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Löwy I. The 1942 Massive Contamination of Yellow Fever Vaccine: A Public Health Consequence of Scientific Arrogance. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1654-1660. [PMID: 34410829 PMCID: PMC8589052 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the late 1930s, the 17D vaccine against yellow fever was produced in record time. 17D was and is an excellent vaccine. Its rapid diffusion led, however, to several problems, the most important among them being the 1942 massive contamination of the vaccine distributed to the US Army by the hepatitis B virus. The US part of this story is relatively well-known, but its Brazilian part much less so. In 1940, scientists who were producing the 17D vaccine in Rio de Janeiro found that it was contaminated by an "icterus virus" that originated in normal human serum. They solved this problem through the exclusion of human serum from vaccine production, but failed to persuade their US colleagues to do the same. The Rio experts, aware of the potential pitfalls of a new technology, carefully supervised the consequences of their vaccination campaigns. They were thus able to rapidly spot problems and eliminate them. By contrast, US scientists, persuaded of their technical superiority and distrustful of warnings that originated from a "less developed" country, neglected to implement basic public health rules. A major disaster followed. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(9): 1654-1660. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306313).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Löwy
- Ilana Löwy is with CERMES 3 (INSERM, CNRS, EHESS, Paris V University), Villejuif, France
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Kamp L, de Melker HE, van Vliet JA. [National Immunisation Programme: is vaccinating less an option?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2020; 164:D5158. [PMID: 33030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many people are no longer familiar with the diseases that are part of the Dutch National Immunisation Programme (NIP). The protection given by the NIP has ensured that these diseases, most of them serious, have largely disappeared. The NIP has developed gradually, but in retrospect it was in 1957 that what we now know as the NIP started. Over the years, the NIP has gradually expanded to include various vaccines such as live attenuated vaccines, conjugate vaccines and vaccines that offer protection against chronic viral infections. Currently, the NIP offers protection against twelve different diseases. Occasionally the Netherlands still sees minor outbreaks of those diseases included in the NIP programme, generally among non-vaccinated people. It is important that the NIP is retained; stopping vaccination always leads to the return of the disease. The question is: can good protection be maintained with fewer injections? This subject is on the agenda of the Health Council Of The Netherlands for discussion in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kamp
- RIVM, Centrum Infectieziektebestrijding, Bilthoven
- Contact: L. Kamp
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4
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Cabezas C, Trujillo O, Balbuena J, Peceros FDM, Terrazas M, Suárez M, Marin L, Apac J, Ramírez-Soto MC. Decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis B and D virus infections in an endemic area in Peru 23 years after the introduction of the first pilot vaccination program against hepatitis B. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236993. [PMID: 32760100 PMCID: PMC7410281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1991, Peru launched the first vaccination program against hepatitis B in children aged under 5 years in the hyperendemic [hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV)] province of Abancay. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of HBV and HDV infections, 23 years after the launch of the vaccination program, as well as the post-vaccine response against hepatitis B in terms of prevalence of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs ≥10 mUI/ml). Among 3165 participants aged from 0 to 94 years, the prevalence rates of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and hepatitis B core antibody (total anti-HBc) were 1.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–1.64%], and 41.67% (95% CI 39.95–43.41%), respectively. The prevalence rate of anti-HBs at protective levels (≥10 mUI/ml) in individuals who HBsAg and anti-HBc negative was 66.36% (95% CI 64.15–68.51%). The prevalence rate of HBsAg in children aged <15 years was nil, and among adult HBsAg carriers, the prevalence of hepatitis D antibody (anti-HDV) was 5.26% (2/38; 95% CI 0.64–17.74). These findings showed that HBV prevalence has changed from high to low endemicity, 23 years following implementation of the vaccination program against hepatitis B, and HDV infection was not detected in those aged <30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Cabezas
- Centro Nacional de Salud Puública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Omar Trujillo
- Centro Nacional de Salud Intercultural, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Johanna Balbuena
- Centro Nacional de Salud Puública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Manuel Terrazas
- Centro Nacional de Salud Puública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Magna Suárez
- Centro Nacional de Salud Puública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Marin
- Centro Nacional de Salud Puública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Janet Apac
- Dirección de Epidemiología, Dirección Regional de Salud de Apurímac, Apurímac, Peru
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Almudéver Campo L, Camaño Puig RE. [Poliomyelitis in the Spanish press (1960-1975)]. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2020; 94:e202005039. [PMID: 32435052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination has been one of the most effective preventive measures to reduce the number of diseases that affect humans. The primary objective of this study is to describe the informative treatment of polio in the written press at a time when it was of great importance. METHODS From the digital newspaper archive of the ABC and La Vanguardia newspapers, all the information in which the concept "polio", published during the period between 1960 and 1975 was selected. RESULTS In total there have been 961 units of analysis, 557 for the ABC newspaper and 404, for La Vanguardia. The year of greatest publication was the year 1963, coinciding with the authorization for the use of the Sabin vaccine. The need to intensify vaccination campaigns is highlighted as the number of annual cases continued to increase. CONCLUSIONS There are no significant differences in the coverage of the newspaper ABC and La Vanguardia, following a pattern of publication very similar between them, where the Sabin vaccine appears as one of the most important scientific advances, thanks to which they allowed to protect children against to this dreaded disease, thus avoiding a major epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramón E Camaño Puig
- Facultad de Enfermería y Podología. Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. España
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조 정. Smallpox Vaccine and Resident Responses in Modern Shanghai: Focusing on Regional and Cultural Comparison. Uisahak 2020; 29:121-164. [PMID: 32418978 PMCID: PMC10556347 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2020.29.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In modern Shanghai, smallpox was one of the most threatening diseases with its mortality rate going up to 30 percent. In response to the disease, Dr. William Lockhart, a medical missionary of the London Missionary Society, introduced vaccination to the Chinese people in Shanghai. He built the first western style hospital in Shanghai, Renji Hospital, in 1843. At this time, native doctors also played a very important role. For example, Huang Chun-pu was in charge of the dispensary in the Chinese City in Shanghai, and he was the one who introduced vaccination under Dr. Lockhart's direction. In 1868, the Health Office of Shanghai Municipal Council began to implement a vaccination program. Around the turn of the 20th century, the Health Office of Shanghai Municipal Council managed several sub-district offices, hospitals, dispensaries, gaol, and even the traditional place like simiao for the free vaccinations. Urban residents benefited from a sanitary system, such as wide and free vaccination, compared to people who lived in rural areas. Moreover, Shanghai possessed the advantage of having the vaccine as a staple product of the Municipal Laboratory. The number of units of the vaccine issued from the Laboratory in sequence of years from 1898 to 1920 has been 115,351 on average. Unlike the International Settlement, where systematic inoculation was conducted under the leadership of the Municipal Council, the Chinese City was still reliant on charity organizations in the early 1900s. The foreign residence in the International Settlement had a strong influence from the foreign governments, and foreign doctors were well-aware of the need for the vaccination. However, the Chinese City was a Chinese enclave that was still under the traditional rule of the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the people of Shanghai had different perceptions of the smallpox vaccination, and this became an obstacle to the establishment of urban sanitation systems. Some Chinese people still relied on the traditional Chinese variolation and Chinese custom. For example, Chinese people still applied for inoculation in the spring and avoided summer and fall following traditional Chinese variolation, even though the best time to get vaccinated was in early winter before the spread of smallpox. In addition, foreigners were often more problematic than Chinese because they often overlooked the importance of vaccines and relied on drugs instead. The municipal authority, therefore, provided a wide range of free vaccinations for the poor and needy people regardless of their nationalities, and with such measures, sought to establish a stable urban sanitation system. This had been the key to the success of hygiene policies.
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Kornbluh R, Davis R. Global trends in measles publications. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:14. [PMID: 32373265 PMCID: PMC7195917 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.1.18508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beginning with the 1960s, this review analyzes trends in publications on measles indexed by the National Library of Medicine from January 1960 to mid-2018. It notes both the growth in numbers of published papers, and the increasing number and proportion of publications, in the current century, of articles on such items as costing, measles elimination, and determinants of coverage. METHODS A two-person team extracted from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) homepage all citations on measles beginning in 1960 and continuing through mid-2018. These were then classified both by overall number and by subject matter, with tabular summaries of both by decade and by subject matter. The tabular presentation forms the basis for a discussion of the ten most frequently cited subjects, and publication trends, with a special emphasis on the current century. RESULTS As in the past, the most often currently published items have been on coverage and its determinants, measles elimination, outbreak reports, SSPE, and SIAs. The putative relationship between vaccination and autism saw a spurt of articles in the 1990s, rapidly declining after the IOM report rejecting the causative hypothesis. CONCLUSION There is a discussion on the sequencing of polio and measles eradication, the former unlikely before 2022, and an examination of likely research priorities as the world moves from measles control to measles eradication. There is a key role for social science in combatting vaccination reticence. The role of technical innovations, such as micropatch vaccination, is discussed.
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Abstract
During the early 1950s, Canada's efforts to prevent polio became heavily influenced by developments in the United States. America's foremost polio charity, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, sponsored University of Pittsburgh researcher Dr. William McD. Hammon to evaluate the efficacy of a human blood fraction, gamma globulin (GG), to prevent paralytic polio. When the resulting clinical trial data appeared to show that the blood fraction offered some protection against the disease, Canadians embraced the concept for reasons of historical trust, parental demand, and public health pragmatism. They established Canada's first national immunization program to fight polio before the vaccine, as well as developed a plan to produce, evaluate, and distribute GG to epidemic areas. Despite being an expensive enterprise for a geographically vast and sparsely populated nation, Canada's GG program was extended to citizens and it became an important response to polio before a safe and effective vaccine was licensed. Although the blood fraction was not as effective at preventing polio paralysis as researchers had anticipated, its systematic use reveals how Canadian health leaders drew on transnational relationships to reduce the incidence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Mawdsley
- Stephen E. Mawdsley - University of Bristol Originally submitted 17 August 2018; accepted 2 July 2019
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9
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Price S. Goodbye to Polio. Tex Med 2019; 115:8-9. [PMID: 31334827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polio has all but vanished. For one Texas physician, memories of it never will.
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10
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Mozhgani SH, Malekpour SA, Norouzi M, Ramezani F, Rezaee SA, Poortahmasebi V, Sadeghi M, Alavian SM, Zarei-Ghobadi M, Ghaziasadi A, Karimzadeh H, Malekzadeh R, Ziaee M, Abedi F, Ataei B, Yaran M, Sayad B, Jahantigh HR, Somi MH, Sarizadeh G, Sanei-Moghaddam I, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Keyvani H, Kalantari E, Fakhari Z, Geravand B, Jazayeri SM. Molecular evolution and phylodynamics of hepatitis B virus infection circulating in Iran. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1479-1488. [PMID: 29442226 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous local and national Iranian publications indicate that all Iranian hepatitis B virus (HBV) strains belong to HBV genotype D. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolutionary history of HBV infection in Iran for the first time, based on an intensive phylodynamic study. The evolutionary parameters, time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA), and the population dynamics of infections were investigated using the Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov chain (BMCMC). The effective sample size (ESS) and sampling convergence were then monitored. After sampling from the posterior distribution of the nucleotide substitution rate and other evolutionary parameters, the point estimations (median) of these parameters were obtained. All Iranian HBV isolates were of genotype D, sub-type ayw2. The origin of HBV is regarded as having evolved first on the eastern border, before moving westward, where Isfahan province then hosted the virus. Afterwards, the virus moved to the south and west of the country. The tMRCA of HBV in Iran was estimated to be around 1894, with a 95% credible interval between the years 1701 and 1957. The effective number of infections increased exponentially from around 1925 to 1960. Conversely, from around 1992 onwards, the effective number of HBV infections has decreased at a very high rate. Phylodynamic inference clearly demonstrates a unique homogenous pattern of HBV genotype D compatible with a steady configuration of the decreased effective number of infections in the population in recent years, possibly due to the implementation of blood donation screening and vaccination programs. Adequate molecular epidemiology databases for HBV are crucial for infection prevention and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Malekpour
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Middle East Liver Diseases Center (MELD Centers), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Zarei-Ghobadi
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Azam Ghaziasadi
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | | | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Ziaee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Farshid Abedi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Yaran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Kermanshah Liver Diseases and Hepatitis Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Fakhari
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran
| | - Babak Geravand
- Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Hepatitis B Lab, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 15155-6446, Tehran, 14155-6446, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E. Mast
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen L. Cochi
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olen M. Kew
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Peter B. Bloland
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Chaple EB. [A battle won: the elimination of poliomyelitis in Cuba]. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2015; 22:961-983. [PMID: 26331655 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702015000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Poliomyelitis was introduced in Cuba in the late nineteenth century by American residents in Isla de Pinos. The first epidemics occurred in 1906 and 1909 and increased in intensity between 1930 and 1958. The scope of the paper is to reconstruct the history of the disease and its epidemics in Cuba prior to 1961, the first National Polio Vaccination Campaign (1962) and its results, as well as analyze the ongoing annual vaccination campaigns through to certified elimination of the disease (1994). The logical historical method was used and archival documents and statistics from the Ministry of Health on morbidity and mortality through 2000 were reviewed. Gross morbidity and mortality rates were calculated and interviews with key figures were conducted.
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13
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Dellepiane N, Wood D. Twenty-five years of the WHO vaccines prequalification programme (1987-2012): lessons learned and future perspectives. Vaccine 2015; 33:52-61. [PMID: 24300593 PMCID: PMC5355375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) vaccines prequalification programme was established in 1987. It is a service provided to United Nations procurement agencies to ensure that the vaccines supplied through these agencies are consistently safe and effective under conditions of use in national immunization programmes. This review describes the purpose and aims of the programme, its evolution during 25 years of existence, its added value, and its role in the context of the WHO strategy to ensure the global availability of vaccines of assured quality. The rationale for changes introduced during the implementation of the programme is provided. The paper also discusses the resources involved, both human and financial, its performance, strengths and weaknesses and steps taken to maximize its efficiency. This historical perspective is used to inform proposed future changes to the service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Dellepiane
- Department Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
| | - David Wood
- Department Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
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Agostoni C. Control, containment and health education in the smallpox-vaccination campaigns in Mexico in the 1940s. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2015; 22:355-370. [PMID: 26038851 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702015000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article examines some of the changes that the Mexican vaccination programs underwent starting in 1943, the year when the National Smallpox Campaign (Campaña Nacional contra la Viruela) was established. It analyzes why a uniform and coordinated vaccination method was adopted to counter the outbreaks of this endemic disease, especially in central Mexico; the actions of its numerous and heterogeneous staff; and the reasons why smallpox vaccination was considered critical to establish a culture of prevention. In summary, the article examines why selective vaccination was chosen and the expansion of the health-education programs, topics that have been seldom addressed in historical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Agostoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, DF, México,
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Schwartz
- From the University Center for Human Values (J.L.S.), the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (A.M.), and the Department of Molecular Biology (A.M.), Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Chan
- World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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17
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Santos JI. [Vaccination in Mexico in the context of the "vaccine decades": achievements and challenges]. GAC MED MEX 2014; 150:180-188. [PMID: 24604001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Santos
- Subdivisión de Investigación Clínica, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F.
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van Panhuis WG, Grefenstette J, Jung SY, Chok NS, Cross A, Eng H, Lee BY, Zadorozhny V, Brown S, Cummings D, Burke DS. Contagious diseases in the United States from 1888 to the present. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2152-8. [PMID: 24283231 PMCID: PMC4175560 DOI: 10.1056/nejmms1215400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem G van Panhuis
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (W.G.P., S.Y.J., N.S.C., H.E., D.S.B.) and Biostatistics (J.G., A.C., S.B.), Graduate School of Public Health, the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (B.Y.L.), and the Graduate Information Science and Technology Program, School of Information Sciences (V.Z.), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and the Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (D.C.)
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Ward K, Quinn H, Menzies R, McIntyre P. A history of adolescent school based vaccination in Australia. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2013; 37:E168-E174. [PMID: 24168091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As adolescents have become an increasingly prominent target group for vaccination, school-based vaccination has emerged as an efficient and effective method of delivering nationally recommended vaccines to this often hard to reach group. School-based delivery of vaccines has occurred in Australia for over 80 years and has demonstrated advantages over primary care delivery for this part of the population. In the last decade school-based vaccination programs have become routine practice across all Australian states and territories. Using existing records and the recollection of experts we have compiled a history of school-based vaccination in Australia, primarily focusing on adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ward
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
During 1946-2005, vaccine-preventable diseases were the topic of approximately 20% of all epidemic-assistance investigations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Both in the United States and abroad, current and former Epidemic Intelligence Service officers have played a critical role in describing the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases, contributing to development of immunization policies, participating in the implementation of immunization programs, and establishing effective means for assessing adverse events following immunization. As newer vaccines are developed and introduced, they will continue to play similar roles and most likely will be involved increasingly in investigations of the factors that affect people's willingness to accept vaccination for themselves or their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hinman
- The Task Force for Global Health, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
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Hinman AR, Orenstein WA, Schuchat A. Vaccine-preventable diseases, immunizations, and MMWR--1961-2011. MMWR Suppl 2011; 60:49-57. [PMID: 21976166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hinman
- Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia 30030, USA.
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Tafuri S, Martinelli D, Germinario C, Prato R. [History of compulsory immunization]. Ig Sanita Pubbl 2011; 67:659-672. [PMID: 22508615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mandatory vaccination was introduced for the first time in the nineteenth century in some European countries following the then sweeping smallpox epidemics. Compulsory vaccination for some diseases is still extant in some countries like Italy, France, Greece, Portugal and Belgium; in other countries, like the United Kingdom and Finland, vaccinations are voluntary but the state pursues a policy of active promotion. In 2007, the Veneto Region of Italy government approved a law allowing the experimentation of the abolition of mandatory vaccination. This experimentation caused an important debate among healthcare workers and scientific society of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tafuri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
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Smith PJ, Wood D, Darden PM. Highlights of historical events leading to national surveillance of vaccination coverage in the United States. Public Health Rep 2011; 126 Suppl 2:3-12. [PMID: 21815302 PMCID: PMC3113425 DOI: 10.1177/00333549111260s202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The articles published in this special supplement of Public Health Reports provide examples of only some of the current efforts in the United States for evaluating vaccination coverage. So, how did we get here? The history of vaccination and assessment of vaccination coverage in the U.S. has its roots in the pre-Revolutionary War era. In many cases, development of vaccines, and attention devoted to the assessment of vaccination coverage, has grown from the impact of infectious disease on major world events such as wars. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief overview of the key historical events in the U.S. that influenced the development of vaccines and the efforts to track vaccination coverage, which laid the foundation for contemporary vaccination assessment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Abstract
In the decade following hepatitis B vaccine's 1981 approval, U.S. health officials issued evolving guidelines on who should receive the vaccine: first, gay men, injection drug users, and healthcare workers; later, hepatitis B-positive women's children; and later still, all newborns. States laws that mandated the vaccine for all children were quietly accepted in the 1990s; in the 2000s, however, popular anti-vaccine sentiment targeted the shot as an emblem of immunization policy excesses. Shifting attitudes toward the vaccine in this period were informed by hepatitis B's changing popular image, legible in textual and visual representations of the infection from the 1980s through the 1990s. Notably, the outbreak of AIDS, the advent of genetically engineered pharmaceuticals, and a Democratic push for health reform shaped and reshaped hepatitis B's public image. Hepatitis B thus became, in turn, an AIDS-like scourge; proof of a new era of pharmaceuticals; a threat from which all American children had a right to be protected; and a cancer-causing infection spread by teenage lifestyles. The metamorphosis of the infection's image was reflected in evolving policy recommendations regarding who should receive the vaccine in the 1980s, and was key to securing broad uptake of the vaccine in the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Conis
- History of Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Poreda M. Reforming New Jersey's vaccination policy: the case for the Conscientious Exemption Bill. Seton Hall Law Rev 2011; 41:765-811. [PMID: 21739762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abstract
In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the United States would join the fledgling global program to eradicate smallpox, beginning with a program in West Africa. The American commitment to smallpox eradication represented a broader effort in the United States and the developing world to expand international health programs and build a Global Great Society. The Global Great Society came to grief, but global smallpox eradication would ultimately succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob H Reinhardt
- Department of History, University of California, 2216 Social Sciences and Humanities, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Few M. Circulating smallpox knowledge: Guatemalan doctors, Maya Indians and designing Spain's smallpox vaccination expedition, 1780-1803. Br J Hist Sci 2010; 43:519-537. [PMID: 21553626 DOI: 10.1017/s000708741000124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the rich but mostly overlooked history of Guatemala's anti-smallpox campaigns in the 1780s and 1790s, this paper interweaves an analysis of the contribution of colonial medical knowledges and practical experiences with the construction and implementation of imperial science. The history of the anti-smallpox campaigns is traced from the introduction of inoculation in Guatemala in 1780 to the eve of the Spanish Crown-sponsored Royal Maritime Vaccination Expedition in 1803. The paper first analyses the development of what Guatemalan medical physician José Flores called his 'local method' of inoculation, tailored to material and cultural conditions of highland Maya communities, and based on his more than twenty years of experience in anti-smallpox campaigns among multiethnic populations in Guatemala. Then the paper probes the accompanying transformations in discourses about health through the anti-smallpox campaigns as they became explicitly linked to new discourses of moral responsibility towards indigenous peoples. With the launch of the Spanish Vaccination Expedition in 1803, anti-smallpox efforts bridged the New World, Europe and Asia, and circulated on a global scale via the enactment of imperial Spanish health policy informed, in no small part, by New World and specifically colonial Guatemalan experiences with inoculation in multiethnic cities and highland Maya towns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Few
- Department of History, Social Sciences 215, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Bhattacharya S, Dasgupta R. A tale of two global health programs. Smallpox eradication's lessons for the antipolio campaign in India. Am J Public Health 2009; 99:1176-84. [PMID: 19528668 PMCID: PMC2696658 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.135624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
India provided one of the most challenging chapters of the worldwide smallpox eradication program. The campaign was converted from a project in which a handful of officials tried to impose their ideas on a complex health bureaucracy to one in which its components were constantly adapted to the requirements of a variety of social, political, and economic contexts. This change, achieved mainly through the active participation of workers drawn from local communities in the 1970s, proved to be a momentous policy adaptation that contributed to certification of smallpox eradication in 1980. However, this lesson appears to have been largely forgotten by those currently managing the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. We hope to show ways in which contemporary efforts to eliminate polio worldwide might profitably draw on historical information, which can indicate meaningful ways in which institutional adaptability is likely to help counter the political and social challenges being encountered in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.
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Abstract
This article describes three periods in Brazil's modern history when governmental action was (or was not) taken against smallpox: first, when smallpox control became a priority in the Brazilian sanitary agenda from the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century; second, when it was rendered politically invisible during decades when greater attention was given to yellow fever and malaria control; third, when it reappeared at the centre of Brazilian health policy in the 1960s until its eventual eradication in 1973. Smallpox control in the latter two periods is suffused with paradox. For example, evidence suggests that the nearly fifty-year absence or lack of policies and agencies to deal with smallpox actually favoured the mobilization of local, national and international resources once the eradication programme was launched in 1966; these new approaches were accelerated from 1969 until the completion of eradication in 1973. Equally paradoxical, it was during the specific context of the military regime after 1964 that the Brazilian health system developed the capacity to mobilize existing but dispersed resources and flexibly to innovate, incorporate, and adapt new policies. Another important element in this period was institutional learning based on other vertical programmes such as the malaria eradication campaign. Although the Brazilian smallpox eradication programme was constrained by international agencies and by bilateral co-operation with the United States, the period after 1964 offered opportunities for the realization of a new and wide-ranging national health capacity including the creation of a national system of epidemiological surveillance and a national childhood immunization programme. It also saw the empowerment of young physicians who would later come to occupy key positions in Brazilian public health and in international health organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Hochman
- Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Av. Brasil 4036/403, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ballester R, Porras MI. [The historical meaning of serological surveys as a laboratory technology applied to the immunization campaigns. The case of poliomyelitis in Spain]. Asclepio 2009; 61:55-80. [PMID: 19750612 DOI: 10.3989/asclepio.2009.v61.i1.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to analyse the introduction, use and diffusion of the serological surveys, a public health technology on the borderline between epidemiology and laboratory, in connection with poliomyelitis in Spain during the Francoism period. Within the framework of the "new history" of medical technologies and innovations, the serological surveys played an important role both in the improvement of knowledge on socio-demographic distribution and the health politics arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ballester
- Universidad Miguel Hernández; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
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Abstract
Albert B. Sabin, MD, developer of the oral polio vaccine, was also a major proponent of its use in annual vaccination campaigns aimed at the elimination of polio. Sabin argued that administering his vaccine simultaneously to every child in a country would break polio's chains of transmission. Although he was already promoting mass vaccination by the 1960s, Sabin's efforts expanded considerably when he became an adviser to groups fighting polio in the Americas in the 1980s. Sabin's experiences provide a window into both the formation of the coalition that eliminated poliomyelitis from the Western Hemisphere and what can happen when biomedical researchers become public health policy advisers. Although the polio elimination coalition succeeded in part because member groups often accommodated each other's priorities, Sabin was often limited by his indifference to the interests of those he was advising and to the shortcomings of his vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hampton
- Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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32
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Day A. 'An American tragedy'. the Cutter incident and its implications for the Salk polio vaccine in New Zealand 1955-1960. Health History 2009; 11:42-61. [PMID: 20481116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During the United States polio immunisation campaign in 1955 a number of children immunised with Cutter Laboratories vaccine were stricken with the disease, halting the programme. This event, the Cutter Incident, had major repercussions in the United States but also in many other countries such as New Zealand, Britain, and Australia. In New Zealand scarcity of vaccine left children exposed to the 1955-6 epidemic and the Department of Health's planned immunisation campaign at the mercy of erratic supply. This paper examines how the consequences of the Cutter Incident shaped the New Zealand polio immunisation programme. The New Zealand experiences with the polio vaccine are set in an international context in order to give an appreciable understanding of the events that occurred.
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Walz J. Tuberculosis prevention in the far north. 1956. Can Nurse 2008; 104:18-19. [PMID: 18642497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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34
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Bhattacharya S. Strugging to a monumental re-assessing the final phases of the smallpox eradication program in India, 1960-1980. Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2007; 14:1113-1129. [PMID: 18450301 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702007000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The global smallpox program is generally presented as the brainchild of a handful of actors from the WHO headquarters in Geneva and at the agency's regional offices. This article attempts to present a more complex description of the drive to eradicate smallpox. Based on the example of India, a major focus of the campaign, it is argued that historians and public health officials should recognize the varying roles played by a much wider range of participants. Highlighting the significance of both Indian and international field officials, the author shows how bureaucrats and politicians at different levels of administration and society managed to strengthen--yet sometimes weaken--important program components. Centrally dictated strategies developed at WHO offices in Geneva and New Delhi, often in association with Indian federal authorities, were reinterpreted by many actors and sometimes changed beyond recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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35
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Sudarshan MK. The changing scenario of rabies in India: are we moving towards its prevention and control? Indian J Public Health 2007; 51:145-147. [PMID: 18229438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M K Sudarshan
- Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore-560 004.
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36
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Abstract
Public immunizations against small-pox were first conducted in Austria over 200 years ago on December 10th 1800. The first legal regulation concerning small-pox vaccination was issued in 1836. Official recommendations for childhood vaccinations were first published in 1973 in conjunction with the Austrian anticipatory health care program for children. Since 1984 the Ministry of Health in cooperation with the Federal Advisory Committee on Health publishes and updates recommendations for immunizations for all age groups at intervals dictated by epidemic necessities and availability of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingomar Mutz
- Abteilung für Kinder und Jugendliche des Landeskrankenhauses Leoben, Vordernbergerstrasse 42, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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37
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Anderson W. Immunization and hygiene in the colonial Philippines. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2007; 62:1-20. [PMID: 16877715 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrl014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination and the enforcement of stipulations of personal hygiene can be viewed as different mechanisms of colonial government. Immunization campaigns reach and register populations, but they may also appear to obviate the need for behavioral reform. Hygiene education implies the development of a disciplined, self-governing citizenry, although in the colonial setting validation of such attainment is usually deferred. This article explores the tension between mechanisms of security (immunization) and drill (hygiene) in the Philippines, under the United States' colonial regime, in the early twentieth century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick Anderson
- Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MSC 1440, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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39
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Boseley S. Jaime Sepúlveda: Mexico's passionate proponent of public health. Lancet 2006; 368:1957. [PMID: 17141690 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The U.S. Immunization Program has been one of the most successful efforts in preventive medicine. Since its beginning with passage of the Vaccination Assistance Act in 1962, polio, measles and rubella have been eliminated and many other vaccine-preventable diseases are at record or near record lows. In 1966, 3 years after licensure of the first measles vaccines, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began an effort to eliminate measles within the United States, an on-and-off effort that was to last more than 30 years. With measles elimination as the primary driver, fundamental components of today's immunization program were built that affected not only measles, but all of the vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood. Some of the major contributions were the enactment and enforcement of immunization requirements for school attendance in all 50 states, enactment of an entitlement program for vaccine purchase, the Vaccines for Children Program, support for health services research to determine reasons for nonimmunization and interventions to improve coverage, development of standards for immunization practices and the measurement system for immunization coverage in all 50 states and 28 major urban areas. Key lessons have been: (1) the program must rest on a sound base of vaccine science and health services science; (2) having a limited number of measurable goals allows program focus, but consider strategies that have crosscutting impact; (3) accountability is critical to program performance at all levels-state, local and individual practice; and (4) establishing and maintaining political support is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Orenstein
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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41
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Nøkleby H, Feiring B. [The Norwegian vaccination program]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2006; 126:2538-40. [PMID: 17028636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines has in many ways been the art of the possible, using current knowledge about infections and microbes to devise new products. The aim of every vaccination is to prevent disease, but use of vaccines within vaccination programs is usually targeted not only to protect the individual, but also to changing the epidemiology of the disease. Several new vaccines will become available during the next decade, but the vaccination program will probably not be dramatically changed. Increased knowledge about the immune system might, in a longer time perspective, make it possible to rebuild a vaccination program on a new basis. Immunisations can perhaps be used for targeting the immune system in ways that still give protection against the specific infections, but in addition lead to better health through general protection against diseases, less allergy and less autoimmune diseases than we have today.
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42
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Lindner U, Blume SS. Vaccine innovation and adoption: polio vaccines in the UK, the Netherlands and West Germany, 1955-1965. Med Hist 2006; 50:425-46. [PMID: 17066127 PMCID: PMC1592614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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43
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Rager B. Vaccines and vaccination programs revisited. Isr Med Assoc J 2006; 8:299-300. [PMID: 16805224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bracha Rager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Abstract
The term "global health" is rapidly replacing the older terminology of "international health." We describe the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in both international and global health and in the transition from one to the other. We suggest that the term "global health" emerged as part of larger political and historical processes, in which WHO found its dominant role challenged and began to reposition itself within a shifting set of power alliances. Between 1948 and 1998, WHO moved from being the unquestioned leader of international health to being an organization in crisis, facing budget shortfalls and diminished status, especially given the growing influence of new and powerful players. We argue that WHO began to refashion itself as the coordinator, strategic planner, and leader of global health initiatives as a strategy of survival in response to this transformed international political context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M Brown
- Department of History and the Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Basu RN. Smallpox eradication: lessons learnt from a success story. Natl Med J India 2006; 19:33-6. [PMID: 16570684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R N Basu
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, New Delhi, India.
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46
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Arcari RD. Smallpox prevention: Farmington, 1827, and after 9/11. Conn Med 2005; 69:153-60. [PMID: 15862002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D Arcari
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, USA
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47
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Wharton M, Hogan R, Segal-Freeman P. Childhood immunization: exemptions and vaccine safety. J Law Med Ethics 2005; 33:34-7. [PMID: 16689155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wharton
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Fletcher MA, Fabre P, Debois H, Saliou P. Vaccines administered simultaneously: directions for new combination vaccines based on an historical review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2004; 8:328-38. [PMID: 15494254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The recognized benefits of administering vaccines simultaneously has encouraged vaccine producers to develop combination vaccines. If contemporary research and development can realize vaccines that achieve the current standards for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy, other specific vaccine associations may also merit reconsideration as combination vaccines. METHODS An historical review of the vaccine association literature reveals two important themes: first, the programs of mass vaccination, in particular, the eradication of smallpox, sessions where multiple vaccines (other than the smallpox vaccine) were given concurrently, and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI); and, second, the domain of travel vaccines, including travellers to a disease-endemic country (such as migrants, tourists, military personnel, or expatriates) and WHO requirements for international travellers. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Based on this historical review, combination vaccines worth reconsideration could fill epidemiologic niches in the EPI with, for instance, a measles--yellow fever, a measles--Japanese encephalitis or a pertussis-based paediatric combination rabies vaccine. Furthermore, other combinations could broaden protection against the pathogens responsible for meningitis, pneumonia, or enteric diseases. Nevertheless, complex issues such as necessity, feasibility, or affordability will ultimately determine if any one of these becomes a combination vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fletcher
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, Coeur Défense-Tour A, 110 esplanade du Général de Gaulle, 92931 Paris la Défense, Cedex, France.
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49
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Griffith R. Childhood immunization: public health or parental choice? Br J Community Nurs 2004; 9:379-82. [PMID: 15389149 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2004.9.9.15935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Childhood immunization is a key tool in disease control and the main instrument in the government’s campaign to achieve the World Health Organization target for interrupting transmission of a range of indiginous diseases (Spika et al, 2003). However, rates of immunization have fallen over public concern about the safety of the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Statistics show immunization uptake at around 85% (Department of Health (DH), 2004a) nationally, up from a low of 78%, and still much lower than the 95% rate required to achieve the population or herd immunity needed to effectively interrupt the transmission of the diseases (Carlowe 2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Griffith
- Centre for Philosophy, Law and Healthcare, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales, UK.
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50
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Early vaccine trials done without consent. Bull Med Ethics 2004;:3-4. [PMID: 15685751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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