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Chi L, Liu C, Gribonika I, Gschwend J, Corral D, Han SJ, Lim AI, Rivera CA, Link VM, Wells AC, Bouladoux N, Collins N, Lima-Junior DS, Enamorado M, Rehermann B, Laffont S, Guéry JC, Tussiwand R, Schneider C, Belkaid Y. Sexual dimorphism in skin immunity is mediated by an androgen-ILC2-dendritic cell axis. Science 2024; 384:eadk6200. [PMID: 38574174 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Males and females exhibit profound differences in immune responses and disease susceptibility. However, the factors responsible for sex differences in tissue immunity remain poorly understood. Here, we uncovered a dominant role for type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in shaping sexual immune dimorphism within the skin. Mechanistically, negative regulation of ILC2s by androgens leads to a reduction in dendritic cell accumulation and activation in males, along with reduced tissue immunity. Collectively, our results reveal a role for the androgen-ILC2-dendritic cell axis in controlling sexual immune dimorphism. Moreover, this work proposes that tissue immune set points are defined by the dual action of sex hormones and the microbiota, with sex hormones controlling the strength of local immunity and microbiota calibrating its tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Inta Gribonika
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julia Gschwend
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dan Corral
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandria C Wells
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Djalma S Lima-Junior
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michel Enamorado
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie Laffont
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nishio A, Hasan S, Park H, Park N, Salas JH, Salinas E, Kardava L, Juneau P, Frumento N, Massaccesi G, Moir S, Bailey JR, Grakoui A, Ghany MG, Rehermann B. Serum neutralization activity declines but memory B cells persist after cure of chronic hepatitis C. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5446. [PMID: 36114169 PMCID: PMC9481596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections underscores the need for an effective vaccine. Successful vaccines to other viruses generally depend on a long-lasting humoral response. However, data on the half-life of HCV-specific responses are lacking. Here we study archived sera and mononuclear cells that were prospectively collected up to 18 years after cure of chronic HCV infection to determine the role of HCV antigen in maintaining neutralizing antibody and B cell responses. We show that HCV-neutralizing activity decreases rapidly in potency and breadth after curative treatment. In contrast, HCV-specific memory B cells persist, and display a restored resting phenotype, normalized chemokine receptor expression and preserved ability to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. The short half-life of HCV-neutralizing activity is consistent with a lack of long-lived plasma cells. The persistence of HCV-specific memory B cells and the reduced inflammation after cure provide an opportunity for vaccination to induce protective immunity against re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sharika Hasan
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nana Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jordan H Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eduardo Salinas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Paul Juneau
- Division of Data Services, NIH Library, Office of Research Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Contractor- Zimmerman Associates, Inc, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Nicole Frumento
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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3
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Lai CW, Nishio A, Hasan S, Kefalakes H, Rehermann B, Ghany MG. Spontaneous Clearance of Drug-Resistant Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Hepatology 2021; 74:3552-3553. [PMID: 34662444 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei W Lai
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sharika Hasan
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Helenie Kefalakes
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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Kefalakes H, Horgan XJ, Jung MK, Amanakis G, Kapuria D, Bolte FJ, Kleiner DE, Koh C, Heller T, Rehermann B. Liver-Resident Bystander CD8 + T Cells Contribute to Liver Disease Pathogenesis in Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1567-1583.e9. [PMID: 34302839 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of chronic hepatitis, often progressing to cirrhosis within 5 to 10 years. There is no curative treatment, and the mechanisms underlying the accelerated liver disease progression are unknown. METHODS Innate and adaptive immune responses were studied in blood and liver of 24 patients infected with HDV and 30 uninfected controls by multiparameter flow cytometry in correlation with disease severity and stage. RESULTS The 2 main intrahepatic innate immune-cell populations, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, were reduced in the livers of patients infected with HDV compared with those of uninfected controls but were more frequently activated in the liver compared with the blood. Most intrahepatic cluster of differentiation (CD) 8-positive (CD8+) T cells were memory cells or terminal effector memory cells, and most of the activated and degranulating (CD107a+) HDV-specific and total CD8+ T cells were liver-resident (CD69+C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6+). Unsupervised analysis of flow cytometry data identified an activated, memory-like, tissue-resident HDV-specific CD8+ T-cell cluster with expression of innate-like NK protein 30 (NKp30) and NK group 2D (NKG2D) receptors. The size of this population correlated with liver enzyme activity (r = 1.0). NKp30 and NKG2D expression extended beyond the HDV-specific to the total intrahepatic CD8+ T-cell population, suggesting global bystander activation. This was supported by the correlations between (i) NKG2D expression with degranulation of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells, (ii) frequency of degranulating CD8+ T cells with liver enzyme activity and the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index score, and by the in vitro demonstration of cytokine-induced NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Antigen-nonspecific activation of liver-resident CD8+ T cells may contribute to inflammation and disease stage in HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helenie Kefalakes
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xylia J Horgan
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min Kyung Jung
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Georgios Amanakis
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Devika Kapuria
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fabian J Bolte
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher Koh
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Theo Heller
- Translational Hepatology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Oh JH, Rehermann B. Natural versus Laboratory World: Incorporating Wild-Derived Microbiota into Preclinical Rodent Models. J Immunol 2021; 207:1703-1709. [PMID: 34544812 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in data collection (high-throughput shotgun metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics) and analysis (bioinformatics and multiomics) led to the realization that all mammals are metaorganisms, shaped not only by their own genome but also by the genomes of the microbes that colonize them. To date, most studies have focused on the bacterial microbiome, whereas curated databases for viruses, fungi, and protozoa are still evolving. Studies on the interdependency of microbial kingdoms and their combined effects on host physiology are just starting. Although it is clear that past and present exposure to commensals and pathogens profoundly affect human physiology, such exposure is lacking in standard preclinical models such as laboratory mice. Laboratory mouse colonies are repeatedly rederived in germ-free status and subjected to restrictive, pathogen-free housing conditions. This review summarizes efforts to bring the wild microbiome into the laboratory setting to improve preclinical models and their translational research value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Oh
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
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6
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Hild B, Dreier MS, Oh JH, McCulloch JA, Badger JH, Guo J, Thefaine CE, Umarova R, Hall KD, Gavrilova O, Rosshart SP, Trinchieri G, Rehermann B. Neonatal exposure to a wild-derived microbiome protects mice against diet-induced obesity. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1042-1057. [PMID: 34417593 PMCID: PMC9969744 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its consequences are among the greatest challenges in healthcare. The gut microbiome is recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of obesity. Using a mouse model, we show here that a wild-derived microbiome protects against excessive weight gain, severe fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome during a 10-week course of high-fat diet. This phenotype is transferable only during the first weeks of life. In adult mice, neither transfer nor severe disturbance of the wild-type microbiome modifies the metabolic response to a high-fat diet. The protective phenotype is associated with increased secretion of metabolic hormones and increased energy expenditure through activation of brown adipose tissue. Thus, we identify a microbiome that protects against weight gain and its negative consequences through metabolic programming in early life. Translation of these results to humans may identify early-life therapeutics that protect against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hild
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthew S Dreier
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juen Guo
- Integrative Physiology Section, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire E Thefaine
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina Umarova
- Liver Diseases Virology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Integrative Physiology Section, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Translational Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Nishio A, Bolte FJ, Takeda K, Park N, Yu ZX, Park H, Valdez K, Ghany MG, Rehermann B. Clearance of pegylated interferon by Kupffer cells limits NK cell activation and therapy response of patients with HBV infection. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/587/eaba6322. [PMID: 33790025 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α), where IFN-α is attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG), is an approved treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a disease that causes liver-related morbidity and mortality in 257 million people worldwide. It is unknown why only a minority of patients respond to PEG-IFN-α. Using sequential blood samples and liver biopsies of patients with chronic HBV infection before, during, and after PEG-IFN-α treatment, we find that patients with early natural killer (NK) cell activation after PEG-IFN-α injection experienced greater liver inflammation, lysis of HBV-infected hepatocytes, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decline than those without. NK cell activation was associated with induction of interferon-stimulated genes and determined by PEG-IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Patients with delayed increases in PEG-IFN-α concentrations had greater amounts of PEG-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) immune complexes in the blood and more PEG and IgM detected in the liver than patients with rapid increase in PEG-IFN-α concentration. This was associated with reduced NK cell activation. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory functions of PEG-IFN-α, particularly activation of NK cells, play a pivotal role in the response to treatment and further demonstrate that these functions are affected by PEG-IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Accelerated clearance of antibody-complexed pegylated drugs by Kupffer cells may be important beyond the field of HBV therapeutics. Thus, these findings may contribute to improving the efficacy of pegylated drugs that are now being developed for other chronic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabian J Bolte
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nana Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin Valdez
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Stacy A, Andrade-Oliveira V, McCulloch JA, Hild B, Oh JH, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Sim CK, Lim AI, Link VM, Enamorado M, Trinchieri G, Segre JA, Rehermann B, Belkaid Y. Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. Cell 2021; 184:615-627.e17. [PMID: 33453153 PMCID: PMC8786454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota shields the host against infections in a process known as colonization resistance. How infections themselves shape this fundamental process remains largely unknown. Here, we show that gut microbiota from previously infected hosts display enhanced resistance to infection. This long-term functional remodeling is associated with altered bile acid metabolism leading to the expansion of taxa that utilize the sulfonic acid taurine. Notably, supplying exogenous taurine alone is sufficient to induce this alteration in microbiota function and enhance resistance. Mechanistically, taurine potentiates the microbiota's production of sulfide, an inhibitor of cellular respiration, which is key to host invasion by numerous pathogens. As such, pharmaceutical sequestration of sulfide perturbs the microbiota's composition and promotes pathogen invasion. Together, this work reveals a process by which the host, triggered by infection, can deploy taurine as a nutrient to nourish and train the microbiota, promoting its resistance to subsequent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollo Stacy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Juliana Perez-Chaparro
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Choon K Sim
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michel Enamorado
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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9
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Tisza MJ, Pastrana DV, Welch NL, Stewart B, Peretti A, Starrett GJ, Pang YYS, Krishnamurthy SR, Pesavento PA, McDermott DH, Murphy PM, Whited JL, Miller B, Brenchley J, Rosshart SP, Rehermann B, Doorbar J, Ta'ala BA, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Resnick SM, Bolduc B, Sullivan MB, Varsani A, Segall AM, Buck CB. Discovery of several thousand highly diverse circular DNA viruses. eLife 2020; 9:51971. [PMID: 32014111 PMCID: PMC7000223 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although millions of distinct virus species likely exist, only approximately 9000 are catalogued in GenBank's RefSeq database. We selectively enriched for the genomes of circular DNA viruses in over 70 animal samples, ranging from nematodes to human tissue specimens. A bioinformatics pipeline, Cenote-Taker, was developed to automatically annotate over 2500 complete genomes in a GenBank-compliant format. The new genomes belong to dozens of established and emerging viral families. Some appear to be the result of previously undescribed recombination events between ssDNA and ssRNA viruses. In addition, hundreds of circular DNA elements that do not encode any discernable similarities to previously characterized sequences were identified. To characterize these ‘dark matter’ sequences, we used an artificial neural network to identify candidate viral capsid proteins, several of which formed virus-like particles when expressed in culture. These data further the understanding of viral sequence diversity and allow for high throughput documentation of the virosphere. When scientists hunt for new DNA sequences, sometimes they get a lot more than they bargained for. Such is the case in metagenomic surveys, which analyze not just DNA of a particular organism, but all the DNA in an environment at large. A vexing problem with these surveys is the overwhelming number of DNA sequences detected that are so different from any known microbe that they cannot be classified using traditional approaches. However, some of these “known unknowns” are undoubtedly viral sequences, because only a fraction of the enormous diversity of viruses has been characterized. This “viral dark matter” is a major obstacle for those studying viruses. This led Tisza et al. to attempt to classify some of the unknown viral sequences in their metagenomic surveys. The search, which specifically focused on viruses with circular DNA genomes, detected over 2,500 circular viral genomes. Intensive analysis revealed that many of these genomes had similar makeup to previously discovered viruses, but hundreds of them were totally different from any known virus, based on typical methods of comparison. Computational analysis of genes that were conserved among some of these brand-new circular sequences often revealed virus-like features. Experiments on a few of these genes showed that they encoded proteins capable of forming particles reminiscent of characteristic viral shells, implying that these new sequences are indeed viruses. Tisza et al. have added the 2,500 newly characterized viral sequences to the publicly accessible GenBank database, and the sequences are being considered for the more authoritative RefSeq database, which currently contains around 9,000 complete viral genomes. The expanded databases will hopefully now better equip scientists to explore the enormous diversity of viruses and help medics and veterinarians to detect disease-causing viruses in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tisza
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Diana V Pastrana
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nicole L Welch
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Brittany Stewart
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alberto Peretti
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yuk-Ying S Pang
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Siddharth R Krishnamurthy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - David H McDermott
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jessica L Whited
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Bess Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jason Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Cambridge, United States
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ben Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Civil Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center of Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States.,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Anca M Segall
- Viral Information Institute and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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10
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Sorkin BC, Kuszak AJ, Bloss G, Fukagawa NK, Hoffman FA, Jafari M, Barrett B, Brown PN, Bushman FD, Casper S, Chilton FH, Coffey CS, Ferruzzi MG, Hopp DC, Kiely M, Lakens D, MacMillan JB, Meltzer DO, Pahor M, Paul J, Pritchett-Corning K, Quinney SK, Rehermann B, Setchell KD, Sipes NS, Stephens JM, Taylor DL, Tiriac H, Walters MA, Xi D, Zappalá G, Pauli GF. Improving natural product research translation: From source to clinical trial. FASEB J 2020; 34:41-65. [PMID: 31914647 PMCID: PMC7470648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While great interest in health effects of natural product (NP) including dietary supplements and foods persists, promising preclinical NP research is not consistently translating into actionable clinical trial (CT) outcomes. Generally considered the gold standard for assessing safety and efficacy, CTs, especially phase III CTs, are costly and require rigorous planning to optimize the value of the information obtained. More effective bridging from NP research to CT was the goal of a September, 2018 transdisciplinary workshop. Participants emphasized that replicability and likelihood of successful translation depend on rigor in experimental design, interpretation, and reporting across the continuum of NP research. Discussions spanned good practices for NP characterization and quality control; use and interpretation of models (computational through in vivo) with strong clinical predictive validity; controls for experimental artefacts, especially for in vitro interrogation of bioactivity and mechanisms of action; rigorous assessment and interpretation of prior research; transparency in all reporting; and prioritization of research questions. Natural product clinical trials prioritized based on rigorous, convergent supporting data and current public health needs are most likely to be informative and ultimately affect public health. Thoughtful, coordinated implementation of these practices should enhance the knowledge gained from future NP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Adam J. Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Gregory Bloss
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula N. Brown
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Steven Casper
- Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Hyattsville, MD, US
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, US
| | | | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, US
| | - D. Craig Hopp
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Lakens
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Paul
- Drexel Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Evanston, IL, US
| | | | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | | - Nisha S. Sipes
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | | | | | - Hervé Tiriac
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US]
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US
| | - Dan Xi
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Shady Grove, MD, US
| | | | - Guido F. Pauli
- CENAPT and PCRPS, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, US
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11
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Abstract
Integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, Lercher et al. show in a mouse model of LCMV infection that type I interferon alters the expression and function of key enzymes of the urea cycle in hepatocytes. This results in altered systemic metabolism, attenuating antiviral T cell responses and ameliorating liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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12
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Rosshart SP, Herz J, Vassallo BG, Hunter A, Wall MK, Badger JH, McCulloch JA, Anastasakis DG, Sarshad AA, Leonardi I, Collins N, Blatter JA, Han SJ, Tamoutounour S, Potapova S, Foster St Claire MB, Yuan W, Sen SK, Dreier MS, Hild B, Hafner M, Wang D, Iliev ID, Belkaid Y, Trinchieri G, Rehermann B. Laboratory mice born to wild mice have natural microbiota and model human immune responses. Science 2019; 365:365/6452/eaaw4361. [PMID: 31371577 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mouse studies are paramount for understanding basic biological phenomena but also have limitations. These include conflicting results caused by divergent microbiota and limited translational research value. To address both shortcomings, we transferred C57BL/6 embryos into wild mice, creating "wildlings." These mice have a natural microbiota and pathogens at all body sites and the tractable genetics of C57BL/6 mice. The bacterial microbiome, mycobiome, and virome of wildlings affect the immune landscape of multiple organs. Their gut microbiota outcompete laboratory microbiota and demonstrate resilience to environmental challenges. Wildlings, but not conventional laboratory mice, phenocopied human immune responses in two preclinical studies. A combined natural microbiota- and pathogen-based model may enhance the reproducibility of biomedical studies and increase the bench-to-bedside safety and success of immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brian G Vassallo
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashli Hunter
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Morgan K Wall
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dimitrios G Anastasakis
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aishe A Sarshad
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A Blatter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Svetlana Potapova
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark B Foster St Claire
- Laboratory of Animal Sciences Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wuxing Yuan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Microbiome and Genetics Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shurjo K Sen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Microbiome and Genetics Core, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew S Dreier
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Markus Hafner
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Kefalakes H, Rehermann B. Inflammation drives an altered phenotype of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis D virus infection. J Hepatol 2019; 71:237-239. [PMID: 31221499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helenie Kefalakes
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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14
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Kefalakes H, Koh C, Sidney J, Amanakis G, Sette A, Heller T, Rehermann B. Hepatitis D Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells Have a Memory-Like Phenotype Associated With Viral Immune Escape in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1805-1819.e9. [PMID: 30664876 PMCID: PMC7367679 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Hepatitis D virus (HDV) superinfection of patients with chronic HBV infection results in rapid progression to liver cirrhosis. Little is known about HDV-specific T cells and how they contribute to the antiviral immune response and liver disease pathogenesis. METHODS We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 patients with chronic HDV and HBV infection, identified HDV-specific CD8+ T-cell epitopes, and characterized HDV-specific CD8+ T cells. We associated these with HDV sequence variations and clinical features of patients. RESULTS We identified 6 CD8+ T-cell epitopes; several were restricted by multiple HLA class I alleles. HDV-specific CD8+ T cells were as frequent as HBV-specific CD8+ T cells but were less frequent than T cells with specificity for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or influenza virus. The ex vivo frequency of activated HDV-specific CD8+ T cells correlated with transaminase activity. CD8+ T-cell production of interferon gamma after stimulation with HDV peptides correlated inversely with HDV titer. HDV-specific CD8+ T cells did not express the terminal differentiation marker CD57, and fewer HDV-specific than Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8+ T cells were 2B4+CD160+PD1+, a characteristic of exhausted cells. Approximately half of the HDV-specific CD8+ T cells had a memory-like PD1+CD127+TCF1hiT-betlow phenotype, which associated with HDV sequence variants with reduced HLA binding and reduced T-cell activation. CONCLUSIONS CD8+ T cells isolated from patients with chronic HDV and HBV infection recognize HDV epitopes presented by multiple HLA molecules. The subset of activated HDV-specific CD8+ T cells targets conserved epitopes and likely contributes to disease progression. The subset of memory-like HDV-specific CD8+ T cells is functional but unable to clear HDV because of the presence of escape variants. ClinicalTrials.gov, Numbers: NCT02511431, NCT00023322, NCT01495585, and NCT00001971. GenBank accession, Number: MK333199-333226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helenie Kefalakes
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA (HK, visiting fellow; BR; senior investigator)
| | - Christopher Koh
- Translational Hepatology Section, Liver Diseases Branch,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA (CK, staff clinician; TH, senior
investigator)
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute of Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA (JS,
Scientific Associate; AS, Center Head and Division Head)
| | - Georgios Amanakis
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Cardiovascular Branch,
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS,
Bethesda, MD, USA (GA, visiting fellow)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute of Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA (JS,
Scientific Associate; AS, Center Head and Division Head)
| | - Theo Heller
- Translational Hepatology Section, Liver Diseases Branch,
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA (CK, staff clinician; TH, senior
investigator)
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
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15
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Rehermann B, Thimme R. Insights From Antiviral Therapy Into Immune Responses to Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:369-383. [PMID: 30267712 PMCID: PMC6340757 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are 257 million persons worldwide with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a leading causes of liver cancer. Almost all adults with acute HBV infection have a rapid immune response to the virus, resulting in life-long immunity, but there is no cure for individuals with chronic HBV infection, which they acquire during early life. The mechanisms that drive the progression of HBV through distinct clinical phases to end-stage liver disease are poorly understood. Likewise, it is not clear whether and how immune responses can be modulated to allow control and/or clearance of intrahepatic HBV DNA. We review the innate and adaptive immune responses to acute and chronic HBV infections and responses to antiviral therapy. Comparisons with hepatitis C virus infection provide insights into the reversibility of innate inflammatory responses and the potential for successful therapy to recover virus-specific memory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Robert Thimme
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Alao H, Cam M, Keembiyehetty C, Zhang F, Serti E, Suarez D, Park H, Fourie NH, Wright EC, Henderson WA, Li Q, Liang TJ, Rehermann B, Ghany MG. Baseline Intrahepatic and Peripheral Innate Immunity are Associated with Hepatitis C Virus Clearance During Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Hepatology 2018; 68:2078-2088. [PMID: 29704252 PMCID: PMC6204120 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and downstream innate immune responses. This study investigated whether baseline and on-treatment differences in these responses predict response versus virological breakthrough during therapy with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Thirteen HCV genotype 1b-infected patients who had previously failed a course of pegylated IFN/ribavirin were retreated with asunaprevir/daclatasvir for 24 weeks. After pretreatment biopsy, patients were randomized to undergo a second biopsy at week 2 or 4 on therapy. Microarray and NanoString analyses were performed on paired liver biopsies and analyzed using linear mixed models. As biomarkers for peripheral IFN responses, peripheral blood natural killer cells were assessed for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (pSTAT1) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression and degranulation. Nine of 13 (69%) patients achieved sustained virological response at 12 weeks off therapy (SVR12), and 4 experienced virological breakthroughs between weeks 4 and 12. Patients who achieved SVR12 displayed higher ISG expression levels in baseline liver biopsies and a higher frequency of pSTAT1 and TRAIL-expressing, degranulating natural killer cells in baseline blood samples than those who experienced virological breakthrough. Comparing gene expression levels from baseline and on-therapy biopsies, 408 genes (±1.2-fold, P < 0.01) were differentially expressed. Genes down-regulated on treatment were predominantly ISGs. Down-regulation of ISGs was rapid and correlated with HCV RNA suppression. Conclusion: An enhanced IFN signature is observed at baseline in liver and blood of patients who achieve SVR12 compared to those who experience a virological breakthrough; the findings suggest that innate immunity may contribute to clearance of HCV during DAA therapy by preventing the emergence of resistance-associated substitutions that lead to viral breakthrough during DAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawwa Alao
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maggie Cam
- Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chithra Keembiyehetty
- Genomic Core facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fang Zhang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Suarez
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicolaas H. Fourie
- Digestive Disorder Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth C. Wright
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wendy A. Henderson
- Digestive Disorder Unit, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Qisheng Li
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marc G. Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Park H, O’Brien TR, Rehermann B. The role of genetics in hepatic fibrosis among hepatitis C virus patients. Hepatology 2018; 67:2043-2045. [PMID: 29152758 PMCID: PMC6886880 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiyoung Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK National Institutes of Health, DHHS Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas R. O’Brien
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, NCI National Institutes of Health, DHHS Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK National Institutes of Health, DHHS Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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Abstract
The broadening field of microbiome research has led to a substantial reappraisal of the gut-liver axis and its role in chronic liver disease. The liver is a central immunologic organ that is continuously exposed to food and microbial-derived antigens from the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in the human liver and can be activated by inflammatory cytokines and microbial antigens. In chronic inflammatory liver disease, MAIT cells are depleted suggesting an impaired MAIT cell-dependent protection against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. Bolte
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Giannelou A, Wang H, Zhou Q, Park YH, Abu-Asab MS, Ylaya K, Stone DL, Sediva A, Sleiman R, Sramkova L, Bhatla D, Serti E, Tsai WL, Yang D, Bishop K, Carrington B, Pei W, Deuitch N, Brooks S, Edwan JH, Joshi S, Prader S, Kaiser D, Owen WC, Sonbul AA, Zhang Y, Niemela JE, Burgess SM, Boehm M, Rehermann B, Chae J, Quezado MM, Ombrello AK, Buckley RH, Grom AA, Remmers EF, Pachlopnik JM, Su HC, Gutierrez-Cruz G, Hewitt SM, Sood R, Risma K, Calvo KR, Rosenzweig SD, Gadina M, Hafner M, Sun HW, Kastner DL, Aksentijevich I. Aberrant tRNA processing causes an autoinflammatory syndrome responsive to TNF inhibitors. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:612-619. [PMID: 29358286 PMCID: PMC5890629 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the clinical features, immune manifestations and molecular mechanisms in a recently described autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in TRNT1, a tRNA processing enzyme, and to explore the use of cytokine inhibitors in suppressing the inflammatory phenotype. METHODS We studied nine patients with biallelic mutations in TRNT1 and the syndrome of congenital sideroblastic anaemia with immunodeficiency, fevers and developmental delay (SIFD). Genetic studies included whole exome sequencing (WES) and candidate gene screening. Patients' primary cells were used for deep RNA and tRNA sequencing, cytokine profiling, immunophenotyping, immunoblotting and electron microscopy (EM). RESULTS We identified eight mutations in these nine patients, three of which have not been previously associated with SIFD. Three patients died in early childhood. Inflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin (IL)-6, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and IFN-induced cytokines were elevated in the serum, whereas tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-1β were present in tissue biopsies of patients with active inflammatory disease. Deep tRNA sequencing of patients' fibroblasts showed significant deficiency of mature cytosolic tRNAs. EM of bone marrow and skin biopsy samples revealed striking abnormalities across all cell types and a mix of necrotic and normal-appearing cells. By immunoprecipitation, we found evidence for dysregulation in protein clearance pathways. In 4/4 patients, treatment with a TNF inhibitor suppressed inflammation, reduced the need for blood transfusions and improved growth. CONCLUSIONS Mutations of TRNT1 lead to a severe and often fatal syndrome, linking protein homeostasis and autoinflammation. Molecular diagnosis in early life will be crucial for initiating anti-TNF therapy, which might prevent some of the severe disease consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Giannelou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Rheumatology Fellowship and Training Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongying Wang
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Hwan Park
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah L Stone
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology Charles, University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rola Sleiman
- Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Al Rayan Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucie Sramkova
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Deepika Bhatla
- SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wanxia Li Tsai
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Bishop
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Carrington
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wuhong Pei
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie Deuitch
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Brooks
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jehad H Edwan
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarita Joshi
- Department of Pathology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Seraina Prader
- Department of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Kaiser
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - William C Owen
- Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie E Niemela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - JaeJin Chae
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martha M Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda K Ombrello
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca H Buckley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexi A Grom
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine F Remmers
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jana M Pachlopnik
- Department of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gustavo Gutierrez-Cruz
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raman Sood
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly Risma
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Markus Hafner
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Linehan JL, Harrison OJ, Han SJ, Byrd AL, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Villarino AV, Sen SK, Shaik J, Smelkinson M, Tamoutounour S, Collins N, Bouladoux N, Dzutsev A, Rosshart SP, Arbuckle JH, Wang CR, Kristie TM, Rehermann B, Trinchieri G, Brenchley JM, O'Shea JJ, Belkaid Y. Non-classical Immunity Controls Microbiota Impact on Skin Immunity and Tissue Repair. Cell 2018; 172:784-796.e18. [PMID: 29358051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian barrier surfaces are constitutively colonized by numerous microorganisms. We explored how the microbiota was sensed by the immune system and the defining properties of such responses. Here, we show that a skin commensal can induce T cell responses in a manner that is restricted to non-classical MHC class I molecules. These responses are uncoupled from inflammation and highly distinct from pathogen-induced cells. Commensal-specific T cells express a defined gene signature that is characterized by expression of effector genes together with immunoregulatory and tissue-repair signatures. As such, non-classical MHCI-restricted commensal-specific immune responses not only promoted protection to pathogens, but also accelerated skin wound closure. Thus, the microbiota can induce a highly physiological and pleiotropic form of adaptive immunity that couples antimicrobial function with tissue repair. Our work also reveals that non-classical MHC class I molecules, an evolutionarily ancient arm of the immune system, can promote homeostatic immunity to the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Linehan
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seong-Ji Han
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allyson L Byrd
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Shurjo K Sen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jahangheer Shaik
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Bouladoux
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Block TM, Locarnini S, McMahon BJ, Rehermann B, Peters MG. Use of Current and New Endpoints in the Evaluation of Experimental Hepatitis B Therapeutics. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:1283-1288. [PMID: 28200098 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies are expected to have breakthrough benefit for patients. HBV functional cure is sustained hepatitis B surface antigen loss and anti-HBs gain, with normalization of serum aminotransferases off therapy. Virologic or complete cure additionally includes loss of HBV covalently closed circular DNA. Currently available endpoints of therapy are inadequate to evaluate the efficacy of many of the new therapeutics. Therefore, either new ways of using the existing virologic endpoints and laboratory values or entirely new biomarkers are needed. In this review, we discuss the currently used endpoints, potential new endpoints, as well as what new markers are needed to assess the ability of HBV therapeutics to achieve functional and virologic cure in various phases of HBV infection. In addition, we discuss how patient selection from differing phases of HBV impacts the choice of HBV drug(s) needed to achieve cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Block
- Hepatitis B Foundation and Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marion G Peters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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22
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Cheng X, Xia Y, Serti E, Block PD, Chung M, Chayama K, Rehermann B, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B virus evades innate immunity of hepatocytes but activates cytokine production by macrophages. Hepatology 2017; 66:1779-1793. [PMID: 28665004 PMCID: PMC5706781 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes specifically and causes immune-mediated liver damage. How HBV interacts with the innate immunity at the early phase of infection, either with hepatocytes or other cells in the liver, remains controversial. To address this question, we utilized various human cell-culture models and humanized Alb-uPA/SCID mice. All these models were unable to mount an interferon (IFN) response despite robust HBV replication. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the lack of IFN response, we examined whether HBV actively inhibits innate immune functions of hepatocytes. By treating HBV-infected cells with known inducers of the IFN signaling pathway, we observed no alteration of either sensing or downstream IFN response by HBV. We showed that the DNA innate sensing pathways are poorly active in hepatocytes, consistent with muted innate immune recognition of HBV. Upon exposure to high-level HBV, human macrophages could be activated with increased inflammatory cytokine expressions. CONCLUSION HBV behaves like a "stealth" virus and is not sensed by, nor actively interferes with, the intrinsic innate immunity of infected hepatocytes. Macrophages are capable of sensing HBV, but require exposure to high HBV titers, potentially explaining the long "window period" during acute infection and HBV's propensity to chronic infection. (Hepatology 2017;66:1779-1793).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter Daniel Block
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Chung
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Bolte FJ, O’Keefe AC, Webb LM, Serti E, Rivera E, Liang TJ, Ghany M, Rehermann B. Intra-Hepatic Depletion of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Liver Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1392-1403.e2. [PMID: 28780074 PMCID: PMC5669813 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis affects phenotypes of innate and adaptive immune cells. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in the liver as compared with the blood, respond to intra-hepatic cytokines, and (via the semi-invariant T-cell receptor) to bacteria translocated from the gut. Little is known about the role of MAIT cells in livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and their fate after antiviral therapy. METHODS We collected blood samples from 42 patients with chronic HCV infection who achieved a sustained virologic response after 12 weeks of treatment with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir. Mononuclear cells were isolated from blood before treatment, at weeks 4 and 12 during treatment, and 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Liver biopsies were collected from 37 of the patients prior to and at week 4 of treatment. Mononuclear cells from 56 blood donors and 10 livers that were not suitable for transplantation were used as controls. Liver samples were assessed histologically for inflammation and fibrosis. Mononuclear cells from liver and blood were studied by flow cytometry and analyzed for responses to cytokine and bacterial stimulation. RESULTS The frequency of MAIT cells among T cells was significantly lower in blood and liver samples of patients with HCV infection than of controls (median, 1.31% vs 2.32% for blood samples, P = .0048; and median, 4.34% vs 13.40% for liver samples, P = .001). There was an inverse correlation between the frequency of MAIT cells in the liver and histologically determined levels of liver inflammation (r = -.5437, P = .0006) and fibrosis (r = -.5829, P = .0002). MAIT cells from the liver had higher levels of activation and cytotoxicity than MAIT cells from blood (P < .0001). Production of interferon gamma by MAIT cells was dependent on monocyte-derived interleukin 18, and was reduced in patients with HCV infection in response to T-cell receptor-mediated but not cytokine-mediated stimulation, as compared with controls. Anti-viral therapy rapidly decreased liver inflammation and MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity, and increased the MAIT cell frequency among intra-hepatic but not blood T cells. The MAIT cell response to T-cell receptor-mediated stimulation did not change during the 12 weeks of antiviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS In analyses of paired blood and liver samples from patients with chronic HCV infection before, during, and after antiviral therapy with sofosbuvir and velpatasvir, we found that intrahepatic MAIT cells are activated by monocyte-derived cytokines and depleted in HCV-induced liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. Bolte
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley C. O’Keefe
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren M. Webb
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elenita Rivera
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD.
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24
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Rosshart SP, Vassallo BG, Angeletti D, Hutchinson DS, Morgan AP, Takeda K, Hickman HD, McCulloch JA, Badger JH, Ajami NJ, Trinchieri G, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Yewdell JW, Rehermann B. Wild Mouse Gut Microbiota Promotes Host Fitness and Improves Disease Resistance. Cell 2017; 171:1015-1028.e13. [PMID: 29056339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory mice, while paramount for understanding basic biological phenomena, are limited in modeling complex diseases of humans and other free-living mammals. Because the microbiome is a major factor in mammalian physiology, we aimed to identify a naturally evolved reference microbiome to better recapitulate physiological phenomena relevant in the natural world outside the laboratory. Among 21 distinct mouse populations worldwide, we identified a closely related wild relative to standard laboratory mouse strains. Its bacterial gut microbiome differed significantly from its laboratory mouse counterpart and was transferred to and maintained in laboratory mice over several generations. Laboratory mice reconstituted with natural microbiota exhibited reduced inflammation and increased survival following influenza virus infection and improved resistance against mutagen/inflammation-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. By demonstrating the host fitness-promoting traits of natural microbiota, our findings should enable the discovery of protective mechanisms relevant in the natural world and improve the modeling of complex diseases of free-living mammals. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Brian G Vassallo
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diane S Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan H Badger
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Abstract
A hallmark of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the functional impairment and depletion of antiviral T cells. In this issue of JEM, Pallett et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20162115) identify a reservoir of functional HBV-specific T cells among liver-resident T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J Bolte
- National Institute for Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- National Institute for Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Bolte FJ, O’Keefe AC, Etzion O, Ali R, Serti E, Liang J, Heller T, Rehermann B. Immune cell phenotype and function in different compartments of the gut-liver-axis in chronic liver disease. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.197.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The liver is exposed to gut-derived products via the portal vein and bacterial translocation is associated with chronic liver disease. Here we analyzed immune cell activation and function in three compartments of the gut-liver axis: systemic blood, portal vein blood and liver.
METHODS
Natural killer (NK) cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and conventional CD8 T cells were studied in liver and blood of 29 patients with chronic hepatitis C prior to and after Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir-induced viral clearance.
RESULTS
NK, MAIT and conventional CD8 T cells were more activated (CD69+, HLA-DR+) and more cytotoxic (CD107a+) in the liver than in systemic and portal blood. Monocytes were also more activated in the liver and plasma levels of monocyte-derived IL-18 correlated with liver inflammation. Consistent with the activation of intrahepatic immune cells, levels of sCD14, sCD163 and sCD27 were higher in systemic than in portal plasma. However, immune cell activation and degranulation were not different in systemic and portal vein blood. Likewise, the in vitro functional responses of monocytes to lipopolysaccharide and of MAIT cells to riboflavin-synthesizing bacteria did not differ between systemic and portal blood. Intrahepatic immune cell activation declined rapidly within four weeks of antiviral therapy and remained stable for up to 36 weeks post treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Immune cell activation and inflammation are compartmentalized to the liver in patients with compensated HCV-related liver disease. Plasma markers of immune cell activation are higher in systemic than in portal plasma. The rapid decline of intrahepatic immune cell activation suggests that it is primarily driven by viral infection.
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Park H, Heller T, Rehermann B. Transcriptome analysis reveals distinct immune response profiles in HBeAg+ and HBeAg− HBV infection and in HBV/HDV co-infection. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.158.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, HBeAg positivity is associated with an increase in liver inflammation and progression to liver cirrhosis and cancer. Super-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) results in more severe liver disease. The causative factors are unknown. To understand the unique immunopathogenesis of HBeAg+ chronic HBV infection and chronic HBV/HDV co-infection, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 12 HBV infected patients (6 HBeAg+ vs. 6 HBeAg−), 10 HBV/HDV co-infected patients, and 12 uninfected controls using NanoString human immunology V2 panel.
About half of the differentially expressed genes in HBeAg+ versus HBeAg− HBV patients were interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and 83% of these ISGs (5/6) were upregulated. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified IFNA2 and IFNL1 as the most activated upstream regulators associated with HBeAg+ status.
In contrast, only 7 out of 31 differentially expressed genes in chronic HBV/HDV co-infection compared to chronic HBV infection were ISGs, which were either upregulated or downregulated, indicating that IFN-signature is marginally involved in the pathogenesis of chronic HBV/HDV co-infection. Instead, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified CD40LG and IL18 as the most activated upstream regulators, and IRF activation by cytosolic pattern receptors and B cell receptor signaling as the top canonical pathways associated with chronic HBV/HDV co-infection.
Our data suggest that IFN signaling may play a role in the enhanced liver disease found in chronic HBeAg+ HBV infection, and that CD40LG and IL18 signaling may contribute to unique immunopathogenesis of chronic HDV/HBV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiyoung Park
- 1Liver Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS
| | - Theo Heller
- 1Liver Disease Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS
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Bolte FJ, O’Keefe AC, Webb LM, Serti E, Rivera E, Liang J, Ghany M, Rehermann B. Activation of intrahepatic mucosal associated invariant T cells resolves with antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.78.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Chronic hepatitis profoundly affects the phenotype of innate and adaptive immune cells. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that are enriched in the intestine and the liver. They can be activated by cytokines and by bacteria translocated from the gut. The relative roles of cytokines and bacteria in MAIT cell activation and function are unknown in chronic hepatitis.
METHODS
MAIT cells and monocytes were studied in liver and blood of 37 patients with chronic hepatitis C prior to and after Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir-induced viral clearance.
RESULTS
MAIT cells were more frequent and showed a more activated and cytotoxic phenotype in the liver than in the blood. The frequency of intrahepatic MAIT cells correlated inversely with liver inflammation. The amelioration of liver inflammation by week 4 of antiviral therapy was associated with a significant decrease in MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity. MAIT cell activation correlated with the frequency of intermediate/pro-inflammatory monocytes and the quality of MAIT cell effector responses was dependent on monocyte-derived IL-18. MAIT cell responses to T cell receptor-dependent (E. coli) and -independent (IL-12/IL-18) stimulation were not different before and after antiviral therapy and were not impaired compared to uninfected controls.
CONCLUSIONS
MAIT cells are activated by monocyte-derived cytokines in chronic HCV infection. They are reduced in number but maintain their response to cytokines and bacteria. MAIT cell activation rapidly declines during antiviral therapy and their frequency increases in the liver.
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Rosshart SP, Vassallo BG, Angeletti D, Hutchinson DS, Morgan AP, Takeda K, Hickman HD, Ajami NJ, de Villena FPM, Yewdell JW, Rehermann B. Wild mouse gut microbiome protects laboratory mice against lethal influenza virus infection and colorectal cancer. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.68.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mouse models are paramount for understanding basic immunological mechanisms, but can be limited in recapitulating human diseases. The microbiome has been identified as a main factor influencing host physiology as illustrated by many studies that disrupt or modify host-microbe interactions in laboratory mice. Differences in the gut microbiome contribute to the variability of research results obtained with genetically identical animals from different vendors. In an effort to identify an external reference that better recapitulates physiologically important interactions found in a natural habitat, we asked how far removed the gut microbiome of laboratory mice is from that of their outbred, wild-living relative. Through genetic analysis we identify the closest wild relatives to classical laboratory strains among 21 distinct populations from Europe, Asia and the Americas. We establish that their gut microbiome differs significantly from that of C57BL/6 mice from the leading breeders worldwide, and that it can be transferred and maintained over several generations under vivarium conditions. Offspring of pregnant germ-free C57BL/6 mice reconstituted with the gut microbiome of wild mice exhibit a significantly reduced inflammatory response and increased survival following influenza A virus infection. This restoration of the natural ‘microbial identity’ of laboratory mice also improved their resistance against mutagen- and inflammation-induced colorectal cancer. Collectively, these data show the beneficial effects of the wild mouse microbiome in two diseases of global relevance. They also illustrate a novel approach towards developing animal models of greater biological relevance and translational research value.
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Serti E, Park H, Keane M, O’Keefe AC, Rivera E, Liang TJ, Ghany M, Rehermann B. Rapid decrease in hepatitis C viremia by direct acting antivirals improves the natural killer cell response to IFNα. Gut 2017; 66:724-735. [PMID: 26733671 PMCID: PMC6886885 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic HCV infection is characterised by innate immune activation with increased interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) expression and by an altered phenotype of interferon-responsive natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we asked whether a rapid reduction in viremia by daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV) improves the response to pegylated interferon (PegIFN) in patients who had previously failed a standard course of PegIFN/ribavirin (RBV) therapy. DESIGN Twenty-two HCV-infected non-responders to previous PegIFN/RBV therapy were studied for IFN-responsiveness of NK cells during quadruple (QUAD) therapy with DCV, ASV, PegIFN and RBV. A direct comparison of early NK cell responses in PegIFN/RBV therapy and QUAD therapy was performed for seven patients using paired cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from both treatment courses. As a validation cohort, nine DCV/ASV-treated patients were studied for their NK cell response to in vitro stimulation with IFNα. RESULTS The 24 h virological response to QUAD therapy correlated with an increase in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1) and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression in NK cells, and the STAT1/pSTAT1/TRAIL induction was greater during QUAD therapy than during previous PegIFN/RBV therapy. Successful QUAD therapy as well as successful IFN-free DCV/ASV regimen resulted in an improved functional NK cell response (degranulation and TRAIL expression) to in vitro stimulation with IFNα. CONCLUSIONS IFN-responsiveness can be improved by inhibiting HCV replication and reducing the HCV-induced activation of the innate immune response. This may provide a rationale for clinical trials of a brief period of direct acting antiviral therapy followed by PegIFN/RBV therapy to reduce the overall treatment costs in low-income and middle-income countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT01888900 and NCT00718172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Keane
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley C. O’Keefe
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elenita Rivera
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kugler DG, Flomerfelt FA, Costa DL, Laky K, Kamenyeva O, Mittelstadt PR, Gress RE, Rosshart SP, Rehermann B, Ashwell JD, Sher A, Jankovic D. Systemic toxoplasma infection triggers a long-term defect in the generation and function of naive T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3041-3056. [PMID: 27849554 PMCID: PMC5154934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kugler et al. show that systemic infection with Toxoplasma gondii triggers a long-term impairment in thymic function, which leads to an immunodeficient state reflected in decreased antimicrobial resistance. Because antigen-stimulated naive T cells either die as effectors or enter the activated/memory pool, continuous egress of new T lymphocytes from thymus is essential for maintenance of peripheral immune homeostasis. Unexpectedly, we found that systemic infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii triggers not only a transient increase in activated CD4+ Th1 cells but also a persistent decrease in the size of the naive CD4+ T lymphocyte pool. This immune defect is associated with decreased thymic output and parasite-induced destruction of the thymic epithelium, as well as disruption of the overall architecture of that primary lymphoid organ. Importantly, the resulting quantitative and qualitative deficiency in naive CD4+ T cells leads to an immunocompromised state that both promotes chronic toxoplasma infection and leads to decreased resistance to challenge with an unrelated pathogen. These findings reveal that systemic infectious agents, such as T. gondii, can induce long-term immune alterations associated with impaired thymic function. When accumulated during the lifetime of the host, such events, even when occurring at low magnitude, could be a contributing factor in immunological senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Kugler
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francis A Flomerfelt
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Karen Laky
- T Cell Development Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul R Mittelstadt
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jonathan D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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34
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Didion JP, Morgan AP, Yadgary L, Bell TA, McMullan RC, Ortiz de Solorzano L, Britton-Davidian J, Bult CJ, Campbell KJ, Castiglia R, Ching YH, Chunco AJ, Crowley JJ, Chesler EJ, Förster DW, French JE, Gabriel SI, Gatti DM, Garland T, Giagia-Athanasopoulou EB, Giménez MD, Grize SA, Gündüz İ, Holmes A, Hauffe HC, Herman JS, Holt JM, Hua K, Jolley WJ, Lindholm AK, López-Fuster MJ, Mitsainas G, da Luz Mathias M, McMillan L, Ramalhinho MDGM, Rehermann B, Rosshart SP, Searle JB, Shiao MS, Solano E, Svenson KL, Thomas-Laemont P, Threadgill DW, Ventura J, Weinstock GM, Pomp D, Churchill GA, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F. R2d2 Drives Selfish Sweeps in the House Mouse. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1381-95. [PMID: 26882987 PMCID: PMC4868115 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A selective sweep is the result of strong positive selection driving newly occurring or standing genetic variants to fixation, and can dramatically alter the pattern and distribution of allelic diversity in a population. Population-level sequencing data have enabled discoveries of selective sweeps associated with genes involved in recent adaptations in many species. In contrast, much debate but little evidence addresses whether “selfish” genes are capable of fixation—thereby leaving signatures identical to classical selective sweeps—despite being neutral or deleterious to organismal fitness. We previously described R2d2, a large copy-number variant that causes nonrandom segregation of mouse Chromosome 2 in females due to meiotic drive. Here we show population-genetic data consistent with a selfish sweep driven by alleles of R2d2 with high copy number (R2d2HC) in natural populations. We replicate this finding in multiple closed breeding populations from six outbred backgrounds segregating for R2d2 alleles. We find that R2d2HC rapidly increases in frequency, and in most cases becomes fixed in significantly fewer generations than can be explained by genetic drift. R2d2HC is also associated with significantly reduced litter sizes in heterozygous mothers, making it a true selfish allele. Our data provide direct evidence of populations actively undergoing selfish sweeps, and demonstrate that meiotic drive can rapidly alter the genomic landscape in favor of mutations with neutral or even negative effects on overall Darwinian fitness. Further study will reveal the incidence of selfish sweeps, and will elucidate the relative contributions of selfish genes, adaptation and genetic drift to evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Didion
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Andrew P Morgan
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Liran Yadgary
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Timothy A Bell
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Rachel C McMullan
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lydia Ortiz de Solorzano
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Janice Britton-Davidian
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université De Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Karl J Campbell
- Island Conservation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Island, Ecuador School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Riccardo Castiglia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Yung-Hao Ching
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | | | - James J Crowley
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Daniel W Förster
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - John E French
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Sofia I Gabriel
- Department of Animal Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Mabel D Giménez
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Sofia A Grize
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - İslam Gündüz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, TN, Italy
| | - Jeremy S Herman
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James M Holt
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Kunjie Hua
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Anna K Lindholm
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - George Mitsainas
- Section of Animal Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria da Luz Mathias
- Department of Animal Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonard McMillan
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Maria da Graça Morgado Ramalhinho
- Department of Animal Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Meng-Shin Shiao
- Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emanuela Solano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal y de Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Center for Genome Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Abstract
In 2015, new treatment regimens were revealed that achieve >95% cure rates for all HCV genotypes. The HCV polymerase structure was solved in catalytically relevant HCV replication steps and in the context of nucleotide analogue inhibition. Moreover, HCV research taught us new links between innate antiviral responses, lipid metabolism and intracellular membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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36
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are traditionally regarded as first-line effectors of the innate immune response, but they also have a distinct role in chronic infection. Here, we review the role of NK cells against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), two agents that cause acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. Interest in NK cells was initially sparked by genetic studies that demonstrated an association between NK cell-related genes and the outcome of HCV infection. Viral hepatitis also provides a model to study the NK cell response to both endogenous and exogenous type I interferon (IFN). Levels of IFN-stimulated genes increase in both acute and chronic HCV infection and pegylated IFNα has been the mainstay of HCV and HBV treatment for decades. In chronic viral hepatitis, NK cells display decreased production of antiviral cytokines. This phenotype is found in both HCV and HBV infection but is induced by different mechanisms. Potent antivirals now provide the opportunity to study the reversibility of the suppressed cytokine production of NK cells in comparison with the antigen-induced defect in IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor-α production of virus-specific T cells. This has implications for immune reconstitution in other conditions of chronic inflammation and immune exhaustion, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Barbara Rehermann, MD, Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. fax: 301-402-0491.Immunology SectionLiver Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthDHHSBethesdaMaryland 20892
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37
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Serti E, Chepa-Lotrea X, Kim YJ, Keane M, Fryzek N, Liang TJ, Ghany M, Rehermann B. Successful Interferon-Free Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Normalizes Natural Killer Cell Function. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:190-200.e2. [PMID: 25754160 PMCID: PMC4523392 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis C virus infection activates an intrahepatic immune response, leading to increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes and activation of natural killer (NK) cells-the most prevalent innate immune cell in the liver. We investigated whether the elimination of hepatitis C virus with direct-acting antiviral normalizes expression of IFN-stimulated genes and NK cell function. METHODS We used multicolor flow cytometry to analyze NK cells from the liver and blood of 13 HCV-infected patients who did not respond to treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Samples were collected before and during IFN-free treatment with daclatasvir and asunaprevir and compared with samples from the blood of 13 healthy individuals (controls). Serum levels of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) 10 or CXCL11 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Before treatment, all patients had increased levels of CXCL10 or CXCL11 and a different NK cell phenotype from controls, characterized by increased expression of HLA-DR, NKp46, NKG2A, CD85j, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), phosphorylated STAT1, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). NK cells from patients also had increased degranulation and decreased production of IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor α compared with NK cells from controls. Nine patients had an end-of-treatment response (undetectable virus) and 4 had virologic breakthrough between weeks 4 and 12 of therapy. A rapid decrease in viremia and level of inflammatory cytokines in all patients was associated with decreased activation of intrahepatic and blood NK cells; it was followed by restoration of a normal NK cell phenotype and function by week 8 in patients with undetectable viremia. This normalized NK cell phenotype was maintained until week 24 (end of treatment). CONCLUSIONS Direct-acting antiviral-mediated clearance of HCV is associated with loss of intrahepatic immune activation by IFNα, which is indicated by decreased levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 and normalization of NK cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xenia Chepa-Lotrea
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun Ju Kim
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Keane
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Fryzek
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland; Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Rehermann B, Bertoletti A. Immunological aspects of antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. Hepatology 2015; 61:712-21. [PMID: 25048716 PMCID: PMC4575407 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) cause a large proportion of acute and chronic liver disease worldwide. Over the past decades many immunological studies defined host immune responses that mediate spontaneous clearance of acute HBV and HCV infection. However, host immune responses are also relevant in the context of treatment-induced clearance of chronic HBV and HCV infection. First, the pretreatment level of interferon-stimulated genes as well as genetic determinants of innate immune responses, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms near the IFNL3 gene, are strong predictors of the response to interferon-alpha (IFN-α)-based therapy. Second, IFN-α, which has been a mainstay of HBV and HCV therapy over decades, and ribavirin, which has also been included in interferon-free direct antiviral therapy for HCV, modulate host immune responses. Third, both IFN-α-based and IFN-α-free treatment regimens of HBV and HCV infection alter the short-term and long-term adaptive immune response against these viruses. Finally, treatment studies have not just improved the clinical outcomes, but also provided opportunities to study virus-host interaction. This review summarizes our current knowledge on how a patient's immune response affects the treatment outcome of HBV and HCV infection and how innate and adaptive immune responses themselves are altered by the different treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHSBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A* STARSingapore
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Holz L, Rehermann B. T cell responses in hepatitis C virus infection: historical overview and goals for future research. Antiviral Res 2014; 114:96-105. [PMID: 25433310 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cells are key factors in the outcome of acute HCV infection and in protective immunity. This review recapitulates the steps that immunologists have taken in the past 25years to dissect the role of T cell responses in HCV infection. It describes technical as well as disease-specific challenges that were caused by the inapparent onset of acute HCV infection, the difficulty to identify subjects who spontaneously clear HCV infection, the low frequency of HCV-specific T cells in the blood of chronically infected patients, and the lack of small animal models with intact immune systems to study virus-host interaction. The review provides a historical perspective on techniques and key findings, and identifies areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Holz
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gara N, Abdalla A, Rivera E, Zhao X, Werner JM, Liang TJ, Hoofnagle JH, Rehermann B, Ghany MG. Durability of antibody response against hepatitis B virus in healthcare workers vaccinated as adults. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:505-13. [PMID: 25389254 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follow-up studies of recipients of hepatitis B vaccine from endemic areas have reported loss of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in a high proportion of persons vaccinated at birth. In contrast, the long-term durability of antibody in persons vaccinated as adults in nonendemic areas is not well defined. We aimed to assess the durability of anti-HBs among healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated as adults and response to a booster among those without protective levels of antibody. METHODS Adult HCWs aged 18-60 at the time of initial vaccination were recruited. All were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and anti-HBs level. HCWs with anti-HBs <12 mIU/mL were offered a booster and levels were measured 1, 7, and 21 days afterward. RESULTS Anti-HBs levels were <12 mIU/mL in 9 of 50 (18%), 13 of 50 (26%), and 14 of 59 (24%) HCWs 10-15, 16-20, and >20 years postvaccination, respectively, (P = ns). Four HCWs were anti-HBc positive; none had HBsAg. By logistic regression, older age at vaccination was the only predictor of inadequate anti-HBs level (P = .0005). Thirty-four of 36 subjects with inadequate anti-HBs levels received a booster and 32 (94%) developed levels >12 mIU/mL within 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Anti-HBs levels decrease after 10-31 years and fall below a level considered protective in approximately 25% of cases. The rapid and robust response to a booster vaccine suggests a long-lasting amnestic response. Hepatitis B vaccination provides long-term protection against hepatitis B and booster vaccination does not appear to be necessary in HCWs. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01182311.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay H Hoofnagle
- Liver Disease Research Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Werner JM, Serti E, Chepa-Lotrea X, Stoltzfus J, Ahlenstiel G, Noureddin M, Feld JJ, Liang TJ, Rotman Y, Rehermann B. Ribavirin improves the IFN-γ response of natural killer cells to IFN-based therapy of hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2014; 60:1160-9. [PMID: 24700342 PMCID: PMC4469648 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ribavirin (RBV) is an important component of interferon (IFN)-based and direct antiviral treatment regimens for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Immunomodulation, in particular improvement of the host IFN response, has been proposed as RBV's mechanism of action. Natural killer (NK) cells are sensitive biomarkers for IFN-α/β receptor signaling, as NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production are regulated by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1- and STAT4-phosphorylation, respectively. Specifically, pSTAT1-dependent NK cell cytotoxicity increases and pSTAT4-dependent IFN-γ production decreases in response to endogenous, virus-induced IFN-α and during IFN-α-based therapy. To assess whether RBV has a direct effect on NK cells and/or improves the IFN-γ response of NK cells in the presence of IFN-α, we prospectively studied 22 HCV patients with and 32 patients without 4 weeks of RBV pretreatment, who all received subsequent pegylated (Peg)IFN/ribavirin combination therapy. During RBV pretreatment, both the frequency of CD56(dim) NK cells with cytotoxic effector functions and the frequency of CD56(bright) NK cells with the capacity to produce IFN-γ decreased (P = 0.049 and P = 0.001, respectively). In vitro or in vivo exposure of NK cells to RBV improved the pSTAT4 (P < 0.01) but not pSTAT1 response of NK cells to subsequent stimulation with IFN-α. This was associated with an increase in IFN-γ production but not cytotoxicity of NK cells during subsequent IFN-α-based therapy. The frequency of IFN-γ-producing NK cells was greater in fast second-phase virological responders than in slow responders. CONCLUSION RBV enhances the pSTAT4 and IFN-γ response of NK cells to IFN-α-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. Werner
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xenia Chepa-Lotrea
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jonathan Stoltzfus
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Veerapu NS, Park SH, Tully DC, Allen TM, Rehermann B. Trace amounts of sporadically reappearing HCV RNA can cause infection. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3469-78. [PMID: 25003189 DOI: 10.1172/jci73104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment is defined as the absence of viremia 6 months after therapy cessation. We previously reported that trace amounts of HCV RNA, below the sensitivity of the standard clinical assay, can reappear sporadically in treatment responders. Here, we assessed the infectivity of this RNA and infused 3 chimpanzees sequentially at 9-week intervals with plasma or PBMCs from patients who tested positive for trace amounts of HCV RNA more than 6 months after completing pegylated IFN-α/ribavirin therapy. A fourth chimpanzee received HCV RNA-negative plasma and PBMCs from healthy blood donors. The 3 experimental chimpanzees, but not the control chimpanzee, generated HCV-specific T cell responses against nonstructural and structural HCV sequences 6-10 weeks after the first infusion of patient plasma and during subsequent infusions. In 1 chimpanzee, T cell responses declined, and this animal developed high-level viremia at week 27. Deep sequencing of HCV demonstrated transmission of a minor HCV variant from the first infusion donor that persisted in the chimpanzee for more than 6 months despite undetectable systemic viremia. Collectively, these results demonstrate that trace amounts of HCV RNA, which appear sporadically in successfully treated patients, can be infectious; furthermore, transmission can be masked in the recipient by an extended eclipse phase prior to establishing high-level viremia.
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Serti E, Werner JM, Chattergoon M, Cox AL, Lohmann V, Rehermann B. Monocytes activate natural killer cells via inflammasome-induced interleukin 18 in response to hepatitis C virus replication. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:209-220.e3. [PMID: 24685721 PMCID: PMC4469643 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Production of interferon (IFN)-γ by natural killer (NK) cells is attenuated during chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We investigated whether this is due to intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms of NK cells. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from patients with chronic HCV infection or uninfected blood donors (controls); NK cells and monocytes were isolated or eliminated. We cultured hepatoma cells that express luciferase-tagged subgenomic HCV replicons (Huh7/HCV replicon cells) or their HCV-negative counterparts (Huh7) with NK cells in the presence or absence of other populations of PBMCs. Antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production were assessed. RESULTS NK cells produced greater amounts of IFN-γ when PBMC were cocultured with Huh7/HCV replicon cells than with Huh7 cells; NK cells and PBMCs from controls suppressed HCV replication to a greater extent than those from patients with chronic HCV infection. This antiviral effect was predominantly mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IFN-γ. The antiviral activity of NK cells and their production of IFN-γ were reduced when they were used in coculture alone (rather than with PBMC), or after depletion of CD14(+) monocytes, after knockdown of the inflammasome in monocytes, or after neutralization of interleukin-18, which is regulated by the inflammasome. These findings indicate a role for monocytes in NK cell activation. Compared with control monocytes, monocytes from patients with chronic HCV infection had reduced TNF-α-mediated (direct) and reduced NK cell-mediated (indirect) antiviral effects. Control monocytes increased the antiviral effects of NK cells from patients with chronic HCV infection and their production of IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes sense cells that contain replicating HCV and respond by producing interleukin-18 via the inflammasome and by activating NK cells. Patients with chronic HCV infection have reduced monocyte function, attenuating NK cell IFN-γ-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes
and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD,
USA
| | - Jens M. Werner
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes
and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD,
USA
| | - Michael Chattergoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of
Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Serti E, Werner J, Chattergoon M, Cox A, Lohmann V, Rehermann B. Monocytes sense hepatitis C virus-replicating cells and induce natural killer cell antiviral activity in an IL-18-mediated manner (INC8P.437). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.187.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors in the innate immune defense against many viruses. However, NK cell IFN-γ production is attenuated in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, we asked whether this is due to an NK cell-intrinsic or extrinsic mechanism. Hepatoma cells expressing luciferase-tagged subgenomic HCV-replicons (Huh7/HCV-replicons) or their HCV-negative counterparts were co-cultured with NK cells in the presence or absence of other PBMC subpopulations. RESULTS: The IFN-γ-mediated antiviral effect of NK cells was reduced when isolated NK cells rather than PBMC were co-cultured with Huh7/HCV-replicons suggesting that other subpopulations contributed to NK cell activation. Increased monokines levels implicated a role of activated monocytes. Indeed, depletion of CD14+ monocytes, siRNA knockdown of the monocyte NALP3 inflammasome and neutralization of the inflammasome product IL-18 decreased the IFN-γ-mediated antiviral activity of NK cells. Interestingly, monocytes from chronic HCV patients were less effective than monocytes from healthy controls in inducing NK cell IFN-γ production. Vice versa, monocytes from healthy controls improved antiviral function and IFN-γ production of NK cells from chronic HCV patients. CONCLUSION: Monocytes sense HCV-replicating cells and induce, via inflammasome-mediated IL-18 production, an NK-cell mediated decrease in HCV replication. Impaired monocyte function in HCV infection attenuates the NK cell IFN-γ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Serti
- 1Immunlogy Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jens Werner
- 1Immunlogy Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Chattergoon
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrea Cox
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Volker Lohmann
- 3Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- 1Immunlogy Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
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Kang W, Sung PS, Park SH, Yoon S, Chang DY, Kim S, Han KH, Kim JK, Rehermann B, Chwae YJ, Shin EC. Hepatitis C virus attenuates interferon-induced major histocompatibility complex class I expression and decreases CD8+ T cell effector functions. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1351-60.e1-4. [PMID: 24486950 PMCID: PMC4478444 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells are required for clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. MHC class I expression is up-regulated by type I and II interferons (IFNs). However, little is known about the effects of HCV infection on IFN-induced expression of MHC class I. METHODS We used the HCV cell culture system (HCVcc) with the genotype 2a Japanese fulminant hepatitis-1 strain to investigate IFN-induced expression of MHC class I and its regulatory mechanisms. HCVcc-infected Huh-7.5 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, metabolic labeling, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting analyses. Protein kinase R (PKR) was knocked down with lentiviruses that express small hairpin RNAs. The functional effects of MHC class I regulation by HCV were demonstrated in co-culture studies, using HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells. RESULTS Although the baseline level of MHC class I was not affected by HCV infection, IFN-induced expression of MHC class I was notably attenuated in HCV-infected cells. This was associated with replicating HCV RNA, not with viral protein. HCV infection reduced IFN-induced synthesis of MHC class I protein and induced phosphorylation of PKR and eIF2α. IFN-induced MHC class I expression was restored by small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of PKR in HCV-infected cells. Co-culture of HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells and HCV-infected cells that expressed HLA-A2 demonstrated that HCV infection reduced the effector functions of HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells; these functions were restored by small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of PKR. CONCLUSIONS IFN-induced expression of MHC class I is attenuated in HCV-infected cells by activation of PKR, which reduces the effector functions of HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells. This appears to be an important mechanism by which HCV circumvents antiviral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Chang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyub Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong-Joon Chwae
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.
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Abstract
Five human hepatitis viruses cause most of the acute and chronic liver disease worldwide. Over the past 25 years, hepatitis C virus (HCV) in particular has received much interest because of its ability to persist in most immunocompetent adults and because of the lack of a protective vaccine. Here we examine innate and adaptive immune responses to HCV infection. Although HCV activates an innate immune response, it employs an elaborate set of mechanisms to evade interferon (IFN)-based antiviral immunity. By comparing innate and adaptive immune responses to HCV with those to hepatitis A and B viruses, we suggest that prolonged innate immune activation by HCV impairs the development of successful adaptive immune responses. Comparative immunology provides insights into the maintenance of immune protection. We conclude by discussing prospects for an HCV vaccine and future research needs for the hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Rotman Y, Noureddin M, Feld JJ, Guedj J, Witthaus M, Han H, Park YJ, Park SH, Heller T, Ghany MG, Doo E, Koh C, Abdalla A, Gara N, Sarkar S, Thomas E, Ahlenstiel G, Edlich B, Titerence R, Hogdal L, Rehermann B, Dahari H, Perelson AS, Hoofnagle JH, Liang TJ. Effect of ribavirin on viral kinetics and liver gene expression in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2014; 63:161-9. [PMID: 23396509 PMCID: PMC3778097 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ribavirin improves treatment response to pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN) in chronic hepatitis C but the mechanism remains controversial. We studied correlates of response and mechanism of action of ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C. DESIGN 70 treatment-naive patients were randomised to 4 weeks of ribavirin (1000-1200 mg/d) or none, followed by PEG-IFNα-2a and ribavirin at standard doses and durations. Patients were also randomised to a liver biopsy 24 h before or 6 h after starting PEG-IFN. Hepatic gene expression was assessed by microarray and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression quantified by nCounter platform. Temporal changes in ISG expression were assessed by qPCR in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and by serum levels of IP-10. RESULTS After 4 weeks of ribavirin monotherapy, hepatitis C virus (HCV) levels decreased by 0.5±0.5 log10 (p=0.009 vs controls) and ALT by 33% (p<0.001). Ribavirin pretreatment, while modestly augmenting ISG induction by PEG-IFN, did not modify the virological response to subsequent PEG-IFN and ribavirin treatment. However, biochemical, but not virological, response to ribavirin monotherapy predicted response to subsequent combination treatment (rapid virological response, 71% in biochemical responders vs 22% non-responders, p=0.01; early virological response, 100% vs 68%, p=0.03; sustained virological response 83% vs 41%, p=0.053). Ribavirin monotherapy lowered serum IP-10 levels but had no effect on ISG expression in PBMC. CONCLUSIONS Ribavirin is a weak antiviral but its clinical effect seems to be mediated by a separate, indirect mechanism, which may act to reset IFN-responsiveness in HCV-infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Rotman
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeremie Guedj
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Michael Witthaus
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hwalih Han
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yoon J Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Doo
- Liver Diseases Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adil Abdalla
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naveen Gara
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Birgit Edlich
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Titerence
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leah Hogdal
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harel Dahari
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jay H Hoofnagle
- Liver Diseases Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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48
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Park SH, Veerapu NS, Shin EC, Biancotto A, McCoy JP, Capone S, Folgori A, Rehermann B. Subinfectious hepatitis C virus exposures suppress T cell responses against subsequent acute infection. Nat Med 2013; 19:1638-42. [PMID: 24270546 PMCID: PMC4196667 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is endemic in many countries due to its high propensity to establish persistence1. The presence of HCV–specific T cells in repeatedly HCV–exposed subjects who test for HCV RNA and antibodies and do not have any history of HCV infection has been interpreted as T cell–mediated protection2-5. Here, we show in nonhuman primates that repeated exposure to human plasma with trace amounts of HCV induced HCV–specific T cells without seroconversion and systemic viremia, but did not protect upon subsequent HCV challenge. Rather, HCV–specific recall and de novo T cell responses as well as intrahepatic T cell recruitment and IFN-γ production were suppressed upon HCV challenge, concomitant to quantitative and qualitative changes in regulatory T (Treg) cells that began after subinfectious HCV exposure and increased after HCV challenge. In vitro Treg cell depletion restored HCV–specific T cell responses. Thus, T cells primed by trace amounts of HCV do not generate effective recall responses upon subsequent HCV infection. Subinfectious HCV exposure predisposes to Treg cell expansion, which suppresses effector T cells during subsequent infection. Strategies to reverse this exposure–induced suppression should be examined to aid the development of T cell–based vaccines against HCV and other endemic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Werner JM, Heller T, Gordon AM, Sheets A, Sherker AH, Kessler E, Bean KS, Stevens M, Schmitt J, Rehermann B. Innate immune responses in hepatitis C virus-exposed healthcare workers who do not develop acute infection. Hepatology 2013; 58:1621-31. [PMID: 23463364 PMCID: PMC3688637 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection typically results in chronic disease with HCV outpacing antiviral immune responses. Here we asked whether innate immune responses are induced in healthcare workers who are exposed to small amounts of HCV, but do not develop systemic infection and acute liver disease. Twelve healthcare workers with accidental percutaneous exposure to HCV-infected blood were prospectively studied for up to 6 months for phenotype and function of natural killer T (NKT) and NK cells, kinetics of serum chemokines, and vigor and specificity of HCV-specific T-cell responses. Eleven healthcare workers tested negative for HCV RNA and HCV antibodies. All but one of these aviremic cases displayed NKT cell activation, increased serum chemokines levels, and NK cell responses with increased CD122, NKp44, NKp46, and NKG2A expression, cytotoxicity (as determined by TRAIL and CD107a expression), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. This multifunctional NK cell response appeared a month earlier than in the one healthcare worker who developed high-level viremia, and it differed from the impaired IFN-γ production, which is typical for NK cells in chronic HCV infection. The magnitude of NKT cell activation and NK cell cytotoxicity correlated with the magnitude of the subsequent HCV-specific T-cell response. T-cell responses targeted nonstructural HCV sequences that require translation of viral RNA, which suggests that transient or locally contained HCV replication occurred without detectable systemic viremia. CONCLUSION Exposure to small amounts of HCV induces innate immune responses, which correlate with the subsequent HCV-specific T-cell response and may contribute to antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Martin Werner
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1800, USA
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1800, USA
| | - Ann Marie Gordon
- Occupational Health, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Arlene Sheets
- Occupational Health, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Averell H. Sherker
- Center for Liver Diseases, Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Ellen Kessler
- Employee Occupational Health, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Road Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Kathleen S. Bean
- Employee Occupational Health, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Road Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - M'Lou Stevens
- Occupational Medical Service, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1584, USA
| | - James Schmitt
- Occupational Medical Service, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1584, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1800, USA
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50
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Werner JM, Abdalla A, Gara N, Ghany MG, Rehermann B. The hepatitis B vaccine protects re-exposed health care workers, but does not provide sterilizing immunity. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1026-34. [PMID: 23916846 PMCID: PMC3884684 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be prevented by vaccination with HB surface (HBs) antigen, which induces HBs-specific antibodies and T cells. However, the duration of vaccine-induced protective immunity is poorly defined for health care workers who were vaccinated as adults. METHODS We investigated the immune mechanisms (antibody and T-cell responses) of long-term protection by the HBV vaccine in 90 health care workers with or without occupational exposure to HBV, 10-28 years after vaccination. RESULTS Fifty-nine of 90 health care workers (65%) had levels of antibodies to HBs antigen above the cut-off (>12 mIU/mL) and 30 of 90 (33%) had HBs-specific T cells that produced interferon-gamma. Titers of antibodies to HBs antigen correlated with numbers of HBs-specific interferon-gamma-producing T cells, but not with time after vaccination. Although occupational exposure to HBV after vaccination did not induce antibodies to the HBV core protein (HBcore), the standard biomarker for HBV infection, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells against HBcore and polymerase antigens were detected. Similar numbers of HBcore- and polymerase-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detected in health care workers with occupational exposure to HBV and in patients who acquired immunity via HBV infection. Most of the HBcore- and polymerase-specific T cells were CD45RO(+)CCR7(-)CD127(-) effector memory cells in exposed health care workers and in patients with acquired immunity. In contrast, most of the vaccine-induced HBs-specific T cells were CD45RO(-)CCR7(-)CD127(-) terminally differentiated cells. CONCLUSIONS HBs antigen vaccine-induced immunity protects against future infection but does not provide sterilizing immunity, as evidenced by HBcore- and polymerase-specific CD8(+) T cells in vaccinated health care workers with occupational exposure to HBV. The presence of HBcore- and HBV polymerase-specific T-cell responses is a more sensitive indicator of HBV exposure than detection of HBcore-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. Werner
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Adil Abdalla
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Naveen Gara
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marc G. Ghany
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
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