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Santos Filho JRD, Santos ÉDS, Mandim F, Molina AK, Barros L, Correia Gonçalves RA, Braz de Oliveira AJ, Ferreira ICP. Evaluation of antitumoral and antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extract and fractions obtained from the fruit pericarp of Sapindus saponaria L. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1002-1006. [PMID: 37194675 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2211214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Sapindus saponaria L., popularly known as 'saboeiro', have been used in medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antitumor activities of the hydroethanolic extract (HAE) and fractions obtained from the fruit pericarp of S. saponaria. The HAE was obtained from the S. saponaria fruit pericarp by maceration; this was followed by fractionation using reversed-phase solid-phase extraction, resulting in fractions enriched with acyclic sesquiterpenic oligoglycosides (ASOG) and saponins (SAP1, and SAP2), confirmed by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-QTOF-MS). The greatest citotoxic activity was observed with the SAP1 fraction against the CaCo2 cell line with a GI50 of 8.1 µg mL-1, while the SAP2 fraction had a GI50 of 13.6 µg mL-1 against CaCo2. The HAE demonstrated the greatest antioxidant activity. S. saponaria has potential therapeutic use in the pharmaceutical industry as a natural anti-oxidant or antitumor product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éverton da Silva Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Filipa Mandim
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adriana K Molina
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Regina Aparecida Correia Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Arildo José Braz de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Izabel Cristina Piloto Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
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Tahir A, Ur-Rehman Qazi F, Choudhry Z, Musheer U, Amin M, Malik S, AlMokhatieb AA, Almadi K, Alkahtany MF, Ahmed MA, Ali K, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Influence of Sapindus mukorossi extract in comparison to 17% EDTA as final root canal irrigant on the sealer penetration and microleakage of dentinal tubules. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:2724-2732. [PMID: 37070870 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202304_31899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study evaluated the effect of Sapindus mukorossi (SM) extract as a final root canal irrigant on sealer penetration (SP) in dentinal tubules and microleakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. An access opening in all samples was performed and the working length was decided using pro taper for canal finishing along with constant irrigation. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was irrigated with 3 ml of 17% EDTA; group 2 was irrigated with SM irrigant and group 3 samples were irrigated with 0.9% saline. After obturation, samples were vertically placed in 1% methylene blue dye cut in half longitudinally, and viewed under a stereomicroscope. Analysis of SP in the dentinal tubule was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For microleakage assessment, mean and standard deviation were reported and One-Way ANOVA was applied. SP was compared using Kruskal-Wallis' test. For inspecting the interaction between SM/EDTA and NaOCl, Fisher's exact test was applied. No statistically significant difference between microleakage in any of the tested groups was observed. The control group showed minimum leakage as compared to EDTA and SM. RESULTS The results displayed that there was no significant difference, (p=0.67), between dentinal tubule SP at 2 mm. A significant difference between dentinal tubule SP among groups at 5 mm was observed (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS SM ethanolic extract showed comparable outcomes of smear layer removal and sealer penetration to 17% EDTA, as a final irrigant in root canal cleaning. Therefore, SM has the potential to be used as an adjuvant final irrigant in conjunction with NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tahir
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-Ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Ligor M, Kiełbasa A, Ratiu IA, Buszewski B. Separation and Quantification of Selected Sapogenins Extracted from Nettle, White Dead-Nettle, Common Soapwort and Washnut. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247705. [PMID: 34946786 PMCID: PMC8708431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are an important group of secondary metabolites naturally occurring in plants with important properties like: antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. Moreover, they are widely used in the cosmetic industry and household chemistry. The sapogenins are saponin hydrolyses products, frequently used to facilitate saponin detection. In the present study, an improved methodology for isolation and separation of five sapogenins extracted from nettle (Urtica dioica L.), white dead-nettle (Lamium album L.), common soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) and washnut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) was developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light-scattering detector (UHPLC-ELSD). Based on quantitative analysis, the highest content of hederagenin (999.1 ± 6.3 µg/g) and oleanolic acid (386.5 ± 27.7 µg/g) was found in washnut extracts. Good recoveries (71% ± 6 up to 99% ± 8) were achieved for four investigated targets, while just 22.2% ± 0.5 was obtained for the fifth one. Moreover, hederagenin and oleanolic acid of whose highest amount was detected in washnut (999.1 ± 6.3 µg/g and 386.5 ± 27.7 µg/g, respectively) were subject to another approach. Consequently, liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) was used as an additional technique for fast and simultaneous identification of the mentioned targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (B.B.)
| | - Anna Kiełbasa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Str., RO-400239 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (B.B.)
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Bocayuva Tavares GD, Fortes Aiub CA, Felzenszwalb I, Carrão Dantas EK, Araújo-Lima CF, Siqueira Júnior CL. In vitro biochemical characterization and genotoxicity assessment of Sapindus saponaria seed extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 276:114170. [PMID: 33932515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sapindus saponaria, also popularly known as soapberry, has been used in folk medicinal values because of its therapeutic properties and several compounds in its composition, which represent a target in potential for drug discovery. However, few data about its potential toxicity has been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY Plant proteins can perform essential roles in survival, acting as defense mechanism, as well functioning as important molecular reserves for its natural metabolism. The aim of the current study was to investigate the in vitro toxicity profile of protein extract of S. saponaria and detect protein potentially involved in biological effects such as collagen hydrolysis and inhibition of viral proteases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein extract of soapberry seeds was investigated for its cytotoxic and genotoxic action using the Ames test. The protein extract was also subjected to a partial purification process of a protease and a protease inhibitor by gel chromatography filtration techniques and the partially isolated proteins were characterized biochemically. RESULTS Seed proteins extract of S. saponaria was evaluated until 100 μg/mL concentration, presenting cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in bacterial model mostly when exposed to exogenous metabolic system and causing cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells. The purification and partial characterization of a serine protease (43 kDa) and a cysteine protease inhibitor (32.8 kDa) from protein extract of S. Saponaria, corroborate the idea of the biological use of the plant as an insecticide and larvicide. Although it shows cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects. CONCLUSION The overall results of the present study provide supportive data on the potential use of proteins produced in S. saponaria seeds as pharmacological and biotechnological agents that can be further explored for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Duarte Bocayuva Tavares
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Function of Plant Proteins, Department of Botany, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Alessandra Fortes Aiub
- Laboratory of Genotoxicity, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, R. Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, Brazil.
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- Department of Biophysics and Biometrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro - 4o. Andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Kennedy Carrão Dantas
- Department of Biophysics and Biometrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro - 4o. Andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Araújo-Lima
- Department of Biophysics and Biometrics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro, 87, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro - 4o. Andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - César Luis Siqueira Júnior
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Function of Plant Proteins, Research Center on Agricultural Systems, Department of Botany, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, Brazil.
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Goyal RP, Khangembam SD, Gangwar AK, Verma MK, Kumar N, Ahmed P, Yadav VK, Singh Y, Verma RK. Development of decellularized aortic scaffold for regenerative medicine using Sapindus mukorossi fruit pericarp extract. Micron 2020; 142:102997. [PMID: 33388519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a novel decellularization method using aqueous extract of soap nut pericarp (SPE) and its evaluation using hematoxylin-eosin staining, scanning electron microscopy, diamidino-2-phenylindol (DAPI) staining, mechanical testing, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and DNA quantification. The presently available decellularization agent raises some concerns due to the potential for presence of residual cytotoxic agents in the extracellular matrix. Histological analysis of hematoxylin and eosin and masson's trichrome stained processed aortic samples shows complete decellularization with preservation of extracellular matrix microarchitecture at 120 h. Further, staining of tissue samples with DAPI demonstrates complete removal of DNA fragments. Quantitative evaluation of DNA in the decellularized aorta tissues demonstrated a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in DNA content as compared to native tissues. Collagen quantification assay indicate no significant (P> 0.05) difference in its content between native and decellularized caprine aorta. Tensile strength of the decellularized scaffolds decreased non-significantly (P > 0.05) when compared to native tissues. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in young's modulus of elasticity, stiffness and stretch ratio between native aortic tissues and decellularized aortic scaffolds. Histological and scanning electron microscopic examination of in vitro cultured scaffold demonstrated the cell viability and proliferation of primary chicken embryo fibroblasts. SPE treatment is thus capable of producing cytocompatible decellularized caprine aorta scaffold with preservation of extracellular matrix architecture for vascular tissue engineering and could be applied widely as one of the decellularization agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
| | - Sangeeta Devi Khangembam
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
| | - Anil Kumar Gangwar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India.
| | - Mahesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Principal Scientist, Division of Surgery, I.V.R.I., Izatnagar UP, India
| | - Parvez Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex (Veterinary Microbiology), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya UP, 224 229, India
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Chen CC, Nien CJ, Chen LG, Huang KY, Chang WJ, Huang HM. Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on Skin Wound Healing: In Vivo and in Vitro Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102579. [PMID: 31130677 PMCID: PMC6567820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapindus mukorossi seed oil is commonly used as a source for biodiesel fuel. Its phytochemical composition is similar to the extracted oil from Sapindus trifoliatus seeds, which exhibit beneficial effects for skin wound healing. Since S. mukorossi seed shows no cyanogenic property, it could be a potential candidate for the treatment of skin wounds. Thus, we evaluated the effectiveness of S. mukorossi seed oil in the treatment of skin wounds. We characterized and quantified the fatty acids and unsaponifiable fractions (including β-sitosterol and δ-tocopherol) contained in S. mukorossi seed-extracted oil by GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. Cell proliferation and migratory ability were evaluated by cell viability and scratch experiments using CCD-966SK cells treated with S. mukorossi oil. The anti-inflammatory effects of the oil were evaluated by measuring the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial activity tests were performed with Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using a modified Japanese Industrial Standard procedure. Uniform artificial wounds were created on the dorsum of rats. The wounds were treated with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel for releasing the S. mukorossi seed oil. The wound sizes were measured photographically for 12 days and were compared to wounds covered with analogous membranes containing a saline solution. Our results showed that the S. mukorossi seed oil used in this study contains abundant monounsaturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, and δ-tocopherol. In the in vitro tests, S. mukorossi seed oil prompted cell proliferation and migration capability. Additionally, the oil had significant anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. In the in vivo animal experiments, S. mukorossi seed oil-treated wounds revealed acceleration of sequential skin wound healing events after two days of healing. The size of oil-treated wound decreased to half the size of the untreated control after eight days of healing. The results suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil could be a potential source for promoting skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chih Chen
- Emergency Department, Mackay Momorial Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Medical School, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Jen Nien
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Lih-Geeng Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Kuen-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Porsche FM, Molitor D, Beyer M, Charton S, André C, Kollar A. Antifungal Activity of Saponins from the Fruit Pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi against Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis 2018; 102:991-1000. [PMID: 30673376 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-17-0906-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of an aqueous extract (AE) and the solid fraction of a chloroform-methanol fruit pericarp extract (CME) of Sapindus mukorossi resolved in water was tested for the first time against Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea-two important fungal pathogens worldwide. In the greenhouse, a CME (1% vol/vol) spray significantly reduced V. inaequalis symptoms and sporulation (99%) on apple seedling leaves (P ≤ 0.05). In field trials, applications of AE (1% vol/vol) reduced the disease severity of B. cinerea on grape, on average, by 63%. Extracts were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography and the bioefficacy of the fractions was tested in vitro. Some components of the most fungicidal fraction were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry as saponins: sapindoside B (accounting for ≥98% of the total constituents), hederagenin-pentosylhexoside, and oleanolic acid-hexosyl-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside. This fraction inhibited the mycelial growth of V. inaequalis and B. cinerea by 45 and 43%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Porsche
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Molitor
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marco Beyer
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie Charton
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christelle André
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Kollar
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture
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Rani M, Shanker U. Removal of chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, and tebuconazole from water using green synthesized metal hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:10878-10893. [PMID: 29397507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The low-cost and highly efficient pesticides are largely used in residential, agricultural, and commercial applications. Their prevalent occurrence, bioaccumulation, and chronic toxicity to living beings have raised environmental concern and call for their whole eradication, especially from water. By virtue of semiconducting nature and high surface area, nanomaterials have become efficient adsorbent and photocatalyst in removal of toxins. To confirm this, the potential of highly crystalline metal hexacyanoferrates (MHCFs) of Zn, Cu, Co, and Ni was evaluated in deprivation of selected hazardous pesticides, viz., chlorpyrifos (CP), thiamethoxam (TH), and tebuconazole (TEB). Sharp nanocubes of ZnHCF (~ 100 nm), distorted nanocubes of CuHCF (~ 100 nm), and nanospheres of CoHCF and NiHCF (< 10 nm) were synthesized via green route using Sapindus mukorossi (raw ritha). At 50 mg L-1 of pesticide, 15 mg of MHCF photocatalyst, neutral pH and sunlight irradiation, selected agrochemicals were degraded to maximum extent (91-98%) by ZnHCF followed by CuHCF (85-91%), NiHCF (73-85%), and CoHCF (70-83%). This might be because of highest zeta potential and BET surface area of ZnHCF. The highest adsorption of CP (83-98%) followed by TH (76-95%) and TEB (70-91%) on acidic surface of catalysts might be related to access of free electrons in their structures. On treatment with MHCF photocatalyst, targets underwent mineralization along with formation of some minor and non-toxic by-products such as (Z) but-2-enal, 3-aminopropanoic acid, and pyridin-3-ol, identified after mass spectrometric analysis of reaction mixture. Based on them, degradation pathways have been proposed to reveal the potential of MHCF for solar photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manviri Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India
| | - Uma Shanker
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144011, India.
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Hu Q, Chen YY, Jiao QY, Khan A, Li F, Han DF, Cao GD, Lou HX. Triterpenoid saponins from the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi and their antifungal activities. Phytochemistry 2018; 147:1-8. [PMID: 29257999 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under the guidance of anti-fungal bioassay, four previously undescribed oleanane-type and one lupane-type triterpenoid saponins, along with twelve known analogues, were isolated from the extract of Sapindus mukorossi pulps. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. In vitro biotests, oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside showed inhibitory activity against Trichophyton rubrum with MIC80 value of 8 μg/mL, while oleanolic acid 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside exhibited inhibitory activity against both Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans with MIC80 values of 8 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Hu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China; Reyoung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Department, Natural Products Laboratory, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yang Jiao
- Reyoung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Department, Natural Products Laboratory, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Feng Li
- Reyoung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Department, Natural Products Laboratory, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Feng Han
- Reyoung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Department, Natural Products Laboratory, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Dong Cao
- Reyoung Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Research and Development Department, Natural Products Laboratory, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Mukherjee S, Hashim MA, Sen Gupta B. Remediation of Arsenic Contaminated Soil Using Phosphate and Colloidal Gas Aphron Suspensions Produced from Sapindus mukorossi. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 98:366-372. [PMID: 27412340 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate and colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) generated from saponin extracted from Sapindus mukorossi fruit, were evaluated for washing low levels of arsenic from an iron rich soil. Phosphate is one of the most commonly dispersed chemicals that increases arsenic mobility in soil due to their structural similarities, making it an important factor in arsenic removal process. Column washing experiments were performed with CGAs in down flow and up flow modes on soil of pH 5 and 6. Soapnut CGAs, when paired with phosphate removed up to 95 % arsenic while soapnut CGAs alone could only remove up to 70 % arsenic. The presence of phosphate improved efficiency of soapnut solution by up to 35 %. SEM image of washed soil revealed minor corrosion of soil surface while using phosphate with soapnut. Therefore, the addition of phosphates would have positive impact on soil washing using soapnut saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumona Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hashim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Bhaskar Sen Gupta
- Water Academy, Institute of Infrastructure and Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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Gandreddi VDS, Kappala VR, Zaveri K, Patnala K. Evaluating the role of a trypsin inhibitor from soap nut (Sapindus trifoliatus L. Var. Emarginatus) seeds against larval gut proteases, its purification and characterization. BMC Biochem 2015; 16:23. [PMID: 26489418 PMCID: PMC4618930 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The defensive capacities of plant protease Inhibitors (PI) rely on inhibition of proteases in insect guts or those secreted by microorganisms; and also prevent uncontrolled proteolysis and offer protection against proteolytic enzymes of pathogens. METHODS An array of chromatographic techniques were employed for purification, homogeneity was assessed by electrophoresis. Specificity, Ki value, nature of inhibition, complex formation was carried out by standard protocols. Action of SNTI on insect gut proteases was computationally evaluated by modeling the proteins by threading and docking studies by piper using Schrodinger tools. RESULTS We have isolated and purified Soap Nut Trypsin Inhibitor (SNTI) by acetone fractionation, ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The purified inhibitor was homogeneous by both gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). SNTI exhibited a molecular weight of 29 kDa on SDS-PAGE, gel filtration and was negative to Periodic Acid Schiff's stain. SNTI inhibited trypsin and pronase of serine class. SNTI demonstrated non-competitive inhibition with a Ki value of 0.75 ± 0.05×10-10 M. The monoheaded inhibitor formed a stable complex in 1:1 molar ratio. Action of SNTI was computationally evaluated on larval gut proteases from Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera frugiperda. SNTI and larval gut proteases were modeled and docked using Schrodinger software. Docking studies revealed strong hydrogen bond interactions between Lys10 and Pro71, Lys299 and Met80 and Van Der Waals interactions between Leu11 and Cys76amino acid residues of SNTI and protease from H. Armigera. Strong hydrogen bonds were observed between SNTI and protease of S. frugiperda at positions Thr79 and Arg80, Asp90 and Gly73, Asp2 and Gly160 respectively. CONCLUSION We conclude that SNTI potentially inhibits larval gut proteases of insects and the kinetics exhibited by the protease inhibitor further substantiates its efficacy against serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Sirisha Gandreddi
- Assistant professor, Department of Biochemistry/Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Vijaya Rachel Kappala
- Assistant professor, Department of Biochemistry/Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kunal Zaveri
- Assistant professor, Department of Biochemistry/Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kiranmayi Patnala
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Mohd AH, Sahu JN, Yusoff I, Sen GB. Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:2247-2256. [PMID: 24552053 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the possible application of a biodegradable plant based surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi, for washing low levels of arsenic (As) from an iron (Fe) rich soil. Natural association of As(V) with Fe(III) makes the process difficult. Soapnut solution was compared to anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in down-flow and a newly introduced suction mode for soil column washing. It was observed that soapnut attained up to 86% efficiency with respect to SDS in removing As. Full factorial design of experiment revealed a very good fit of data. The suction mode generated up to 83 kPa pressure inside column whilst down-flow mode generated a much higher pressure of 214 kPa, thus making the suction mode more efficient. Micellar solubilisation was found to be responsible for As desorption from the soil and it followed 1st order kinetics. Desorption rate coefficient of suction mode was found to be in the range of 0.005 to 0.01, much higher than down-flow mode values. Analysis of the FT-IR data suggested that the soapnut solution did not interact chemically with As, offering an option for reusing the surfactant. Soapnut can be considered as a soil washing agent for removing As even from soil with high Fe content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Hashim Mohd
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Narayan Sahu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Yusoff
- Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Gupta Bhaskar Sen
- School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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Maity JP, Huang YM, Hsu CM, Wu CI, Chen CC, Li CY, Jean JS, Chang YF, Chen CY. Removal of Cu, Pb and Zn by foam fractionation and a soil washing process from contaminated industrial soils using soapberry-derived saponin: a comparative effectiveness assessment. Chemosphere 2013; 92:1286-1293. [PMID: 23714147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using the eco-friendly biodegradable surfactant saponin (a plant-based surfactant) from soapberry and surfactin from Bacillus subtilis (BBK006) for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated industrial soil (6511mgkg(-1) copper, 4955mgkg(-1) lead, and 15090mgkg(-1) zinc) by foam fractionation and a soil flushing process was evaluated under variation of fundamental factors (surfactant concentration, pH, temperature and time). The results of latter process showed that 1-2% Pb, 16-17% Cu and 21-24% Zn was removed by surfactin after 48h, whereas the removal of Pb, Cu and Zn was increased from 40% to 47%, 30% to 36% and 16% to 18% in presence of saponin with an increase from 24 to 72h at room temperature by the soil washing process at pH 4. In the foam fractionation process, the metal removal efficiencies were increased with increases in the saponin concentration (0.075-0.15gL(-1)) and time (24-72h), whereas the efficiency was decreased with increasing pH (4-10) and temperature (>40°C). The removal efficiencies of Pb, Cu and Zn were increased significantly from 57% to 98%, 85% to 95% and 55% to 56% with an increase in the flow rate from 0.2 to 1.0Lmin(-1) at 0.15gL(-1) saponin (pH 4 and 30°C). The present investigation indicated that the foam fractionation process is more efficient for the removal of heavy metal from contaminated industrial soil in comparison to the soil washing process. The plant-based eco-friendly biodegradable biosurfactant saponin can be used for environmental cleanup and pollution management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash Maity
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
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Maity JP, Huang YM, Fan CW, Chen CC, Li CY, Hsu CM, Chang YF, Wu CI, Chen CY, Jean JS. Evaluation of remediation process with soapberry derived saponin for removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils in Hai-Pu, Taiwan. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:1180-1185. [PMID: 24191608 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of a biodegradable natural plant-based surfactant extracted from soapberry is proposed for the remediation of Ni, Cr and Mn from industrial soil site in Hai-Pu, Taiwan. Batch experiments were performed under variation of fundamental factors (saponin concentration, pH, and incubation time) for metal remediation. Removal of Ni and Mn were increased with increasing saponin concentration (0.015-0.150 g/L), whereas the removal of Cr was increased upto 0.075 g/L saponin. The Ni, Cr and Mn were removed significantly (p < or = 0.05) at near to the neutral and slightly acidic (pH 5 to 8) conditions. Removal efficiency of Ni (99%) from the soil was found to be greater than that of Cr (73%) or Mn (25%) in the presence of saponin at a concentration of 0.150 g/L at pH 5. The removal percentage increased with incubation time where the removal of Ni was faster than that of Cr and Mn. The result indicates the feasibility of eco-friendly removal of heavy metal (Ni, Cr and Mn) from industrial soil by soil washing process in presence of plant derived saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash Maity
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
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Chen M, Chen ZW, Long ZJ, Liu JL, Gao HW, Wang YJ. [Effects of sapindus saponins on inflammatory response mediated by Ang II/p38MAPK pathway and cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:1030-1035. [PMID: 23847952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of sapindus saponins on myocardial inflammation mediated by Ang II/ p38MAPK signal pathway and cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. And also to explore the correlation of cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation. METHOD Thirty-two 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly divided into four groups, one with placebo as model group, one with captopril tablets (27 mg x kg(-1)) as positive control, one with low-dose sapindus saponins (27 mg x kg(-1)), one with high-dose (108 mg x kg(-1)). And another eight healthy Wistar-Kyoto strain (WKY) rats were used as the normal group. The animals were treated for eight weeks, and the indicators detected were as follows: (1) left ventricular mass index (LVMI); (2) the content of Ang II and hs-CRP in plasma were determined by ELISA; (3) the protein expression of AT1R and VEGF were determined by immunohistochemical method; (4) the protein expression of p-p38MAPK in myocardial cells was determined by Western blot. RESULT Sapindus saponins reduced LVMI, and blocked the expression level of Ang II, AT1R, p-p38MAPK, VEGF and hs-CRP in myocardial tissue. Vs the SHR model group, there were significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that sapindus saponins could inhibited cardiac hypertrophy, the possible mechanisms may be related to the inhibition on inflammatory response mediated by Ang II/p38MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
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Chen M, Chen ZW, Long ZJ, Liu JL, Bian H, Wang YJ, Wang L. [Effect of Sapindus saponins on myocardial inflammation and left ventricular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Zhong Yao Cai 2013; 36:249-255. [PMID: 23901653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Sapindus saponins on myocardial inflammation and left ventricular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS Forty 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into five groups, placebo as model group, captopril tablets (27 mg/kg) as positive control, low-dose Sapindus saponins (27 mg/kg), medium-dose (54 mg/ kg) and high-dose (108 mg/kg) groups. And another eight healthy Wistar-Kyoto strain (WKY) rats were used as the normal group. The animals were treated for eight weeks, and the detection indexes were as follows: (1) Calculated left ventricular mass index (LVMI); (2) Observed the morphological changes on left ventricular myocardial tissue by HE staining; (3) Observed the collagen distribution in left ventricular myocardial by Masson staining; (4) Detected the protein expression of TGF-beta1 by immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS Sapindus saponins could effectively reverse the left ventricular hypertrophy phenomenon in SHR, lowered LVMI, inhibited the myocardial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia of collagen fibers, and blocked the expression level of TGF-beta1 in myocardial when compared with the SHR model group, there were significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Sapindus saponins can reserve the left ventricular remodeling in pathological conditions, its possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of myocardial tissue inflammation factor of TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
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Chen M, Chen ZW, Long ZJ, Gao HW, Bian H, Wang YJ, Wang L. [Research of sapindus saponins on endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012; 37:3282-3287. [PMID: 23397730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulation on endothelial function of sapindus saponins in spontaneously hypertensive rats by studying the reactivity on different vasoconstrictor and dilator, and the content of the active substances. METHOD Forty 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into five groups, one with placebo as model group, one with captopril tablets (27 mg x kg(-1)) as positive control, one with low-dose sapindus saponins (27 mg x kg(-1)), one with medium-dose (54 mg x kg(-1)), one with high-dose (108 mg x kg(-1)). And another eight healthy Wistar-Kyoto strain (WKY) rats were used as the normal group. The animals were treated for eight weeks, and the indicators to be detected were as follows: (1) the response of thoracic aorta on different vasoconstrictors Ang II (1 x 10(-9) -1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1)), PE (1 x 10(-8) 1 x 10(-4) mol x L(-1)), KCl (20 -120 mmol x L(-1)); (2) the endothelium-dependent or non-endothelium-dependent vasodilation response of thoracic aorta on Ach (1 x 10-(10)-1 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1)) or SNP (1 x 10(-8)-1 x 10(-3) mol x (L(-1); (3) the content of NO, 6-KPG1alpha, ET-1 and TXB2 in serum was determined by Elisa. RESULT In SHR model group, the response of thoracic aorta on Ang II, PE and KCl was increased, the endothelium-dependent vasodilation on Ach was reduced, but the effects on SNP was not obvious, the content of ET-1 and TXB2 was increased, and the content of NO and 6-KPG1alpha was reduced, Vs the normal control group, there were significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); in the treatment groups, the response of thoracic aorta on Ang II, PE and KCl was reduced, the endothelium-dependent vasodilation of thoracic aorta on Ach was improved, the content of ET-1 and TXB2 was reduced, and the content of NO and 6-KPG1alpha was increased, Vs the SHR model group, there were significant differences (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that sapindus saponins protected the endothelial function in SHR, the mechanisms were relevant to the protection of endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
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da Silva ML, Marcussi S, Fernandes RS, Pereira PS, Januário AH, França SC, Da Silva SL, Soares AM, Lourenço MV. Anti-snake venom activities of extracts and fractions from callus cultures of Sapindus saponaria. Pharm Biol 2012; 50:366-375. [PMID: 22133075 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.608072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) bark, root, and fruits are used as sedatives and to treat gastric ulcer and also demonstrate diuretic and expectorant effects. OBJECTIVE The anti-snake venom properties of callus of S. saponaria are investigated here for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cultivated callus of Sapindus saponaria were lyophilized, and the extracts were prepared with different solvents, before submitting to phytochemical studies and evaluation of the anti-ophidian activity. Crude extracts were fractionated by liquid-liquid partition and the fractions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Subsequently, anti-ophidian activities were analyzed toward Bothrops jararacussu Lacerda (Viperidae), B. moojeni Hoge (Viperidae), B. alternates Duméril (Viperidea) and Crotalus durissus terrificus Lineu (Viperidae) venoms and isolated myotoxins and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). RESULTS Fractions A1, A2 and the extract in MeOH:H(2)O (9:1) significantly inhibited the toxic and pharmacological activities induced by snake venoms and toxins, when compared to other extracts and fractions. The lethal, clotting, phospholipase, edema-inducing, hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities were partially inhibited by the different extracts and fractions. TLC profiles of the crude extracts (B and C) and fractions (A1 and A2) showed β-sitosterol and stigmasterol as their main compounds. Stigmasterol exhibited inhibitory effects on enzymatic and myotoxic activities of PLA(2). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Sapindus saponaria extracts and fractions presented anti-ophidian activity and could be used as an adjuvant to serum therapy or for its supplementation, and in addition, as a rich source of potential inhibitors of enzymes involved in several pathophysiological human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L da Silva
- Unidade de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Wu Y, Xiao XY, Ge FH. [Optimization for supercritical CO2 extraction with response surface methodology and component analysis of Sapindus mukorossi oil]. Zhong Yao Cai 2012; 35:300-303. [PMID: 22822678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the extraction conditions of Sapindus mukorossi oil by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and identify its components. METHODS Optimized SFE-CO2 Extraction by response surface methodology and used GC-MS to analysie Sapindus mukorossi oil compounds. RESULTS Established the model of an equation for the extraction rate of Sapindus mukorossi oil by Supercritical CO2 Extraction, and the optimal parameters for the Supercritical CO2 Extraction determined by the equation were: the extraction pressure was 30 MPa, temperature was 40 degrees C; The separation I pressure was 14 MPa, temperature was 45 degrees C; The separation II pressure was 6 MPa, temperature was 40 degrees C; The extraction time was 60 min and the extraction rate of Sapindus mukorossi oil of 17.58%. 22 main compounds of Sapindus mukorossi oil extracted by supercritical CO2 were identified by GC-MS, unsaturated fatty acids were 86.59%. CONCLUSION This process is reliable, safe and with simple operation, and can be used for the extraction of Sapindus mukorossi oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Upadhyay A, Singh DK. Inhibition kinetics of certain enzymes in the nervous tissue of vector snail Lymnaea acuminata by active molluscicidal components of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula. Chemosphere 2011; 85:1095-1100. [PMID: 21855105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effect of active molluscicidal components of Sapindus mukorossi and Terminalia chebula on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activity in the nervous tissue of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. In vivo and in vitro exposure of saponin (active component of S. mukorossi pericarp) and tannic acid (active component of T. chebula) significantly inhibited the AChE, ACP and ALP activity in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. The inhibition kinetics of these enzymes indicate that saponin and tannic acid caused competitive and competitive-non-competitive inhibition of AChE, respectively. Saponin also caused competitive and competitive-non-competitive inhibition of ACP and ALP, respectively, whereas tannic acid caused competitive-non-competitive inhibition of ACP and ALP. Thus the inhibition of AChE, ACP and ALP by saponin and tannic acid in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata may be the cause of molluscicidal activity of S. mukorossi and T. chebula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Upadhyay
- Malacology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273 009, UP, India
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Saha S, Walia S, Kumar J, Parmar BS. Structure-biological activity relationships in triterpenic saponins: the relative activity of protobassic acid and its derivatives against plant pathogenic fungi. Pest Manag Sci 2010; 66:825-31. [PMID: 20603877 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenic saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and Diploknema butyracea JF Gmelin were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity against four phytopathogenic fungi. The study of the structure-antifungal activity relationships of protobassic acid saponins was widened by including semi-synthetic derivatives. RESULTS Diploknema butyracea saponins exhibited significant antifungal activity against three fungi (ED(50) 230-455 microg mL(-1)), whereas S. mukorossi saponin was effective against two fungi (ED(50) 181-407 microg mL(-1)). The n-butanol extract after preparative HPLC separation provided two saponins from D. butyracea saponin mixture: 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyarnosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-16-alpha-hydroxyprotobassic acid-28-O-[arabinopyranosyl-glucopyranosyl-xylopyranosyl]-arabinopyranoside (MI-I), and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-glucopyranosyl-glucopyranosyl-16-alpha-hydroxyprotobassic acid-28-O-[arabinopyranosyl-xylopyranosyl-arabinopyranosyl]-apiofuranoside (MI-III). The single saponin extracted from S. mukorossi saponin mixture was identified as 3-O-[O-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-arabinopyranosyl-beta-D-rhamnopyranosyl] hederagenin-28-O[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-rhamnopyranosyl] ester (SM-I). Monodesmosides resulting from the partial degradation of hederagenin and hydroxyprotobassic acid bisdesmosides exhibited significant reduction in antifungal effect. Further removal of sugar moiety yielded complete loss in activity. The antifungal activity of the triterpenic saponins was associated with their aglycone moieties, and esterification of the hydroxyl group led to change in antifungal activity. CONCLUSION Sapindus mukorossi saponin, which is effective against Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Briton Jones and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., can be exploited for the development of a natural fungicide. A sugar moiety is a prerequisite for the antifungal activity of triterpenic saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, I.A.R.I, New Delhi, India.
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Fu Y, Lei P, Han YM, Yan D. [Investigation on the process of sapindus saponin purified with macroporous adsorption resin and screening of its bacteriostasis]. Zhong Yao Cai 2010; 33:267-272. [PMID: 20575424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the technological parameters of the purification process of saponins with macroporous adsorption resin. METHODS The adsorptive characteristics and elutive parameters of the process were studied by taking the elutive and purified ratio of saponins as markers. Bacteriostasis activity of each parts eluted was evaluated by the mean of cup-plate method. RESULTS 13.6 mL of the extraction of sapindus saponin (crude drugs 0.01 g/mL) was purified with a column of macroporous adsorption resin (phi15 mm x H90 mm, dry weight 2.5 g) and washed with 3BV of distilled water, then eluted with 3BV of 30% ethanol and 3BV of 70% ethanol, most of saponins were collected in the 70% ethanol. CONCLUSION With macroporous adsorption resin adsorbing and purifying, the elutive ratio of saponins was 93.8% and the purity reached 250.1%. So this process of applying macroporous adsorption resin to adsorb and purify saponins is feasible, and supplies reference to the purification of other types of saponin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fu
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, China
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Miyagawa T, Ohtsuki T, Koyano T, Kowithayakorn T, Ishibashi M. Cardenolide glycosides of Thevetia peruviana and triterpenoid saponins of Sapindus emarginatus as TRAIL resistance-overcoming compounds. J Nat Prod 2009; 72:1507-1511. [PMID: 19594141 DOI: 10.1021/np900202n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A screening study for TRAIL resistance-overcoming activity was carried out, and activity-guided fractionations of Thevetia peruviana and Sapindus emarginatus led to the isolation of four cardenolide glycosides (1-4) and four triterpenoid saponins (5-8), respectively. In particular, cardenolide glycosides (1 and 2) from T. peruviana were shown to have a significant reversal effect on TRAIL resistance in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, and real-time PCR showed that thevefolin (2) enhanced mRNA expression of death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5. In addition, 1H and 13C NMR characterizations are shown for thevefolin (2) for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan, Temko Corporation, 4-27-4 Honcho, Nakano, Tokyo 164-0012, Japan
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Morikawa T, Xie Y, Asao Y, Okamoto M, Yamashita C, Muraoka O, Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Yuan D, Yoshikawa M. Oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides with pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity from the pericarps of Sapindus rarak. Phytochemistry 2009; 70:1166-1172. [PMID: 19647280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extract from the pericarps of Sapindus rarak DC. was found to show pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity (IC50=ca. 614 microg/mL). From the extract, oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, rarasaponins I-III (1-3), and raraoside A (4), were isolated together with 13 known saponins and four known sesquiterpene glycosides. Among them, several saponin constituents including rarasaponins I (1, IC50=131microM) and II (2, 172microM), and raraoside A (4, 151microM) inhibited pancreatic lipase activity, which were stronger than that of theasaponin E(1) (270microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasunobu Asao
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Masaki Okamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamashita
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsuda
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Yutana Pongpiriyadacha
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhonsithammarat 80240, Thailand
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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Kalola J, Anandjiwala S, Srinivasa H, Rajani M. Effect of hydrolysis on the yield of hederagenin and High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric quantification of hederagenin in fruit pericarp of Sapindus spp. J AOAC Int 2008; 91:1174-1178. [PMID: 18980137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fruit pericarp of Sapindus species are reported to contain glycosides with hederagenin as an aglycone. To free the aglycone from the glycosides, they need to be hydrolyzed, and the commonly used method is hydrolysis with either hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In the present work, we studied the effect of hydrolysis on the yield of hederagenin from the fruit pericarp of 3 species of Sapindus, viz., S. mukorossi, S. laurifolius, and S. emarginatus. A high-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for the quantification of hederagenin was developed and validated. It involved automated application of samples as bands onto silica gel 60F254 plates, development with toluene-ethyl acetate-formic acid (7 + 3 + 5, v/v/v) mobile phase, detection with anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagent, and scanning at 595 nm. The yield of hederagenin ranged from 0.035 to 1.29% (w/w) with different methods of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis with 3.5 M aqueous sulfuric acid under reflux for 6 h gave the maximum yield of hederagenin in all 3 species, with the highest amount in S. emarginatus (1.29%, w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kalola
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Center, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Department, Thaltej, Ahemdabad, Gujarat, India
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Huang HC, Wu MD, Tsai WJ, Liao SC, Liaw CC, Hsu LC, Wu YC, Kuo YH. Triterpenoid saponins from the fruits and galls of Sapindus mukorossi. Phytochemistry 2008; 69:1609-16. [PMID: 18329676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Six saponins, sapinmusaponin K (1) [hederagenin-3-O-(3-O-acetyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], sapinmusaponin L (2) [hederagenin-3-O-(4-O-acetyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabino-pyranoside], sapinmusaponin M (3) [hederagenin-3-O-(2,3-O-diacetyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], sapinmusaponin N (4) [hederagenin-3-O-(2,4-O-diacetyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside], sapinmusaponin O (5) [3,7,20(S)-trihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside], and sapinmusaponin P (6) [3,7,20(R)-trihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-d-glucopyranoside], along with seven known saponins (7-13), were isolated from fruits and the galls of Sapindus mukorossi. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and acid hydrolysis. Biological evaluation indicated that saponins 1-4 and 7-13 showed moderate cytotoxicity against several human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Huang HC, Tsai WJ, Liaw CC, Wu SH, Wu YC, Kuo YH. Anti-platelet aggregation triterpene saponins from the galls of Sapindus mukorossi. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1412-5. [PMID: 17827775 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation of an ethanolic extract of the galls of Sapindus mukorossi has resulted in the isolation of two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, sapinmusaponins Q (1) and R (2), along with three known oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins (3-5). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical hydrolysis. Biological evaluation showed that both sapinmusaponins Q and R demonstrated more potent anti-platelet aggregation activity than aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wang WS, Long ZJ, Zhang L, Bian H, Wang L, Chen M. [Effects of sapindoside on blood pressure and vasoactive substance in renovascular hypertension rat]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2007; 32:1703-1705. [PMID: 18027673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of sapindoside on blood pressure, Ang II, Ald, ET in the blood plasma and NO in the serum in renovascular hypertension rat. METHOD The 2K1C (2 kidney 1 clap) hypertensive model rats were used and drugs had been given by ig. for 5 weeks. The blood pressure was measured at the 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 day after drug. At the end of 5th weeks, the Ang II, Ald, ET in the blood plasma and NO in the serum were measured. RESULT Sapindoside (H, M and L) by ig. for 5 weeks could significantly lower the blood pressure, increase the levels of NO in the serum, reduce the concentration of Ang II, Ald, ET in the blood plasma. CONCLUSION Sapindoside plays an important role in decreasing the blood pressure of renovascular hypertension rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-sheng Wang
- Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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Abstract
Six new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, sapimukosides E-J (1-6) were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi GAERTN. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectral and chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
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Ibrahim M, Khan AA, Tiwari SK, Habeeb MA, Khaja MN, Habibullah CM. Antimicrobial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts against H pylori: In vitro and in vivo studies. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7136-42. [PMID: 17131475 PMCID: PMC4087774 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i44.7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) and Rheum emodi (R. emodi).
METHODS: Powders of S. mukorossi and R. emodi were extracted successively with petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform and ethanol and were concentrated in vacuum. The disk diffusion method was used for in vitro studies and in vivo studies were performed on male Wister rats. Thirty resistant clinical isolates of H pylori, as determined by their antibiotic sensitivity patterns by E-test, along with two Gram +ve (S. aureus, B. subtilis) and two Gram -ve (E. coli, P. vugaris) organisms were screened for their susceptibility patterns against these extracts.
RESULTS: In our screening, all 30 resistant isolates and the other four organisms (two Gram +ve S. aureus, B. subtilis and two Gram -ve, E. coli, P. vugaris) were sensitive to the test compounds. It was found that ethanol and chloroform extracts of S. mukorossi and ethanol and benzene extracts of R. emodi inhibited H pylori at very low concentrations. In the in vitro study, the isolates showed a considerable zone of inhibition at very low concentrations (10 μg/mL) for both the extracts. In the in vivo study, the H pylori infection was cleared with minimal doses of extracts of S. mukorossi (2.5 mg/mL) and R. emodi (3.0 mg/mL) given orally for seven days.
CONCLUSION: We can conclude from this study that the extracts of S. mukorossi and R. emodi inhibited the growth of pylori in vitro and, in in vivo studies, the H pylori infection cleared within seven days at very low concentrations. We also found that H pylori did not acquire resistance against these herbal extracts even after 10 consecutive passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ibrahim
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan college of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad 500064, India.
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Grover RK, Roy AD, Roy R, Joshi SK, Srivastava V, Arora SK. Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of six saponins from Sapindus trifoliatus. Magn Reson Chem 2005; 43:1072-6. [PMID: 16142834 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Complete 1H and 13C spectral assignments are reported for six saponins from the pericarp of Sapindus trifoliatus (Hindi name: Reetha) collected from Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, India, using only 1D and 2D NMR methods. The structures of the compounds were elucidated as hederagenin 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1-3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-ara-binopyranoside, hederagenin 3-O-(4-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylop-yranosyl)-(1-3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-arabinop-yranoside, hederagenin 3-O-(3,4-O-diacetyl-beta-D-xylopy-ranosyl)-(1-3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-arabinopy-ranoside, hederagenin 3-O-(3,4-O-diacetyl-alpha-L-arabinop-yranosyl)-(1-3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-arabinop-yranoside, hederagenin 3-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1-3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside and he-deragenin 3-O-(alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)-(1-3)-alpha-L-rhamno-pyranosyl-(1-2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside. It is concluded that saponins of this complexity approach the limit of structural complexity, which can be solved by NMR alone, precisely and quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Grover
- NMR Laboratory, Division of SAIF, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Kuo YH, Huang HC, Yang Kuo LM, Hsu YW, Lee KH, Chang FR, Wu YC. New dammarane-type saponins from the galls of Sapindus mukorossi. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:4722-7. [PMID: 15941306 DOI: 10.1021/jf047963s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Five new dammarane-type saponins, 3beta,7beta,20(S),22-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3beta,7beta,20(S),22,23-pentahydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3beta,7beta,20(S),22,25-pentahydroxydammar-23-ene-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 25-methoxy-3beta,7beta,20(S),22-tetrahydroxydammar-23-ene-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and 25-methoxy-3beta,7beta,20(R)-trihydroxydammar-23-ene-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, named sapinmusaponins A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4), and E (5), respectively, together with three known phenylpropanoid glycosides (6-8), were isolated from the galls of Sapindus mukorossi. The structures of these saponins were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. Preliminary bioassay data revealed that saponins 1 and 3-5 showed moderate cytotoxic activity (ED50 approximately 9-18 microg/mL) against human tumor cell lines (Hepa59T/VGH, NCI, HeLa, and Med) and that 1-5 were inactive in vitro against HIV replication in H9 lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Haur Kuo
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Phytotherapies have offered alternative sources of therapy for migraine and gained much importance in prophylactic treatment. Sapindus trifoliatus is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing wild in south India that belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The pericarp is reported for various medicinal properties. A thick aqueous solution of the pericarp is used for the treatment of hemicrania, hysteria or epilepsy in folklore medicine. We have investigated the antihyperalgesic effects of the lyophilized aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus in animal models predictive of experimental migraine models using morphine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia on the hot-plate test and on 0.3% acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in adult male Swiss albino mice. The extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) increased the licking latency in the hot-plate test when administered i.p. at 10 mg/kg (6.70 +/- 0.39 s in saline control vs 18.76 +/- 0.96 s in S. trifoliatus-treated animals) and significantly (N = 10, P < 0.001) reduced the abdominal constrictions when administered i.p. at 2 and 10 mg/kg (40.20 +/- 1.36 in saline control vs 30.20 +/- 1.33 and 23.00 +/- 0.98 for 2 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). Furthermore, when administered i.p. at 20 and 100 mg/kg, the extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) inhibited the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice (climbing duration 15.75 +/- 5.0 min for saline control vs 11.4 +/- 1.28 and 3.9 +/- 1.71 min for 20 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). In receptor radioligand-binding studies, the extract exhibited affinity towards D2 receptors. The findings suggest that dopamine D2 antagonism could be the mechanism involved in the antihyperalgesic activity of the aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Arulmozhi
- New Chemical Entity Research, Lupin Research Park, Village Nande, Taluk Mulshi, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Nunes FM, Barros-Filho BA, de Oliveira MCF, Mafezoli J, Andrade-Neto M, de Mattos MC, Silveira ER, Pirani JR. Total assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the alkaloid 3,3-diisopentenyl-N-methyl-2,4-quinoldione and novel reaction derivatives. Magn Reson Chem 2005; 43:180-183. [PMID: 15562518 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One- and two-dimensional NMR experiments were used for the unambiguous assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of 3,3-diisopentenyl-N-methyl-2,4-quinoldione and five novel reaction derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Nunes
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6044, Fortaleza-CE, 60021-970, Brazil
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Arulmozhi DK, Veeranjaneyulu A, Bodhankar SL, Arora SK. Investigations into the antinociceptive activity of Sapindus trifoliatus in various pain models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 56:655-61. [PMID: 15142344 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the aqueous extract of Sapindus trifoliatus (ST) on chemical, thermal-induced pain, nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia and pain on inflamed tissue was investigated. The extract (20 and 100 mg x kg(-1), i.p.) significantly inhibited acetic-acid-induced abdominal constrictions, formalin-induced pain licking and hotplate-induced pain in mice. Furthermore, the extract significantly increased the response latencies of nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia by the tail-flick method and mechanical pain on carrageenan-induced inflamed paw in rats. The data suggest that ST has an inhibitory activity on both peripheral and central pain mechanisms and has a modulatory role in NO-mediated nociceptive transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Arulmozhi
- New Chemical Entity Research, Lupin Research Park, Village Nande, Taluk Mulshi, Pune 411 042, Maharashtra, India
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Huang HC, Liao SC, Chang FR, Kuo YH, Wu YC. Molluscicidal saponins from Sapindus mukorossi, inhibitory agents of golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:4916-4919. [PMID: 12903945 DOI: 10.1021/jf0301910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extracts of soapnut, Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) showed molluscicidal effects against the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck. (Ampullariidae) with LC(50) values of 85, 22, and 17 ppm after treating 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Bioassay-directed fractionation of S. mukorossi resulted in the isolation of one new hederagenin-based acetylated saponin, hederagenin 3-O-(2,4-O-di-acetyl-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside)-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (1), along with six known hederagenin saponins, hederagenin 3-O-(3,4-O-di-acetyl-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside)-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (2), hederagenin 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-beta-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (3), hederagenin 3-O-(4-O-acetyl-beta-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (4), hederagenin 3-O-(3,4-O-di-acetyl-beta-d-xylopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (5), hederagenin 3-O-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (6), and hederagenin 3-O-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (7). The bioassay data revealed that 1-7 were molluscicidal, causing 70-100% mortality at 10 ppm against the golden apple snail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-Chuan first Rd., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Saponins extracted from the fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorosii were tested for their bactericidal/bacteriostatic property against Lactobacillus acidophilus. Nonoxynol-9 was used as a reference compound for the comparison of activity. Lactobacillus colonies were grown on specific medium (Rogosa SL agar) containing different concentrations of saponins and nonoxynol-9 in an atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air at 37 degrees C for 72 h. The number and size of colonies were recorded at the end of the experiment and compared with controls. Results indicated that nearly 90% of Lactobacillus colonies with minor reduction in size thrived at 0.05% concentration of saponins whereas only 18% of colonies with approximately 75% reduction in size grew in dishes containing 0.05% nonoxynol-9. At higher concentrations of saponins, there was a gradual, dose-dependent reduction in the number and size of colonies and at 2.5% concentration there was an approximately 55% reduction in the number and 60% reduction in the size of surviving colonies. No lactobacillus colonies, however, grew in dishes containing 0.1% and higher concentrations of nonoxynol-9. The studies indicate that Sapindus saponins as compared to nonoxynol-9 are far less toxic to lactobacillus species and therefore saponins containing spermicidal preparations are likely to be more vaginal-friendly than equivalent nonoxynol-9 preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ojha
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, 226 001 Lucknow, India
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38
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Wang XC. [Analysis of surface-active substances in Sapindus mukurossi by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2001; 19:529-31. [PMID: 12545466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry method has been developed for the analysis of surface-active substances (hederagenin saponins and sesquiterpene oligoglycosides) in the extracts of the pericarp of Sapindus mukurossi. The method consists of the separation of surface-active substances using C18 HPLC column, followed by detection using a diode-array detector at 210 nm and then on-line mass spectrometry. Hederagenin saponins and sesquiterpene oligoglycosides were characterized as [M - H]- or [M + Na]+. Based on the relative molecular mass, established by mass spectrometry and the structure induced by in-source CID technology, three components that had not been reported in Sapindus mukurossi before were identified. Several surface-active substances were obtained by means of semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were further confirmed by NMR spectrometry as mukurozi-saponin Y2, mukurozi-saponin X, mukurozioside I a and mukurozioside II a.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Wang
- Shanghai White Cat Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200231, China.
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