The role of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE in monitoring tumor response to Nivolumab in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients

Background

CEA, CYFRA21-1 and NSE are tumor markers used for monitoring the response to chemotherapy in advanced adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer, respectively. Their role in cancer immunotherapy needs to be elucidated.

Methods

Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks within the Italian Nivolumab Expanded Access Program. Blood samples were collected at baseline, at each cycle up to cycle 5 and then every two cycles until patient’s withdrawn from the study. All patients underwent a CT-scan after every 4 cycles of treatment and responses were classified according to RECIST 1.1. The biomarkers serum levels were measured with a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay for CEA and with an immuno radiometric assay for CYFRA21-1 and NSE. The markers values at baseline and after 4 cycles were used to analyze the relationship between their variation over baseline and the tumor response, evaluated as disease control rate (DCR: CR + PR + SD), and survival (PFS and OS).

Results

A total of 70 patients were evaluable for the analysis. Overall, a disease control was obtained in 24 patients (35.8%, 4 PR + 20 SD). After 4 cycles of nivolumab a CEA or CYFRA21-1 reduction ≥ 20% over the baseline was significantly associated with DCR (CEA, p = 0.021; CYFRA21-1, p < 0.001), PFS (CEA, p = 0.028; CYFRA21-1, p < 0.001) and OS (CEA, p = 0.026; CYFRA21-1, p = 0.019). Multivariate analysis confirmed the ability of CYFRA21-1 reduction ≥ 20% to predict DCR (p = 0.002) and PFS (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The reduction in serum level of CYFRA21-1 or CEA might be a reliable biomarker to predict immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC patients. NSE was not significant for monitoring the efficacy of nivolumab.

A multi-DNA preventive vaccine for p53/Neu-driven cancer syndrome

The highly aggressive cancer syndrome of female mice carrying a p53 knockout allele and a rat HER-2/neu (Neu) transgene (BALB-p53Neu) can be prevented by a cell vaccine presenting three components: Neu, interleukin (IL)-12 production, and allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles (Triplex cell vaccine). Here we tested a second-generation Triplex DNA-based vaccine (Tri-DNA), consisting of the combination of three gene components (a transmembrane-extracellular domain fragment of the Neu gene, IL-12 genes, and the H-2D(q) allogeneic MHC gene), carried by separate plasmids. The Tri-DNA vaccine was at least as effective as the Triplex cell vaccine for cancer immunoprevention, giving a similar delay in the onset of mammary cancer and complete protection from salivary cancer. Both vaccines induced anti-Neu antibodies of the murine IgG2a isotype at similar levels. The Tri-DNA vaccine gave more restricted immunostimulation, consisting of a fully helper T cell type 1 (Th1)-polarized response, with effective production of interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to the vaccine but no spontaneous production, and no induction of anti-Neu IgG3 antibodies. On the other hand, the Triplex cell vaccine induced both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, a strong increase in spontaneous IFN-gamma production, and high levels of IgG3 antibodies recognizing Neu-positive syngeneic cells. In conclusion, the Tri-DNA vaccine is as effective as Triplex cell vaccine, exploiting a more restricted immune stimulation.

Interleukin-2 induces cell cycle perturbations leading to cell growth inhibition and death in malignant mesothelioma cells in vitro

Previous report indicated that Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is able to inhibit the growth of IL-2-receptor-positive cancer cell lines without any involvement of the immune system, through IL-2-induced alterations of the cell cycle kinetics. In this study we provide evidence that IL-2 exerts anti-proliferative effect on three human malignant mesothelioma (MMe) cells in vitro, while no effects were observed on normal human mesothelial cell (HMC) primary cultures. The growth inhibitory effect of IL-2 on neoplastic cells appeared to depend on the baseline proliferative status of these cells. Indeed, in highly proliferating MMe cells, we observed a reduction of malignant cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle, with an accumulation in G0/G1, followed by apotosis for longer incubations or exposure to higher doses. On the contrary, in MMe cells proliferating at lower rate, IL-2 induces only a late cytotoxic effect, leading to apoptosis, without significantly affecting the cell cycle. IL-2Rbeta mRNA was detectable by RT-PCR in all MMe cells, IL-2Ralpha mRNA in one only out the three assayed and IL-2Rgamma mRNA in none. In addition, mRNA specific for the IL-2Rbeta-associated Jak-1 tyrosine kinase was expressed in all MMe cell lines, further suggesting that IL-2Rbeta may play a role in the observed effects. Very low, albeit detectable, levels of IL-2Rbeta chain appeared to be expressed at the cell surface of MMe cells by indirect immunofluorescence and FACS analyses. Finally, Ca(++) fluxes were rapidly induced when MMe cells were exposed to exogenous IL-2.

DNA vaccination against the ovarian carcinoma-associated antigen folate receptor alpha (FRalpha) induces cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses in mice

Human folate receptor alpha (FRalpha) is a folate-binding protein that is selectively overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma and has been regarded as a suitable target antigen for immunotherapy purposes. To study the possible use of this antigen in DNA vaccination, FRalpha cDNA was ligated into the VR1012 (Vical) expression vector under the transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. A total of 100 microg of purified plasmid DNA was injected intramuscularly in BALB/c mice three times at 14-day intervals. At 10 days after the second injection, the sera of the animals (100%) displayed significant antibody titers (by indirect immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis) against syngeneic C26 cells transduced with FRalpha, but not against unmodified C26 cells. Immunoglobulin G2a was the predominant isotype. In addition, specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against FRalpha-transduced C26 cells could be detected in splenocytes from all immunized animals. Coinjection of a plasmid containing interleukin-2 cDNA increased both antibody titers and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Challenge by subcutaneous injection with FRalpha-transduced C26 cells (performed 10 days after the third injection) showed a statistically significant delay in tumor growth. Vaccination with the FRalpha and interleukin-2 cDNA mixture, which was performed after an intravenous injection of FRalpha-transduced cells, enhanced the mean survival time and reduced the number of lung metastases, thus suggesting that such vaccination is effective even against preexisting tumor cells.

Establishment of four new mesothelioma cell lines: characterization by ultrastructural and immunophenotypic analysis

The aim of this study was to assess the biological characteristics of four new malignant mesothelioma (MM) cell lines. Since simian virus (SV)40 sequences have been recently detected in MM, SV40 large T antigen (Tag) expression was also analysed. MM cell lines were characterized by morphological, ultrastructural and cytogenetic analysis. Expression of Tag and of relevant MM markers was studied by immunocytochemistry, surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence and immunomodulating cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The four MM cell lines, established from pleural effusions, showed a slow proliferation rate and pleomorphic changes during culture. Cell lines expressed vimentin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, and the mesothelial antigen recognized by HBME-1 monoclonal antibody, but not carcinoembryonic antigen. Surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 molecules were present on all the cell lines. While HLA class II and CD86 were constitutively undetectable, HLA-class II was present after interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation. All cell lines displayed abnormal karyotypes with chromosome 6 abnormalities. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 and interleukin (IL)-6 were constitutively secreted, while tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was secreted only in response to lipopolysaccharide. Intranuclear Tag was expressed in two cell lines. The persistence of large T antigen with human leukocyte antigen class I and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 positivity may point to large T antigen as a target for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-based immunotherapy in some malignant mesothelioma patients.

Primary human mesothelioma cells express class II MHC, ICAM-1 and B7-2 and can present recall antigens to autologous blood lymphocytes

Mesothelioma cells (MMc) are considered to be weakly immunogenic and the experimental approaches attempting to induce an immune response against these cells have been disappointing. Our aim was to investigate whether MMc possess the surface accessory molecules involved in antigen presentation and whether these cells are capable of presenting recall antigens to autologous blood lymphocytes. Four primary MMc cultures were generated from malignant effusions and examined to assess whether the accessory molecules required for antigen presentation were present on their surfaces. Intercellular adhesion molecule-I (ICAM-I; CD54); class I and class II major histocompatibility complex-DR (MHCI and MHCII-DR); B7-1 (CD80.3); and B7-2 (CD86) expression by MMc was studied by immunocytochemical and/or FACScan analysis. MMc were pulsed with purified protein derivative (PPD), Tetanus toxoid (TT) and Candida albicans (CA) bodies, and incubated with autologous lymphocytes. Lymphocyte proliferation was estimated by radionucleotide incorporation. Phenotypic analysis showed the presence of MHCII-DR, ICAM-I and B7-2 on primary MMc cultures, whereas the phenotypic evaluation of 2 established MMc lines did not show the presence of the B7-1 and B7-2 molecules. In addition, MHCII-DR was detectable only after interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) stimulation. Primary MMc cultures acquired the capability to induce lymphocyte proliferation after pulse with the recall antigens. To achieve characterization of these lymphocytes, we generated a PPD-specific CD4+ T-cell clone. PPD-pulsed MMc were shown to specifically induce T-cell clone proliferation through a MHCII-DR-mediated process. We conclude that primary MMc possess the surface molecules required for antigen presentation and can present recall antigens to CD4+ lymphocytes.

Reciprocal expression of CD70 and of its receptor, CD27, in human long term-activated T and natural killer (NK) cells: inverse regulation by cytokines and role in induction of cytotoxicity

By transfection of COS cells with an expression vector containing CD70 cDNA we demonstrate that two previously described MoAbs (ED6 and LD6) recognize CD70. By means of these MoAbs, we show that the surface expression of CD70 inversely correlates with the expression of its receptor, CD27, on activated T and NK cell populations and clones, although a subpopulation of cells expressing low density of both molecules exists. In addition, culture in the presence of IL-4 significantly enhances CD27 and reduces CD70 surface expression in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), while tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) displays opposite effects, indicating that receptor and ligand are reciprocally regulated by these cytokines. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of CD27 and CD70 mRNA suggests a transcriptional control of CD27 antigen expression in T cell clones. In addition, we show by the use of a re-directed killing assay that in cytotoxic T cell receptor (TCR) alpha/beta+ T cell clones, CD27 molecule may be involved in the regulation of cytolytic functions and may act synergistically with CD2. Finally, CD70 also acts as a signal-transducing molecule in some activated CD70+ TCR gamma/delta+ T or NK cell clones. In conclusion, our data indicate that CD27 and CD70 molecules are differentially expressed and regulated on long term-activated T and NK cells and are involved in the control of cellular functions.

Analysis of IL-2 receptor expression and of the biological effects of IL-2 gene transfection in small-cell lung cancer

We have analysed the expression of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) on a panel of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. None of the 11 SCLC cell lines studied expressed detectable surface IL-2R alpha or beta chains by indirect immunofluorescence. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses indicated that only one out of 11 cell lines expressed detectable IL-2R beta mRNA while two expressed a weak positivity for IL-2R gamma. Five SCLC cell lines were transfected with the plasmid vector RSV.5 neo containing IL-2 cDNA coding sequence. Stable transfectants secreted biologically active IL-2 (ranging from 25 to 100 U ml-1 in the culture supernatant). IL-2 transfection did not produce significant modifications in the expression of surface molecules such as IL-2R alpha and beta chains, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD44, HLA class I and II or in IL-2R beta or gamma mRNA. More importantly, IL-2-transfected N592 and NCI H69 cell lines completely lost their tumorigenic potential in nude mice after subcutaneous injection, whereas experimental controls transfected with RSV.5 neo vector only, displayed an in vivo growth pattern identical to that of untransfected cells. In addition, in the N592 model, IL-2-producing N592 inhibited the growth of wild-type N592 injected at the same site, while injection of parental cells on the opposite side did not significantly affect the growth of wild-type tumour cells. Histopathological analysis of the rejection process of IL-2-transfected cells demonstrated the presence of MAC-1+, MAC-3+ macrophages and of RB68C5+ granulocytes, whereas T cells were undetectable and NK cells were scarcely represented. In addition, a reduction of the tumour blood vessels was observed. The possible relevance of these data for the development of vaccination strategies using cytokine-engineered tumour cells in SCLC is discussed.

Identification of a novel interleukin-15 (IL-15) transcript isoform generated by alternative splicing in human small cell lung cancer cell lines

IL-15 is a cytokine promoting growth and differentiation of T, B and NK lymphocytes. By RT-PCR analysis, using primers allowing amplification of the entire IL-15 mRNA coding region, 9/11 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines displayed detectable IL-15 gene expression. In addition to the expected band sizing 524 bp, a larger band was also observed. Cloning and sequence analysis of the larger cDNA from two SCLC cell lines revealed a size of 643 hp due to the presence of additional 119 hp within the previously reported IL-15 cDNA sequence. The 119 hp sequence matched with an IL-15 genomic sequence downstream the IL-15 second coding exon and may represent a previously unreported alternative exon (exon A). The SCLC-associated IL-15 mRNA isoform has a shorter open reading frame (ORF) due to stop codons in exon A, followed by a new AUG codon. The predicted IL-15 precursor protein displays a shorter signal peptide but shares the same aminoacidic composition of mature IL-15 protein. A possible functional role of IL-15, different from 'IL-2-like' activity, in human tumours, is suggested.

The natural killer-related receptor for HLA-C expressed on T cells from CD3+ lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes displays either inhibitory or stimulatory function

Four patients with lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL) coexpressing CD3 and the natural killer (NK)-related "p58" receptor for HLA-C alleles were studied. These CD3+p58+ LDGLs have been detected among a series of 44 CD3+ LDGLs analyzed. Two patients with LDGL (GI and BA) expressed only the p58 molecule defined by the GL-183 and CH-L monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), while the cases of patients PU and MA also coexpressed the molecular form identified by EB6 anti-p58 MoAb. Three LDGL cases (GI, MA, and PU) displayed the CD8+4-CD16+ T-cell receptor (TCR)alpha/beta+ phenotype, while one patient (BA) was CD8+4+CD16+ TCRalpha/beta+. Freshly isolated granular lymphocytes (GL) from these cases displayed cytolytic activity in an anti-CD3 MoAb-triggered redirected killing assay against the Fcgamma-receptor+ (Fcgamma-R+) P815 target cell line. Lysis of P815 target cells, triggered by an anti-CD3 or by anti-CD16 MoAb, could be inhibited by the addition of anti-p58 MoAb in three fresh or interleukin (IL)-2-cultured GL tested (GI, MA, and PU). Triggering of cytotoxicity against the HLA-DR+ Fcgamma-R+ Daudi cell line induced by appropriate superantigens could also be inhibited by anti-p58 MoAb in patients PU and GI with LDGL. These data indicate that activation through the CD16, CD3, and TCR molecules can be modulated by p58 receptors in these LDGLs. On the contrary, IL-2-expanded cells of patient BA were induced to lyse P815 target cells by anti-p58 MoAb. In addition, anti-p58 MoAB enhanced anti-CD16 MoAb triggered lysis and did not inhibit activation via CD3. These data indicate that, in this particular patient with LDGL, p58 displays a stimulatory effect on cell triggering, rather than the typical inhibitory effect previously observed in p58+ T-cell clones derived from healthy donors. The anti-p58 MoAb did not induce CA++ mobilization in p58+ LDGLs and in a p58+CD3+ normal T-cell clone equipped with inhibitory p58 molecules, while Ca++ mobilization could be observed in cultured GL from patient BA, which could be activated by anti-58 MoAb. These findings suggest that stimulatory and inhibitory p58 molecules are equipped with different signal transducing properties, thus contributing to a better knowledge of the normal counterpart.

Functional ambivalence of the Kp43 (CD94) NK cell-associated surface antigen

We originally characterized the Kp43 (CD94) surface Ag, whose expression is restricted to human NK cells and a minor T lymphocyte subset. As shown in the present study, anti-Kp43 mAbs but not their F(ab')2 fragments markedly inhibited the cytolytic activity of polyclonal-activated NK cells in a redirected lysis assay against the murine P815 cell line. Furthermore, anti-Kp43 mAbs also down-regulated the CD16-dependent redirected killing and PHA-induced lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, the intensity of the inhibitory effect was variable and no significant down-regulation of cytotoxicity was substantiated in NK cell populations from some individuals. A similar variability in the responsiveness to anti-Kp43 mAb was noticed when fresh CD3- lymphocyte populations were tested: in some donors we observed the induction of redirected lysis, whereas in other samples the Kp43-specific mAb inhibited cytotoxicity. The analysis of single cell-derived microcultures provided a clue to interpret the variable responsiveness of polyclonal cell populations; remarkably, the cytolytic activity of some NK clones was inhibited, whereas that of others was either stimulated or unaffected. The pattern of responsiveness in the cytolytic assay correlated with TNF production upon stimulation with solid phase-bound anti-Kp43 mAbs. The different types of clones could be derived from the same individual, although their relative proportions varied from donor to donor. Moreover, Kp43 appeared to be coupled differently to signal transduction pathways, because (Ca2+)i mobilization in the presence of the Kp43-specific mAbs was substantiated only in clones that were activated in the redirected lysis assay.

Functional ambivalence of the Kp43 (CD94) NK cell-associated surface antigen

We originally characterized the Kp43 (CD94) surface Ag, whose expression is restricted to human NK cells and a minor T lymphocyte subset. As shown in the present study, anti-Kp43 mAbs but not their F(ab')2 fragments markedly inhibited the cytolytic activity of polyclonal-activated NK cells in a redirected lysis assay against the murine P815 cell line. Furthermore, anti-Kp43 mAbs also down-regulated the CD16-dependent redirected killing and PHA-induced lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, the intensity of the inhibitory effect was variable and no significant down-regulation of cytotoxicity was substantiated in NK cell populations from some individuals. A similar variability in the responsiveness to anti-Kp43 mAb was noticed when fresh CD3- lymphocyte populations were tested: in some donors we observed the induction of redirected lysis, whereas in other samples the Kp43-specific mAb inhibited cytotoxicity. The analysis of single cell-derived microcultures provided a clue to interpret the variable responsiveness of polyclonal cell populations; remarkably, the cytolytic activity of some NK clones was inhibited, whereas that of others was either stimulated or unaffected. The pattern of responsiveness in the cytolytic assay correlated with TNF production upon stimulation with solid phase-bound anti-Kp43 mAbs. The different types of clones could be derived from the same individual, although their relative proportions varied from donor to donor. Moreover, Kp43 appeared to be coupled differently to signal transduction pathways, because (Ca2+)i mobilization in the presence of the Kp43-specific mAbs was substantiated only in clones that were activated in the redirected lysis assay.

Analysis of natural killer (NK) cell subsets defined by the expression of two novel surface antigens (EB6 and GL183) in AIDS and AIDS-related conditions

In this study we analyzed the expression of EB6 and GL183, which are part of P58 molecular family that represents the putative NK receptor for MHC class I molecules, in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 60 patients with HIV infection (20 asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals, 20 patients with constitutional symptoms, and 20 AIDS patients) and correlated it with the level of CD4+, CD56+ cells, and the NK cell activity in order to determine a possible relation with disease progression. The absolute number (but not the percentage) of CD56+, EB6+, and GL183+ cells was significantly reduced only in AIDS patients but not in the other AIDS-related clinical conditions. On the contrary, NK cell activity was reduced in all HIV-infected patients. In a 6-month follow-up, patients with constant clinical conditions and stable CD4+ cells level showed no significant difference, either in the percentage or absolute number of EB6+ and GL183+ cells. Interestingly, dual-color fluorescence indicates that GL183 and EB6 molecules (that in normal individuals are virtually absent on CD3- NK cells) are expressed in HIV-infected individuals not only in CD56+ cells but also in CD3+ cells. This may reflect a depletion of other T cell subsets or alternatively (less likely) a specific immune response. Our data indicate that the expression of EB6 and GL183 in T and NK cells from HIV-infected patients might be relevant in the course of the disease and for the disease-associated functional defect of NK cell activity.

P58 molecules as putative receptors for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in human natural killer (NK) cells. Anti-p58 antibodies reconstitute lysis of MHC class I-protected cells in NK clones displaying different specificities

Human CD3-16+56+ natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to display a clonally distributed ability to recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles. Opposite to T lymphocytes, in NK cells, specific recognition of MHC class I molecules appears to induce inhibition of cytolytic activity and, thus, to protect target cells. Since a precise correlation has been established between the expression of the NK-specific GL183 and EB6 surface molecules (belonging to the novel p58 molecular family) and the specificity of NK clones, we analyzed whether p58 molecules could function as receptors for MHC in human NK cells. NK clones displaying the previously defined "specificity 2" and characterized by the GL183+EB6+ phenotype, specifically recognize the Cw3 allele and thus fail to lyse the Fc gamma R+ P815 target cells transfected with Cw3. On the other hand, NK clones displaying "specificity 1" and expressing the GL183-EB6+ phenotype failed to lyse Cw4+ target cells. Addition of the F(ab')2 fragments of either GL183 or EB6 mAb as well as the XA141 mAb of IgM isotype (specific for the EB6 molecules) completely restored the lysis of Cw3-transfected P815 cells by the Cw3-specific NK clones EX2 and EX4. Similarly, both the entire EB6 mAb, its F(ab')2 fragment and the XA141 mAb reconstituted the lysis of C1R, a Fc gamma R- target cell expressing Cw4 as the only serologically detected class I antigen. Thus, it appears that masking of different members of p58 molecules prevents recognition of "protective" MHC class I alleles and thus the delivering of inhibitory signals. Further support to the concept that p58 molecules represent a NK receptor delivering a negative signal was provided by experiments in which the entire anti-p58 mAbs (of IgG isotype) could inhibit the lysis of unprotected Fc gamma R+ P815 target cells, thus mimicking the inhibitory effect of MHC class I molecules.

Involvement of HLA class I alleles in natural killer (NK) cell-specific functions: expression of HLA-Cw3 confers selective protection from lysis by alloreactive NK clones displaying a defined specificity (specificity 2)

This study was designed to identify the target molecules of the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated recognition of normal allogeneic target cells. As previously shown, the gene(s) governing the first NK-defined allospecificity (specificity 1) were found to be localized in the major histocompatibility complex region between BF gene and HLA-A. In addition, the analysis of a previously described family revealed that a donor (donor 81) was heterozygous for three distinct NK-defined allospecificities (specificities 1, 2, and 5). HLA variants were derived from the B-Epstein-Barr virus cell line of donor 81 by gamma irradiation followed by negative selection using monoclonal antibodies specific for the appropriate HLA allele. Several variants were derived that lacked one or more class I antigen expressions. These variants were analyzed for the susceptibility to lysis by NK clones recognizing different allospecificities. The loss of HLA-A did not modify the phenotype (i.e., "resistance to lysis"). On the other hand, a variant lacking expression of all class I antigens became susceptible to lysis by all alloreactive clones. Variants characterized by the selective loss of class I antigens coded for by the maternal chromosome became susceptible to lysis by anti-2-specific clones. Conversely, variants selectively lacking class I antigens coded for by paternal chromosome became susceptible to lysis by anti-1 and anti-5 clones (but not by anti-2 clones). Since the Cw3 allele was lost in the variant that acquired susceptibility to lysis by anti-2 clones and, in informative families, it was found to cosegregate with the character "resistance to lysis" by anti-2 clones, we analyzed whether Cw3 could represent the element conferring selective resistance to lysis by anti-2 clones. To this end, murine P815 cells transfected with HLA Cw3 (or with other HLA class I genes) were used as target cells in a cytolytic assay in which effector cells were represented by alloreactive NK clones directed against different specificities. Anti-2-specific clones efficiently lysed untransfected or A2-, A3-, and A24-transfected P815 cells, while they failed to lyse Cw3-transfected cells. NK clones recognizing specificities other than specificity 2 lysed untransfected or Cw3-transfected cells. Thus, the loss of Cw3 resulted in the de novo appearance of susceptibility to lysis, and transfection of the HLA-negative P815 cells with Cw3 resulted in resistance to lysis by anti-2 clones. Therefore, we can infer that Cw3 expression on (both human and murine) target cells confers selective protection from lysis mediated by anti-2 NK clones.

Evidence of a natural killer (NK) cell repertoire for (allo) antigen recognition: definition of five distinct NK-determined allospecificities in humans

Previous studies indicated that CD3-CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells are capable of specific alloantigen recognition. Thus, alloreactive NK clones lysed normal allogeneic target cells (phytohemagglutinin [PHA] blasts) bearing the stimulating alloantigen but did not lyse autologous cells or the majority of unrelated allogeneic cells. In this study we investigated whether NK cells isolated from single individuals could exhibit different allospecificities. To this end, we derived large numbers of CD3-CD16+ clones (in the presence of PHA) from fresh CD3- peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cloning efficiencies ranged between 5 and 10%. The resulting CD3-CD16+ clones were tested for their reactivity against a panel of allogeneic PHA blasts (derived from six donors). In a given individual (A), four distinct groups of clones could be identified according to their pattern of reactivity (over 400 clones have been analyzed). Clones that could be assigned to one or another group of specificity represented 36% of all clones derived from this donor. The remaining clones did not display cytolytic activity against any of the allogeneic target cells used in the panel. None of the clones lysed autologous (A) PHA blasts, yet, these cells were lysed by the representative clones G10 and H12 specific for donor A. Clones displaying a cytolytic pattern of reactivity identical to that defined for donor A were present in other individuals studied, however not all groups of allospecific clones were necessarily represented in different individuals. Allospecific clones belonging to the various groups were homogeneous in the expression of EB6/GL183-triggering surface molecules, and could thus be assigned to one or another of the previously defined subsets of NK cells. Genetic analysis of the new NK-defined alloantigens was performed in representative families. The corresponding characters were found to segregate independently and, at least for three of them, an autosomic recessive type of inheritance could be demonstrated. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the segregation of the major histocompatibility complex haplotypes and the recessive or dominant alleles of the genes governing the five specificities analyzed indicated that there is no independent sampling between the two genetic traits, thus suggesting that the genes regulating the NK-defined specificities are carried by chromosome 6. Finally, some donors expressed more than one specificity, thus providing evidence for an NK-defined complex haplotype.

CD69-mediated pathway of lymphocyte activation: anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies trigger the cytolytic activity of different lymphoid effector cells with the exception of cytolytic T lymphocytes expressing T cell receptor alpha/beta

The effect of anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on the induction of the cytolytic activity in different types of lymphoid effector cells has been investigated. Three anti-CD69 mAbs, including the reference mAb MLR3 and two new mAbs (c227 and 31C4), have been used. All cloned CD3-CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells belonging to different subsets (as defined by the surface expression of GL183 and/or EB6 antigens) were efficiently triggered by anti-CD69 mAbs and lysed P815 mastocytoma cells in a redirected killing assay. Triggering of the cytolytic activity could also be induced in CD3-CD16- NK clones, which fail to respond to other stimuli (including anti-CD16, anti-CD2 mAbs, or phytohemagglutinin). A similar triggering effect was detected in T cell receptor (TCR) gamma/delta+ clones belonging to different subsets. On the other hand, anti-CD69 mAbs could not induce triggering of the cytolytic activity in TCR alpha/beta+ cytolytic clones. Since all thymocytes are known to express CD69 antigen after cell activation, we analyzed a series of phenotypically different cytolytic thymocyte populations and clones for their responsiveness to anti-CD69 mAb in a redirected killing assay. Again, anti-CD69 mAb triggered TCR gamma/delta+ but not TCR alpha/beta+ thymocytes. Anti-CD69 mAb efficiently triggered the cytolytic activity of "early" thymocytes lines or clones (CD3-4-8-7+), which lack all other known pathways of cell activation. Thus, it appears that CD69 molecules may initiate a pathway of activation of cytolytic functions common to a number of activated effector lymphocytes with the remarkable exception of TCR alpha/beta+ cytolytic cells.

DNA damage induced by some bile acids, evaluated with alkaline elution technique

Bile acids are promoting agents in colon carcinogenesis. In this work we have tried to characterize the DNA alteration induced by bile acids in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Confirming previous findings, a clear increase in elution rate was observed at alkaline pH. No effect could be observed when the nuclei were washed before the elution, in condition totally unsuitable for the repair of the type of DNA damage induced by typical genotoxic agents. We advanced the hypothesis that the increased alkaline elution rate observed with bile acids could be independent of DNA fragmentation and related to changes in chromatin structure.