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Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), a protein of the complement lectin pathway, resembles thrombin in terms of structural features and substrate specificity. Due to its interplay with several coagulation factors, it has the ability to induce fibrin clot formation independent of the usual coagulation activation pathways. We have recently shown that MASP-1 activates prothrombin and identified arginine (R) 155, R271, and R393 as potential cleavage sites. FXa cleaves R320 instead of R393, and thrombin cleaves R155 and R284 in prothrombin. Here we have used three arginine-to-glutamine mutants of prothrombin, R271Q, R320Q, R393Q and the serine-to-alanine active site mutant S525A to investigate in detail the mechanism of MASP-1 mediated prothrombin activation. Prothrombin wildtype and mutants were digested with MASP-1 and the cleavage products were analysed by SDS-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing. A functional clotting assay was performed by thrombelastography. We have found that MASP-1 activates prothrombin via two simultaneous pathways, either cleaving at R271 or R393 first. Both pathways result in the formation of several active alternative thrombin species. Functional studies confirmed that both R393 and R320 are required for prothrombin activation by MASP-1, whereas R155 is not considered to be an important cleavage site in this process. In conclusion, we have described for the first time a detailed model of prothrombin activation by MASP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Jenny
- University Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verena Schroeder
- University Clinic of Haematology, Haemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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2
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Jani PK, Kajdácsi E, Megyeri M, Dobó J, Doleschall Z, Futosi K, Tímár CI, Mócsai A, Makó V, Gál P, Cervenak L. MASP-1 induces a unique cytokine pattern in endothelial cells: a novel link between complement system and neutrophil granulocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87104. [PMID: 24489848 PMCID: PMC3906121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection urges prompt intervention by the immune system. The complement cascade and neutrophil granulocytes are the predominant contributors to this immediate anti-microbial action. We have previously shown that mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), the most abundant enzyme of the complement lectin pathway, can induce p38-MAPK activation, NFkappaB signaling, and Ca2+-mobilization in endothelial cells. Since neutrophil chemotaxis and transmigration depends on endothelial cell activation, we aimed to explore whether recombinant MASP-1 (rMASP-1) is able to induce cytokine production and subsequent neutrophil chemotaxis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that HUVECs activated by rMASP-1 secreted IL-6 and IL-8, but not IL-1alpha, IL-1ra, TNFalpha and MCP-1. rMASP-1 induced dose-dependent IL-6 and IL-8 production with different kinetics. rMASP-1 triggered IL-6 and IL-8 production was regulated predominantly by the p38-MAPK pathway. Moreover, the supernatant of rMASP-1-stimulated HUVECs activated the chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes as an integrated effect of cytokine production. Our results implicate that besides initializing the complement lectin pathway, MASP-1 may activate neutrophils indirectly, via the endothelial cells, which link these effective antimicrobial host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter K. Jani
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Megyeri
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Futosi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba I. Tímár
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Makó
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Degn SE, Jensenius JC, Thiel S. Response to comment on "Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-1 is crucial for lectin pathway activation in human serum, whereas neither MASP-1 nor MASP-3 is required for alternative pathway function". J Immunol 2013; 190:2477-8. [PMID: 23509401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1390003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takahashi M, Sekine H, Endo Y, Fujita T. Comment on "Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-1 is crucial for lectin pathway activation in human serum, whereas neither MASP-1 nor MASP-3 is required for alternative pathway function". J Immunol 2013; 190:2477. [PMID: 23456699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1390002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Brinkmann CR, Jensen L, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Holm IE, Endo Y, Fujita T, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Degn SE. Mitochondria and the lectin pathway of complement. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8016-8027. [PMID: 23378531 PMCID: PMC3605621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.430249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the powerhouses of our cells, are remnants of a eubacterial endosymbiont. Notwithstanding the evolutionary time that has passed since the initial endosymbiotic event, mitochondria have retained many hallmarks of their eubacterial origin. Recent studies have indicated that during perturbations of normal homeostasis, such as following acute trauma leading to massive necrosis and release of mitochondria, the immune system might mistake symbiont for enemy and initiate an inappropriate immune response. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading microbial pathogens, and as such is the primary suspect in the recognition of mitochondria-derived danger-associated molecular patterns and initiation of an aberrant response. Conversely, innate immune mechanisms are also central to noninflammatory clearance of innocuous agents. Here we investigated the role of a central humoral component of innate immunity, the lectin pathway of complement, in recognition of mitochondria in vitro and in vivo. We found that the soluble pattern recognition molecules, mannan-binding lectin (MBL), L-ficolin, and M-ficolin, were able to recognize mitochondria. Furthermore, MBL in complex with MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) was able to activate the lectin pathway and deposit C4 onto mitochondria, suggesting that these molecules are involved either in homeostatic clearance of mitochondria or in induction of untoward inflammatory reactions. We found that following mitochondrial challenge, C3 was consumed in vivo in the absence of overt inflammation, indicating a potential role of complement in noninflammatory clearance of mitochondria. Thus, we report here the first indication of involvement of the lectin pathway in mitochondrial immune handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel R Brinkmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frederik Dagnæs-Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ida E Holm
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Randers Hospital, DK-8930 Randers NØ, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, 1-Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, 1-Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens C Jensenius
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation disorders and reperfusion of ischemic myocardium are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Lectin pathway initiation complexes are composed of multimolecular carbohydrate recognition subcomponents and 3 lectin pathway-specific serine proteases. We have recently shown that the lectin pathway-specific carbohydrate recognition subcomponent mannose-binding lectin plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of thrombosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thus, we hypothesized that the endogenous mannose-binding lectin (MBL)/ficolin-associated protein-1 (MAP-1) that inhibits complement activation in vitro also could be an in vivo regulator by attenuating myocardial schema/reperfusion injury and thrombogenesis when used at pharmacological doses in wild-type mice. METHODS AND RESULTS In 2 mouse models, MAP-1 preserves cardiac function, decreases infarct size, decreases C3 deposition, inhibits MBL deposition, and prevents thrombogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MAP-1 displaces MBL/ficolin-associated serine protease (MASP)-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3 from the MBL complex. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the natural, endogenous inhibitor MAP-1 effectively inhibits lectin pathway activation in vivo. MAP-1 at pharmacological doses represents a novel therapeutic approach for human diseases involving the lectin pathway and its associated MASPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile I Pavlov
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
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Hess K, Ajjan R, Phoenix F, Dobó J, Gál P, Schroeder V. Effects of MASP-1 of the complement system on activation of coagulation factors and plasma clot formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35690. [PMID: 22536427 PMCID: PMC3335018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous interactions between the coagulation and complement systems have been shown. Recently, links between coagulation and mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) of the complement lectin pathway have been proposed. Our aim was to investigate MASP-1 activation of factor XIII (FXIII), fibrinogen, prothrombin, and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in plasma-based systems, and to analyse effects of MASP-1 on plasma clot formation, structure and lysis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used a FXIII incorporation assay and specific assays to measure the activation products prothrombin fragment F1+2, fibrinopeptide A (FPA), and activated TAFI (TAFIa). Clot formation and lysis were assessed by turbidimetric assay. Clot structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. MASP-1 activated FXIII and, contrary to thrombin, induced FXIII activity faster in the Val34 than the Leu34 variant. MASP-1-dependent generation of F1+2, FPA and TAFIa showed a dose-dependent response in normal citrated plasma (NCP), albeit MASP-1 was much less efficient than FXa or thrombin. MASP-1 activation of prothrombin and TAFI cleavage were confirmed in purified systems. No FPA generation was observed in prothrombin-depleted plasma. MASP-1 induced clot formation in NCP, affected clot structure, and prolonged clot lysis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We show that MASP-1 interacts with plasma clot formation on different levels and influences fibrin structure. Although MASP-1-induced fibrin formation is thrombin-dependent, MASP-1 directly activates prothrombin, FXIII and TAFI. We suggest that MASP-1, in concerted action with other complement and coagulation proteins, may play a role in fibrin clot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hess
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, The LIGHT Laboratories, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ramzi Ajjan
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, The LIGHT Laboratories, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fladia Phoenix
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, The LIGHT Laboratories, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verena Schroeder
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, The LIGHT Laboratories, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- University Clinic of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Hemostasis Research Laboratory, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Ameye L, Paesmans M, Thiel S, Jensenius JC, Aoun M. M-ficolin levels are associated with the occurrence of severe infections in patients with haematological cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:303-8. [PMID: 22236007 PMCID: PMC3278697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition molecules H-ficolin, L-ficolin and M-ficolin bind to micro-organisms. They activate the lectin pathway of complement through mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Association between low MBL levels and infections in patients undergoing chemotherapy for haematological diseases has been observed previously. We now examine for MASP-2, MASP-3 and ficolin levels. We assessed the concentration of lectin pathway molecules as risk factors for infection in patients with haematological malignancy undergoing chemotherapy. Samples taken before the initiation of chemotherapy covering 117 chemotherapy cycles in 105 patients were available. MASPs and ficolins were measured by time-resolved immunoflourometric assays and the levels related to parameters of infections. End-points included febrile neutropenia, documented infections, bacteraemia or severe infections. Lower M-ficolin concentrations were found in patients who developed a severe infection: median 0·27 µg/ml compared to 0·47 µg/ml in patients who did not develop a severe infection (P = 0·01). Conversely, MASP-2 was higher in these patients: median 0·53 µg/ml compared to 0·37 µg/ml, respectively (P = 0·008). When considering M-ficolin levels below 0·36 µg/ml as deficient, the time to development of severe infection was shorter in the M-ficolin deficient group: the hazard ratio was 2·60 (95% confidence interval: 1·23-5·49). No associations were revealed between infections and H-ficolin, L-ficolin or MASP-3. Patients with low M-ficolin are more likely to develop severe infections, whereas MASP-2 showed the opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ameye
- Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Endo Y, Fujita T. [Pattern-recognition molecule, Ficolin]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2008; 63:399-405. [PMID: 19317229 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.63.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295
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Wallis R, Dodds AW, Mitchell DA, Sim RB, Reid KBM, Schwaeble WJ. Molecular Interactions between MASP-2, C4, and C2 and Their Activation Fragments Leading to Complement Activation via the Lectin Pathway. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7844-51. [PMID: 17204478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606326200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of component C3 is central to the pathways of complement and leads directly to neutralization of pathogens and stimulation of adaptive immune responses. The convertases that catalyze this reaction assemble from fragments of complement components via multistep reactions. In the lectin pathway, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins bind to pathogens and activate MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2). MASP-2 cleaves C4 releasing C4a and generating C4b, which attaches covalently to the pathogen surface upon exposure of its reactive thioester. C2 binds to C4b and is also cleaved by MASP-2 to form the C3 convertase (C4b2a). To understand how this complex process is coordinated, we have analyzed the interactions between MASP-2, C4, C2, and their activation fragments and have compared MASP-2-catalyzed cleavage of C4b2 and C2. The data show that C2 binds tightly to C4b but not to C4, implying that C4 and C2 do not circulate as preformed complexes but that C2 is recruited only after prior activation of C4. Following cleavage of C4, C4b still binds to MASP-2 (KD approximately 0.6 microM) and dissociates relatively slowly (koff approximately 0.06 s-1) compared with the half-life of the thioester (<or=0.7 s) (Sepp, A., Dodds, A. W., Anderson, M. J., Campbell, R. D., Willis, A. C., and Law, S. K. (1993) Protein Sci. 2, 706-716). We propose that the C4b.MASP-2 interaction favors attachment of C4b near to the activating MBL.MASP complex on the bacterial surface so that, following recruitment of C2, the proximity of enzyme and substrate (C4b2) combined with more favorable reaction kinetics drive the formation of the C3 convertase, promoting complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Wallis
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
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Iwaki D, Kanno K, Takahashi M, Endo Y, Lynch NJ, Schwaeble WJ, Matsushita M, Okabe M, Fujita T. Small mannose-binding lectin-associated protein plays a regulatory role in the lectin complement pathway. J Immunol 2007; 177:8626-32. [PMID: 17142762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins are pattern recognition proteins acting in innate immunity, and they trigger the activation of the lectin complement pathway through MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Upon activation of the lectin pathway, MASP-2 cleaves C4 and C2. A truncated form of MASP-2, named small MBL-associated protein (sMAP), is also associated with MBL/ficolin-MASP complexes. To clarify the role of sMAP, we have generated sMAP-deficient (sMAP(-/-)) mice by targeted disruption of the sMAP-specific exon. Because of the gene disruption, the expression level of MASP-2 was also decreased in sMAP(-/-) mice. When recombinant sMAP (rsMAP) and recombinant MASP-2 (rMASP-2) reconstituted the MBL-MASP-sMAP complex in deficient serum, the binding of these recombinant proteins to MBL was competitive, and the C4 cleavage activity of the MBL-MASP-sMAP complex was restored by the addition of rMASP-2, whereas the addition of rsMAP attenuated the activity. Therefore, MASP-2 is essential for the activation of C4 and sMAP plays a regulatory role in the activation of the lectin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iwaki
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, 1-Hikariga-oka, Fukushima City 960-1295, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum component which participates in innate immunity by activating complement via a novel pathway. Human MBL forms complexes with two types of serine proteases termed MASP (MBL-associated serine protease). These two proteases, MASP1 and MASP2, are structurally similar to one another as well as to C1r and C1s. Together, MASP, C1r and C1s constitute a novel serine protease family. It is likely that human MASP1 is able to activate C3, while human MASP2 cleaves C4, although further functional studies are required to confirm this. Based on the analysis of MASP cDNA of vertebrates and ascidians, the MASP/C1r/C1s family can be classified into two groups. The first group is characterized by a histidine loop in its serine protease domain, an active-center serine encoded by TCN, and a proline as the amino acid residue at the-3 position from the active serine. Human MASP1, mouse MASP1, Xenopus MASP1 and ascidian MASPs all belong to this group. MASP of the second group has structural features which are distinct from those of the first group: an absence of a histidine loop, an active-serine encoded by AGY, and an alanine or valine as the amino acid residue at the -3 position from the active-serine. The second group includes human MASP2, Xenopus MASP2, carp MASP, shark MASP, C1r and C1s. The TCN-type of MASP may have emerged prior to the AGY-type as an ancestral protease of the MASP/C1r/C1s family and played a crucial role in cleaving C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsushita
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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