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Abd-Elmaksoud S, Castro-Del Campo N, Gerba CP, Pepper IL, Bright KR. Comparative Assessment of BGM and PLC/PRF/5 Cell Lines for Enteric Virus Detection in Biosolids. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:32-39. [PMID: 30673939 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The buffalo green monkey (BGM) cell line is required for the detection of enteric viruses in biosolids through a total culturable viral assay (TCVA) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In the present study, BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines were evaluated for TCVA and for their use in determining the incidence of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in raw sludge and Class B biosolids. Six raw sludge and 17 Class B biosolid samples were collected from 13 wastewater treatment plants from seven U.S. states. Samples were processed via organic flocculation and concentrate volumes equivalent to 4 g total solids were assayed on BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Cell monolayers were observed for cytopathic effect (CPE) after two 14-days passages. Cell lysates were tested for the presence of adenoviruses and enteroviruses by PCR or RT-PCR. The PLC/PRF/5 cells detected more culturable viruses than the BGM cells by CPE (73.9% vs. 56.5%, respectively). 52% of the samples were positive for CPE using both cell lines. No viruses were detected in either cell line by PCR in flasks in which CPE was not observed. No adenoviruses were detected in 13 CPE-positive samples from BGM lysates. In contrast, of the 17 samples exhibiting CPE on PLC/PRF/5 cells, 14 were positive for adenoviruses (82.4%). In conclusion, PLC/PRF/5 cells were superior for the detection of adenoviruses in both raw sludge and Class B biosolids. Thus, the use of BGM cells alone for TCVA may underestimate the viral concentration in sludge/biosolid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Abd-Elmaksoud
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nohelia Castro-Del Campo
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (Research Center for Food and Development A.C.), Culiacán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Kelly R Bright
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA.
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Abstract
Object permanence is the ability to represent mentally an object and follow its position even when it has disappeared from view. According to Piaget’s 6-stage scale of the sensorimotor period of development, it seems that object permanence appears in Stage 4 and fully develops in Stage 6. In this study, we investigated the ability of some species of monkeys (i.e. pig-tailed macaque, lion-tailed macaque, Celebes crested macaque, barbary macaque, De Brazza’s monkey, L’Hoest’s monkey, Allen’s swamp monkey, black crested mangabeys, collared mangabeys, Geoffroy’s spider monkey) to track the displacement of an object, which consisted of a reward hidden under one of two cups. Our findings showed that the examined subjects possess Stage 6 of object permanence. We then compared our results with data on apes and dogs participating in Rooijakkers et al. (Anim Cogn 12:789–796, 2009) experiment, where the same method was applied. The monkeys examined by us performed significantly better than the dogs but worse than the apes. In our experiment, the monkeys performed above chance level in all variants, but it should be noted that we observed significant differences in the number of correct choices according to the level of a variant’s complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Majecka
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Pietraszewski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
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Loudon JE, Grobler JP, Sponheimer M, Moyer K, Lorenz JG, Turner TR. Using the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine questions in ethnoprimatology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100758. [PMID: 25010211 PMCID: PMC4091945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study seeks to understand how humans impact the dietary patterns of eight free-ranging vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) groups in South Africa using stable isotope analysis. Vervets are omnivores that exploit a wide range of habitats including those that have been anthropogenically-disturbed. As humans encroach upon nonhuman primate landscapes, human-nonhuman primate interconnections become increasingly common, which has led to the rise of the field of ethnoprimatology. To date, many ethnoprimatological studies have examined human-nonhuman primate associations largely in qualitative terms. By using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis, we use quantitative data to understand the degree to which humans impact vervet monkey dietary patterns. Based on initial behavioral observations we placed the eight groups into three categories of anthropogenic disturbance (low, mid, and high). Using δ13C and δ15N values we estimated the degree to which each group and each anthropogenically-disturbed category was consuming C4 plants (primarily sugar cane, corn, or processed foods incorporating these crops). δ13C values were significantly different between groups and categories of anthropogenic-disturbance. δ15N values were significantly different at the group level. The two vervet groups with the highest consumption of C4 plants inhabited small nature reserves, appeared to interact with humans only sporadically, and were initially placed in the mid level of anthropogenic-disturbance. However, further behavioral observations revealed that the high δ13C values exhibited by these groups were linked to previously unseen raiding of C4 crops. By revealing these cryptic feeding patterns, this study illustrates the utility of stable isotopes analysis for some ethnoprimatological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Loudon
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Moyer
- University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Trudy R. Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconisn, United States of America
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Adams JW, Kegley ADT, Krigbaum J. New faunal stable carbon isotope data from the Haasgat HGD assemblage, South Africa, including the first reported values for Papio angusticeps and Cercopithecoides haasgati. J Hum Evol 2013; 64:693-8. [PMID: 23541178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Adams
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, STRIP Building 76, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Bell JD, Bergin IL, Schmidt K, Zochowski MK, Aronoff DM, Patton DL. Nonhuman primate models used to study pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2011; 2011:675360. [PMID: 21869858 PMCID: PMC3160047 DOI: 10.1155/2011/675360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a global health concern that is associated with significant morbidity and is a major cause of infertility. Throughout history animals have been used for anatomical studies and later as models of human disease. In particular, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have permitted investigations of human disease in a biologically, physiologically, and anatomically similar system. The use of NHPs as human PID models has led to a greater understanding of the primary microorganisms that cause disease (e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorroheae), the pathogenesis of infection and its complications, and the treatment of people with PID. This paper explores historical and contemporary aspects of NHP modeling of chlamydial PID, with an emphasis on advantages and limitations of this approach and future directions for this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Bell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, L4510, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Agumava AA, Chikobava MG, Lapin BA, Tonkonozhenko OA, Pavlovsky AN. [Phylogenetic analysis of cytomegaloviruses isolated from man and different primate species]. Vopr Virusol 2011; 56:28-32. [PMID: 21545038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Institute of Medical Primatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Sochi The conserved regions of nucleotide sequences were found in primate cytomegaloviruses (CMV). Universal primers were designed for the consensus sequence of a conservative region of the UL56 gene of the betaherpesvirinae subfamily. Amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of the fragments of CMV strains isolated from man and different primate species were made. Analysis of sequenced gene fragments showed that the UL56 gene area is most suitable for the phylogenetic analysis of primate CMV and could identify several groups of clusters by the degree of relationship among the viruses of this family.
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Mertens M, Essbauer SS, Rang A, Schröder J, Splettstoesser WD, Kretzschmar C, Krüger DH, Groschup MH, Mätz-Rensing K, Ulrich RG. Non-human primates in outdoor enclosures: risk for infection with rodent-borne hantaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2010; 147:420-5. [PMID: 20727685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Different species of non-human primates have been exploited as animal disease models for human hantavirus infections. To study the potential risk of natural hantavirus infection of non-human primates, we investigated serum samples from non-human primates of three species living in outdoor enclosures of the German Primate Center (GPC), Göttingen, located in a hantavirus endemic region of central Germany. For that purpose we used serological assays based on recombinant antigens of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) transmitted Puumala virus (PUUV) and the common and field vole (Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis) associated Tula virus (TULV) which are both broadly geographically distributed in Germany. In 24 out of 251 (9.6%) monkey sera collected in 2006 PUUV- and/or TULV-reactive immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected. Investigation of follow-up sera from 13 animals confirmed for two animals a seroconversion due to hantavirus exposure at the GPC. To prove the origin of the infection, wild rodents from the surrounding regions were analyzed by hantavirus-specific reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis. In 6 of the 73 investigated bank voles and 3 of the 19 investigated Microtus spp. PUUV- and TULV-specific nucleic acid sequences, respectively, were detected. In conclusion, our investigations demonstrate for the first time natural infections of non-human primates in outdoor enclosures in Germany. These findings highlight the importance of hantavirus surveillance in those primate housings and corresponding preventive measures against wild rodents, particularly in hantavirus endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mertens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Sparman ML, Ramsey CM, Thomas CM, Mitalipov SM, Fanton JW, Maginnis GM, Stouffer RL, Wolf DP. Evaluation of the vervet (Clorocebus aethiops) as a model for the assisted reproductive technologies. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:917-29. [PMID: 17358011 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The vervet monkey was evaluated as a primate model for use in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Eight adult female vervets were hormonally monitored for their potential use as egg donors and those six females displaying regular menstrual cycles were subjected to controlled ovarian stimulation with recombinant human gonadotropins. Three animals failed to respond while laparoscopic follicular aspiration was performed on the other three females at 27-30 h post-human chorionic gonadotropin administration. A total of 62, 40, and 18 oocytes was recovered from these three animals of which 30, 20, and 4, respectively, matured to the metaphase II stage and were subsequently inseminated using intracytoplasmic sperm injection. An average of 40+/-15% (SEM) of the inseminated oocytes were fertilized based on pronucleus formation and timely cleavage. One embryo from each of the two stimulated females developed into expanded blastocysts. Two adult male vervets were assessed as sperm donors. Neither adjusted well to the restraint and collection procedure required for penile electroejaculation. Samples collected via rectal electroejaculation were very low in sperm motility and concentration; however, cauda epididymal aspirations from one male yielded an adequate concentration of motile sperm. These results emphasize the need to establish species-specific ovarian stimulation protocols and semen collection techniques if vervets are to be considered for basic and applied (ARTs) research on primate gametes or embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Sparman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Scott RS, Ungar PS, Bergstrom TS, Brown CA, Childs BE, Teaford MF, Walker A. Dental microwear texture analysis: technical considerations. J Hum Evol 2006; 51:339-49. [PMID: 16908052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dental microwear analysis is commonly used to infer aspects of diet in extinct primates. Conventional methods of microwear analysis have usually been limited to two-dimensional imaging studies using a scanning electron microscope and the identification of apparent individual features. These methods have proved time-consuming and prone to subjectivity and observer error. Here we describe a new methodological approach to microwear: dental microwear texture analysis, based on three-dimensional surface measurements taken using white-light confocal microscopy and scale-sensitive fractal analysis. Surface parameters for complexity, scale of maximum complexity, anisotropy, heterogeneity, and textural fill volume offer repeatable, quantitative characterizations of three-dimensional surfaces, free of observer measurement error. Some results are presented to illustrate how these parameters distinguish extant primates with different diets. In this case, microwear surfaces of Cebus apella and Lophocebus albigena, which consume some harder food items, have higher average values for complexity than do folivores or soft fruit eaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Old Main 330, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Chevalier SA, Meertens L, Pise-Masison C, Calattini S, Park H, Alhaj AA, Zhou M, Gessain A, Kashanchi F, Brady JN, Mahieux R. The tax protein from the primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 is expressed in vivo and is functionally related to HTLV-1 Tax rather than HTLV-2 Tax. Oncogene 2006; 25:4470-82. [PMID: 16532031 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus and simian T-cell leukemia virus (STLV) form the primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses group. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) encode the Tax viral transactivator (Tax1 and Tax2, respectively). Tax1 possesses an oncogenic potential and is responsible for cell transformation both in vivo and in vitro. We and others have recently discovered the existence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3. However, there is currently no evidence for the presence of a Tax protein in HTLV-3-infected individuals. We show that the serum of an HTLV-3 asymptomatic carrier and the sera of two STLV-3-infected monkeys contain specific anti-Tax3 antibodies. We also show that tax3 mRNA is present in the PBMCs obtained from an STLV-3-infected monkey, demonstrating that Tax3 is expressed in vivo. We further demonstrate that Tax3 intracellular localization is very similar to that of Tax1 and that Tax3 binds to both CBP and p300 coactivators. Using purified Tax3, we show that the protein increases transcription from a 4TxRE G-free cassette plasmid in an in vitro transcription assay. In all cell types tested, including transiently transfected lymphocytes, Tax3 activates its own promoter STLV-3 long terminal repeat (LTR), which contains only two Tax Responsive Elements (TREs), and activates also HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 LTRs. In addition, Tax3 also activates the NF-kappaB pathway. We also show that Tax3 possesses a PDZ-binding sequence at its C-terminal end. Our results demonstrate that Tax3 is a transactivator, and that its properties are more similar to that of Tax1, rather than of Tax2. This suggests the possible occurrence of lymphoproliferative disorders among HTLV-3-infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Chevalier
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Masciotra S, Yang C, Pieniazek D, Thomas C, Owen SM, McClure HM, Lal RB. Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in diverse species and of human immunodeficiency virus Type 2 by using consensus primers within the pol region. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3167-71. [PMID: 12202548 PMCID: PMC130737 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3167-3171.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sooty mangabey monkeys to humans. Primer pairs (intHIV-2/SIV) based on a region of integrase that has considerable homology across HIV-2 and SIV lineages were designed to develop a broadly cross-reactive molecular assay to detect lentivirus infection in primates. The intHIV-2/SIV primers detect HIV-2 and simian viruses SIVcpz, SIVsmm, SIVsyk, SIVagm, and SIVmnd. The primers are also capable of amplifying some HIV-1 strains. Additionally, sequences from the integrase amplicons were of sufficient genetic diversity to permit not only phylogenetic clustering of all simian viruses to their respective lineages but also HIV type and group classification. Thus, the primers described here provide a method to detect primate lentiviruses from diverse species of nonhuman primates, as well as from persons infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Masciotra
- HIV Immunology and Diagnostics Branch, Division of AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Tuberculosis Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Takamatsu K, Maekawa K, Togashi T, Choi DK, Suzuki Y, Taylor TD, Toyoda A, Sugano S, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Takeda T. Identification of two novel primate-specific genes in DSCR. DNA Res 2002; 9:89-97. [PMID: 12168953 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/9.3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently helped to complete the sequence of human chromosome 21 at a very high level of accuracy. Using this sequence we identified two novel genes, designated DSCR9 and DSCR10, in the so-called Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR) by computational gene prediction and subsequent cDNA cloning. Both DSCR9 and DSCR10 are expressed preferentially in testis and encode functionally unknown proteins with 149 and 87 amino acid residues, respectively. Zoo blot analysis suggested that both genes are exclusive to primate genomes such as chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, crab-eating monkey and African green monkey but are not present in other non-primate mammals including mouse, dog, cat, and chicken. Comparative genomic sequence analysis of DSCR9 and DSCR10 with the corresponding mouse syntenic region confirmed the lack of these genes in the mouse. These results strongly suggest that DSCR9 and DSCR10 have emerged as a new class of gene in the primate lineage during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Takamatsu
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The pig-to-primate model is increasingly being utilized as the final preclinical means of assessing therapeutic strategies aimed at allowing discordant xenotransplantation. We review here the world experience of both pig-to-human and pig-to-nonhuman primate organ transplantation. Eight whole organ transplants using discordant mammalian donors have been carried out in human recipients; only one patient was reported (in 1923) to have survived for longer than 72 hr. Therapeutic approaches in the experimental laboratory setting have included pharmacologic immunosuppression, antibody and/or complement depletion or inhibition, the use of pig organs transgenic for human complement regulatory proteins, and conditioning regimens aimed at inducing a state of tolerance or specific immunologic hyporesponsiveness. The greatest success to date has been obtained with methods that inhibit complement-mediated injury, either by the administration of cobra venom factor or soluble complement receptor I to the recipient (with organ survival up to 6 weeks) or by the use of donor organs transgenic for human decay-accelerating factor (with organ survival up to 2 months). The future of xenotransplantation may lie in the judicious combination of current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lambrigts
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
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KLINGER HP. THE SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF SOME PRIMATES (TUPAIA GLIS, NYCTICEBUS COUCANG, TARSIUS BANCANUS, CERCOCEBUS ATERRIMUS, SYMPHALANGUS SYNDACTYLUS). Cytogenet Genome Res 1996; 2:140-51. [PMID: 14103442 DOI: 10.1159/000129775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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PELLISSIER A. [Encephalomyelitic virus of the monkey isolated at Brazzaville from Allenopithecus nigroviridis]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1953; 85:593-601. [PMID: 13148802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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