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Desoutter A, Deshayes T, Vorimore F, Klotoe B, Durand B, Colot J, Wagner-Lichtenegger G, Steinmetz I, Tuanyok A, Laroucau K. Isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a goat in New Caledonia: implications for animal and human health monitoring and serological tool comparison. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:114. [PMID: 38521903 PMCID: PMC10960402 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacterium commonly found in soil and water. It can affect both humans and animals, and is endemic in regions such as Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. In recent years, there have been reports of an emergence of human melioidosis in other areas, including New Caledonia. RESULTS During standard laboratory analysis in New Caledonia in 2021, a strain of B. pseudomallei was isolated from a goat. The strain was characterized using both MLST and WGS techniques and was found to cluster with previously described local human strains from the area. In parallel, several serological tests (CFT, ELISA, Luminex (Hcp1, GroEL, BPSS1840), arrays assay and a latex agglutination test) were performed on animals from the farm where the goat originated, and/or from three other neighboring farms. Using two commercial ELISA kits, seropositive animals were found only on the farm where the infected goat originated and tests based on recombinant proteins confirmed the usefulness of the Hcp1 protein for the diagnosis of melioidosis in animals. CONCLUSIONS Despite the regular reports of human cases, this is the first confirmed case of melioidosis in an animal in New Caledonia. These results confirm the presence of the bacterium in the region and highlight the importance of vigilance for both animal and human health. It is critical that all health partners, including breeders, veterinarians, and biologists, work together to monitor and prevent the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Desoutter
- LNC (Laboratory of New Caledonia), Animal Health Department, Paita, New Caledonia
| | - Thomas Deshayes
- Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Anses, Identypath, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernice Klotoe
- Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Epidemiological Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julien Colot
- Territorial Hospital Center Gaston-Bourret, Medical Biology Laboratory, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Gabriel Wagner-Lichtenegger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Anses, Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Shen Y, Voigt A, Goranova L, Abed M, Kleiner DE, Maldonado JO, Beach M, Pelayo E, Chiorini JA, Craft WF, Ostrov DA, Ramiya V, Sukumaran S, Brown AN, Hanrahan KC, Tuanyok A, Warner BM, Nguyen CQ. Evidence of a Sjögren's disease-like phenotype following COVID-19 in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166540. [PMID: 37676726 PMCID: PMC10807711 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's Disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic inflammation of the lacrimal and salivary glands (SG), dry eyes and mouth, and systemic symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 may trigger the development or progression of autoimmune diseases. To test this, we used a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and convalescent patients' blood and SG in order to understand the development of SjD-like autoimmunity after infection. First, SARS-CoV-2-infected human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice exhibited decreased salivation, elevated antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and lymphocytic infiltration in the lacrimal and SG. The sera from patients with COVID-19 sera showed increased ANA (i.e., anti-SSA [Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A]/anti-Ro52 and anti-SSB [SS-antigen B]/anti-La). Male patients showed elevated anti-SSA compared with female patients, and female patients exhibited diverse ANA patterns. SG biopsies from convalescent COVID-19 patients were microscopically similar to SjD SG with focal lymphocytic infiltrates in 4 of 6 patients and 2 of 6 patients exhibiting focus scores of at least 2. Lastly, monoclonal antibodies produced in recovered patients blocked ACE2/spike interaction and cross-reacted with nuclear antigens. Our study shows a direct association between SARS-CoV-2 and SjD. Hallmark features of SjD-affected SGs were histologically indistinguishable from convalescent COVID-19 patients. The results implicate that SARS-CoV-2 could be an environmental trigger for SjD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Goranova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehdi Abed
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose O. Maldonado
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Oral Health Integration, HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
| | - Margaret Beach
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen Pelayo
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John A. Chiorini
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William F. Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vijay Ramiya
- LifeSouth Community Blood Centers, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ashley N. Brown
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Kaley C. Hanrahan
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Blake M. Warner
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry and
- Center of Orphaned Autoimmune Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Jilani MSA, Farook S, Bhattacharjee A, Barai L, Ahsan CR, Haq JA, Tuanyok A. Phylogeographic characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011823. [PMID: 38060593 PMCID: PMC10729972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei possesses a diverse set of genes which encode a vast array of biological functions reflecting its clinical, ecological and phenotypic diversity. Strain variation is linked to geographic location as well as pattern of land uses. This soil-dwelling Gram-negative pathogen causes melioidosis, a tropical disease endemic in northern Australia and Southeast Asian regions including Bangladesh. Phylogeographic analyses of B. pseudomallei isolates by molecular typing techniques could be used to examine the diversity of this organism as well as to track melioidosis epidemics. METHODS In this study, 22 B. pseudomallei isolates, of which 20 clinical and two soil isolates were analyzed, utilizing Real-time PCR assay and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The sequences were then submitted to PubMLST database for analysis and construction of phylogenetic tree. FINDINGS A total of 12 different sequence types (STs) that includes four novel STs were identified for the first time. Strains having STs 1005, 1007 and 56 were the most widespread STs frequently isolated in Bangladesh. ST 1005, ST 56, ST 1007 and ST 211 have been detected not only in Bangladesh but are also present in many Southeast Asian countries. SIGNIFICANCE ST 1005 was detected in both soil and clinical samples of Gazipur. Most prevalent, ST 56 has been previously reported from Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, confirming the persistence of the genotype over the entire continent. Further large-scale study is necessary to find out the magnitude of the infection and its different reservoirs in the environment along with phylogeographic association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saika Farook
- Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lovely Barai
- Department of Microbiology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Singha H, Tuanyok A, Elschner M, Laroucau K, Mukhopadhyay C. Editorial: Glanders and melioidosis: one health model. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1303556. [PMID: 37901106 PMCID: PMC10613062 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1303556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mandy Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Karine Laroucau
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Center for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Kaewrakmuk J, Chusri S, Hortiwakul T, Kawila S, Patungkaro W, Jariyapradub B, Limvorapan P, Chiewchanyont B, Thananchai H, Duangsonk K, Tuanyok A. Under-Reporting Cases and Deaths from Melioidosis: A Retrospective Finding in Songkhla and Phatthalung Province of Southern Thailand, 2014-2020. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050286. [PMID: 37235334 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a notifiable disease associated with a high mortality rate in Thailand. The disease is highly endemic in northeast Thailand, while its prevalence in other parts of the country is poorly documented. This study aimed at improving the surveillance system for melioidosis in southern Thailand, where the disease was believed to be underreported. Two adjacent southern provinces, Songkhla and Phatthalung, were selected as the model provinces to study melioidosis. There were 473 individuals diagnosed with culture-confirmed melioidosis by clinical microbiology laboratories at four tertiary care hospitals in both provinces from January 2014 to December 2020. The median age was 54 years (IQR 41.5-64), 284 (60%) of the patients were adults ≥50 years of age, and 337 (71.2%) were male. We retrospectively analyzed 455 patients treated at either Songklanarind Hospital, Hatyai Hospital, Songkhla Provincial Hospital, or Phatthalung Provincial Hospital, of whom 181 (39.8%) patients died. The median duration from admission to death was five days (IQR 2-17). Of the 455 patients, 272 (57.5%) had at least one clinical risk factor, and 188 (39.8%) had diabetes. Two major clinical manifestations, bacteremia and pneumonia, occurred in 274 (58.1%) and 166 (35.2%) patients, respectively. In most cases, 298 (75%) out of 395 local patients were associated with rainfall. Over the seven years of the study, the average annual incidence was 2.87 cases per 100,000 population (95% CI, 2.10 to 3.64). This study has confirmed that these two provinces of southern Thailand are endemic to melioidosis; even though the incidence rate is much lower than that of the Northeast, the mortality rate is comparably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedsada Kaewrakmuk
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Hortiwakul
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Soontara Kawila
- Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwanjit Duangsonk
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Yamamoto J, Edison L, Rowe-Haas D, Takano T, Gilor C, Crews C, Tuanyok A, Arukha A, Shiomitsu S, Walden H, Hohdatsu T, Tompkins S, Morris J, Sahay B, Kariyawasam S. Both Feline Coronavirus Serotypes 1 and 2 Infected Domestic Cats Develop Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain: Its Implication to Pan-CoV Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040914. [PMID: 37112894 PMCID: PMC10146663 DOI: 10.3390/v15040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was initiated when our specific-pathogen-free laboratory toms developed unexpectedly high levels of cross-reactive antibodies to human SARS-CoV-2 (SCoV2) receptor binding domain (RBD) upon mating with feline coronavirus (FCoV)-positive queens. Multi-sequence alignment analyses of SCoV2 Wuhan RBD and four strains each from FCoV serotypes 1 and 2 (FCoV1 and FCoV2) demonstrated an amino acid sequence identity of 11.5% and a similarity of 31.8% with FCoV1 RBD (12.2% identity and 36.5% similarity for FCoV2 RBD). The sera from toms and queens cross-reacted with SCoV2 RBD and reacted with FCoV1 RBD and FCoV2 spike-2, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins, but not with FCoV2 RBD. Thus, the queens and toms were infected with FCoV1. Additionally, the plasma from six FCoV2-inoculated cats reacted with FCoV2 and SCoV2 RBDs, but not with FCoV1 RBD. Hence, the sera from both FCoV1-infected cats and FCoV2-infected cats developed cross-reactive antibodies to SCoV2 RBD. Furthermore, eight group-housed laboratory cats had a range of serum cross-reactivity to SCoV2 RBD even 15 months later. Such cross-reactivity was also observed in FCoV1-positive group-housed pet cats. The SCoV2 RBD at a high non-toxic dose and FCoV2 RBD at a 60–400-fold lower dose blocked the in vitro FCoV2 infection, demonstrating their close structural conformations essential as vaccine immunogens. Remarkably, such cross-reactivity was also detected by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of FCoV1-infected cats. The broad cross-reactivity between human and feline RBDs provides essential insights into developing a pan-CoV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Yamamoto
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology for Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lekshmi Edison
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology for Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dawne Rowe-Haas
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chiquitha Crews
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology for Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ananta Arukha
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sayaka Shiomitsu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Heather Walden
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Stephen Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John Morris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bikash Sahay
- Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology for Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology for Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Shen Y, Voigt A, Goranova L, Abed M, Kleiner DE, Maldonado JO, Beach M, Pelayo E, Chiorini JA, Craft WF, Ostrov DA, Ramiya V, Sukumaran S, Tuanyok A, Warner BM, Nguyen CQ. Evidence of a Sjögren's disease-like phenotype following COVID-19. medRxiv 2022:2022.10.20.22281265. [PMID: 36324812 PMCID: PMC9628191 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.20.22281265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Sjögren's Disease (SjD) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and the development of dry eyes and dry mouth resulting from the secretory dysfunction of the exocrine glands. SARS-CoV-2 may trigger the development or progression of autoimmune diseases, as evidenced by increased autoantibodies in patients and the presentation of cardinal symptoms of SjD. The objective of the study was to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 induces the signature clinical symptoms of SjD. Methods The ACE2-transgenic mice were infected with SARS-CoV-2. SJD profiling was conducted. COVID-19 patients' sera were examined for autoantibodies. Clinical evaluations of convalescent COVID-19 subjects, including minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies, were collected. Lastly, monoclonal antibodies generated from single B cells of patients were interrogated for ACE2/spike inhibition and nuclear antigens. Results Mice infected with the virus showed a decreased saliva flow rate, elevated antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) with anti-SSB/La, and lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal and salivary glands. Sera of COVID-19 patients showed an increase in ANA, anti-SSA/Ro52, and anti-SSB/La. The male patients showed elevated levels of anti-SSA/Ro52 compared to female patients, and female patients had more diverse ANA patterns. Minor salivary gland biopsies of convalescent COVID-19 subjects showed focal lymphocytic infiltrates in four of six subjects, and 2 of 6 subjects had focus scores >2. Lastly, we found monoclonal antibodies produced in recovered patients can both block ACE2/spike interaction and recognize nuclear antigens. Conclusion Overall, our study shows a direct association between SARS-CoV-2 and SjD. Hallmark features of SjD salivary glands were histologically indistinguishable from convalescent COVID-19 subjects. The results potentially implicate that SARS-CoV-2 could be an environmental trigger for SjD. Key Messages What is already known about this subject?SAR-CoV-2 has a tropism for the salivary glands. However, whether the virus can induce clinical phenotypes of Sjögren's disease is unknown.What does this study add?Mice infected with SAR-CoV-2 showed loss of secretory function, elevated autoantibodies, and lymphocyte infiltration in glands.COVID-19 patients showed an increase in autoantibodies. Monoclonal antibodies produced in recovered patients can block ACE2/spike interaction and recognize nuclear antigens.Minor salivary gland biopsies of some convalescent subjects showed focal lymphocytic infiltrates with focus scores.How might this impact on clinical practice or future developments?Our data provide strong evidence for the role of SARS-CoV-2 in inducing Sjögren's disease-like phenotypes.Our work has implications for how patients will be diagnosed and treated effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Goranova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehdi Abed
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jose O Maldonado
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Beach
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eileen Pelayo
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A Chiorini
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William F Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vijay Ramiya
- LifeSouth Community Blood Centers, Gainesville Fl
| | | | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Blake M Warner
- Salivary Disorder Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry
- Center of Orphaned Autoimmune Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Sarmikasoglou E, Ferrell J, Vinyard JR, Flythe MD, Tuanyok A, Faciola AP. Effects of ruminal lipopolysaccharides on growth and fermentation end products of pure cultured bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15932. [PMID: 36151241 PMCID: PMC9508262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of ruminal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been linked to ruminal acidosis; however, they result in reduced endotoxicity compared to LPS derived from species like Escherichia coli. Additionally, there is a knowledge gap on the potential effect of LPS derived from ruminal microbiome on ruminal bacteria species whose abundance is associated with ruminal acidosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of LPS-free anaerobic water (CTRL), E. coli-LPS (E. COLI), ruminal-LPS (RUM), and a 1:1 mixture of E. coli and ruminal-LPS (MIX) on the growth characteristics and fermentation end products of lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus bovis JB1, Selenomonas ruminantium HD4) and lactate-utilizing bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii T81). The growth characteristics were predicted based on the logistic growth model, the ammonia concentration was determined by the phenolic acid/hypochlorite method and organic acids were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. Results indicate that, compared to the CTRL, the maximum specific growth rate of S. bovis JB1 decreased by approximately 19% and 23% when RUM and MIX were dosed, respectively. In addition, acetate and lactate concentrations in Se. ruminantium HD4 were reduced by approximately 30% and 18%; respectively, in response to MIX dosing. Compared to CTRL, lactate concentration from S. bovis JB1 was reduced approximately by 31% and 22% in response to RUM and MIX dosing; respectively. In summary, RUM decreased the growth and lactate production of some lactate-producing bacteria, potentially mitigating the development of subacute ruminal acidosis by restricting lactate availability to some lactate-utilizing bacteria that metabolize lactate into VFAs thus further contributing to the development of acidosis. Also, RUM did not affect Megasphaera elsdenii T81 growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Ferrell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - James R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Michael D Flythe
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Roe C, Vazquez AJ, Phillips PD, Allender CJ, Bowen RA, Nottingham RD, Doyle A, Wongsuwan G, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock S, Keim P, Tuanyok A, Wagner DM, Sahl JW. Multiple phylogenetically-diverse, differentially-virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from a single soil sample collected in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010172. [PMID: 35143500 PMCID: PMC8865643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil-dwelling bacterium endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia that causes the disease, melioidosis. Although the global genomic diversity of clinical B. pseudomallei isolates has been investigated, there is limited understanding of its genomic diversity across small geographic scales, especially in soil. In this study, we obtained 288 B. pseudomallei isolates from a single soil sample (~100g; intensive site 2, INT2) collected at a depth of 30cm from a site in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. We sequenced the genomes of 169 of these isolates that represent 7 distinct sequence types (STs), including a new ST (ST1820), based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. A core genome SNP phylogeny demonstrated that all identified STs share a recent common ancestor that diverged an estimated 796-1260 years ago. A pan-genomics analysis demonstrated recombination between clades and intra-MLST phylogenetic and gene differences. To identify potential differential virulence between STs, groups of BALB/c mice (5 mice/isolate) were challenged via subcutaneous injection (500 CFUs) with 30 INT2 isolates representing 5 different STs; over the 21-day experiment, eight isolates killed all mice, 2 isolates killed an intermediate number of mice (1-2), and 20 isolates killed no mice. Although the virulence results were largely stratified by ST, one virulent isolate and six attenuated isolates were from the same ST (ST1005), suggesting that variably conserved genomic regions may contribute to virulence. Genomes from the animal-challenged isolates were subjected to a bacterial genome-wide association study to identify genomic regions associated with differential virulence. One associated region is a unique variant of Hcp1, a component of the type VI secretion system, which may result in attenuation. The results of this study have implications for comprehensive sampling strategies, environmental exposure risk assessment, and understanding recombination and differential virulence in B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Roe
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Vazquez
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Phillips
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Allender
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roxanne D. Nottingham
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adina Doyle
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gumphol Wongsuwan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sharon Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Paul Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Wagner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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Lantong K, Songsri J, Wisessombat S, Mala W, Prommachote W, Senghoi W, Kotepui M, Kaewrakmuk J, Jiranantasak T, Tuanyok A, Klangbud WK. Use of Recombinant Escherichia coli Strains in Immunofluorescence Assays for Melioidosis Diagnosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050559. [PMID: 34066462 PMCID: PMC8148196 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and animals in the tropics. The clinical manifestations of melioidosis are diverse, ranging from localized infections to whole-body sepsis. The effective serological method is crucial for the point-of-care diagnosis of melioidosis. The aim of this study was to develop indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)-based methods for detecting immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in melioidosis patients. These methods use whole-cell antigens made from recombinant E. coli strains that express major B. pseudomallei antigens, including TssM, OmpH, AhpC, BimA, and Hcp1. A total of 271 serum samples from culture-confirmed melioidosis patients (n = 81), patients with other known infections (n = 70), and healthy donors (n = 120) were tested. Our study showed that the recombinant TssM strain had the highest performance, with 92.6% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 96.9% negative predictive value, 97.8% efficiency, 97.0% accuracy, and no cross-reactivity. The method agreement analysis based on k efficiency calculations showed that all five IFA methods perfectly agreed with the standard culturing method, while the traditional indirect hemagglutination (IHA) method moderately agreed with the culture. In summary, our investigations showed that the TssM-IFA method could be used for melioidosis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoknart Lantong
- Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Jirarat Songsri
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Sueptrakool Wisessombat
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Wanida Mala
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Warinda Prommachote
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Wilaiwan Senghoi
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology Program, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Jedsada Kaewrakmuk
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Treenate Jiranantasak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (T.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (T.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud
- Center of Excellent Research for Melioidosis (CERM), School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; (J.S.); (S.W.); (W.M.); (W.P.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-75-67-2618
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11
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Testamenti VA, Noviana R, Iskandriati D, Norris MH, Jiranantasak T, Tuanyok A, Wahyudi AT, Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J. Humoral Immune Responses to Burkholderia pseudomallei Antigens in Captive and Wild Macaques in the Western Part of Java, Indonesia. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E153. [PMID: 33050516 PMCID: PMC7712568 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the Gram-negative bacterium which causes melioidosis, is a threat to human and a wide range of animal species. There is an increased concern of melioidosis in Indonesian primate facilities, especially following case reports of fatal melioidosis in captive macaques and orangutans. Our preliminary serosurveillance of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to B. pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide showed that a significant number of captive and wild macaques in the western part of Java, Indonesia, have been exposed to B. pseudomallei. To better characterize the humoral immune response in those animals, a panel of assays were conducted on the same blood plasma specimens that were taken from 182 cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis) and 88 pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) reared in captive enclosures and wild habitats in the western part of Java, Indonesia. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in this study were conducted to detect IgG against B. pseudomallei proteins; alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC), hemolysin-coregulated protein (Hcp1), and putative outer membrane porin protein (OmpH). The performances of those immunoassays were compared to ELISA against B. pseudomallei LPS, which has been conducted previously. Seropositivity to at least one assay was 76.4% (139/182) and 13.6% (12/88) in cynomolgus macaques and pig-tailed macaques, respectively. Analysis of demographic factors showed that species and primate facility were significant factors. Cynomolgus macaques had higher probability of exposure to B. pseudomallei. Moreover, macaques in Jonggol facility also had higher probability, compared to macaques in other facilities. There were no statistical associations between seropositivity with other demographic factors such as sex, age group, and habitat type. There were strong positive correlations between the absorbance results of AhpC, HcpI, and OmpH assays, but not with LPS assay. Our analysis suggested that Hcp1 assay would complement LPS assay in melioidosis serosurveillance in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincentius Arca Testamenti
- Primatology Study Program, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia; (D.I.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Diah Iskandriati
- Primatology Study Program, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia; (D.I.); (D.S.)
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia;
| | - Michael H. Norris
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Treenate Jiranantasak
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.J.); (A.T.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (T.J.); (A.T.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Aris Tri Wahyudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Dondin Sajuthi
- Primatology Study Program, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia; (D.I.); (D.S.)
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia;
- Department of Clinics, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16680, Indonesia
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- Primatology Study Program, Graduate School of IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia; (D.I.); (D.S.)
- Primate Research Center, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16128, Indonesia;
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16680, Indonesia
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12
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Saiprom N, Sangsri T, Tandhavanant S, Sengyee S, Phunpang R, Preechanukul A, Surin U, Tuanyok A, Lertmemongkolchai G, Chantratita W, West TE, Chantratita N. Genomic loss in environmental and isogenic morphotype isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei is associated with intracellular survival and plaque-forming efficiency. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008590. [PMID: 32991584 PMCID: PMC7546507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental bacterium that causes melioidosis. A facultative intracellular pathogen, B. pseudomallei can induce multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) leading to plaque formation in vitro. B. pseudomallei can switch colony morphotypes under stress conditions. In addition, different isolates have been reported to have varying virulence in vivo, but genomic evolution and the relationship with plaque formation is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS To gain insights into genetic underpinnings of virulence of B. pseudomallei, we screened plaque formation of 52 clinical isolates and 11 environmental isolates as well as 4 isogenic morphotype isolates of B. pseudomallei strains K96243 (types II and III) and 153 (types II and III) from Thailand in A549 and HeLa cells. All isolates except one environmental strain (A4) and K96243 morphotype II were able to induce plaque formation in both cell lines. Intracellular growth assay and confocal microscopy analyses demonstrated that the two plaque-forming-defective isolates were also impaired in intracellular replication, actin polymerization and MNGC formation in infected cells. Whole genome sequencing analysis and PCR revealed that both isolates had a large genomic loss on the same region in chromosome 2, which included Bim cluster, T3SS-3 and T6SS-5 genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our plaque screening and genomic studies revealed evidence of impairment in plaque formation in environmental isolates of B. pseudomallei that is associated with large genomic loss of genes important for intracellular multiplication and MNGC formation. These findings suggest that the genomic and phenotypic differences of environmental isolates may be associated with clinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natnaree Saiprom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanes Sangsri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat, Thailand
| | - Sarunporn Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Sengyee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anucha Preechanukul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uriwan Surin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Nakhon Phanom Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wasun Chantratita
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T. Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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Pearson T, Sahl JW, Hepp CM, Handady K, Hornstra H, Vazquez AJ, Settles E, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Williamson CHD, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Cook JM, Wolken SR, Bowen RA, Tuanyok A, Foster JT, Drees KP, Kidd TJ, Bell SC, Currie BJ, Keim P. Pathogen to commensal? Longitudinal within-host population dynamics, evolution, and adaptation during a chronic >16-year Burkholderia pseudomallei infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008298. [PMID: 32134991 PMCID: PMC7077878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute melioidosis is the most common outcome of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection, we have documented a case, P314, where disease severity lessened with time, and the pathogen evolved towards a commensal relationship with the host. In the current study, we used whole-genome sequencing to monitor this long-term symbiotic relationship to better understand B. pseudomallei persistence in P314’s sputum despite intensive initial therapeutic regimens. We collected and sequenced 118 B. pseudomallei isolates from P314’s airways over a >16-year period, and also sampled the patient’s home environment, recovering six closely related B. pseudomallei isolates from the household water system. Using comparative genomics, we identified 126 SNPs in the core genome of the 124 isolates or 162 SNPs/indels when the accessory genome was included. The core SNPs were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which demonstrated a close relationship between environmental and clinical isolates and detailed within-host evolutionary patterns. The phylogeny had little homoplasy, consistent with a strictly clonal mode of genetic inheritance. Repeated sampling revealed evidence of genetic diversification, but frequent extinctions left only one successful lineage through the first four years and two lineages after that. Overall, the evolution of this population is nonadaptive and best explained by genetic drift. However, some genetic and phenotypic changes are consistent with in situ adaptation. Using a mouse model, P314 isolates caused greatly reduced morbidity and mortality compared to the environmental isolates. Additionally, potentially adaptive phenotypes emerged and included differences in the O-antigen, capsular polysaccharide, motility, and colony morphology. The >13-year co-existence of two long-lived lineages presents interesting hypotheses that can be tested in future studies to provide additional insights into selective pressures, niche differentiation, and microbial adaptation. This unusual melioidosis case presents a rare example of the evolutionary progression towards commensalism by a highly virulent pathogen within a single human host. Pathogens frequently jump between different hosts, and associated adaptation may lead to the emergence of new infectious agents. Such host-jumping evolution is witnessed through endpoint analyses but these cannot capture genetic changes in lineages that have gone extinct. In this study, we have identified and monitored an example of the evolution of a bacterium often deadly to its mammalian host, in an unprecedented case whereby disease lessened through time and the pathogen became a part of the commensal human flora. We used genomic analyses to characterize more than 16 years of this evolutionary process and the stepwise mutations that control pathogen interactions with the patient. Soon after infection, mutational changes occurred that allowed the bacterium to remain in the airways without causing disease. This shift towards avirulence was determined based on clinical data and virulence testing in an animal model. In addition, mutations occurred that contributed to the persistence of the bacteria in the patient's lungs. Finally, we found evidence for the evolutionary emergence and persistence of two distinct lineages of the bacterium over the last 13 years, presenting interesting questions about niche utilization. Bacteria are ubiquitous in the human body and almost all are beneficial or benign. In this study, we document the evolutionary conversion of a normally deadly bacterium towards a commensal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talima Pearson
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Crystal M. Hepp
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karthik Handady
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Vazquez
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erik Settles
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Charles H. D. Williamson
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erin P. Price
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Derek S. Sarovich
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James M. Cook
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Spenser R. Wolken
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Drees
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Kidd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott C. Bell
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, and QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department and Northern Territory Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Gee J, Arce J, Beck LC, Blank TR, Blyn L, Cahall R, Clark AJ, Currie B, Damer K, Davenport M, DeShazer D, Johns M, Keim PS, Kiss K, Lesho M, Lin N, Morse SA, Naraghi-Arani P, Ozanich R, Roberto F, Rozak D, Sahl J, Schaefer F, Schutzer S, Schweizer HP, Sozhamannan S, Tuanyok A, Coates S. AOAC SMPR 2016.010. J AOAC Int 2019; 100:261-265. [PMID: 28825553 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.smpr2016.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Gee
- Centers For Disease Control And Prevention
| | | | - Linda C Beck
- CBR Defense Concepts and Experimentation Branch, Naval Surface Warfare Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Bart Currie
- Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division
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15
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Songsri J, Kinoshita Y, Kwanhian W, Wisessombat S, Tangpong J, Rahman-Khan MS, Tuanyok A. Cross-reactivity of latex agglutination assay complicates the identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5140143. [PMID: 30346523 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody-based latex agglutination tests targeting a high molecular weight exopolysaccharide antigen of Burkholderia pseudomallei are commercially available. The tests are primarily used in routine diagnosis of melioidosis in major hospitals in Thailand and some endemic countries. Being a rapid test, this technique was employed as a presumptive test to identify colonies of B. pseudomallei among many others grown from soil specimens collected from southern Thailand. Cross-reactivity of these tests with other soil bacteria was a concern since it complicated the identification of B. pseudomallei. Here, we describe the cross-reactivity of two commercial latex agglutination tests for melioidosis with B. territorii, B. pseudomultivorans, B. multivorans and B. cenocepacia isolates from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirarat Songsri
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis (CERM), Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Microbiology Division; 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 3290412, Japan.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Wiyada Kwanhian
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis (CERM), Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Sueptrakool Wisessombat
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis (CERM), Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis (CERM), Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Md Siddiqur Rahman-Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis (CERM), Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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16
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Kinoshita Y, Cloutier AK, Rozak DA, Khan MSR, Niwa H, Uchida-Fujii E, Katayama Y, Tuanyok A. A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:133. [PMID: 31064357 PMCID: PMC6505306 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). B. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. One of the problems is that B. mallei is easily overgrown by other bacteria, especially in animal specimens collected from non-sterile sites. The aim of this study was to develop a new selective agar for the laboratory diagnosis of glanders. We formulated a new agar, named BM agar, to enrich B. mallei growth, but inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi based on their antimicrobial profiles. We compared the growth of B. mallei on BM with Xie's and PC agars, the two previously described selective agars for B. mallei. RESULTS BM agar could sufficiently grow almost all of the tested B. mallei strains within 72 h: only one out of the 38 strains grew scantly after 72 h of incubation. BM agar was further tested with other Burkholderia species and various bacterial species commonly found in the nasal cavities and on the skin of horses. We have found that other Burkholderia species including B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis can grow on BM agar, but non-Burkholderia species cannot. Furthermore, the specificities of the three selective agars were tested with or without spiking B. mallei culture into clinical specimens of non-sterile sites collected from healthy horses. The results showed that BM agar inhibited growths of fungi and other bacterial species better than PC and Xie's agars. We have also found that growth of B. mallei on BM agar was equivalent to that on 5% horse blood agar and was significantly greater than those on the other two agars (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We believe that BM agar can be used to efficiently isolate B. mallei from mixed samples such as those typically collected from horses and other contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Ashley K Cloutier
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - David A Rozak
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - Md S R Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Katayama
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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17
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Yi J, Simpanya MF, Settles EW, Shannon AB, Hernandez K, Pristo L, Keener ME, Hornstra H, Busch JD, Soffler C, Brett PJ, Currie BJ, Bowen RA, Tuanyok A, Keim P. Caprine humoral response to Burkholderia pseudomallei antigens during acute melioidosis from aerosol exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006851. [PMID: 30811382 PMCID: PMC6411198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a common source of pneumonia and sepsis in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia that results in high mortality rates. A caprine melioidosis model of aerosol infection that leads to a systemic infection has the potential to characterize the humoral immune response. This could help identify immunogenic proteins for new diagnostics and vaccine candidates. Outbred goats may more accurately mimic human infection, in contrast to the inbred mouse models used to date. B. pseudomallei infection was delivered as an intratracheal aerosol. Antigenic protein profiling was generated from the infecting strain MSHR511. Humoral immune responses were analyzed by ELISA and western blot, and the antigenic proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Throughout the course of the infection the assay results demonstrated a much greater humoral response with IgG antibodies, in both breadth and quantity, compared to IgM antibodies. Pre-infection sera showed multiple immunogenic proteins already reactive for IgG (7-20) and IgM (0-12) in most of the goats despite no previous exposure to B. pseudomallei. After infection, the number of IgG reactive proteins showed a marked increase as the disease progressed. Early stage infection (day 7) showed immune reaction to chaperone proteins (GroEL, EF-Tu, and DnaK). These three proteins were detected in all serum samples after infection, with GroEL immunogenically dominant. Seven common reactive antigens were selected for further analysis using ELISA. The heat shock protein GroEL1 elicited the strongest goat antibody immune response compared to the other six antigens. Most of the six antigens showed the peak IgM reactivity at day 14, whereas the IgG reactivity increased further as the disease progressed. An overall MSHR511 proteomic comparison between the goat model and human sera showed that many immune reactive proteins are common between humans and goats with melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Yi
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mukoma F. Simpanya
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erik W. Settles
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Austin B. Shannon
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Karen Hernandez
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lauren Pristo
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mitchell E. Keener
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Busch
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Carl Soffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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18
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Chirakul S, Somprasong N, Norris MH, Wuthiekanun V, Chantratita N, Tuanyok A, Schweizer HP. Burkholderia pseudomallei acquired ceftazidime resistance due to gene duplication and amplification. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 53:582-588. [PMID: 30639528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceftazidime (CAZ) is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection (melioidosis). The chromosomally-encoded PenA β-lactamase possesses weak cephalosporinase activity. The wild-type penA gene confers clinically significant CAZ resistance only when overexpressed due to a promoter mutation, transcriptional antitermination or by gene duplication and amplification (GDA). Here we characterise a reversible 33-kb GDA event involving wild-type penA in a CAZ-resistant B. pseudomallei clinical isolate from Thailand. We show that duplication arises from exchanges between short (<10 bp) chromosomal sequences, which in this example consist of 4-bp repeats flanked by 3-bp inverted repeats. GDA involving β-lactamases may be a common CAZ resistance mechanism in B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Chirakul
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nawarat Somprasong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael H Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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19
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Baker AL, Pearson T, Sahl JW, Hepp C, Price EP, Sarovich DS, Mayo M, Tuanyok A, Currie BJ, Keim P, Warner J. Burkholderia pseudomallei distribution in Australasia is linked to paleogeographic and anthropogenic history. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206845. [PMID: 30395628 PMCID: PMC6218070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the environmental bacillus that causes melioidosis; a disease clinically significant in Australia and Southeast Asia but emerging in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the globe. Previous studies have placed the ancestral population of the organism in Australia with a single lineage disseminated to Southeast Asia. We have previously characterized B. pseudomallei isolates from New Guinea and the Torres Strait archipelago; remote regions that share paleogeographic ties with Australia. These studies identified regional biogeographical boundaries. In this study, we utilize whole-genome sequencing to reconstruct ancient evolutionary relationships and ascertain correlations between paleogeography and present-day distribution of this bacterium in Australasia. Our results indicate that B. pseudomallei from New Guinea fall into a single clade within the Australian population. Furthermore, clades from New Guinea are region-specific; an observation possibly linked to limited recent anthropogenic influence in comparison to mainland Australia and Southeast Asia. Isolates from the Torres Strait archipelago were distinct yet scattered among those from mainland Australia. These results provide evidence that the New Guinean and Torres Strait lineages may be remnants of an ancient portion of the Australian population. Rising sea levels isolated New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands from each other and the Australian mainland, and may have allowed long-term isolated evolution of these lineages, providing support for a theory of microbial biogeography congruent with that of macro flora and fauna. Moreover, these findings indicate that contemporary microbial biogeography theories should consider recent and ongoing impacts of globalisation and human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Baker
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA), University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Crystal Hepp
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Informatics and Computing, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erin P. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek S. Sarovich
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Weppelmann TA, Norris MH, von Fricken ME, Rahman Khan MS, Okech BA, Cannella AP, Schweizer HP, Sanford DC, Tuanyok A. Seroepidemiology of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Etiologic Agent of Melioidosis, in the Ouest and Sud-Est Departments of Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1222-1228. [PMID: 30226137 PMCID: PMC6221251 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, has been hypothesized to be endemic throughout the Caribbean, including the impoverished nation of Haiti. However, because of the protean clinical manifestations, presence of asymptomatic infections, and limited medical diagnostic capacity, the identification of active melioidosis cases remains challenging. A seroepidemiological study was conducted using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies toward B. pseudomallei in the native population. The performance of an indirect ELISA with purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from B. pseudomallei was evaluated using serum collected from rhesus macaques exposed to aerosolized B. pseudomallei. After optimization, serum collected from asymptomatic population members (n = 756) was screened for polyvalent (immunoglobulin M [IgM]/ immunoglobulin G [IgG]/ immunoglobulin A) and monoclonal (IgG or IgM) immunoglobulins against B. pseudomallei LPS. The population seroprevalence was 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.2, 13.8) for polyvalent immunoglobulins, 9.8% (95% CI: 7.7, 11.9) for IgG, and 1.7% (95% CI: 0.8, 2.6%) for IgM. The seroprevalence was not significantly different by gender (P = 0.16), but increased significantly (P < 0.001) with age, yielding an estimated annual seroconversion rate of 1.05% (95% CI: 0.81, 1.3). The detection of both recent (IgM+) and previous (IgG+) exposure to B. pseudomallei provides serological evidence that melioidosis is endemic in Haiti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Weppelmann
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael H. Norris
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Md. Siddiqur Rahman Khan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bernard A. Okech
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Anthony P. Cannella
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Herbert P. Schweizer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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21
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Chirakul S, Norris MH, Pagdepanichkit S, Somprasong N, Randall LB, Shirley JF, Borlee BR, Lomovskaya O, Tuanyok A, Schweizer HP. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of PenA β-lactamase in acquired Burkholderia pseudomallei β-lactam resistance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10652. [PMID: 30006637 PMCID: PMC6045580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy of Burkholderia pseudomallei acute infections is largely limited to a few β-lactam antibiotics such as ceftazidime or meropenem. Although relatively rare, resistance emergence during therapy leads to treatment failures with high mortality rates. In the absence of acquired external resistance determinants in B. pseudomallei emergence of β-lactam resistance is invariably caused by mutational modification of genomically encoded factors. These include the deletion of the ceftazidime target penicillin-binding protein 3 or amino acid changes in the Class A PenA β-lactamase that expand its substrate spectrum, as well as penA gene duplication and amplification or its overexpression via transcriptional up-regulation. Evidence is presented that penA is co-transcribed with the upstream nlpD1 gene, that the transcriptional terminator for nlpD1 serves as a penA attenuator and that generation of a new promoter immediately upstream of the terminator/attenuator by a conserved G to A transition leads to anti-termination and thus constitutive PenA expression and extended β-lactam resistance. Further evidence obtained with the extensively β-lactam resistant clinical isolate Bp1651 shows that in addition to PenA overexpression and structural mutations other adaptive mechanisms contribute to intrinsic and acquired B. pseudomallei β-lactam resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Chirakul
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Michael H Norris
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sirawit Pagdepanichkit
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Somprasong
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Linnell B Randall
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Cornell University, Boyd Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - James F Shirley
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bradley R Borlee
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Apichai Tuanyok
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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22
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Norris MH, Khan MSR, Chirakul S, Schweizer HP, Tuanyok A. Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines from Biosafe Surrogates Prevent Acute Lethal Glanders in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E5. [PMID: 29320408 PMCID: PMC5874646 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted Gram-negative mammalian pathogen that causes the severe disease glanders. Glanders can manifest as a rapid acute progression or a chronic debilitating syndrome primarily affecting solipeds and humans in close association with infected animals. In USA, B. mallei is classified as one of the most important bacterial biothreat agents. Presently, there is no licensed glanders vaccine available for humans or animals. In this work, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were isolated from three attenuated biosafe bacterial strains, Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp82, B. thailandensis E555, and B. thailandensis TxDOH and used to vaccinate mice. B. thailandensis OMVs induced significantly higher antibody responses that were investigated. B. mallei specific serum antibody responses were of higher magnitude in mice vaccinated with B. thailandensis OMVs compared to levels in mice vaccinated with B. pseudomallei OMVs. OMVs derived from biosafe strains protected mice from acute lethal glanders with vesicles from the two B. thailandensis strains affording significant protection (>90%) up to 35 days post-infection with some up to 60 days. Organ loads from 35-day survivors indicated bacteria colonization of the lungs, liver, and spleen while those from 60 days had high CFUs in the spleens. The highest antibody producing vaccine (B. thailandensis E555 OMVs) also protected C57BL/6 mice from acute inhalational glanders with evidence of full protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mohammad S R Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Sunisa Chirakul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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23
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Price EP, Sarovich DS, Webb JR, Hall CM, Jaramillo SA, Sahl JW, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Harrington G, Baker AL, Sidak-Loftis LC, Settles EW, Lummis M, Schupp JM, Gillece JD, Tuanyok A, Warner J, Busch JD, Keim P, Currie BJ, Wagner DM. Phylogeographic, genomic, and meropenem susceptibility analysis of Burkholderia ubonensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005928. [PMID: 28910350 PMCID: PMC5614643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Burkholderia ubonensis is commonly co-isolated from environmental specimens harbouring the melioidosis pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei. B. ubonensis has been reported in northern Australia and Thailand but not North America, suggesting similar geographic distribution to B. pseudomallei. Unlike most other Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) species, B. ubonensis is considered non-pathogenic, although its virulence potential has not been tested. Antibiotic resistance in B. ubonensis, particularly towards drugs used to treat the most severe B. pseudomallei infections, has also been poorly characterised. This study examined the population biology of B. ubonensis, and includes the first reported isolates from the Caribbean. Phylogenomic analysis of 264 B. ubonensis genomes identified distinct clades that corresponded with geographic origin, similar to B. pseudomallei. A small proportion (4%) of strains lacked the 920kb chromosome III replicon, with discordance of presence/absence amongst genetically highly related strains, demonstrating that the third chromosome of B. ubonensis, like other Bcc species, probably encodes for a nonessential pC3 megaplasmid. Multilocus sequence typing using the B. pseudomallei scheme revealed that one-third of strains lack the "housekeeping" narK locus. In comparison, all strains could be genotyped using the Bcc scheme. Several strains possessed high-level meropenem resistance (≥32 μg/mL), a concern due to potential transmission of this phenotype to B. pseudomallei. In silico analysis uncovered a high degree of heterogeneity among the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen cluster loci, with at least 35 different variants identified. Finally, we show that Asian B. ubonensis isolate RF23-BP41 is avirulent in the BALB/c mouse model via a subcutaneous route of infection. Our results provide several new insights into the biology of this understudied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek S Sarovich
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Centre for Animal Health Innovation, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica R Webb
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Carina M Hall
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sierra A Jaramillo
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason W Sahl
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Glenda Harrington
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Anthony L Baker
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Lindsay C Sidak-Loftis
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erik W Settles
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Madeline Lummis
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James M Schupp
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John D Gillece
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Research Group, Microbiology and Immunology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph D Busch
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America.,Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bart J Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David M Wagner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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24
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Bugrysheva JV, Sue D, Gee JE, Elrod MG, Hoffmaster AR, Randall LB, Chirakul S, Tuanyok A, Schweizer HP, Weigel LM. Antibiotic Resistance Markers in Burkholderia pseudomallei Strain Bp1651 Identified by Genome Sequence Analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00010-17. [PMID: 28396541 PMCID: PMC5444168 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00010-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp1651 is resistant to several classes of antibiotics that are usually effective for treatment of melioidosis, including tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and β-lactams such as penicillins (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid), cephalosporins (ceftazidime), and carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem). We sequenced, assembled, and annotated the Bp1651 genome and analyzed the sequence using comparative genomic analyses with susceptible strains, keyword searches of the annotation, publicly available antimicrobial resistance prediction tools, and published reports. More than 100 genes in the Bp1651 sequence were identified as potentially contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Most notably, we identified three previously uncharacterized point mutations in penA, which codes for a class A β-lactamase and was previously implicated in resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. The mutations result in amino acid changes T147A, D240G, and V261I. When individually introduced into select agent-excluded B. pseudomallei strain Bp82, D240G was found to contribute to ceftazidime resistance and T147A contributed to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and imipenem resistance. This study provides the first evidence that mutations in penA may alter susceptibility to carbapenems in B. pseudomallei Another mutation of interest was a point mutation affecting the dihydrofolate reductase gene folA, which likely explains the trimethoprim resistance of this strain. Bp1651 was susceptible to aminoglycosides likely because of a frameshift in the amrB gene, the transporter subunit of the AmrAB-OprA efflux pump. These findings expand the role of penA to include resistance to carbapenems and may assist in the development of molecular diagnostics that predict antimicrobial resistance and provide guidance for treatment of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Sue
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jay E Gee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mindy G Elrod
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Linnell B Randall
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sunisa Chirakul
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Linda M Weigel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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25
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Norris MH, Schweizer HP, Tuanyok A. Structural diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharides affects innate immune signaling. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005571. [PMID: 28453531 PMCID: PMC5425228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) causes the disease melioidosis. The main cause of mortality in this disease is septic shock triggered by the host responding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the Gram-negative outer membrane. Bp LPS is thought to be a weak inducer of the host immune system. LPS from several strains of Bp were purified and their ability to induce the inflammatory mediators TNF-α and iNOS in murine macrophages at low concentrations was investigated. Innate and adaptive immunity qPCR arrays were used to profile expression patterns of 84 gene targets in response to the different LPS types. Additional qPCR validation confirmed large differences in macrophage response. LPS from a high-virulence serotype B strain 576a and a virulent rough central nervous system tropic strain MSHR435 greatly induced the innate immune response indicating that the immunopathogenesis of these strains is different than in infections with strains similar to the prototype strain 1026b. The accumulation of autophagic vesicles was also increased in macrophages challenged with highly immunogenic Bp LPS. Gene induction and concomitant cytokine secretion profiles of human PBMCs in response to the various LPS were also investigated. MALDI-TOF/TOF was used to probe the lipid A portions of the LPS, indicating substantial structural differences that likely play a role in host response to LPS. These findings add to the evolving knowledge of host-response to bacterial LPS, which can be used to better understand septic shock in melioidosis patients and in the rational design of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Herbert P. Schweizer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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26
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Chewapreecha C, Holden MTG, Vehkala M, Välimäki N, Yang Z, Harris SR, Mather AE, Tuanyok A, De Smet B, Le Hello S, Bizet C, Mayo M, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Phetsouvanh R, Spratt BG, Corander J, Keim P, Dougan G, Dance DAB, Currie BJ, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ. Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:16263. [PMID: 28112723 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei causes an estimated 165,000 cases of human melioidosis per year worldwide and is also classified as a biothreat agent. We used whole genome sequences of 469 B. pseudomallei isolates from 30 countries collected over 79 years to explore its geographic transmission. Our data point to Australia as an early reservoir, with transmission to Southeast Asia followed by onward transmission to South Asia and East Asia. Repeated reintroductions were observed within the Malay Peninsula and between countries bordered by the Mekong River. Our data support an African origin of the Central and South American isolates with introduction of B. pseudomallei into the Americas between 1650 and 1850, providing a temporal link with the slave trade. We also identified geographically distinct genes/variants in Australasian or Southeast Asian isolates alone, with virulence-associated genes being among those over-represented. This provides a potential explanation for clinical manifestations of melioidosis that are geographically restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chewapreecha
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, 10140 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthew T G Holden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,School of Medicine, University of St Andrew, KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Minna Vehkala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Niko Välimäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | | | - Alison E Mather
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Birgit De Smet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Belgium
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Enteric bacteria pathogen Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Bizet
- Department of Microbiology, Collection of Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory 0811 Australia
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine &Global Health, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Rattanaphone Phetsouvanh
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Brian G Spratt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki 00100, Finland.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Arizona 86011-4073, USA
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Centre for Tropical Medicine &Global Health, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Bart J Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory 0811 Australia
| | | | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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27
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Nualnoi T, Norris MH, Tuanyok A, Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, Keim PS, Settles EW, Allender CJ, AuCoin DP. Development of Immunoassays for Burkholderia pseudomallei Typical and Atypical Lipopolysaccharide Strain Typing. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 96:358-367. [PMID: 27994103 PMCID: PMC5303037 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infection endemic to many tropical regions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized as an important virulence factor used by B. pseudomallei. Isolates of B. pseudomallei have been shown to express one of four different types of LPS (typical LPS, atypical LPS types B and B2, and rough LPS) and in vitro studies have demonstrated that LPS types may impact disease severity. The association between LPS types and clinical manifestations, however, is still unknown, in part because an effective method for LPS type identification is not available. Thus, we developed antigen capture immunoassays capable of distinguishing between the LPS types. Mice were injected with B or B2 LPS for atypical LPS–specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation; only two mAbs (3A2 and 5B4) were isolated from mice immunized with B2 LPS. Immunoblot analysis and surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that 3A2 and 5B4 are reactive with both B2 and B LPS where 3A2 was shown to possess higher affinity. Assays were then developed using capsular polysaccharide–specific mAb 4C4 for bacterial capture and 4C7 (previously shown to bind typical LPS) or 3A2 mAbs for typical or atypical LPS strain detection, respectively. The evaluations performed with 197 strains of Burkholderia and non-Burkholderia species showed that the assays are reactive to B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei strains and have an accuracy of 98.8% (zero false positives and two false negatives) for LPS typing. The results suggest that the assays are effective and applicable for B. pseudomallei LPS typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerapat Nualnoi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Michael H Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Paul J Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Mary N Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Paul S Keim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Erik W Settles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | | | - David P AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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28
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Spring-Pearson SM, Stone JK, Doyle A, Allender CJ, Okinaka RT, Mayo M, Broomall SM, Hill JM, Karavis MA, Hubbard KS, Insalaco JM, McNew LA, Rosenzweig CN, Gibbons HS, Currie BJ, Wagner DM, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Pangenome Analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei: Genome Evolution Preserves Gene Order despite High Recombination Rates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140274. [PMID: 26484663 PMCID: PMC4613141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pangenomic diversity in Burkholderia pseudomallei is high, with approximately 5.8% of the genome consisting of genomic islands. Genomic islands are known hotspots for recombination driven primarily by site-specific recombination associated with tRNAs. However, recombination rates in other portions of the genome are also high, a feature we expected to disrupt gene order. We analyzed the pangenome of 37 isolates of B. pseudomallei and demonstrate that the pangenome is ‘open’, with approximately 136 new genes identified with each new genome sequenced, and that the global core genome consists of 4568±16 homologs. Genes associated with metabolism were statistically overrepresented in the core genome, and genes associated with mobile elements, disease, and motility were primarily associated with accessory portions of the pangenome. The frequency distribution of genes present in between 1 and 37 of the genomes analyzed matches well with a model of genome evolution in which 96% of the genome has very low recombination rates but 4% of the genome recombines readily. Using homologous genes among pairs of genomes, we found that gene order was highly conserved among strains, despite the high recombination rates previously observed. High rates of gene transfer and recombination are incompatible with retaining gene order unless these processes are either highly localized to specific sites within the genome, or are characterized by symmetrical gene gain and loss. Our results demonstrate that both processes occur: localized recombination introduces many new genes at relatively few sites, and recombination throughout the genome generates the novel multi-locus sequence types previously observed while preserving gene order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senanu M. Spring-Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
| | - Joshua K. Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
| | - Adina Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Allender
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Okinaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Menzies School of Health Research and Infectious Disease Department, Royal Darwin Hospital. Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Stacey M. Broomall
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Hill
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Karavis
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Kyle S. Hubbard
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Insalaco
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. McNew
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - C. Nicole Rosenzweig
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Henry S. Gibbons
- BioSciences Division, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States of America
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Infectious Disease Department, Royal Darwin Hospital. Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David M. Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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29
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Hoffmaster AR, AuCoin D, Baccam P, Baggett HC, Baird R, Bhengsri S, Blaney DD, Brett PJ, Brooks TJG, Brown KA, Chantratita N, Cheng AC, Dance DAB, Decuypere S, Defenbaugh D, Gee JE, Houghton R, Jorakate P, Lertmemongkolchai G, Limmathurotsakul D, Merlin TL, Mukhopadhyay C, Norton R, Peacock SJ, Rolim DB, Simpson AJ, Steinmetz I, Stoddard RA, Stokes MM, Sue D, Tuanyok A, Whistler T, Wuthiekanun V, Walke HT. Melioidosis diagnostic workshop, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21. [PMID: 25626057 PMCID: PMC4313648 DOI: 10.3201/eid2102.141045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe disease that can be difficult to diagnose because of its diverse clinical manifestations and a lack of adequate diagnostic capabilities for suspected cases. There is broad interest in improving detection and diagnosis of this disease not only in melioidosis-endemic regions but also outside these regions because melioidosis may be underreported and poses a potential bioterrorism challenge for public health authorities. Therefore, a workshop of academic, government, and private sector personnel from around the world was convened to discuss the current state of melioidosis diagnostics, diagnostic needs, and future directions.
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30
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Ginther JL, Mayo M, Warrington SD, Kaestli M, Mullins T, Wagner DM, Currie BJ, Tuanyok A, Keim P. Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei Near-Neighbor Species in the Northern Territory of Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003892. [PMID: 26121041 PMCID: PMC4486726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and characterization of near-neighbor species are critical to the development of robust molecular diagnostic tools for biothreat agents. One such agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis, is lacking in this area because of its genomic diversity and widespread geographic distribution. The Burkholderia genus contains over 60 species and occupies a large range of environments including soil, plants, rhizospheres, water, animals and humans. The identification of novel species in new locations necessitates the need to identify the true global distribution of Burkholderia species, especially the members that are closely related to B. pseudomallei. In our current study, we used the Burkholderia-specific recA sequencing assay to analyze environmental samples from the Darwin region in the Northern Territory of Australia where melioidosis is endemic. Burkholderia recA PCR negative samples were further characterized using 16s rRNA sequencing for species identification. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that over 70% of the bacterial isolates were identified as B. ubonensis indicating that this species is common in the soil where B. pseudomallei is endemic. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis reveals many novel branches within the B. cepacia complex, one novel B. oklahomensis-like species, and one novel branch containing one isolate that is distinct from all other samples on the phylogenetic tree. During the analysis with recA sequencing, we discovered 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the reverse priming region of B. oklahomensis. A degenerate primer was developed and is proposed for future use. We conclude that the recA sequencing technique is an effective tool to classify Burkholderia and identify soil organisms in a melioidosis endemic area. Burkholderia is a widespread genus of bacteria that contains over 60 species. The species within Burkholderia range from environmentally important, such as isolates that breakdown pollutants, to human pathogens. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic to Northern Australia and is a major public health concern in that region. We characterized 152 unknown environmental isolates using recA sequencing to identify the presence of Burkholderia bacteria in the region. The majority of bacteria identified in this study belonged to the B. ubonensis species and various species were found to inhabit the same environmental sample as the human pathogen, B. pseudomallei. The role of B. ubonensis and other Burkholderia species identified in this endemic region and how they interact with B. pseudomallei are important questions to address in order to understand the evolution of this important human pathogen. While they are occupying a similar geographic range, they must be exist in different niche in order to remain distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Ginther
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Stephanie D. Warrington
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Travis Mullins
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Sermswan RW, Royros P, Khakhum N, Wongratanacheewin S, Tuanyok A. Direct detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and biological factors in soil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:462-8. [PMID: 26048871 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative saprophytic bacillus, is a severe infectious agent that causes melioidosis and soil is the most important reservoir. METHODS One hundred and forty soil samples were tested for pH, moisture content and total C and N measurements and used for DNA extraction and culture for B. pseudomallei. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting wcbG, a putative capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis protein gene of B. pseudomallei, was developed to detect the bacterium, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to detect the microbial diversity in soil. RESULTS The acidic pH was correlated with the presence of the bacterium. Forty-four soil sites (44/140, 31.4%) were positive for B. pseudomallei by qPCR, of which 21 were positive by culture. The limit of detection is 32 fg of DNA (about 4 genomes). The RAPD method could classify the soil samples into low diversity (LD) and high diversity (HD) sites. The trend of LD was found with B. pseudomallei positive soil sites. CONCLUSIONS The acidity of the soil or metabolites from organisms in the sites may contribute to the presence of the bacterium. Further investigation of microbes by a more robust method should elucidate biological factors that promote the presence of B. pseudomallei and may be used for controlling the bacterium in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasana W Sermswan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, 123 Mitraparp Rd, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Phairat Royros
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, 123 Mitraparp Rd, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, 123 Mitraparp Rd, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin
- Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, Khon Kaen, Thailand Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kean University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Sahl JW, Allender CJ, Colman RE, Califf KJ, Schupp JM, Currie BJ, Van Zandt KE, Gelhaus HC, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Genomic characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates selected for medical countermeasures testing: comparative genomics associated with differential virulence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121052. [PMID: 25803742 PMCID: PMC4372212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis and a potential bioterrorism agent. In the development of medical countermeasures against B. pseudomallei infection, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) animal Rule recommends using well-characterized strains in animal challenge studies. In this study, whole genome sequence data were generated for 6 B. pseudomallei isolates previously identified as candidates for animal challenge studies; an additional 5 isolates were sequenced that were associated with human inhalational melioidosis. A core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogeny inferred from a concatenated SNP alignment from the 11 isolates sequenced in this study and a diverse global collection of isolates demonstrated the diversity of the proposed Animal Rule isolates. To understand the genomic composition of each isolate, a large-scale blast score ratio (LS-BSR) analysis was performed on the entire pan-genome; this demonstrated the variable composition of genes across the panel and also helped to identify genes unique to individual isolates. In addition, a set of ~550 genes associated with pathogenesis in B. pseudomallei were screened against the 11 sequenced genomes with LS-BSR. Differential gene distribution for 54 virulence-associated genes was observed between genomes and three of these genes were correlated with differential virulence observed in animal challenge studies using BALB/c mice. Differentially conserved genes and SNPs associated with disease severity were identified and could be the basis for future studies investigating the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei. Overall, the genetic characterization of the 11 proposed Animal Rule isolates provides context for future studies involving B. pseudomallei pathogenesis, differential virulence, and efficacy to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Sahl
- Department of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Allender
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rebecca E. Colman
- Department of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Katy J. Califf
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James M. Schupp
- Department of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Department of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina NT, Australia
| | | | - H. Carl Gelhaus
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- Department of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, and Pacific Center for Emerging Infections Diseases Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from the Western Hemisphere are difficult to differentiate from those from regions in which melioidosis is traditionally endemic. We used internal transcribed spacer typing to determine that B. pseudomallei isolates from the Western Hemisphere are consistently type G. Knowledge of this relationship might be useful for epidemiologic investigations.
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Sarovich DS, Price EP, Webb JR, Ward LM, Voutsinos MY, Tuanyok A, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Currie BJ. Variable virulence factors in Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) associated with human disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91682. [PMID: 24618705 PMCID: PMC3950250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium that causes melioidosis, a potentially life-threatening infectious disease affecting mammals, including humans. Melioidosis symptoms are both protean and diverse, ranging from mild, localized skin infections to more severe and often fatal presentations including pneumonia, septic shock with multiple internal abscesses and occasionally neurological involvement. Several ubiquitous virulence determinants in B. pseudomallei have already been discovered. However, the molecular basis for differential pathogenesis has, until now, remained elusive. Using clinical data from 556 Australian melioidosis cases spanning more than 20 years, we identified a Burkholderia mallei-like actin polymerization bimA(Bm) gene that is strongly associated with neurological disease. We also report that a filamentous hemagglutinin gene, fhaB3, is associated with positive blood cultures but is negatively correlated with localized skin lesions without sepsis. We show, for the first time, that variably present virulence factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of melioidosis. Collectively, our study provides a framework for assessing other non-ubiquitous bacterial virulence factors and their association with disease, such as candidate loci identified from large-scale microbial genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Sarovich
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Erin P. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Webb
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Linda M. Ward
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Marcos Y. Voutsinos
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawai’i, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Stone JK, Heiss C, Wang Z, Black I, Grasso SA, Koppisch AT, Azadi P, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Structural characterization of polysaccharides expressed by Burkholderia oklahomensis E0147. Carbohydr Res 2014; 386:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Price EP, Sarovich DS, Webb JR, Ginther JL, Mayo M, Cook JM, Seymour ML, Kaestli M, Theobald V, Hall CM, Busch JD, Foster JT, Keim P, Wagner DM, Tuanyok A, Pearson T, Currie BJ. Accurate and rapid identification of the Burkholderia pseudomallei near-neighbour, Burkholderia ubonensis, using real-time PCR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71647. [PMID: 23967229 PMCID: PMC3742511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia ubonensis is an environmental bacterium belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of genetically related organisms that are associated with opportunistic but generally nonfatal infections in healthy individuals. In contrast, the near-neighbour species Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a disease that can be fatal in up to 95% of cases if left untreated. B. ubonensis is frequently misidentified as B. pseudomallei from soil samples using selective culturing on Ashdown’s medium, reflecting both the shared environmental niche and morphological similarities of these species. Additionally, B. ubonensis shows potential as an important biocontrol agent in B. pseudomallei-endemic regions as certain strains possess antagonistic properties towards B. pseudomallei. Current methods for characterising B. ubonensis are laborious, time-consuming and costly, and as such this bacterium remains poorly studied. The aim of our study was to develop a rapid and inexpensive real-time PCR-based assay specific for B. ubonensis. We demonstrate that a novel B. ubonensis-specific assay, Bu550, accurately differentiates B. ubonensis from B. pseudomallei and other species that grow on selective Ashdown’s agar. We anticipate that Bu550 will catalyse research on B. ubonensis by enabling rapid identification of this organism from Ashdown’s-positive colonies that are not B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
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Stone JK, Mayo M, Grasso SA, Ginther JL, Warrington SD, Allender CJ, Doyle A, Georgia S, Kaestli M, Broomall SM, Karavis MA, Insalaco JM, Hubbard KS, McNew LA, Gibbons HS, Currie BJ, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei O-antigen serotypes in near-neighbor species. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:250. [PMID: 23126230 PMCID: PMC3541218 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis and a CDC category B select agent with no available effective vaccine. Previous immunizations in mice have utilized the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a potential vaccine target because it is known as one of the most important antigenic epitopes in B. pseudomallei. Complicating this strategy are the four different B. pseudomallei LPS O-antigen types: A, B, B2, and rough. Sero-crossreactivity is common among O-antigens of Burkholderia species. Here, we identified the presence of multiple B. pseudomallei O-antigen types and sero-crossreactivity in its near-neighbor species. Results PCR screening of O-antigen biosynthesis genes, phenotypic characterization using SDS-PAGE, and immunoblot analysis showed that majority of B. mallei and B. thailandensis strains contained the typical O-antigen type A. In contrast, most of B. ubonensis and B. thailandensis-like strains expressed the atypical O-antigen types B and B2, respectively. Most B. oklahomensis strains expressed a distinct and non-seroreactive O-antigen type, except strain E0147 which expressed O-antigen type A. O-antigen type B2 was also detected in B. thailandensis 82172, B. ubonensis MSMB108, and Burkholderia sp. MSMB175. Interestingly, B. thailandensis-like MSMB43 contained a novel serotype B positive O-antigen. Conclusions This study expands the number of species which express B. pseudomallei O-antigen types. Further work is required to elucidate the full structures and how closely these are to the B. pseudomallei O-antigens, which will ultimately determine the efficacy of the near-neighbor B serotypes for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Stone
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Van Zandt KE, Tuanyok A, Keim PS, Warren RL, Gelhaus HC. An objective approach for Burkholderia pseudomallei strain selection as challenge material for medical countermeasures efficacy testing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:120. [PMID: 23057010 PMCID: PMC3458228 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a rare disease of biodefense concern with high mortality and extreme difficulty in treatment. No human vaccines are available that protect against B. pseudomallei infection, and with the current limitations of antibiotic treatment, the development of new preventative and therapeutic interventions is crucial. Although clinical trials could be used to test the efficacy of new medical countermeasures (MCMs), the high mortality rates associated with melioidosis raises significant ethical issues concerning treating individuals with new compounds with unknown efficacies. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has formulated a set of guidelines for the licensure of new MCMs to treat diseases in which it would be unethical to test the efficacy of these drugs in humans. The FDA “Animal Rule” 21 CFR 314 calls for consistent, well-characterized B. pseudomallei strains to be used as challenge material in animal models. In order to facilitate the efficacy testing of new MCMs for melioidosis using animal models, we intend to develop a well-characterized panel of strains for use. This panel will comprise of strains that were isolated from human cases, have a low passage history, are virulent in animal models, and are well-characterized phenotypically and genotypically. We have reviewed published and unpublished data on various B. pseudomallei strains to establish an objective method for selecting the strains to be included in the panel of B. pseudomallei strains with attention to five categories: animal infection models, genetic characterization, clinical and passage history, and availability of the strain to the research community. We identified 109 strains with data in at least one of the five categories, scored each strain based on the gathered data and identified six strains as candidate for a B. pseudomallei strain panel.
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Kaestli M, Schmid M, Mayo M, Rothballer M, Harrington G, Richardson L, Hill A, Hill J, Tuanyok A, Keim P, Hartmann A, Currie BJ. Out of the ground: aerial and exotic habitats of the melioidosis bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in grasses in Australia. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:2058-70. [PMID: 22176696 PMCID: PMC3319007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals in the tropics caused by the soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite high fatality rates, the ecology of B.pseudomallei remains unclear. We used a combination of field and laboratory studies to investigate B.pseudomallei colonization of native and exotic grasses in northern Australia. Multivariable and spatial analyses were performed to determine significant predictors for B.pseudomallei occurrence in plants and soil collected longitudinally from field sites. In plant inoculation experiments, the impact of B.pseudomallei upon these grasses was studied and the bacterial load semi-quantified. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed to localize the bacteria in plants. Burkholderia pseudomallei was found to inhabit not only the rhizosphere and roots but also aerial parts of specific grasses. This raises questions about the potential spread of B.pseudomallei by grazing animals whose droppings were found to be positive for these bacteria. In particular, B.pseudomallei readily colonized exotic grasses introduced to Australia for pasture. The ongoing spread of these introduced grasses creates new habitats suitable for B.pseudomallei survival and may be an important factor in the evolving epidemiology of melioidosis seen both in northern Australia and elsewhere globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kaestli
- Tropical & Emerging Infectious Diseases Division, Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia.
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Price EP, Dale JL, Cook JM, Sarovich DS, Seymour ML, Ginther JL, Kaufman EL, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Glass MB, Gee JE, Wuthiekanun V, Warner JM, Baker A, Foster JT, Tan P, Tuanyok A, Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Wagner DM, Keim P, Pearson T. Development and validation of Burkholderia pseudomallei-specific real-time PCR assays for clinical, environmental or forensic detection applications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37723. [PMID: 22624061 PMCID: PMC3356290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a rare but serious illness that can be fatal if untreated or misdiagnosed. Species-specific PCR assays provide a technically simple method for differentiating B. pseudomallei from near-neighbor species. However, substantial genetic diversity and high levels of recombination within this species reduce the likelihood that molecular signatures will differentiate all B. pseudomallei from other Burkholderiaceae. Currently available molecular assays for B. pseudomallei detection lack rigorous validation across large in silico datasets and isolate collections to test for specificity, and none have been subjected to stringent quality control criteria (accuracy, precision, selectivity, limit of quantitation (LoQ), limit of detection (LoD), linearity, ruggedness and robustness) to determine their suitability for environmental, clinical or forensic investigations. In this study, we developed two novel B. pseudomallei specific assays, 122018 and 266152, using a dual-probe approach to differentiate B. pseudomallei from B. thailandensis, B. oklahomensis and B. thailandensis-like species; other species failed to amplify. Species specificity was validated across a large DNA panel (>2,300 samples) comprising Burkholderia spp. and non-Burkholderia bacterial and fungal species of clinical and environmental relevance. Comparison of assay specificity to two previously published B. pseudomallei-specific assays, BurkDiff and TTS1, demonstrated comparable performance of all assays, providing between 99.7 and 100% specificity against our isolate panel. Last, we subjected 122018 and 266152 to rigorous quality control analyses, thus providing quantitative limits of assay performance. Using B. pseudomallei as a model, our study provides a framework for comprehensive quantitative validation of molecular assays and provides additional, highly validated B. pseudomallei assays for the scientific research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P. Price
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Julia L. Dale
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James M. Cook
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Derek S. Sarovich
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Meagan L. Seymour
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Ginther
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Kaufman
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beckstrom-Sternberg
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mindy B. Glass
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jay E. Gee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey M. Warner
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony Baker
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David M. Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Talima Pearson
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nikolakakis K, Amber S, Wilbur JS, Diner EJ, Aoki SK, Poole SJ, Tuanyok A, Keim PS, Peacock S, Hayes CS, Low DA. The toxin/immunity network of Burkholderia pseudomallei contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems. Mol Microbiol 2012; 84:516-29. [PMID: 22435733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a category B pathogen and the causative agent of melioidosis--a serious infectious disease that is typically acquired directly from environmental reservoirs. Nearly all B. pseudomallei strains sequenced to date (> 85 isolates) contain gene clusters that are related to the contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems of γ-proteobacteria. CDI systems from Escherichia coli and Dickeya dadantii play significant roles in bacterial competition, suggesting these systems may also contribute to the competitive fitness of B. pseudomallei. Here, we identify 10 distinct CDI systems in B. pseudomallei based on polymorphisms within the cdiA-CT/cdiI coding regions, which are predicted to encode CdiA-CT/CdiI toxin/immunity protein pairs. Biochemical analysis of three B. pseudomallei CdiA-CTs revealed that each protein possesses a distinct tRNase activity capable of inhibiting cell growth. These toxin activities are blocked by cognate CdiI immunity proteins, which specifically bind the CdiA-CT and protect cells from growth inhibition. Using Burkholderia thailandensis E264 as a model, we show that a CDI system from B. pseudomallei 1026b mediates CDI and is capable of delivering CdiA-CT toxins derived from other B. pseudomallei strains. These results demonstrate that Burkholderia species contain functional CDI systems, which may confer a competitive advantage to these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel Nikolakakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Sarovich DS, Price EP, Von Schulze AT, Cook JM, Mayo M, Watson LM, Richardson L, Seymour ML, Tuanyok A, Engelthaler DM, Pearson T, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Keim P, Wagner DM. Characterization of ceftazidime resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Australia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30789. [PMID: 22363490 PMCID: PMC3283585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes the serious human disease, melioidosis. There is no vaccine against melioidosis and it can be fatal if not treated with a specific antibiotic regimen, which typically includes the third-generation cephalosporin, ceftazidime (CAZ). There have been several resistance mechanisms described for B. pseudomallei, of which the best described are amino acid changes that alter substrate specificity in the highly conserved class A β-lactamase, PenA. In the current study, we sequenced penA from isolates sequentially derived from two melioidosis patients with wild-type (1.5 µg/mL) and, subsequently, resistant (16 or ≥256 µg/mL) CAZ phenotypes. We identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that directly increased CAZ hydrolysis. One SNP caused an amino acid substitution (C69Y) near the active site of PenA, whereas a second novel SNP was found within the penA promoter region. In both instances, the CAZ resistance phenotype corresponded directly with the SNP genotype. Interestingly, these SNPs appeared after infection and under selection from CAZ chemotherapy. Through heterologous cloning and expression, and subsequent allelic exchange in the native bacterium, we confirmed the role of penA in generating both low-level and high-level CAZ resistance in these clinical isolates. Similar to previous studies, the amino acid substitution altered substrate specificity to other β-lactams, suggesting a potential fitness cost associated with this mutation, a finding that could be exploited to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients harboring CAZ resistant B. pseudomallei. Our study is the first to functionally characterize CAZ resistance in clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei and to provide proven and clinically relevant signatures for monitoring the development of antibiotic resistance in this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Sarovich
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erin P. Price
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alex T. Von Schulze
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James M. Cook
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Lindsey M. Watson
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Leisha Richardson
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Meagan L. Seymour
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Engelthaler
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Talima Pearson
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stewart T, Engelthaler DM, Blaney DD, Tuanyok A, Wangsness E, Smith TL, Pearson T, Komatsu KK, Keim P, Currie BJ, Levy C, Sunenshine R. Epidemiology and investigation of melioidosis, Southern Arizona. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1286-8. [PMID: 21762589 PMCID: PMC3381374 DOI: 10.3201/eid1707.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a bacterium endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, but it has not been found to occur endemically in the United States. We report an ostensibly autochthonous case of melioidosis in the United States. Despite an extensive investigation, the source of exposure was not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Stewart
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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44
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Tuanyok A, Stone JK, Mayo M, Kaestli M, Gruendike J, Georgia S, Warrington S, Mullins T, Allender CJ, Wagner DM, Chantratita N, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Keim P. The genetic and molecular basis of O-antigenic diversity in Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1453. [PMID: 22235357 PMCID: PMC3250505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the most important virulence and antigenic components of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. LPS diversity in B. pseudomallei has been described as typical, atypical or rough, based upon banding patterns on SDS-PAGE. Here, we studied the genetic and molecular basis of these phenotypic differences. Bioinformatics was used to determine the diversity of genes known or predicted to be involved in biosynthesis of the O-antigenic moiety of LPS in B. pseudomallei and its near-relative species. Multiplex-PCR assays were developed to target diversity of the O-antigen biosynthesis gene patterns or LPS genotypes in B. pseudomallei populations. We found that the typical LPS genotype (LPS genotype A) was highly prevalent in strains from Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia, whereas the atypical LPS genotype (LPS genotype B) was most often detected in Australian strains (~13.8%). In addition, we report a novel LPS ladder pattern, a derivative of the atypical LPS phenotype, associated with an uncommon O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster that is found in only a small B. pseudomallei sub-population. This new LPS group was designated as genotype B2. We also report natural mutations in the O-antigen biosynthesis genes that potentially cause the rough LPS phenotype. We postulate that the diversity of LPS may correlate with differential immunopathogenicity and virulence among B. pseudomallei strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
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Liguori AP, Warrington SD, Ginther JL, Pearson T, Bowers J, Glass MB, Mayo M, Wuthiekanun V, Engelthaler D, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Wagner DM, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Diversity of 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) reveals phylogenetic relationships in Burkholderia pseudomallei and its near-neighbors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29323. [PMID: 22195045 PMCID: PMC3237603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Length polymorphisms within the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) have been described as stable genetic markers for studying bacterial phylogenetics. In this study, we used these genetic markers to investigate phylogenetic relationships in Burkholderia pseudomallei and its near-relative species. B. pseudomallei is known as one of the most genetically recombined bacterial species. In silico analysis of multiple B. pseudomallei genomes revealed approximately four homologous rRNA operons and ITS length polymorphisms therein. We characterized ITS distribution using PCR and analyzed via a high-throughput capillary electrophoresis in 1,191 B. pseudomallei strains. Three major ITS types were identified, two of which were commonly found in most B. pseudomallei strains from the endemic areas, whereas the third one was significantly correlated with worldwide sporadic strains. Interestingly, mixtures of the two common ITS types were observed within the same strains, and at a greater incidence in Thailand than Australia suggesting that genetic recombination causes the ITS variation within species, with greater recombination frequency in Thailand. In addition, the B. mallei ITS type was common to B. pseudomallei, providing further support that B. mallei is a clone of B. pseudomallei. Other B. pseudomallei near-neighbors possessed unique and monomorphic ITS types. Our data shed light on evolutionary patterns of B. pseudomallei and its near relative species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Liguori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephanie D. Warrington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Ginther
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Talima Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jolene Bowers
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mindy B. Glass
- Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - David Engelthaler
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, The Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Bart J. Currie
- Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David M. Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dale J, Price EP, Hornstra H, Busch JD, Mayo M, Godoy D, Wuthiekanun V, Baker A, Foster JT, Wagner DM, Tuanyok A, Warner J, Spratt BG, Peacock SJ, Currie BJ, Keim P, Pearson T. Epidemiological tracking and population assignment of the non-clonal bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1381. [PMID: 22180792 PMCID: PMC3236730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid assignment of bacterial pathogens into predefined populations is an important first step for epidemiological tracking. For clonal species, a single allele can theoretically define a population. For non-clonal species such as Burkholderia pseudomallei, however, shared allelic states between distantly related isolates make it more difficult to identify population defining characteristics. Two distinct B. pseudomallei populations have been previously identified using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). These populations correlate with the major foci of endemicity (Australia and Southeast Asia). Here, we use multiple Bayesian approaches to evaluate the compositional robustness of these populations, and provide assignment results for MLST sequence types (STs). Our goal was to provide a reference for assigning STs to an established population without the need for further computational analyses. We also provide allele frequency results for each population to enable estimation of population assignment even when novel STs are discovered. The ability for humans and potentially contaminated goods to move rapidly across the globe complicates the task of identifying the source of an infection or outbreak. Population genetic dynamics of B. pseudomallei are particularly complicated relative to other bacterial pathogens, but the work here provides the ability for broad scale population assignment. As there is currently no independent empirical measure of successful population assignment, we provide comprehensive analytical details of our comparisons to enable the reader to evaluate the robustness of population designations and assignments as they pertain to individual research questions. Finer scale subdivision and verification of current population compositions will likely be possible with genotyping data that more comprehensively samples the genome. The approach used here may be valuable for other non-clonal pathogens that lack simple group-defining genetic characteristics and provides a rapid reference for epidemiologists wishing to track the origin of infection without the need to compile population data and learn population assignment algorithms. Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil-dwelling bacterium that can infect a large range of hosts. In humans, B. pseudomallei causes melioidosis, and typical routes of entry include open wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Clinical features are diverse, although pneumonia and abscess formation are common. High rates of recombination within the genome of this bacterium have confounded attempts to match clinical samples to geographically defined populations. Here we provide a reference that simplifies source attribution issues. We applied population assignment software to previously generated sequence data from seven B. pseudomallei genes to define the major geographic populations within this species. We evaluated the robustness of our results by comparison with two additional population assignment programs. We present the likelihood that each variant is assigned to a particular geographic population. This information can be used to assign novel B. pseudomallei isolates to a geographic population without needing to learn and run cumbersome population assignment applications. This method can also be used for other bacteria that are difficult to source-attribute due to high levels of genomic variation and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dale
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erin P. Price
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Busch
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mark Mayo
- Menzies School of Health Research and Northern Territory Clinical School, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Daniel Godoy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anthony Baker
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Foster
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Warner
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian G. Spratt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Northern Territory Clinical School, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pathogen Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Talima Pearson
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Richardson LJ, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Bowers JR, Tuanyok A, Schupp J, Engelthaler D, Wagner DM, Keim PS, Currie BJ. Towards a rapid molecular diagnostic for melioidosis: Comparison of DNA extraction methods from clinical specimens. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 88:179-81. [PMID: 22108495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimising DNA extraction from clinical samples for Burkholderia pseudomallei Type III secretion system real-time PCR in suspected melioidosis patients confirmed that urine and sputum are useful diagnostic samples. Direct testing on blood remains problematic; testing DNA extracted from plasma was superior to DNA from whole blood or buffy coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha J Richardson
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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48
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Engelthaler DM, Bowers J, Schupp JA, Pearson T, Ginther J, Hornstra HM, Dale J, Stewart T, Sunenshine R, Waddell V, Levy C, Gillece J, Price LB, Contente T, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, Blaney DD, Wagner DM, Mayo M, Currie BJ, Keim P, Tuanyok A. Molecular investigations of a locally acquired case of melioidosis in Southern AZ, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1347. [PMID: 22028940 PMCID: PMC3196475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative bacillus, primarily found in soils in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. A recent case of melioidosis in non-endemic Arizona was determined to be the result of locally acquired infection, as the patient had no travel history to endemic regions and no previous history of disease. Diagnosis of the case was confirmed through multiple microbiologic and molecular techniques. To enhance the epidemiological analysis, we conducted several molecular genotyping procedures, including multi-locus sequence typing, SNP-profiling, and whole genome sequence typing. Each technique has different molecular epidemiologic advantages, all of which provided evidence that the infecting strain was most similar to those found in Southeast Asia, possibly originating in, or around, Malaysia. Advancements in new typing technologies provide genotyping resolution not previously available to public health investigators, allowing for more accurate source identification. Melioidosis is a bacterial disease caused by percutaneous inoculation, aspiration or ingestion of the soil bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis is primarily found in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, and, to a lesser degree, nearby regions. A recent case of melioidosis in Southwestern United States (Southern Arizona) prompted a detailed epidemiological and molecular investigation to discover the source of infection. The authors describe the use of multiple genomic analysis tools to aid in this investigation. The results of these analyses uniformly identified Southeast Asia as the source of the strain that infected the patient, however the epidemiological investigation had determined the patient had no international travel or known exposures to Southeast Asian products. New cutting edge technologies, such as next generation sequencing, are quickly being adapted into epidemiologic investigations, particularly for cases and outbreaks of unknown origin, although older, mature technologies with larger existing databases will still be needed for appropriate comparative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Engelthaler
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America.
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49
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Mukhopadhyay C, Kaestli M, Vandana KE, Sushma K, Mayo M, Richardson L, Tuanyok A, Keim P, Godoy D, Spratt BG, Currie BJ. Molecular characterization of clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:121-3. [PMID: 21734136 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilocus sequence typing of seven isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from India showed considerable diversity, with six different sequence types. Possible dissemination of melioidosis by historical trading routes is supported by links to strains from Southeast Asia, China, and Africa and the presence of the Burkholderia mallei allele of the bimA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
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50
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Reckseidler-Zenteno SL, Viteri DF, Moore R, Wong E, Tuanyok A, Woods DE. Characterization of the type III capsular polysaccharide produced by Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1403-1414. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.022202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei has been shown to produce more than one capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Analysis of the B. pseudomallei genome has revealed that the organism contains four CPS operons (I–IV). One of these operons (CPS III) was selected for further study. Comparative sequencing analysis revealed that the genes encoding CPS III are present in B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis but not in Burkholderia mallei. In this study, CPS III was not found to contribute to the virulence of B. pseudomallei. Strains containing mutations in CPS III had the same LD50 value as the wild-type when tested in an animal infection model. Production of CPS III was shown to be induced in water but inhibited in 30 % normal human serum using a lux reporter fusion assay. Microarray analysis of capsule gene expression in infected hamsters revealed that the genes encoding CPS III were not significantly expressed in vivo compared with the genes encoding the previously characterized mannoheptose capsule (CPS I), which is an important virulence factor in B. pseudomallei. Glycosyl-composition analysis by combined GC/MS indicated that the CPS III genes are involved in the synthesis of a capsule composed of galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L. Reckseidler-Zenteno
- Centre for Science, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 9Z9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Duber-Frey Viteri
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Richard Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Erica Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Donald E. Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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