A pilot study: Digestion inhibiting effect of silver birch in moose

A pilot study: Digestion inhibiting effect of silver birch in moose

Ultimate pH values and bacteriological condition of meat and stress metabolites in blood of transported reindeer bulls

Twenty-three reindeer bulls, aged 2-3 years, fed during two winter months at the Vuolda reindeer research station in Arjeplog, Sweden, were used in the study. The first group of eight reindeer was moved from their feeding corral to a selection corral, captured by lasso and stunned with a captive bolt outside the selection corral. The second group of seven reindeer was moved to the selection corral, captured by lasso and restrained, after which they were loaded onto a lorry- and transported for 1 hour and then slaughtered. The third group of eight reindeer was moved to the selection corral and herded directly onto the lorry, without any manual handling. They were transported for 5 h and then slaughtered. In both transport groups, four reindeer were fitted with pre-programmed automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE). ABSE sampled blood at predetermined times via a jugular vein catheter. Ultimate pH-values in three muscles (Mm. longissimus, triceps brachii and biceps femoris) were significantly lower in the group carefully handled and transported for 5 h compared with the other two groups. The physiological mechanisms behind these results are discussed. Samples from M. semimembranosus were collected at slaughter and after 2, 6 and 10 days of refrigerated storage (+4 °C). The samples were analysed for total counts of aerobic bacteria (pour-plated in Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar, Difco, incubated at 20 °C and 30 °C, respectively for 72 h), coliform bacteria 37 °C (pour-plated in Violet Red Bile Agar, Oxoid, incubated at 37 °C for 24 h), Enterococci (surface-plated onto Slantez and Bartley Agar, Oxoid, incubated at 44 °C for 48 h) and Bacillus cereus (surface-plated onto Blood Agar Plates (Blood Agar Base, Difco, supplemented with 5% defibrinated horse blood) 30 °C for 24 h). All samples fell in the range 'fit for consumption'. At slaughter, there was no difference in ASAT activity, urea and Cortisol concentrations between the two transported groups. However, the plasma ASAT activity and urea concentrations at slaughter were significantly lower in the non-transported group. In both transport groups, the plasma Cortisol concentrations increased during loading onto and unloading from the lorry. Abomasal lesions were observed in all treatment groups. It was concluded that reindeer showed an acute stress response to manual handling and transport.

Animal definition: a necessity for the validity of animal experiments?

In most scientific journals, experimental animals are described poorly. Whether this is scientifically justified is discussed in this article. It was concluded that when laboratory animals are used in scientific experiments, which almost always are of a quantitative nature, a detailed animal definition is imperative.

Experimental infection of dogs with the nasal mite Pneumonyssoides caninum

A successful experimental transmission of the canine nasal mite, Pneumonyssoides caninum, is described. Some 11 weeks after repeated systemic ivermectin treatment, four Beagles were inoculated via the right nostril with 20 P. caninum mites of different sexes and life stages, obtained at the necropsy of an infected dog. The inoculated dogs and a matching uninoculated control were observed for clinical signs for 14 weeks and then euthanised. Vague upper respiratory signs and a transient minor increase in the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood were recorded in the inoculated dogs. At necropsy 4-12 P. caninum mites were found in the nasal cavities and sinuses of the inoculated dogs, but none in the control. In three out of the four infected dogs mites were found in both the right and left nasal cavities and sinuses of the skull. Since in no case more mites than the number used for inoculation were detected it is not clear if the mites managed to reproduce in the dogs. Inflammatory lesions were seen most consistently in the olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa and tonsils, and growth of opportunistic bacteria was observed in the tonsils of the infected dogs. The inflammatory lesions seen in the olfactory mucosa may explain why dogs infected with P. caninum sometimes appear to suffer from impaired scenting ability.

Pre-slaughter handling of reindeer bulls {Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) — effects on technological and sensory meat quality, blood metabolites and muscular and abomasal lesions

Forty-one reindeer bulls (age 1 1/2 years) were subjected to different pre-slaughter treatments: herding for a short distance to a grazing corral, selection by use of a lasso, lorry transport and helicopter herding for 1, 2 and 3 days respectively. As control, 9 reindeer were shot without previous handling (in the mountains). The results indicated the traditional selection technique of using a lasso to be the most stressful and glycogen-depleting handling procedure so far studied. In the lasso-selected reindeer the lowest glycogen values and the highest ultimate pH values in the meat were measured. The values of the measured parameters indicating stress (aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), urea, Cortisol and abomasal lesions) were also highest in these reindeer. By contrast, the modern method of herding by helicopter was not found to be detrimental to glycogen content, ultimate pH, the measured blood metabolites, or the frequency of abomasal lesions. In all treatment groups degenerative lesions were observed in the skeletal muscles. No relarionship between technological and sensory meat quality characteristics and skeletal muscle lesions in reindeer could, however, be found in this study. The study confirmed an earlier finding that a 'stress-flavour' could develop in reindeer meat after intensive pre-slaughter handling of the animals. Further study of when and how such "stress-flavour" develops ought to be undertaken.

Remote blood collection in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L): a preliminary study

Automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) was used successfully to collect blood samples from two reindeer. During blood sampling, two methods of restraint were applied which caused no short term changes in plasma concentrations of urea, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase or total protein. Plasma Cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated by the two restraint techniques. The value of ABSE in studies of stress in reindeer is discussed.

Cerebellar abiotrophy in a moose (Alces alces L) related to copper deficiency. A case report

During december 1992 a moose cow with severely incoordinated and atactic movements was observed at several occasions in an area 20 km north of Uppsala. She was followed by a calf with normal movements and appearance. The 31 of January the cow was found laying in the forest unable to raise and walk. She was killed by means of a rifle shot in the neck and necropsied on the spot.

A bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease-like syndrome in moose (Alces alces): investigations on the central nervous system

A disease of unknown aetiology has been observed in moose. The animals showed signs of a bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease-like syndrome, and central nervous disturbances. Brains from adult female moose were investigated by means of histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, virology, and bacteriology. The results indicate that the nervous signs were not associated with a spongiform encephalopathy. The lesions suggest a viral aetiology, although all the virological investigations have so far proved negative.

The demonstration of a herpesvirus, related to bovine herpesvirus 1, in reindeer with ulcerative and necrotizing lesions of the upper alimentary tract and nose

In 11 male reindeer, all esposed to transportation stress, signs of conjunctivitis and later on ulcerative and necrotizing lesions of the mucosa of the nostrils and mouth were recorded. Blood and secretions from the nose were sampled. Antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) were detected in 2 animals. No animal had antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Virus isolation was negative. The sampling was repeated 2 weeks later and complemented with biopsies from the mouth lesions, fixed in formalin. At this occasion 3 animals were seropositive to BHV-1 and in biopsies from 2 of these intranuclear herpesvirus-like particles were found by means of electron microscopy. Four animals, 3 of them seropositive, were treated with cortison during 8 days. The size of the ulcers in the mouth increased in all animals. A herpesvirus was isolated from 3 of them at 10 different occasions. The ultrastructural investigation of the virus suspension demonstrated the presence of typical herpesvirus particles. On day 11 all 4 animals suffered from a severe diarrhoea and anorexia. On day 12 one animal died and on day 13 post challenge with cortison two additional animals died. The remaining animal was slaughtered on day 13. Bacteriological investigation revealed growth of Fusobacterium necrophorum from the spleen and oral wounds of all 4 animals. The animals were obviously subjected to an infection with a herpesvirus colsely related to BHV-1. Virus could be liberated by cortison treatment. It is possible that infections with the found herpesvirus, and the lesions caused by it, may be the background to earlier recorded severe outbreaks of necrobacillosis of the alimentary tract in reindeer herds.

An ultrastructural study of spontaneous chronic lung lesions in asymptomatic rabbits

An electron microscopical study of chronic lung lesions in 12 clinically healthy, purpose bred laboratory rabbits (eight of which were free from infections with known respiratory pathogens but 4 of them carried a natural B. bronchiseptica infection) revealed focal chronic interstitial pneumonia, vascular changes and focal chronic bronchiolitis. In addition, severe endothelial changes and intravascular deposition of collagen were observed in septal capillaries. In type I pneumocytes and septal capillary endothelium we noticed numerous rounded structures, 70-90 nm in diameter, which consisted of a limiting two layer membrane enclosing an irregularly rounded electron-dense centre surrounded by a more electron-lucent halo. These structures appeared free in the cytoplasm, or they were attached to or apparently budding from membranes other than the plasmalemma. Particles located extracellularly were not found. Whether the structures described were involved in the genesis of the lesions found remains to be elucidated.

A bovine herpesvirus (BHV-4) as passenger virus in ethmoidal tumours in Indian cattle

A herpesvirus was isolated from tumours of the ethmoidal mucosa in two of three head of cattle in the State of Kerala, India. The virus designated M40 was cytopathic for a variety of cultured bovine and porcine cells and it did not kill suckling mice or chicken embryos. Sera from tumour-bearing cattle and goats reacted with the M40 virus. Immunofluorescence tests with FITC-conjugated IgG from a bovine monospecific antiserum to bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) stained the M40 virus specific antigen in infected cells. Experimental infection of goats with the M40 virus did not result in development of tumours. This virus is therefore considered to represent a "passenger" virus. A great similarity was found between restriction patterns of DNAs extracted from M40 virus and the strain 66-P-347, a reference strain of the BHV-4 group.

Species of the genus Elaphostrongylus parasite of Swedish cervidae. A description of E. alces n. sp

A description of Elaphostrongylus alces n. sp., a parasite of moose (Alces alces L.), is given. The main features differing E. alces n. sp. from the other two investigated species are the bottle shaped oesophagus and the oval bursa, which is about 150 microns x 200 microns. E. rangiferi Mitskevith, 1960, a parasite of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) and E. cervi Cameron, 1931, a parasite of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) have both a club shaped or cylindrical oesophagus and a circular bursa. The bursa of E. rangiferi is about 160 microns in diameter, and the bursa of E. cervi is about 190 microns. Each species has been found only in its normal host.

Occurrence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the digestive epithelium of fallow deer (Dama dama L)

Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed in the digestive epithelium of fallow deer (Dama dama L) suffering from bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease. Similar inclusion bodies were also found in the ruminal epithelium of fallow deer subjected to overfeeding by supplementary food. Inclusion bodies were not found in the upper alimentary mucosa of clinically healthy deer but were frequently found when these tissues were subjected to autolysis. At electron microscopical studies the inclusion bodies were found to consist of granular protein-like material encircled by a single membrane. Such inclusion bodies may constitute a non-specific degenerative cell response which could be elicited by diverse factors including autolysis.

An outbreak of a disease in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama L) resembling bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease

Farmed fallow deer suddenly developed disease showing lethargy, weakness, anorexia and several of them died. The animals showed macroscopic lesions in the digestive mucosa characterized by erosions, ulcers and necrotizing lesions. Histo-pathology of the mucous membranes revealed marked inter- and intracellular oedema, erosions, ulcers and intracyto-plasmic inclusions bodies. BVD-virus was demonstrated in 1 deer using an indirect immunofluorescence method. It is suggested that the disease may have been caused by Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus alone or in conjunction with a simultaneous infection by another unidentified virus.

Morphology of the pig cornea in normal conditions and after incubation in a perfusion apparatus

The fine structure of the pig cornea in normal conditions and after being used in a perfusion apparatus, for 4 h, is described. Earlier reports on the normal morphology of the pig cornea were partly not confirmed. Thus the number of cell layers in the epithelium was found to be 19-23 (a basal cell layer, 4–5 polyhedral cell layers and 14–17 squamous cell layers) compared to earlier reported 6–9 layers.

The mean thickness of normal and perfused corneas were 722 μm and 752 μm respectively. Normal corneas had a hydration level of 77.2 % and after perfusion 78.5 %. The normal morphology and morphological changes due to exposure to perfusion were studied by light and electron microscopy. The differences observed between normal and perfused corneas have to be considered limited, and restricted mainly to the anterior squamous epithelium and the endothelium.

Taken together our results indicate that the corneas used in the apparatus still had functional integrity.

Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies associated with vesicular, ulcerative and necrotizing lesions of the digestive mucosa of a roedeer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and a moose (Alces alces L.)

At post-mortem examination of a roedeer and a moose, ulcerative and necrotizing lesions were observed in the digestive mucosa.

Both animals were serologically positive for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies. Histological examination revealed intra- and intercellular oedema in stratum germinativum and spinosum, formation of vesicles and ulcers, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in numerous epithelial cells of mainly stratum germinativum.

Electronmicroscopy confirmed the histological findings and demonstrated inclusion bodies containing a granular electron dense material encircled by a single-layer membrane. Virus particles were not found.

Effect of high 131I doses to the thyroid gland on tumorigenicity of 90Sr and 90Y in mice

The incidence of tumors was studied in mice injected with 90Sr only or with 90Sr in combination with high amounts of 131I. The high 131I-dose to the thyroid gland was necrotizing to the glandular tissue and the main aim of the investigation was the possible effects of the thyroidal destruction on the formation of bone tumors. After correction for competing mortality, no significant difference in the frequency of bone tumors could be found between 90Sr-treated and (90Sr + 131I)-treated mice. The incidence rate of bone tumors, however, was higher in mice with radiogenically destroyed glands than in those with intact glands. The limitations of using the concept of 'actuarial tumor incidence' in correction for competing mortality in animal experiments are discussed. Large numbers of lymphatic tumors were found in all animal groups. The frequencies of such tumors were independent of the radiation doses but their incidence rates were shortened in a dose dependent manner. Other, directly or indirectly radiation induced tumors were observed.

A suspected virus infection of the oral mucosa in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

In 1980 a rather high frequency of reindeer, supplementarily fed in pens, were taken ill and deaths occurred as well. In five out of eight carcasses necrophsied oral lesions were observed. Histologically the mucosa, surrounding these lesions, was charasterized by the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, inter- and intracellular oedema and vesicle formation. Fusobacterium necrophorum, Coll, betahaemolizing streptococci, and Cory neb acterium pyogenes found in the lesions were all considered secondary invaders. Serological samples from disease stricken herds were tested for antibodies against BVD-, P13-, and IBR-virus as well as Chlamydia. Low positive titres were observed but for BVDV. The result indicates that a thus far unidentified virus might be the primary cause of this enzootically occurring disease.

[A new onchocercal parasite, Onchocerca alcis n. sp., parasite of the moose Alces alces in Sweden]

Among the onchocercids of cervids, Onchocerca alcis n. sp., a parasite of the moose, Alces alces, belongs to that small palearctic group of evolved onchocercids consisting of O. jakutensis, O. garmsi and O. tarsicola. It is distinguished from its most closely related species, O. jakutensis, primarily on the characters of the lateral chord and cuticle, its greater spicule ratio, and the characteristic shapes of the anterior and posterior extremities of female worms.

Nervous tissue lesions caused by elaphostrongylosis in wild Swedish moose

During the first 5 months of 1985, 35 moose were obtained for necropsy at the National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. 17 (49 %) of these cases were found to be infected with Elaphostrongylus sp. The nematodes were found in the epidural space of the spinal cord and brain, around and in the sciatic nerves and in muscle fasciae. Predilection sites appeared to be near cauda equina and the fasciae of the thoracic, gracilis and sartorius muscles.

Most of the infected animals were calves. Both sexes were equally represented. Pathological changes found were characterized by focal haemorrhages and oedema. The changes were present in the muscle fasciae and in the leptomeninges of the brain and spinal cord. Beside infiltrates of mainly lymphocytes and plasma cells, adult nematodes, larvae and eggs were observed.

Cases with mild gliosis in the cerebrum and degenerative changes of peripheral nerve roots affecting the epi- and perineurium were also found. In one case the inflammatory changes reached the endoneurium of a sciatic nerve bundle and in another case into a ganglion.

Inflammatory reactions against the parasite were mainly directed towards eggs. In loose connective tissue close to nerve tissue in the central nervous system larvae were found close to eggs and remains of eggs indicating that eggs may hatch at this site.

This investigation shows that natural infections with Elaphostrongylus sp. occur in wild moose and may produce pathological changes in large peripheral nerves and in the central nervous system.

A suspected virus infection of the oral mucosa in Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

<p>During the winter 1980 reindeer herds in the Tornedalen area, along the Finnish border, were hit by grazing difficulties. Thus minor parts of the reindeer her*ds in this area were given supplementary feed in pens. Some of the supplementary fed animals were taken ill and some deaths occurred. According to the owners sick animals showed loss of appetite and signs of fever. A total of 8 carcasses were necropsied at The National Veterinary Institute. In 5 of these cases oral lesions were observed. The histological investigation of the oral mucosa revealed intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, inter- and intracellular oedema and vesicle formation. An electron-microscopical study of 2 of the cases confirmed the histological findings. At the bacteriological investigations Coli, &szlig;-haemolyzing streptococci, Conrynebacterium pyogenes and Fusobacterium necrophorum could be indentified. The found bacteria were all considered secondary invaders. Serological samples from four affected reindeer flocks were tested for antibodies against BVD-, P13 and IBR-virus as well as Chlamydia. A few samples showed low positive titres for agents tested but for BVDV. The result of the investigation indicates that a still unidentified virus could be the primary cause of this enzootically appearing disease of the oral mucosa in reindeer.</p><p>Misstanke om virusinfektion i munnslemhinnan p&aring; svensk ren.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Under vintern 1980 drabbades renhjordar i Tornedalsomr&aring;det av betessv&aring;righeter. Av denna anledning f&ouml;rdes mindre flockar, ur hjordarna, till inh&auml;gnader och tillskottsutfodrades. En del av de tillskottsutfodrade djuren insjuknade och d&ouml;dsfall intr&auml;ffade. Enligt djur&auml;garna f&ouml;rlorade de sjuka djuren aptiten och uppvisade tecken p&aring; feber. Av de d&ouml;da renarna erh&ouml;lls &aring;tta f&ocirc;r obduktion vid Statens Veterin&auml;rmedicinska anstalt. Hos fem av de obducerade renarna forel&aring;g skador i munh&aring;lan. Vid histologisk undersokning av munslemhinnan p&aring;visades intracytoplasmatiska inklusionskroppar, inter- och intracellul&auml;rt &ouml;dem och vesikelbildningar. Elektronmikroskopisk undersokning av tv&aring; av fallen konfirmerade de histologiska unders&ouml;kningarna. Vid de bakteriologiska unders&ouml;kningarna p&aring;visades v&aring;xt av kolibakterier, &szlig;-hemolyserande streptokocker, Corynebacterium pyogenes och Fusobacterium necrophorum. I samtliga fall betraktades dessa som sekund&aring;rinfektio-ner. Serologiska unders&ouml;kningar f&ouml;retogs, i fyra flockar d&aring;r d&ouml;dsfall f&ouml;rekommit, avseende forekomst av antikroppar emot BVD-virus, Pi3 och IBR-virus samt Chlamydia. Ett mindre antal prover uppvisade positiva titrar f&ocirc;r de unders&ouml;kta agens utom vad avser BVD. Resultaten av unders&ouml;kningarna indikerar att ett annu ej identifierat virus kan vara prim&auml;rorsak till de enzootiskt upptr&aring;dande utbrotten av sjukliga f&ouml;r&auml;ndringar i munh&aring;len hos ren.</p>

Supplementary feeding of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L) with late harvested hay. A pilot study

<p>In order to increase the fodder available for roedeer during wintertime, late harvested hay was placed on racks early in November in three consecutive years. Freeezing kept the hay dry and fresh during all three winters. In the first winter, with much snow, the bulk of the hay was consumed whereas consumption in the two subsequent mild winters was low and selective. The crude protein content of the hay was low (3.5 - 8.4% dry matter). Metabolizable energy estimated from digestion in vitro was 3.5 &mdash; 5.6 MJ per kg dry matter. Rumen liquor from roe deer during a mild winter gave lower in vitro digestion than liquor from sheep fed with ordinary rations. The value of this poor hay for roe deer is discussed with respect to the animals requirements, seasonal adaption, the energy and protein content of the hay, water consumption and normal behavior. The results indicate that late harvested hay may be more suitable than regularly harvested hay or concentrates to help roe deer to survive spells of severe winter conditions. With late harvested hay placed out at several localized feeding sites, the risks of indigestion and dehydration, associated with a more concentrated, feed, are minimized and the ranking among the roe deer in particular will be less important and thus more animals will have improved prospects of gaining access to the fodder.</p><p>Tilskottsutfodring av r&aring;djur (Capreolus capreolus L) med sent skordat ho. En pilotstudie.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: I avsikt att, for r&aring;djur, oka m&aring;ngden tillg&aring;ngligt foder under vintertid, skordades och h&aring;ssjades ho i borjan av november under tre p&aring; varandra foljande &aring;r. Hoet fros torn och holl sig f&aring;rskt alla vintrarna. Forst&aring; vintern med mycket sno konsumerades huvuddelen av hoet medan de tv&aring; foljande milda vintrarna konsumptionen var l&aring;g och selektiv. M&aring;ngden r&aring;protein i hoet var l&aring;gt (3.5 &mdash; 8.4 % i torrsubstans). Inneh&aring;llet av oms&aring;ttbar energi ber&aring;knad fr&aring;n digestion in vitro var 3.5 &mdash; 5.6 MJ per kg torrsubstans. V&aring;mv&aring;tska fr&aring;n r&aring;djur under en mild vinter gav lagra in vitro digestion &aring;n v&aring;mv&aring;tska fr&aring;n ordin&aring;rt utfodrade f&aring;r. V&aring;rdet av det mycket sent skordade hoet for r&aring;djur diskuteras med utg&aring;ngspunkt fr&aring;n djurens behov, s&aring;songm&aring;ssiga adaption, energi- och proteininneh&aring;ll i hoet, vattenkonsumtion och normala beteende. Resultat&eacute;n pekar p&aring; att, sent skordat ho kan vara l&aring;mpligare &aring;n p&aring; normal tid skordat ho eller kraftfoder att hj&aring;lpa r&aring;djur att overleva perioder med sv&aring;ra vinterforh&aring;llanden. Med sent skordat och h&aring;ssjat ho, vilket gjorts tillg&aring;ngligt p&aring; ett flertal utfodringsplatser, minskar riskerna for v&aring;mindigestion och dehydrering, forenade med en mer hogv&aring;rdig utfodring, samtidigt som djurens inbordes rangordning blir mindre betydelsefull. Det senare innebarande att fler djur f&aring;r tillg&aring;ng till fodret.</p>

Nasal tumor in a fallow deer (Dama dama L). A case report

A nasal, so called ethmoidal, tumor from a fallow deer is described. It appears to be the first reported case of that species. The etiology is discussed.

Skeletal muscle characteristics of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.)

Fibre type composition, fibre areas, capillaries, enzyme activities and intramuscular substrates were analysed on skeletal muscle samples from reindeer. The muscles contained 10-20% Type I fibres and a higher percentage of Type IIB (40-60%) than Type IIA fibres (20-40%). All fibre types revealed medium or dark staining intensity for oxidative capacity. Glycolytic capacity was greatest in Type IIB fibres. All fibres stained for glycogen, while Type I and IIA fibres stained for lipids. The mean number of capillaries in contact with fibres of each type, relative to fibre type area was high in all muscle types. The metabolic profile of reindeer muscle indicates that energy, to a great extent, is produced through oxidative pathways.

Spontaneous aortic lesions in moose (Alces alces L)

In 17 out of 22 aortas from moose, 6 months to more than 18 years, aortic lesions were found. Five different types of lesions were observed, fatty streaks were seen in 1, fibrous plaques in 7, fatty streaks with complicated lesions (calcification and acid mucopolysaccharides) in 3, fibrous plaques with complicated lesions in 2 and fibrous plaques with complicated lesions and fat droplets in 4 of the aortas.

Elastic tissue degeneration of the inner two thirds of the tunica media was principally found in the aorta of the animals beyond 4 year of age. There was no statistical evidence for a correlation between age and frequency but a trend towards age dependence was seen. The percentage of involved surface was found to increase significantly (0.05 > P > 0.02) with age. There was no significant difference between affected male and female animals in the different age groups. The frequency of involved surface in different affected regions, comprising all age groups were, in the posterior abdominal portion, 13.0 %, in the anterior abdominal portion, 3.0 %, in the posterior thoracic portion 5.2 %, in the anterior thoracic portion, 0.1 % and in the aortic arch, 0.1 %. Proliferating endothelial cells and the source of smooth muscle cells were discussed.

Onchocerca lesions in moose (Alces alces L.)

Inflammatory discolorated granulomas occurred in 98% of investigated moose, 1.5 years of age or older. In moose calves no lesions were observed. The lesions were mainly located in tendineous tissues. Predilection sites were the insertions of M. sartorius and M. semitendinosus at the tibia. Lesions also occurred in peritendineous and subcutaneous tissues. The lesions were caused by Onchocerca worms. The character of the inflammatory reaction was benign and onchocercal lesions in moose appeared to be of minor importance for the health and mobility of the animals, and also from meat hygiene aspects. The found worm shows similarities regarding morphology and localization to O. tarsicola. As the worm, however, is very common in moose and seems to be well adapted to this animal, the presence of an Onchocerca species or strain specific to moose, can not be ruled out.

[Deworming of corralled fallow deer (Dama dama) using mebendazole]

The efficacy of mebendazole on nematode infections in farmed fallow-deer (Dama dama) was studied. The substance was administered as medicated feed, 6 mg/kg bodyweight during 10 days. At the same time the parasitic burden of the animals was investigated. A "springrise" of Trichostrongylidae, Trichuris and Capillaria was present during late winter--early spring following by a "self-cure" reaction. A "springrise" phenomenon in early spring was also evident for Chabertia and Dictyocaulus viviparus but excretion of eggs and larvae remained during spring. The effect of mebendazole on Chabertia was good while the effect on Dictyocaulus viviparus was incomplete probably due to arrested L5-larvae, which were unaffected by the anthelmintic during arrested state but after the deworming period developed into mature worms. Dewormed animals had a relative (%) growth increase which was 20% larger than the growth increase of non medicated animals.

A deworming field trial with ivermectin (MSD) in reindeer

<p>This paper is to be regarded as a follow-up under field conditions of Nordkvist et al. (1983) as far as ivermectin is concerned. 54 reindeer calves (29 males + 25 females), as far as possible of normal size, were selected November 15th, 1982 from a reindeer herd belonging to Maskaure sameby, Arvidsjaur. The calves were individually branded, by means of ear tags and weighed. 29 calves (15 males + 14 females) were treated with ivermectin (Ivomec 1% MSD) at a dose rate of 1 ml per calf (roughly corresponding to 200 meg ivermectin per kg body weight), subcutaneous injection. Remaining 25 calves (14 males + 11 females) served as untreated controls. The entire group of calves was then returned to the herd for free grazing during winter. During the winter 3 treated calves were found dead, all three of them had been suffering from keratoconjunctivitis. If any of the control animals had succumbed during the same time is not known. On April 21st, 1983 (approx. 150 days post treatment) 44 calves (24 treated + 20 controls) were weighed. 5 treated and 5 controls were randomly selected for slaughter. Carcasses and organs were thoroughly examined from a parasitological and, as far as lungs were concerned, pathological point of view. The efficacy of the treatment was 100(M&gt; or nearly 100% against Oedemagena tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, and nematode eggs in faeces. The efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes was, probably due to date of treatment, somewhat difficult to judge (Tab 1). A statistical analysis of the weight changes, relative to initial weights, (Tab. 2) supports the statements &mdash; that all animals had lost weight &mdash; that treated males had lost significantly less of their body weights than control males &mdash; That weight change of treated females did not differ significantly from that of control females &mdash; that the average weight loss of the entire treated group was significantly less than that of the control group.</p><p>Ett f&auml;ltavmaskningsf&ouml;rs&ouml;k med ivermectin (MSD) p&aring; renar.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: 54 renkalvar (29 m + 25 f) s&aring;vitt mojligt av normal storlek, utvaldes den 25 november 1982 ur en renhjord tillhorig Maskaure sameby, Arjeplog. Kalvarna mdividm&aring;rktes med oronknappar och v&aring;gdes. Av dessa behandlades 29 kalvar (15 0*0" + 14 $9) med ivermectin (Ivomec, 1% MSD), 1 ml per kalv, subkutan injektion. Resterande 25 kalvar fungerade som obehandlade kontrolldjur. Den 21 april 1983 (efter 147 dagar) v&aring;gdes &aring;nyo 44 (24 behandlade + 20 kontroller) av de ursprungliga djuren. 5 renar i vardera gruppen slaktades och kropp och organ undersoktes parasitologiskt. Effekten av behandlingen var 100% eller n&aring;stintill mot Oedemagena tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elaphostrongulus rangiferi samt vad g&auml;llde forekomsten av nematod&aring;gg i tracken. Effekten p&aring; mag-tarmnematoder var, med h&aring;nsyn till behandlingstidpunkten, sv&aring;rbedomd. Effekten p&aring; trichostrongylida lopmagsmaskar var ocks&aring; sv&aring;rbedomd och diskuteras i texten. Den relativa forandringen av renarnas kroppsvikt, dvs forandringen i forh&aring;llande till ursprungsvikten, har ber&aring;knats och statistiskt bearbetats. Det kunde d&aring; konstateras &mdash; att samtliga renar hade forlorat i vikt &mdash; att den genomsnittliga viktforlusten hos de behandlade hankalvarna var signifikant l&aring;gre &aring;n hos de obehandlade hankalvarna &mdash; att den genomsnittliga viktforlusten hos de behandlade honkalvarna ime skiljde sig statistiskt fr&aring;n viktforlusten hos de obehandlade honkalvarna &mdash; att den genomsnittliga viktforlusten i hela den behandlade gruppen var signifikant lagre &aring;n i den obehandlade gruppen.</p><p>Kentt&auml;tutkimus porojen matokuurista Ivermectinill&auml; (MSD).</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Arjeplogissa Maskauren lappalaiskyl&aring;&aring;n kuuluvasta porotokasta valittiin 25. marraskuuta 1982 54 porovasaa (29 m + 25 f) mik&aring;li mahdollista normaalikokoa. Vasat yksilomerkittiin korvanastoilla ja punnittiin. N&aring;ist&aring; k&aring;siteltiin 29 vasaa (15 m + 14 f) ivermectinill&aring; (Ivomec, 1 % MSD), 1 ml vasaa kohden, ruiskutcttuna nahan alle. Loput 25 vasaa toimivat k&aring;sittelem&aring;ttomin&aring; tarkkailuel&aring;imin&aring;. 21 huhtikuuta 1983 (147 p&aring;iv&aring;n j&aring;lkeen) punnittiin uudelleen 44 (24 k&aring;sitelty&aring; + 20 tarkkailuel&aring;int&aring;) alkuper&aring;isist&aring; el&aring;imist&aring;. Joka ryhm&aring;st&aring; teurastettiin 5 poroa ja ruho ja sis&aring;elimet tutkittiin parasitoloogisesti. K&aring;sittelyn vaikutus oli 100% tai l&aring;hes t&aring;ydellinen seuraavia kohtaan: Oedemagena tarandi, Cephenemyia trompe, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Elapohostrongylus rangiferi sek&aring; myoskin mit&aring; tulee matojen munien esiintymiseen sonnassa. Vaikutus maha - ja suolistomatoihin oli, k&aring;sittelyn ajankohdan huomioonottaen, vaikeasti ratkaistavissa. Vaikutus juoksutusmahoihin (trichostrongylida) oli myos vaikeasti ratkaistavissa ja siit&aring; keskustellaan tekstiss&aring;. Porojen ruhojen painon suhteellinen muutos, t.s. muutos suhteessa alkuper&aring;ispainoon on arvioitu ja tilastollisesti k&aring;sitelty. Voitiin silloin todeta &mdash; ett&aring; kaikki porot olivat kevcntyneet painossaan, &mdash; ett&aring; k&aring;siteltyjen urosvasojen keskim&aring;&aring;r&aring;inen painonv&aring;hennys oli merkitsev&aring;sti alhaisempi kuin k&aring;sittelem&aring;ttomien urosvasojen, &mdash; ett&aring; k&aring;siteltyjen naarasvasoien keskim&aring;&aring;r&aring;inen painonv&aring;hennys ei eronnut tilastollistesti k&aring;sittelem&aring;ttomien naarasvasojen painonv&aring;hennyksest&aring;, &mdash; ett&aring; koko k&aring;sitellyn ryhm&aring;n keskim&aring;&aring;r&aring;inen painonv&aring;hennys oli merkitsev&aring;sti alhaisempi kuin k&aring;sittelem&aring;ttom&aring;ss&aring; ryhm&aring;ss&aring;.</p>

The influence of stress on substrate utilization in skeletal muscle fibres of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

<p>Moderate stress in connection with handling, sampling and herding of reindeer caused a very pronounced depletion of glycogen in mainly type IIA and IIB fibres. Also intramuscular triglyceride levels decreased but mainly in type I fibres. Muscle lactate lev&eacute;ls increased in all animals but not to the levels found in pigs exposed to stress or exertion. Reindeer muscles appeared to have a great capacity to oxidize both carbohydrates and lipids. All animals showed increased Cortisol, urea and AS AT values. A marked depletion of glycogen and lipids in many of the fibres may be a factor involved in the development of skeletal muscle degeneration in connection with mental stress and exertion as there seems to be a correlation between high ASAT values and substrate depleted musclefibres. A connection may therefore exist between high instramuscular substrate stores and the ability of a muscle to tolerate stress.</p><p>Av stress p&aring;verkat substratutnyttjande i skelettmuskelfibrer hos ren</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: M&aring;ttlig stress betingad av hantering, provtagning och drivning av ren orsakade en mycket kraftig minskning av muskelglykogen i fr&aring;mst typ IIA och typ IIB fibrer. Aven triglycerider minskade framfor allt i typ I fibrer. Muskellaktatniv&aring;erna okade i samtliga undersokta djur, men inte till niv&aring;er som ses hos gris utsatta for stress eller fysisk anstr&aring;ngning.Renens muskler uppvisade en mycket hog kapacitet att oxidera, forbranna, b&aring;de kolhydrat och fett. Alla djur uppvisade forhojda Cortisol, urea och ASAT varden. Den mycket kraftiga tomningen av kolhydrat och fett i m&aring;nga muskelfibrer kan vara en faktor medverkande till muskeldegeneration i samband med mental stress och anstrangning d&aring; hoga ASAT-v&aring;rden synes vara korrelerade till uttomda muskelfibrer. Ett samband mellan hog instramuskul&aring;r substratupplagring och form&aring;ga att t&aring;la stress kan s&aring;ledes foreligga.</p><p>Stressin vaikuttaneen poron substraattihyv&aring;k-sik&aring;ytto luurangon lihaksiston kuiduissa.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Kohtuullinen stressi edellytt&aring;en k&aring;sittely&aring;, kokeenottoa ja poronajoa aiheutti hyvin voimakkaan lihasglykogeenin v&aring;hentymisen etenkin II A ja II B tyyppisiss&aring; fiibereiss&aring;. Myoskin triglyseriidit v&aring;hentyiv&aring;t kaikissa tutkituissa el&aring;imissa, muttei kuitenkaan niihin tasoihin asti kuin sijoissa, jotka ovat joutuneet alttiiksi stressiin tai fyysilliseen rasitukseen. porojen lihakset osoittivat hyvin korkeaa kapasiteettia sek&aring; hiilihydraatin ett&aring; rasvan palamiseen. Kaikki el&aring;imet osoittivat kohonnutta cortisoolin, urean ja ASATin arvoa. Hyvin voimakas hiilihydraatin ja rasvan tyhjentyminen monissa lihaskuiduissa voi olla vaikutin lihasrappeutumiseen henkisen stressin ja rasituksen yhteydess&aring;, jolloin korkea ASAT-arvo n&aring;ytt&aring;&aring; olevan vastaavuussuhteessa tyhjentyneisiin lihaskuituihin. Lihaksiston korkean substraattivarastoimisin ja stressin sietokyvyn suhde voi siis olla olemassa.</p>

Pathology of acute and subchronic nitrate poisening in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

The pathology of nitrate poisoning by forest fertilizers to reindeer was studied. The post mortem picture differed with substance, dose and time of exposure. Animals that died from acute ammonium nitrate intoxication had lesions similar to those found in acute ammonium and nitrate poisoning in sheep and cattle, without developing methaemoglobinemia. The animal that died from acute sodium nitrate poisoning probably died from acute collapse of the blood pressure without developing methaemoglobinemia and without any significant post mortem lesions. Animals dead of subchronic sodium nitrate poisoning all developed methaemoglobinemia. Animals dead within 24 hours only revealed subserous haemorrhages in the pleura and haemorrhages in musculus longissimus costarum and musculus longissimus dorsi. Similar pleural and muscular haemorrhages were also found in animals that died 60 - 200 hours after exposure but in these animals were also found what is considered common lesions in connection with nitrate/nitrite posoning; i.e. discolorated and poorly clotted blood, cardiac hamorrhages etc. The constant finding of these pleural and muscular haemorrhages may indicate almost pathognomonic lesions, in reindeer, in connection with nitrate poisoning of subchronic and chronic nature. The two animals that died from voluntarily drinking ammonium-nitrate dissolved in water developed lesions indicative of a combined effect of ammonium and nitrate poisoning. Patologin vid akut och subkronisk nitratforgiftning hos ren (Rangifer tarandus L) Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: Patologin vid nitratforgiftning, orsakad av skogsgodselmedel, hos ren har undersokts. Obduktionsbilden varierade med godselmedel, dosering och exponeringstid. Djuren som dog av akut ammoniumnitratforgiftning uppvisade likartade forandringar som ses vid akut ammonium-och nitratforgiftning hos f&aring;r och notkreatur. Inget av djuren utvecklade methaemoglobinemi. Det djur som dog av akut natriumnitratforgiftning dog troligen av en akut blodtryckskollaps utan att utveckla methaemoglobinemi. Djur vilka dog av subkronisk natriumnitratforgiftning utvecklade alla methaemoglobinemi. Djuren som dog inom 24 timmar uppvisade enbart subserosa Modningar i pleura och blodningar i musculus longissimus costarum och musculus longissimus dorsi. Liknande blodningar i pleura och samma muskler sigs ocks&aring; hos djur som dog 60 - 200 timmar efter exposition. Hos dessa djur s&aring;gs emellertid ocks&aring; forhindringar som anses vanliga i samband med nitrat/nitritforgiftning s&aring;som, missf&aring;rgat d&aring;ligt koagulerat blod, blodningar i hj&aring;rtat etc. Det genomg&aring;ende fyndet av dessa blodningar i pleura och dorsala rygg- brostmuskler, hos ren, i samband med nitratforgiftning av subkronisk eller kronisk karakt&aring;r, ar en indikation p&aring; synbarligen patognomoniska forandringar. De tv&aring; djur som dog efter att frivilligt ha druckit ammoniumnitrat lost i vatten utvecklade forandringar tydande pi en kombinerad effekt av ammonium- och nitratforgiftning. Poron (Rangifer tarandus L) &aring;killisen subkroonisen nitraattimyrkytyksen patologia. Abstract in Finnsih / Yhteenveto: Tutkittiin mets&aring;nlannoitteiden aiheuttaman nitraattimyrkytyksen patologiaa poroissa. Ruumiinavau-skuva vaihteli lannoitteesta, annostuksesta ja altistamisajasta riippuen. Akilliseen ammoniumnitraattimyrkytykseen kuolleissa elaimiss&aring; muutokset olivat samankaltaisia kuin lampaiden ja nautojen akillisessa ammonium ja nitraattimyrkytyksessa. Yhteenka&aring;n el&aring;imeen ei kehittynyt methemoglobinemiaa. Eras akilliseen natriumnitraattimyrkytykseen kuollut elain menehtyi luultavasti akilliseen verenpainekollapsiin ilman methemoglobinemian kehittymista. Kaikkiin subkrooniseen natriumnitraattimyrkytykseen kuolleisiin el&aring;imiin kehittyi methemoglobinemia. Kahden-kymmenennelj&aring;n tunnin sisalla kuolleissa elaimiss&aring; ilmeni ainoastaan rintakalvonalaisia verenvuotoja sek&aring; verenvuotoja Musculus longissimus costarumissa ja M. longissimus dorsissa. Samankaltaisia verenvuotoja rintakalvossa ja samoissa lihaksissa n&aring;htiin myos niiss&aring; elaimiss&aring;, jotka kuolivat 60 - 200 tuntia altistamisen j&aring;lkeen. N&aring;iss&aring; elaimiss&aring; havaittiin kuitenkin myos nitraatti/nitriittimyrkytyksen yhteydess&aring; tavallisina pidett&aring;vi&aring; muutoksia kuten v&aring;rilt&aring;&aring;n muuttunut ja huonosti hyytynyt veri, verenvuotoja syd&aring;mess&aring; jne. Porojen subkroonisessa tai kroonisess nitraattimyrkytyksess&aring; s&aring;&aring;nnollisen&aring; loydoksen&aring; tavatut verenvuodot rintakalvossa ja ylemm&aring;ss&aring; selk&aring;rintalihaksistossa viittaavat siihen, ett&aring; muutokset ilmeisesti ovat t&aring;lle myrkytykselle ominaisia. Niihin kahteen elaimeen, jotka kuolivat juotuaan vapaaehtoisesti veteen liuotettua ammoniumnitraattia, kehittyi ammonium - ja nitraattimyrkytyksen yhteisvaikutukseen viittaavia muutoksia.

Ultrastructural studies on bovine horn cancer

The ultrastructure of bovine horn cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of Indian cattle is described. The tumour was composed of pleomorphic epithelial cells. The nuclei were enlarged with membrane invaginations and peripherally distributed heterochromatin and pleomorphic nucleoli. The cytoplasm contained bundles of tono-filaments and keratohyalin granules. In addition a majority of the cells revealed marked degenerative changes of the cytoplasmic orga-nellae and intracellular oedema. Desmosomes were rarely observed. Budding of virus-like particles from the cell membrane of a few cells was demonstrated.

Spontaneous aortic lesions in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L)

In 34 out of 60 aortas from roe deer, aged from 6 months to more than 8 years, aortic lesions were found. The frequency of affected regions involved were, in the posterior abdominal portion 53.3 %, in the aortic arch 18.3 %, in the anterior abdominal portion 16.7 %, in the posterior thoracic portion 8.33 % and in the anterior thoracic portion 3.3 %. Of the observed lesions, fatty streaks were seen in 3, fatty streaks and fibrous plaques in 3, fatty streaks with complicated lesions (calcification and acid mucopolysaccharides) in 14 and fibrous plaques with complicated lesions in 14 of the aortas. Elastic tissue degeneration of the inner two thirds of the tunica media was principally found in the aorta of the animals beyond 4 years of age. The lesions significantly (P < 0.001) increased in number and severity with age and appeared to be more progressive in pregnant animals. There was, however, no significant difference between affected male and female animals in the different age groups.

A field study of management stress in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L)

<p>The impact of stress was studied in semidomesticated reindeer subjected to various herding and handling methods. In herded and handled animals, stress lesions were found, such as abomasal haemorrhage, muscular and myocardial degeneration and marked changes in blood constituents. The degree of change was dependent of the magnitude of stress the animal had been exposed to. Manual handling and restraint was found to be one of the major stress factors. There were evident indications of a cumulative effect of repeated stress events. The use of motor vehicles (helicopter and snow-scooter), for herding and transporting the animals, was found to be an important stress factor. It is concluded that various herding and handling methods studied in the present investigation led to varying degrees of deleterious effects on the health of the animals and a poorer meatquality from slaughtered animals. Hence herding should be undertaken as carefully as possible, the time taken for manual handling should be minimized, and the corrals be so constructed as to cause a minimum of disturbance, capture and restraint. Transportation should be undertaken very cautiously with as little manual handling as possible during loading and unloading. To obtain a good meat quality, animals to be slaughtered should be subjected to a minimum of handling, i.e. slaughter should take place as quickly as possible. Transportation of live animals to slaughterhouses and the keeping of animals in corrals, pens or crates whilst awaiting slaughter will result in a lowered meat quality and should therefore be avoided.</p><p>En f&aring;ltstudie av stress hos ren i samband med olika hanteringsformer.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfatning: Betydelsen av stress hos ren studerades i hjordar i vilka olika typer av samlings- och hanteringsmetoder anvandes. I samtliga hjordar som utsatts for olika former av drivning forelag hos slaktdjur skador betingade av stress i form av magblodningar, muskelsonderfall och forandringar i blodbilden. De funna skadorna och forandringarna var beroende av den grad av stress som djuren utsatts for. Manuell hantering och inskrankning av djurens rorelsefrihet befanns vara en av de huvudsakliga stressfaktorerna. Det forelag &aring;venledes en stark indikation p&aring; en kumulativ effekt av upprepad stress. Anvandning av motorfordon (helikopter, snoskoter) vid drivning samt v&aring;gtransport av levande djur befanns vara betydande stressfaktorer. Det kan fastsl&aring;s att de olika hanteringsformerna inneburit olika grader av stress. Graden av stressp&aring;verkan inneb&aring;r olika grader av negativa effekter dels allm&aring;nt for djurens h&aring;lsotillst&aring;nd dels for en fors&aring;mrad kottkvalitet. S&aring;lunda bor drivningar foretagas s&aring; forsiktigt som mojligt och tiden for manuell hantering goras s&aring; kort som mpjlig. D&aring;rtill bor g&aring;rdor konstrueras s&aring; att yttre storning, manuell hantering och begr&aring;nsning av djurens rorelsefrihet minimeras. Transporter bor genomforas med forsiktighet och med undvikande av manuell hantering vid lastning och lossning. Slakt bor foretagas omedelbart, dvs vid g&aring;rdan. Transport av levande djur, samt h&aring;llandet av djur i g&aring;rdor eller fillor i vantan p&aring; slakt inneb&aring;r att kottkvaliteten fors&aring;mras och bor s&aring;ledes undvikas.</p><p>Kentt&acirc;tutkimus porojen stressist&acirc; erilaisten k&acirc;sittelymuotojen yhteydess&agrave;.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Stressin merkityst&acirc; poroissa tutkitaan laumoissa, joissa k&agrave;ytet&agrave;&agrave;n erilaisia kokoamis - ja k&agrave;sittelymenetelmi&agrave;. Kaikissa laumoissa, jotka olivat joutuneet alttiiksi erilaisille ajomuodoille, oli teurasel&agrave;imiss&acirc; stressin aiheuttamia vammoja mahaverenvuotojen, lihasrappeutumien ja verikuvan muutosten muodossa. L&ocirc;ydetyt vammat ja muutokset olivat stressin aiheuttamat siina suhteessa kuin elaimet olivat siihen joutuneet. K&agrave;sin pitely ja el&agrave;inten liikuntavapauden rajoittuminen havaittiin olevan yksi p&agrave;&agrave;siallisista stressintekij&ocirc;ist&agrave;. Oli esill&agrave; my&ocirc;s voimakas osoitus kasvavan vaikutuksen toistuvasta stressist&acirc;. Moottoriajoneuvojen (helikopteri, moottori-kelkka) k&agrave;ytt&ocirc; ajossa sek&agrave; el&agrave;vien el&agrave;inten tiekuljetus nayttiv&agrave;t olevan merkitt&agrave;vi&agrave; stressitekij&ocirc;it&agrave;. Voidaan todeta, ett&agrave; erilaiset kasittelymuodot ovat aiheuttaneet stressin erilaisia asteita. Stressin vaikutuksen taso aiheutti eri asteisia negatiivisia vaikutuksia osittain huonontuneeseen lihan laatuun. Nainollen pit&agrave;&agrave; ajot suorittaa niin varovaisesti kuin mahdollista ja aika k&agrave;sin pitelyyn teht&agrave;v&agrave; niin lyhyeksi kuin mahdollista. Sen lis&agrave;ksi pit&agrave;&agrave; aid&acirc;t rakentaa niin, ett&agrave; ulkoista h&agrave;irint&agrave;&agrave;, k&agrave;sin pitely&agrave; ja el&agrave;inten liikuntavapauden rajoitusta v&agrave;hennet&agrave;&agrave;n. Kuljetukset pit&agrave;&agrave; suorittaa varovaisuudella ja koettaa v&agrave;ltt&agrave;&agrave; k&agrave;sin pitely&agrave; kuormauksessa ja purkauksessa. Teurastaminen pit&agrave;&agrave; suorittaa v&acirc;litt&ocirc;m&agrave;sti, toisin sanoen aidan luona. El&agrave;vien el&agrave;inten kuljetus, sek&agrave; el&agrave;inten pit&agrave;minen aitauksissa tai tarhoissa teurastamista odotellessa aiheuttaa lihalaadun huonontumiseen ja pit&agrave;&agrave; n&agrave;in ollen v&agrave;ltt&agrave;&agrave;.</p>

[Efficacy of mebendazole on Elaphostrongylus rangiferi in reindeer (author's transl)]

Elaphostrongylus rangiferi is a very common parasite in Scandinavian reindeer, causing losses due to cerebral nematodiasis and granulomatous parasitic pneumonias and also causing a discard of parts of the carcass at meat inspection. In limited experiments, the efficacy of mebendazole on E. rangiferi has been tested. It was found that daily treatment during a period of 10 days with 6 mg/kg body weight, given as medicated feed, resulted in a decreased fecal larval count at the 10th day and a total cessation of excretion of larvae at the 43rd day, indicating a good anthelmintic effect of mebendazole on E. rangiferi. Single dose treatment with 40 mg/kg body weight was not adequate against E. rangiferi. This dose level, however, completely eliminated excretion of gastrointestinal parasite eggs, as did the 10 day treatment with 6 mg/kg body weight of mebendazole. This dose is double that of the recommended dose for wild ruminants and the need of higher dose is discussed to be due to the dominance of older females of the flock, giving less access to the food for the low-ranked animals. Long-time treatment of reindeer, comparable to the method used, is possible during periods of supplementary feeding during spring-time and then not interfering with the normal management. Deworming will then also intervene with the peak of larvae excretion. Thus it seems possible to considerably decrease the number of larvae on the pastures.

Ultrastructural studies of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in goats

Biopsy material of the ileum and corresponding mesenteric lymph nodes from 10 naturally infected goats was studied. In ileum a loss of epithelial cells and infiltration of epitheloid cells, macrophages and a low number of lymphocytes, plasma cells and occasional eosinophils were seen. Ultrastructurally, the epithelial cells showed degenerative changes. Epitheloid cells were characterized by a large nucleus and a wide cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes.

Macrophages had been fixed in the process of engulfing bacteria or contained bacteria in phagosomes and phagolysosomes. Large phagolysosomes were common. In macrophages with many or large phagolysosomes, few or no lysosomes were observed. Degenerative changes were seen in macrophages containing many bacteria. Degenerative changes of capillary endothelium were observed. The intercellular spaces were distended by oedema and contained cell debris.

The mesenteric lymph nodes were infiltrated with epitheloid cells and macrophages. The ultrastructural picture of these cells was almost identical to that of the ileum.

The differences between the changes found in naturally infected and experimentally infected animals are discussed. It is concluded that the mode of infection, the number of bacteria to which the animal is exposed and the intervals between events of exposure may play a role.

Distribution of 35S in mice after oral administration of alpha-dithioacetamidinium chloride. An autoradiographic investigation

The distribution of 35S in mice has been investigated by whole-body autoradiography after oral administration of the 35S labelled S-75 (2,2'-Dithiobis(N-[(1-adamantyl)-methyl]-acetamidine)dihydrochloride). The substance was rapidly absorbed, and the highest concentration occurred in the liver and kidneys. During the highest radiation protective activity (after about 45 min) a substantial concentration was found in the red pulp of the spleen. This supports previous findings that S-75 has its most marked protective effect on the splenic haemopoiesis. Previously, it was shown that cysteamine is more evenly distributed in the body than S-75, which is in agreement with its more generalized protective effect than S-75.

Comparison between two radiation protective substances in irradiated mice. Effect on splenic haemopoiesis

The radiation protective action of 2,2'-Dithiobis(N-[(1-adamantyl)-methyl]-acetamidine)-dihyrochloride (S-75) and cysteamine was compared in splenectomized and non-splenectomized mice. Cysteamine was found to have better and more general protection properties. Several indications of a specific effect of S-75 on the spleen were observed. It is suggested that the protection properties of S-75 should be tested in another laboratory animal not having such a marked splenic haemopoiesis as the mouse.