describe our first steps toward the design of nonpeptidic small-molecule Li-TryR dimerization disruptors using a proteomimetic approach. The pyrrolopyrimidine and the 5-6-5 imidazole-phenyl-thiazole α-helix-mimetic scaffolds were suitably decorated with substituents that could mimic three key residues (K, Q, and I) of the linear peptide prototype (PKIIQSVGIS-Nle-K-Nle). Extensive optimization of previously described synthetic methodologies was required. A library of 15 compounds bearing different hydrophobic alkyl and aromatic substituents was synthesized. The imidazole-phenyl-thiazole-based analogues outperformed the pyrrolopyrimidine-based derivatives in both inhibiting the enzyme and killing extracellular and intracellular parasites in cell culture. The most active imidazole-phenyl-thiazole compounds 3e and 3f inhibit Li-TryR and prevent growth of the parasites at low micromolar concentrations similar to those required by the peptide prototype. The intrinsic fluorescence of these compounds inside the parasites visually demonstrates their good permeability in comparison with previous peptide-based Li-TryR dimerization disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Héctor de Lucio
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Ana Gamo
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | - Alejandra A. Carriles
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry “Rocasolano” (IQFR-CSIC), Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | - Kilian Jesús Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada al IQM-CSIC, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | - Juan A. Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry “Rocasolano” (IQFR-CSIC), Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada al IQM-CSIC, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid E-28805, Spain
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Díaz M, de Lucio H, Moreno E, Espuelas S, Aydillo C, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Toro MÁ, Gutiérrez KJ, Martínez-Merino V, Cornejo A, Palop JA, Sanmartín C, Plano D. Synthesis and Leishmanicidal Activity of Novel Urea, Thiourea, and Selenourea Derivatives of Diselenides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e02200-18. [PMID: 30782984 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02200-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of thirty-one N-substituted urea, thiourea, and selenourea derivatives containing diphenyldiselenide entities were synthesized, fully characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods, and screened for their in vitro leishmanicidal activities. The cytotoxic activity of these derivatives was tested against Leishmania infantum axenic amastigotes, and selectivity was assessed in human THP-1 cells. Thirteen of the synthesized compounds showed a significant antileishmanial activity, with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values lower than that for the reference drug miltefosine (EC50, 2.84 μM). In addition, the derivatives 9, 11, 42, and 47, with EC50 between 1.1 and 1.95 μM, also displayed excellent selectivity (selectivity index ranged from 12.4 to 22.7) and were tested against infected macrophages. Compound 11, a derivative with a cyclohexyl chain, exhibited the highest activity against intracellular amastigotes, with EC50 values similar to those observed for the standard drug edelfosine. Structure-activity relationship analyses revealed that N-aliphatic substitution in urea and selenourea is recommended for the leishmanicidal activity of these analogs. Preliminary studies of the mechanism of action for the hit compounds was carried out by measuring their ability to inhibit trypanothione reductase. Even though the obtained results suggest that this enzyme is not the target for most of these derivatives, their activity comparable to that of the standards and lack of toxicity in THP-1 cells highlight the potential of these compounds to be optimized for leishmaniasis treatment.
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24
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da Silva AD, Dos Santos JA, Machado PA, Alves LA, Laque LC, de Souza VC, Coimbra ES, Capriles PVSZ. Insights about resveratrol analogs against trypanothione reductase of Leishmania braziliensis: Molecular modeling, computational docking and in vitro antileishmanial studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:2960-2969. [PMID: 30058445 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1502096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we combined molecular modeling, computational docking and in vitro analysis to explore the antileishmanial effect of some resveratrol analogs (ResAn), focusing on their pro-oxidant effect. The molecular target was the trypanothione reductase of Leishmania braziliensis (LbTryR), an essential component of the antioxidant defenses in trypanosomatid parasites. Three-dimensional structures of LbTryR were modeled and molecular docking studies of ResAn1-5 compounds showed the following affinity: ResAn1 > ResAn2 > ResAn4 > ResAn5 > ResAn3. Positive correlation was observed between these compounds' affinity to the LbTryR and the IC50 values against Leishmania sp (ResAn1 < ResAn2 < ResAn4), which allows for TryR being considered an important target for them. As the compound ResAn1 showed the best antileishmanial activity, and docking studies showed its high affinity for NADP binding site (NS) of TryR, plus having been able to induce ROS production in L. braziliensis promastigotes treated, ResAn1 probably occupies NS interfering in the electron transfer processes responsible for the catalytic reaction. The in silico prediction of ADMET properties suggests that ResAn1 may be a promising drug candidate with properties to cross biological membranes and high gastrointestinal absorption, not violating Lipinski's rules. Ultimately, the antileishmanial effect of ResAn can be associated with a pro-oxidant effect which, in turn, can be exploited as an antimicrobial agent. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson D da Silva
- a Departamento de Química , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Juliana A Dos Santos
- a Departamento de Química , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Machado
- b Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia , I.C.B. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Lara A Alves
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Larissa C Laque
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Vinícius C de Souza
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- b Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia , I.C.B. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
| | - Priscila V S Z Capriles
- c Programa de Pós-graduação em Modelagem Computacional, Departamento de Ciência da Computação , I.C.E. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Juiz de Fora , Brazil
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Ilari A, Genovese I, Fiorillo F, Battista T, De Ionna I, Fiorillo A, Colotti G. Toward a Drug Against All Kinetoplastids: From LeishBox to Specific and Potent Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3069-3078. [PMID: 29897765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness affect millions of people worldwide and lead to the death of about 50 000 humans per year. These diseases are caused by the kinetoplastids Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. These parasites share many general features, including gene conservation, high amino acid identity among proteins, the presence of subcellular structures as glycosomes and the kinetoplastid, and genome architecture, that may make drug development family specific, rather than species-specific, i.e., on the basis of the inhibition of a common, conserved parasite target. However, no optimal molecular targets or broad-spectrum drugs have been identified to date to cure these diseases. Here, the LeishBox from GlaxoSmithKline high-throughput screening, a 192-molecule set of best antileishmanial compounds, based on 1.8 million compounds, was used to identify specific inhibitors of a validated Leishmania target, trypanothione reductase (TR), while analyzing in parallel the homologous human enzyme glutathione reductase (GR). We identified three specific highly potent TR inhibitors and performed docking on the TR solved structure, thereby elucidating the putative molecular basis of TR inhibition. Since TRs from kinetoplastids are well conserved, and these compounds inhibit the growth of Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei, the identification of a common validated target may lead to the development of potent antikinetoplastid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM CNR), Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Ilaria Genovese
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Fabiana Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Theo Battista
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Ilenia De Ionna
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM CNR), Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Rome , Italy
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Krstin S, Sobeh M, Braun MS, Wink M. Anti-Parasitic Activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa against Trypanosoma b. brucei and Leishmania tarentolae. Medicines (Basel) 2018; 5:medicines5020037. [PMID: 29690511 PMCID: PMC6023319 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Garlics and onions have been used for the treatment of diseases caused by parasites and microbes since ancient times. Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are a concern in many areas of the world, especially in poor countries. Methods:Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania tarentolae were used to investigate the anti-parasitic effects of dichloromethane extracts of Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium cepa (onion) bulbs. As a confirmation of known antimicrobial activities, they were studied against a selection of G-negative, G-positive bacteria and two fungi. Chemical analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Results: Chemical analyses confirmed the abundance of several sulfur secondary metabolites in garlic and one (zwiebelane) in the onion extract. Both extracts killed both types of parasites efficiently and inhibited the Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase irreversibly. In addition, garlic extract decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in trypanosomes. Garlic killed the fungi C. albicans and C. parapsilosis more effectively than the positive control. The combinations of garlic and onion with common trypanocidal and leishmanicidal drugs resulted in a synergistic or additive effect in 50% of cases. Conclusion: The mechanism for biological activity of garlic and onion appears to be related to the amount and the profile of sulfur-containing compounds. It is most likely that vital substances inside the parasitic cell, like trypanothione reductase, are inhibited through disulfide bond formation between SH groups of vital redox compounds and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krstin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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De Gasparo R, Brodbeck-Persch E, Bryson S, Hentzen NB, Kaiser M, Pai EF, Krauth-Siegel RL, Diederich F. Biological Evaluation and X-ray Co-crystal Structures of Cyclohexylpyrrolidine Ligands for Trypanothione Reductase, an Enzyme from the Redox Metabolism of Trypanosoma. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:957-967. [PMID: 29624890 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and the various forms of leishmaniasis are caused by parasites of the family of trypanosomatids. These protozoa possess a unique redox metabolism based on trypanothione and trypanothione reductase (TR), making TR a promising drug target. We report the optimization of properties and potency of cyclohexylpyrrolidine inhibitors of TR by structure-based design. The best inhibitors were freely soluble and showed competitive inhibition constants (Ki ) against Trypanosoma (T.) brucei TR and T. cruzi TR and in vitro activities (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 ) against these parasites in the low micromolar range, with high selectivity against human glutathione reductase. X-ray co-crystal structures confirmed the binding of the ligands to the hydrophobic wall of the "mepacrine binding site" with the new, solubility-providing vectors oriented toward the surface of the large active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul De Gasparo
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elke Brodbeck-Persch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Bryson
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medical Biophysics, and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, #5358, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Nina B Hentzen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emil F Pai
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medical Biophysics, and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, #5358, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Krstin S, Sobeh M, Braun MS, Wink M. Tulbaghia violacea and Allium ursinum Extracts Exhibit Anti-Parasitic and Antimicrobial Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020313. [PMID: 29393867 PMCID: PMC6017524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic has played an important role in culinary arts and remedies in the traditional medicine throughout human history. Parasitic infections represent a burden in the society of especially poor countries, causing more than 1 billion infections every year and leading to around one million deaths. In this study, we investigated the mode of anti-parasitic activity of "wild garlics" Tulbaghia violacea and Allium ursinum dichloromethane extracts against parasites Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania tarentolae with regard to their already known antimicrobial activity. We also evaluated their cytotoxic potential against human cells. Both extracts showed a relevant trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activity, although L. tarentolae was less sensitive. We determined that the probable mode of action of both extracts is the irreversible inhibition of the activity of Trypanosoma brucei trypanothione reductase enzyme. The extracts showed a mild cytotoxic activity against human keratinocytes. They also exhibited weak-in most cases comparable-antibacterial and antifungal activity. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that both extracts are abundant in sulfur compounds. Thus, for the first time, the ability of Allium ursinum and Tulbaghia violacea to kill Trypanosoma sp. and Leishmania sp. parasites, probably by binding to and inactivating sulfur-containing compounds essential for the survival of the parasite, is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krstin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Santhosh Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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29
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Sarwar HS, Ashraf S, Akhtar S, Sohail MF, Hussain SZ, Rafay M, Yasinzai M, Hussain I, Shahnaz G. Mannosylated thiolated polyethylenimine nanoparticles for the enhanced efficacy of antimonial drug against Leishmaniasis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 13:25-41. [PMID: 29173059 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to inhibit trypanothione reductase (TR) and P-gp efflux pump of Leishmania by the use of thiolated polymers. Thus, increasing the intracellular accumulation and therapeutic effectiveness of antimonial compounds. METHODS Mannosylated thiolated chitosan and mannosylated thiolated chitosan-polyethyleneimine graft were synthesized and characterized. Meglumine antimoniate-loaded nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated for TR and P-gp efflux pump inhibition, biocompatibility, macrophage uptake and antileishmanial potential. RESULTS Thiomers inhibited TR with Ki 2.021. The macrophage uptake was 33.7- and 18.9-fold higher with mannosylated thiolated chitosan-polyethyleneimine graft and mannosylated thiolated chitosan nanoparticles, respectively, as compared with the glucantime. Moreover, the in vitro antileishmanial activity showed 14.41- and 7.4-fold improved IC50 for M-TCS-g-PEI and M-TCS, respectively as compared with glucantime. CONCLUSION These results encouraged the concept that TR and P-gp inhibition by the use of thiomers improves the therapeutic efficacy of antimonial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz S Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sehreen Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Akhtar
- Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad F Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,Department of Medicine, Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Z Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, SBA School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafay
- Department of Forestry, Range & Wild Life Management, University College of Agriculture, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, SBA School of Science & Engineering (SBASSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, 54792, Pakistan.,US-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Vázquez K, Paulino M, Salas CO, Zarate-Ramos JJ, Vera B, Rivera G. Trypanothione Reductase: A Target for the Development of Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi Drugs. Mini Rev Med Chem 2017; 17:939-946. [PMID: 28302040 DOI: 10.2174/1389557517666170315145410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a major parasitic disease in Latin America with restricted available treatment: nifurtimox and benznidazole. These two drugs are ineffective in the chronic phase of the disease; therefore, there is a need for the development of new, efficient and safe drugs for the treatment of this pathology. With this goal, one of the promising targets is trypanothione reductase (TR), a key enzyme in the metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi. CONCLUSION In this review, we analyse the importance of TR as a drug target, as well as the well-known and new inhibitors reported in the last decade as potential therapeutic agents for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Vázquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo, 66050, Mexico
| | - Margot Paulino
- Centro de Bioinformática Estructural DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, P.O. 1157, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristian O Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6094411, Chile
| | - Juan J Zarate-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo, 66050, Mexico
| | - Brenda Vera
- Centro de Bioinformática Estructural DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, P.O. 1157, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esquina Elías Piña, Reynosa, 88710, Mexico
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Beltran-Hortelano I, Perez-Silanes S, Galiano S. Trypanothione Reductase and Superoxide Dismutase as Current Drug Targets for Trypanosoma cruzi: An Overview of Compounds with Activity against Chagas Disease. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:1066-1138. [PMID: 28025938 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666161227094049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been over a century since Carlos Chagas discovered the Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) as the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD), a neglected tropical disease with several socioeconomic, epidemiological and human health repercussions. Currently, there are only two commercialized drugs to treat CD in acute phase, nifurtimox and benznidazol, with several adverse side effects. Thus, new orally available and safe drugs for this parasitic infection are urgently required. One strategy of great importance in new drug discovery programmes is based on the search of molecules enabling to interfere with enzymes involved in T. cruzi metabolism. This review will focus on two of the most promising targets for the therapy of CD: trypanothione reductase (TR) and the iron-containing superoxide dismutase (Fe- SOD), which protect the parasite against oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species. A brief comparison of the function, mechanism of action and the active sites between T. cruzi TR and Fe-SOD with their analogues enzymes in human, glutathione reductase (GR) and the corresponding SODs, will be discussed. This review will also summarize the recent development and structure-activity relationships of novel compounds reported for their ability to selectively inhibit these targets, aiming to define molecular bases in the search for new effective treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Beltran-Hortelano
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical (ISTUN), Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona. Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Silanes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona. Spain
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona. Spain
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Saccoliti F, Angiulli G, Pupo G, Pescatori L, Madia VN, Messore A, Colotti G, Fiorillo A, Scipione L, Gramiccia M, Di Muccio T, Di Santo R, Costi R, Ilari A. Inhibition of Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase by diaryl sulfide derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:304-310. [PMID: 28098499 PMCID: PMC6010130 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1250755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presented here aimed at identifying a new class of compounds acting against Leishmania parasites, the causative agent of Leishmaniasis. For this purpose, the thioether derivatives of our in-house library have been evaluated in whole-cell screening assays in order to determine their in vitro activity against Leishmania protozoan. Among them, promising results have been achieved with compound RDS 777 (6-(sec-butoxy)-2-((3-chlorophenyl)thio)pyrimidin-4-amine) (IC50 = 29.43 µM), which is able to impair the mechanism of the parasite defence against the reactive oxygen species by inhibiting the trypanothione reductase (TR) with high efficiency (Ki 0.25 ± 0.18 µM). The X-ray structure of L. infantum TR in complex with RDS 777 disclosed the mechanism of action of this compound that binds to the catalytic site and engages in hydrogen bonds the residues more involved in the catalysis, namely Glu466', Cys57 and Cys52, thereby inhibiting the trypanothione binding and avoiding its reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saccoliti
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Gabriella Angiulli
- b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari - CNR , and Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche , " Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Giovanni Pupo
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Luca Pescatori
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Antonella Messore
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Gianni Colotti
- b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari - CNR , and Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche , " Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Annarita Fiorillo
- b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari - CNR , and Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche , " Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Luigi Scipione
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- c Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Roma , Italia
| | - Trentina Di Muccio
- c Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Roma , Italia
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Roberta Costi
- a Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
| | - Andrea Ilari
- b Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari - CNR , and Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche , " Sapienza" Università di Roma , Roma , Italia
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Vera B, Vázquez K, Mascayano C, Tapia RA, Espinosa V, Soto-Delgado J, Salas CO, Paulino M. Structural analysis and molecular docking of trypanocidal aryloxy-quinones in trypanothione and glutathione reductases: a comparison with biochemical data. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1785-1803. [PMID: 27232454 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1195283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of aryloxy-quinones, previously synthesized and evaluated against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes cultures, were found more potent and selective than nifurtimox. One of the possible mechanisms of the trypanocidal activity of these quinones could be inhibition of trypanothione reductase (TR). Considering that glutathione reductase (GR) is the equivalent of TR in humans, biochemical, kinetic, and molecular docking studies in TR and GR were envisaged and compared with the trypanocidal and cytotoxic data of a set of aryloxy-quinones. Biochemical assays indicated that three naphthoquinones (Nq-h, Nq-g, and Nq-d) selectively inhibit TR and the TR kinetic analyses indicated that Nq-h inhibit TR in a noncompetitive mechanism. Molecular dockings were performed in TR and GR in the following three putative binding sites: the catalytic site, the dimer interface, and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-binding site. In TR and GR, the aryloxy-quinones were found to exhibit high affinity for a site near it cognate-binding site in a place in which the noncompetitive kinetics could be justified. Taking as examples the three compounds with TR specificity (TRS) (Nq-h, Nq-g, and Nq-d), the presence of a network of contacts with the quinonic ring sustained by the triad of Lys62, Met400', Ser464' residues, seems to contribute hardly to the TRS. Compound Nq-b, a naphthoquinone with nitrophenoxy substituent, proved to be the best scaffold for the design of trypanocidal compounds with low toxicity. However, the compound displayed only a poor and non-selective effect toward TR indicating that TR inhibition is not the main reason for the antiparasitic activity of the aryloxy-quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Vera
- a Centro de Bioinformática estructural, DETEMA, Facultad de Química , UdelaR , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Karina Vázquez
- b Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,c Campus de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Nuevo León , Mexico
| | - Carolina Mascayano
- d Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología , Universidad de Santiago, Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ricardo A Tapia
- b Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Victoria Espinosa
- e Centro de investigaciones biomédicas y aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Universidad de Santiago, Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Jorge Soto-Delgado
- f Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas , Universidad Andrés Bello , Quillota 980, Viña del Mar , Chile
| | - Cristian O Salas
- b Facultad de Química , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Margot Paulino
- a Centro de Bioinformática estructural, DETEMA, Facultad de Química , UdelaR , Montevideo , Uruguay
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Kumar S, Ali MR, Bawa S. Mini review on tricyclic compounds as an inhibitor of trypanothione reductase. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2014; 6:222-8. [PMID: 25400403 PMCID: PMC4231380 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.142943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are two most ruinous parasitic infectious diseases caused by Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. The disease affects millions of people all over the world and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The review discuss briefly on current treatment of these parasitic diseases and trypanothione reductase (TryR) as potential targets for rational drug design. The enzyme trypanothione reductase (TryR) has been identified as unique among these parasites and has been proposed to be an effective target against for developing new drugs. The researchers have selected this enzyme as target is due to its substrate specificity in contrast to human analogous glutathione reductase and its absence from the host cell which makes this enzyme an ideal target for drug discovery. In this review we have tried to present an overview of the different tricyclic compounds which are potent inhibitors of TryR with their inhibitory activities against the parasites are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Rahmat Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Bawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Arias DG, Marquez VE, Chiribao ML, Gadelha FR, Robello C, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Redox metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi: functional characterization of tryparedoxins revisited. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:65-77. [PMID: 23665397 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tryparedoxins (TXNs) are multipurpose oxidoreductases from trypanosomatids that transfer reducing equivalents from trypanothione to various thiol proteins. In Trypanosoma cruzi, two genes coding for TXN-like proteins have been identified: TXNI, previously characterized as a cytoplasmic protein, and TXNII, a putative tail-anchored membrane protein. In this work, we performed a comparative functional characterization of T. cruzi TXNs. Particularly, we cloned the gene region coding for the soluble version of TXNII for its heterologous expression. The truncated recombinant protein (without its 22 C-terminal transmembrane amino acids) showed TXN activity. It was also able to transfer reducing equivalents from trypanothione, glutathione, or dihydrolipoamide to various acceptors, including methionine sulfoxide reductases and peroxiredoxins. The results support the occurrence and functionality of a second tryparedoxin, which appears as a new component in the redox scenario for T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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36
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Zimmermann S, Oufir M, Leroux A, Krauth-Siegel RL, Becker K, Kaiser M, Brun R, Hamburger M, Adams M. Cynaropicrin targets the trypanothione redox system in Trypanosoma brucei. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7202-9. [PMID: 24080104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mice cynaropicrin (CYN) potently inhibits the proliferation of Trypanosoma brucei-the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis-by a so far unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that CYNs α,β-unsaturated methylene moieties act as Michael acceptors for glutathione (GSH) and trypanothione (T(SH)2), the main low molecular mass thiols essential for unique redox metabolism of these parasites. The analysis of this putative mechanism and the effects of CYN on enzymes of the T(SH)2 redox metabolism including trypanothione reductase, trypanothione synthetase, glutathione-S-transferase, and ornithine decarboxylase are shown. A two step extraction protocol with subsequent UPLC-MS/MS analysis was established to quantify intra-cellular CYN, T(SH)2, GSH, as well as GS-CYN and T(S-CYN)2 adducts in intact T. b. rhodesiense cells. Within minutes of exposure to CYN, the cellular GSH and T(SH)2 pools were entirely depleted, and the parasites entered an apoptotic stage and died. CYN also showed inhibition of the ornithine decarboxylase similar to the positive control eflornithine. Significant interactions with the other enzymes involved in the T(SH)2 redox metabolism were not observed. Alongside many other biological activities sesquiterpene lactones including CYN have shown antitrypanosomal effects, which have been postulated to be linked to formation of Michael adducts with cellular nucleophiles. Here the interaction of CYN with biological thiols in a cellular system in general, and with trypanosomal T(SH)2 redox metabolism in particular, thus offering a molecular explanation for the antitrypanosomal activity is demonstrated. At the same time, the study provides a novel extraction and analysis protocol for components of the trypanosomal thiol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Saudagar P, Saha P, Saikia AK, Dubey VK. Molecular mechanism underlying antileishmanial effect of oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones: inhibition of key redox enzymes of the pathogen. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:569-77. [PMID: 24002022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones as inhibitors of key redox enzymes, trypanothione synthetase (TryS), and trypanothione reductase (TryR) of Leishmania. Further, detailed cellular effects of 4-(4,4,8-Trimethyl-7-oxo-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester, a oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones, on the parasite were investigated. As these compounds inhibit key redox enzymes (TryR amd TryS), treatment of these compounds resulted in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane damage, activation of caspase like proteases, and DNA damage that finally leads to apoptosis. Although the compound has modest IC50 value against parasite (4.9±0.4 μM), they identify a novel chemical space to design and develop drugs based on these compounds against the Leishmania parasite. This is first report of oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones as antileishmanial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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38
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Toro MA, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Moreno D, Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, Alzate JF, Negri A, Camarasa MJ, Gago F, Velázquez S, Jiménez-Ruiz A. Probing the dimerization interface of Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase with site-directed mutagenesis and short peptides. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1212-7. [PMID: 23744811 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Binding at the interface: We tested the inhibitory activity of a set of peptide sequences derived from an α-helix of the dimeric trypanothione reductase from Leishmania infantum. Replacement of a glutamic acid residue with a lysine promoted monomer dissociation and enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Toro
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Verma RK, Prajapati VK, Verma GK, Chakraborty D, Sundar S, Rai M, Dubey VK, Singh MS. Molecular Docking and in Vitro Antileishmanial Evaluation of Chromene-2-thione Analogues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:243-7. [PMID: 24936236 DOI: 10.1021/ml200280r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are an epidemic in various countries, and the parasite is developing resistance against available drugs. Thus, development of new drugs against Leishmania is an open area of investigation for synthetic organic chemists. To meet this challenge, a series of chromene-2-thione derivatives have been synthesized and docked into the active site of trypanothione reductase (TryR) enzyme required for redox balance of the parasite. These were screened on promastigote, axenic amastigote, and intracellular amastigote stages of Leishmania donovani and found to show high levels of antileishmanial activity together with minimal toxicity to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Compounds 3b and 3k were found to be the most active among the tested compounds. Although the compounds show moderate antileishmanial activity, they identify a chemical space to design and develop drugs based on these chromene-2-thione derivatives against the Leishmania parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Infectious Disease Research
Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Girijesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Deblina Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039,
India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research
Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Madhukar Rai
- Infectious Disease Research
Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039,
India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre of Advanced Study, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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40
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Walton JGA, Jones DC, Kiuru P, Durie AJ, Westwood NJ, Fairlamb AH. Synthesis and evaluation of indatraline-based inhibitors for trypanothione reductase. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:321-8. [PMID: 21275055 PMCID: PMC3047706 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel compounds of relevance to the treatment of diseases caused by trypanosomatid protozoan parasites continues. Screening of a large library of known bioactive compounds has led to several drug-like starting points for further optimisation. In this study, novel analogues of the monoamine uptake inhibitor indatraline were prepared and assessed both as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (TryR) and against the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Although it proved difficult to significantly increase the potency of the original compound as an inhibitor of TryR, some insight into the preferred substituent on the amine group and in the two aromatic rings of the parent indatraline was deduced. In addition, detailed mode of action studies indicated that two of the inhibitors exhibit a mixed mode of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G A Walton
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST (UK)
| | - Deuan C Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 5EH (UK)
| | - Paula Kiuru
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST (UK)
| | - Alastair J Durie
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST (UK)
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St AndrewsNorth Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST (UK)
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 5EH (UK)
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Patterson S, Jones DC, Shanks EJ, Frearson JA, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG, Fairlamb AH. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(1-(Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl)piperidine (BTCP) analogues as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1341-53. [PMID: 19557802 PMCID: PMC2929374 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirty two analogues of phencyclidine were synthesised and tested as inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (TryR), a potential drug target in trypanosome and leishmania parasites. The lead compound BTCP (1, 1-(1-benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-cyclohexyl) piperidine) was found to be a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme (K(i)=1 microM) and biologically active against bloodstream T. brucei (EC(50)=10 microM), but with poor selectivity against mammalian MRC5 cells (EC(50)=29 microM). Analogues with improved enzymatic and biological activity were obtained. The structure-activity relationships of this novel series are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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