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Priemer DS, Rhodes CH, Karlovich E, Perl DP, Goldman JE. Aβ Deposits in the Neocortex of Adult and Infant Hypoxic Brains, Including in Cases of COVID-19. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:988-995. [PMID: 36264253 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain of a 58-year-old woman was included as a civilian control in an ongoing autopsy study of military traumatic brain injury (TBI). The woman died due to a polysubstance drug overdose, with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) serving as a contributing factor. Immunohistochemical stains for β-amyloid (Aβ), routinely performed for the TBI study, revealed numerous, unusual neocortical Aβ deposits. We investigated the autopsied brains of 10 additional young patients (<60 years old) who died of COVID-19, and found similar Aβ deposits in all, using two different Aβ antibodies across three different medical centers. The deposits failed to stain with Thioflavin-S. To investigate whether or not these deposits formed uniquely to COVID-19, we applied Aβ immunostains to the autopsied brains of COVID-19-negative adults who died with acute respiratory distress syndrome and infants with severe cardiac anomalies, and also biopsy samples from patients with subacute cerebral infarcts. Cortical Aβ deposits were also found in these cases, suggesting a link to hypoxia. The fate of these deposits and their effects on function are unknown, but it is possible that they contribute to the neurocognitive sequelae observed in some COVID-19 patients. Our findings may also have broader implications concerning hypoxia and its role in Aβ deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Priemer
- From the Department of Defense/Uniformed Services University Brain Tissue Repository, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Harker Rhodes
- From the Department of Defense/Uniformed Services University Brain Tissue Repository, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Esma Karlovich
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel P Perl
- From the Department of Defense/Uniformed Services University Brain Tissue Repository, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, The Taub Center for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and Aging, and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Wishart HA, Saykin AJ, McAllister TW, Rabin LA, McDonald BC, Flashman LA, Roth RM, Mamourian AC, Tsongalis GJ, Rhodes CH. Regional brain atrophy in cognitively intact adults with a single APOE 4 allele. Neurology 2006; 67:1221-4. [PMID: 17030756 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000238079.00472.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether cognitively intact adults with the APOE epsilon3/epsilon4 genotype show reduced gray matter density on voxel-based morphometry (VBM) vs those homozygous for the epsilon3 allele. METHODS Participants were healthy, cognitively intact, right-handed adults, age 19 to 80, who completed genotyping, neuropsychological testing, and MRI. Forty-nine participants had the epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype and 27 had the epsilon3/epsilon4 genotype. Gray matter data were analyzed using the general linear model as implemented in the Statistical Parametric Mapping package, adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS The epsilon3/epsilon4 participants showed lower gray matter density than the epsilon3/epsilon3 participants in right medial temporal and bilateral frontotemporal regions as well as other areas. There were no regions in which epsilon3/epsilon4 participants showed higher gray matter density than epsilon3/epsilon3 participants. CONCLUSIONS Regionally reduced gray matter density is detectable in cognitively intact adults with a single copy of the APOE epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Wishart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School/DHMC, Lebanon, NH 03756-0001, USA
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3
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Siegel AM, Jobst BC, Thadani VM, Rhodes CH, Lewis PJ, Roberts DW, Williamson PD. Medically intractable, localization-related epilepsy with normal MRI: presurgical evaluation and surgical outcome in 43 patients. Epilepsia 2001; 42:883-8. [PMID: 11488888 DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042007883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in the presurgical evaluation of patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. Although MRI detects a morphologic abnormality as the cause of the epilepsy in the majority of patients, some patients have a normal MRI. This study was undertaken to explore the hypothesis that in patients with normal MRI, invasive monitoring can lead to localization of the seizure-onset zone and successful epilepsy surgery. METHODS A series of 115 patients with partial epilepsy who had undergone intracranial electrode evaluation (subdural strip, subdural grid, and/or depth electrodes) between February 1992 and February 1999 was analyzed retrospectively. Of these, 43 patients (37%) had a normal MRI. RESULTS Invasive monitoring detected a focal seizure onset in 25 (58%) patients, multifocal seizure origin in 12 (28%) patients, and in six patients, no focal seizure origin was found. Of the 25 patients with a focal seizure origin, cortical resection was performed in 24, of whom 20 (83%) had a good surgical outcome with respect to seizure control. Six of the 12 patients with multifocal seizure origin underwent other forms of epilepsy surgery (palliative cortical resection in two, anterior callosotomy in two, and vagal nerve stimulator placement in two). CONCLUSIONS Successful epilepsy surgery is possible in patients with normal MRIs, but appropriate presurgical evaluations are necessary. In patients with evidence of multifocal seizure origin during noninvasive evaluation, invasive monitoring should generally be avoided.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Cerebral Cortex/surgery
- Electrodes, Implanted
- Electroencephalography/statistics & numerical data
- Epilepsies, Partial/diagnosis
- Epilepsies, Partial/pathology
- Epilepsies, Partial/surgery
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnosis
- Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/surgery
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/diagnosis
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/surgery
- Female
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/statistics & numerical data
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Preoperative Care
- Retrospective Studies
- Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/statistics & numerical data
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Siegel
- Section of Neurology, Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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4
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Park JP, Wojiski SA, Spellman RA, Rhodes CH, Mohandas TK. Human chromosome 9 pericentric homologies: implications for chromosome 9 heteromorphisms. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 82:192-4. [PMID: 9858814 DOI: 10.1159/000015097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pericentromeric polymorphisms of chromosome 9 include variations in the size of heterochromatin, pericentric inversions, and, more rarely, additional C-band-negative, G-band-positive material in either the proximal short arm or long arm or within the heterochromatin. It has been postulated that rearrangements involving the different classes of satellite DNA present in this relatively unstable region of the human genome constitute a mechanism for the origin of these variants. We report the identification, by molecular cytogenetic investigations, of homologous stretches of euchromatin shared by the proximal short and long arms of chromosome 9 that suggest that exchanges involving these regions may be an additional mechanism for the origin of chromosome 9 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Park
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH (USA).
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5
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Rhodes CH, Call KM, Budarf ML, Barnoski BL, Bell CJ, Emanuel BS, Bigner SH, Park JP, Mohandas TK. Molecular studies of an ependymoma-associated constitutional t(1;22)(p22;q11.2). Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998; 78:247-52. [PMID: 9465898 DOI: 10.1159/000134667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously described a patient with a de novo constitutional translocation, t(1;22)(p22;q11.2), who developed a malignant ependymoma at age 5, and we proposed that the translocation predisposed the child to the development of the tumor. As a step toward isolation of a putative cancer gene, we have characterized the breakpoints of the (1;22) translocation at the molecular level. The chromosome 22 breakpoint has been narrowed to a region between ARVCF and D22S264. The chromosome 1 breakpoint has been mapped onto a doubly-linked Whitehead YAC contig by PCR analysis of the STS contents of the patient's derivative chromosomes isolated in somatic cell hybrids. Loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) studies of the patient's ependymoma and of sporadic ependymomas showed no evidence of consistent loss in the breakpoint regions, suggesting that activation of an oncogene, rather than inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene, is the more likely molecular mechanism involved in this case. The gene for Edg-1, a neurally expressed, seven-segment transmembrane receptor, maps to the region of the chromosome 1 breakpoint but does not appear to be interrupted by the translocation. Molecular characterization of the breakpoint regions reported here represents an important step in the identification of the gene(s) affected by this translocation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Cricetinae
- Ependymoma/genetics
- Genetic Carrier Screening
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, Lysophospholipid
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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6
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Beversdorf DQ, Ratcliffe NR, Rhodes CH, Reeves AG. Pure alexia: clinical-pathologic evidence for a lateralized visual language association cortex. Clin Neuropathol 1997; 16:328-31. [PMID: 9401800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional views of pure alexia have held that the disorder results from a disconnection between the secondary visual cortices of both hemispheres and the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. Evidence has accumulated, however, suggesting the importance of the posterior inferior temporal area in visual language processing. We describe clinical-pathological support for the presence of a lateralized visual language association area residing in the dominant posterior inferior temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Q Beversdorf
- University of Florida College of Medicine Department of Neurology, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
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7
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Abstract
PCR assays for the presence of mutant K-ras or p53 sequences are potentially useful as sensitive tests for tumor diagnosis. The technical challenge is to design assays sensitive enough to detect a few molecules of mutant DNA yet sufficiently specific that a false positive signal is not produced by a 10(5)- or 10(6)-fold excess of normal DNA. We determined the detection limit of allele-specific PCR (ASA) as a function of the particular mismatch involved using all 12 possible mismatches in two different DNA sequence contexts (K-ras codon 12 and p53 codon 273). Depending on the identity of the mismatch, mismatched template was amplified 10(2)-10(4)-fold less than perfectly matched template. In other words, a mutant allele could be detected by ASA if it represented > 1-0.01% of the total DNA from that locus. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) clamping was used to improve the K-ras ASA assay. Selective amplification of mutant sequences was achieved using a PNA complementary to the normal sequence to inhibit the amplification of wild-type DNA. PNA clamping followed by ASA resulted in significant improvement in sensitivity and specificity, permitting the detection of tumor DNA diluted with a 300,000-fold excess of normal human DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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8
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Glantz MJ, Choy H, Akerley W, Kearns CM, Egorin MJ, Rhodes CH, Cole BF. Weekly paclitaxel with and without concurrent radiation therapy: toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and response. Semin Oncol 1996; 23:128-35. [PMID: 9007140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) has shown in vitro and clinical activity against non-small cell lung cancer and astrocytic brain tumors, tumors traditionally thought of as relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Because of its ability to block dividing cells in the G2/M portion of the cell cycle (the most radiosensitive phase of the cell cycle), paclitaxel is also a potentially potent radiosensitizer. To exploit these and other properties of paclitaxel, we explored a weekly, outpatient administration schedule, with and without concurrent radiation therapy, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and astrocytic brain tumors. Our experience has shown that weekly outpatient administration is feasible, that remarkably high dose intensities can be achieved with acceptable toxicity, and that the specific dose-limiting toxicity appears to depend on administration schedule, type of concurrent radiotherapy, and certain patient characteristics. Preliminary response data are very encouraging. At the same time, pharmacokinetic studies have suggested possible reasons for our ability to use such exorbitant dose intensities safely, and also have shown that sustained plasma paclitaxel levels above the putative radiosensitizing threshold can be achieved continuously during a 6-week course of radiotherapy. Specific results, dosing recommendations, and plans for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Glantz
- Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
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9
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Abstract
A four and a half year old male was diagnosed with desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma. To our knowledge, the cytogenetics of this tumor have never been reported. In our analysis of 40 cells, no consistent clonal abnormalities were observed; however, the majority of cells (25 of 40) showed structural rearrangements (telomere associations) resulting in dicentrics and other derivative chromosomes. Breakpoints most often observed included 17q25 (6 of 40), 19p13.3 (4 of 40), 17p13 (3 of 40), 14q32 (3 of 40), 11q25 (3 of 40), 9p24 (2 of 40), 5q35 (2 of 40), and 22q13 (2 of 40).
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Park
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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10
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Miranda RN, Glantz LK, Myint MA, Levy N, Jackson CL, Rhodes CH, Glantz MJ, Medeiros LJ. Stage IE non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the dura: A clinicopathologic study of five cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120:254-60. [PMID: 8629900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas rarely present as a localized mass involving the dura. In this report we describe the clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features of five cases of stage IE non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the dura. PATIENTS Four women and one man, 36 to 67 years of age (median 50.6 years). RESULTS Myelography and magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed discrete expansile masses involving the dura of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and the frontal lobe of the brain. Histologically, the tumors were classified in the Working Formulation as small lymphocytic (2), diffuse large cell (2), and large cell immunoblastic (1) (anaplastic large cell lymphoma). Four tumors were of B-cell lineage and the anaplastic large-cell lymphoma was of T-cell lineage. The two small lymphocytic neoplasms had immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements as shown by either Southern blot hybridization or the polymerase chain reaction. Four patients underwent decompression laminectomy; three received spinal radiation; two received chemotherapy (one intrathecal, one systemic) for lymphocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid. The dural mass overlying the frontal lobe was excised and focally irradiated. Clinical follow-up was available for all patients. Four patients were alive 12 to 40 months after diagnosis and showed no evidence of recurrent or disseminated disease. The patient with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma died 10 days after laminectomy, secondary to pulmonary thromboemboli. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of varied histologic types and of either B- or T-cell lineage may rarely present as a stage IE dural mass. These lesions appear to have a good initial response to treatment; however, longer clinical follow-up is necessary to assess the incidence of relapse and final outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Miranda
- Department of Pathology, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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11
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Abstract
There is a body of evidence suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 22 which plays a role in the pathogenesis of ependymomas. We report a patient with a de novo constitutional t(1;22)(p22;q11.2) who developed a malignant ependymoma at age 5. The patient is otherwise phenotypically normal. By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, the chromosome 22 breakpoint has been localized to the region between the DiGeorge locus and BCR. Since NF2 and EWS are both distal to BCR, the are presumable not involved in this rearrangement. This patient may offer a unique opportunity to identify the chromosome 22 ependymoma tumor suppressor gene by cloning the translocation breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Park
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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12
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Rhodes CH, Glantz MJ, Glantz L, Lekos A, Sorenson GD, Honsinger C, Levy NB. A comparison of polymerase chain reaction examination of cerebrospinal fluid and conventional cytology in the diagnosis of lymphomatous meningitis. Cancer 1996; 77:543-8. [PMID: 8630963 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960201)77:3<543::aid-cncr17>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherent limitations of conventional cytology often result in a failure to diagnose lymphomatous meningitis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from patients who actually have the disease. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for the diagnosis of lymphoma based on the detection of clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor genes offers an alternative, DNA-based test for the diagnosis of lymphoma in the CSF. METHODS In this retrospective study, 31 CSF specimens from 21 patients were examined by a PCR technique that can detect clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Twenty-four of the specimens came from 14 patients who eventually had definitive histologic or cytologic diagnoses of B-cell lymphoma. The other seven patients had other neurologic diagnoses, including two patients with reactive lymphocytosis, three with glioblastoma, one with metastatic carcinoma, and one with multi-infarct dementia. The results of the PCR examinations were compared with cytologic evaluation of the same CSF specimens. RESULTS Five of seven specimens from patients with central nervous system lymphoma that were suspicious for, but not diagnostic of, lymphoma by conventional cytology were positive by PCR. Of 13 specimens from patients with lymphoma that showed no cytologic evidence of malignancy, 5 were positive by PCR. Two of four specimens for which conventional cytology showed definitive evidence of lymphoma were positive by PCR. Two specimens from patients with a reactive lymphocytosis showed a polyclonal pattern by PCR. Specimens from patients with other neurologic diseases were negative by PCR even when cytologically malignant (glioblastoma) cells were present in the specimen. CONCLUSIONS PCR examination of CSF is practical, complements conventional cytology, and sometimes provides the correct diagnosis when conventional cytology yields only ambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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13
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Glantz MJ, Choy H, Kearns CM, Cole BF, Mills P, Zuhowski EG, Saris S, Rhodes CH, Stopa E, Egorin MJ. Phase I study of weekly outpatient paclitaxel and concurrent cranial irradiation in adults with astrocytomas. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:600-9. [PMID: 8636777 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1996.14.2.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Astrocytomas are extremely resistant to currently available treatments. Cranial irradiation is a mainstay of frontline therapy, but tumor recurrence is nearly universal. Paclitaxel has shown antitumor efficacy against astrocytoma cell lines, and is a potent radiosensitizer. For these reasons, we conducted a phase I study of weekly paclitaxel and concurrent cranial irradiation in patients with newly diagnosed astrocytomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with astrocytomas were eligible for this study following initial surgery if they had a Karnofsky performance score (KPS) > or = 60%; normal hematologic, liver, and renal function; and could give informed consent. Beginning on day 1 of treatment, patients received paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion once weekly for 6 weeks, concurrent with standard cranial irradiation. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on 10 patients. RESULTS Sixty patients were enrolled; 56 were fully assessable. Forty-eight had glioblastomas (GBMs), 10 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs), and two astrocytomas. Age ranged from 21 to 81 years (median, 55); KPS ranged from 60 to 100 (median, 70). The paclitaxel dose was escalated from 20 mg/m2 to 275 mg/m2. No clinically significant anemia or thrombocytopenia occurred. Only one patient (175 mg/m2) became neutropenic. Sensory neuropathy was dose-limiting. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 250 mg/m2. Paclitaxel pharmacokinetic profiles in study patients were identical to those of previously reported patients with other solid tumors. CONCLUSION The MTD of paclitaxel administered weekly for 6 weeks by 3-hour infusion is 250 mg/m2. Since patients with brain tumors often have preexisting neurologic deficits, we suggest 225 mg/m2 as the optimum dose for phase II trials in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Glantz
- Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
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15
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Abstract
The sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the detection of DNA offers opportunities for tumor diagnosis from the small amounts of tumor-derived DNA released into body fluids. Tumor-derived DNA can be distinguished from DNA derived from non-neoplastic cells by the presence of tumor specific genomic alterations, such as mutations in the p53 gene. This case report describes the use of allele-specific PCR (A-PCR) to detect a C-->T transition in p53 codon 273 in DNA extracted from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient whose glioblastoma contained the same mutation. The results of this study were confirmed by a second independent A-PCR reaction that detected the corresponding G-->A transition on the opposite strand. The specificity of the A-PCR protocol was demonstrated by negative controls, including pooled human placental DNA and the patient's non-tumor DNA, and by the use of A-PCR primers to detect all four possible bases at the site of the mutation. The methodology used in this study is suitable for use as a diagnostic clinical test. Because about half of all human tumors contain p53 mutations, PCR examination of CSF for the presence of mutant p53 sequences may be useful in the diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic tumors. Patients with known carcinoma of the breast or lung might be particularly benefited by this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03736, USA
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16
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Abstract
The sensitivity of PCR-based methods for the detection of DNA offers opportunities for tumor diagnosis from the small amounts of tumor-derived DNA released into body fluids. We report the detection of tumor DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of two patients with intracranial neoplasms. One patient had a metastatic breast carcinoma which contained amplified HER-2/neu genes, and amplified HER-2/neu gene sequences were present in her CSF. The other patient had a glioblastoma which contained amplified epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes, and amplified EGFR gene sequences were present in her CSF. This report demonstrates that CSF sometimes contains tumor-derived DNA and suggests that PCR examination of CSF DNA may be diagnostically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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17
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Yazbak PA, Phillips JM, Ball PA, Rhodes CH. Intracerebral polyposis or osteoma? J Neurosurg 1993; 79:801-2. [PMID: 8410269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Gee P, Rhodes CH, Fricker LD, Angeletti RH. Expression of neuropeptide processing enzymes and neurosecretory proteins in ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium. Brain Res 1993; 617:238-48. [PMID: 8402152 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that brain ependyma and choroid plexus produce neuropeptide processing enzymes. To facilitate the understanding of these cells and their ability to produce biologically active peptides, we developed cultures of defined cell type. Ependymal cells were characterized by morphological criteria, and choroid plexus epithelial cell lines were characterized by the presence of the mRNA for IGF-II and transthyretin, a thyroxine binding protein produced in liver and choroid plexus. The ependymal cells and the choroid plexus epithelial cell lines were then examined for the presence of mRNAs for various neuropeptide processing enzymes. Northern blot analysis revealed high levels of furin, carboxypeptidase E, and peptidyl glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase mRNAs, with levels in ependymal cells comparable to those in brain or pituitary. Carboxypeptidase E activity was detected in medium from cultured ependymal cells; this activity was identified as carboxypeptidase E based on the acidic pH optimum and sensitivity to various inhibitors. The mRNAs for other neuropeptide processing enzymes, such as prohormone convertases 1 and 2, were not detected on Northern blots of RNA from ependyma or choroid plexus epithelium. Since ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium express a subset of processing enzymes, we suggest that these cells have the capacity to produce biologically active peptides. Initial screening by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays has demonstrated the presence of mRNA for the neurosecretory proteins chromogranin B and secretogranin II in both ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gee
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
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Coombs DW, Colburn RW, DeLeo JA, Hoopes PJ, Rhodes CH, Twitchell BB. Acute toxicology of an enkephalinase inhibitor (SCH 32615) given intrathecally in the ewe. Anesth Analg 1993; 76:123-30. [PMID: 8418713 DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199301000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intrathecal application of the enkephalinase inhibitor, SCH 32615, yields antinociception in animal paradigms. Our purpose was to identify possible acute behavioral effects, neurotoxicity, or systemic toxicity of intrathecal SCH 32615 administration during 9 days in the ewe. Seventeen ewes were implanted with lumbar silicone intrathecal catheters and subcutaneous access ports for repeated injection. Baseline and serial daily behavioral assessments were made during 9 days of 2-mL intrathecal injection twice daily of either normal saline (SAL group) or a 20 mg/mL isotonic sterile solution of SCH 32615 (SCH group). Data were analyzed by treatment group (SCH versus SAL) by taking the group means of individual ewe cumulative scores during 9 days. At 15-18 h after the last injection, the ewes were euthanized and the spinal cords and leptomeninges were grossly examined and prepared for histological assessment. Histological evaluation of the lumbar (at catheter entrance site and catheter tip), thoracic, and cervical sections of all animals was performed by two neuropathologists. Several mild, reversible, and apparently nonprogressive behaviors (Stepping/Placing and Hindlimb Stretching/Splaying) were observed almost exclusively in SCH-treated ewes. These behaviors were interpreted as mild temporary irritative effects, without significant neuropathological sequelae. Pathological findings primarily consisted of mild, focal dural thickening and white matter compression. These changes were distributed equally between drug-treated and control groups and were attributable to catheter implantation and local compressive effects. There were no pathological bases identified in this study to preclude the clinical study of SCH 32615 within the dose range studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Coombs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
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Titelbaum DS, Rhodes CH, Brooks JS, Goldberg HI. Pigmented villonodular synovitis of a lumbar facet joint. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13:164-6. [PMID: 1595436 PMCID: PMC8331726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the CT appearance of suspected pigmented villonodular synovitis involving a lumbar facet in a 51-year-old woman, and discuss how the histologic and radiologic appearances may differ from those of synovial cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Titelbaum
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Rhodes CH, Angeletti RH, McMorris FA. Peptidylglycine amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme required for neuropeptide biosynthesis, is present in Schwann cells and some glia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 633:623-5. [PMID: 1789595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb15682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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Abstract
An interesting case of benign nasal polyposis with intracranial extension and subsequent abscess formation is described. Its diagnosis and treatment are presented and the pathology is demonstrated. The literature related to this rare disease process is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Yazbak
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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Abstract
We raised an antiserum against the synthetic peptide FKETTRSFSNECLGTTR corresponding to the amino terminus of the enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). Control experiments were performed to determine the specificity of the antiserum and its suitability for the immunohistochemical identification of PAM-containing cells. An immunoaffinity column made with the antibody coupled to Sepharose permitted the isolation of the active enzyme. Peptide-agarose immunoadsorbant removed the antibodies responsible for the characteristic staining patterns in immunohistochemical experiments. As expected from the widespread distribution of amidated peptides in the nervous system, PAM immunoreactivity was detected in perikarya in a variety of locations, including the pituitary, the hypothalamic periventricular and supraoptic nuclei, neocortex, and sensory ganglia. Punctate immunostained fibers, especially around neuronal perikarya, were observed in regions known to receive amidated peptidergic afferents. In addition, PAM immunoreactivity was observed in some neurons not known to produce amidated peptides (e.g., pyramidal cells of the hippocampus). This result suggests that these neurons also produce an amidated peptide. PAM immunoreactivity was also detected in several unexpected cell types, including ependyma, choroid plexus, oligodendroglia, and Schwann cells. The presence of enzymatically active PAM in Schwann cells was confirmed by measurements of amidating activity in ligated and control sciatic nerve. These results suggest that these non-neuronal cells may produce amidated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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Rhodes CH, Mezitis SG, Gonatas NK, Fleischer B. Selective effect of nerve growth factor on some Golgi and lysosomal enzyme activities of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 272:175-84. [PMID: 2500060 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with neuronal growth factor (NGF) results in the growth of neuronal processes by PC12 cells and a concomitant 70% increase in the area of the Golgi apparatus. To define the observed morphologic changes in biochemical terms, we investigated the effect of NGF treatment on some Golgi and lysosomal enzyme activities of PC12 cells. Enzyme activities characteristic of the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membranes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum were measured in cell homogenates, in post-mitochrondrial supernatants, and in Golgi-enriched fractions from control and from NGF-stimulated PC12 cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with NGF did not change the level of the Golgi activity of UDPGal:GlcNAc galactosyltransferase while that of CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase was increased three- to fivefold in all fractions studied. For lysosomal enzymes, NGF treatment resulted in a two- to threefold higher level of arylsulfatase activity compared to either acid phosphatase or acid alpha-mannosidase activities. These results indicate that there is a selective increase of at least one Golgi and one lysosomal activity as a result of NGF stimulation of PC12 cells. Both of these enzymes are involved in glycolipid metabolism. It is possible that the dramatic morphologic changes observed during NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells are associated not only with increased synthesis in the Golgi apparatus of plasma membrane components such as gangliosides, but also with increased degradation in lysosomes of other plasma membrane components such as sulfatide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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Kiyosawa M, Bosley TM, Alavi A, Gupta N, Rhodes CH, Chawluk J, Kushner M, Savino PJ, Sergott RC, Schatz NJ. Positron emission tomography in a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology 1988; 38:1864-7. [PMID: 3264059 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.38.12.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 56-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and a dense left homonymous hemianopia had 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Cortical glucose metabolism was decreased in the right cerebral hemisphere and the left cerebellar hemisphere. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of cerebral and cerebellar hypometabolism due solely to white matter disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiyosawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Mezitis SG, Rhodes CH, Stieber A, Gonatas NK, Gonatas JO, Fleischer B. The localization of an antiorganelle monoclonal antibody (10A8) in the Golgi apparatus of rat cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 551:256-8. [PMID: 3245664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb22345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S G Mezitis
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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Rhodes CH, Stieber A, Gonatas NK. Transneuronally transported wheat germ agglutinin labels glia as well as neurons in the rat visual system. J Comp Neurol 1987; 261:460-5. [PMID: 3611421 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902610310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Following intraocular injection in adult rats of 125I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (I-WGA), the ultrastructural distribution of label in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate was examined by electron microscope autoradiography. Three days after injection, 5.4% of the label in the lateral geniculate was associated with neuronal perikarya, and 3.6% was associated with glial perikarya. The corresponding figures for the superior colliculus were 5.1% and 0.8%. When the data were expressed as number of grains per micron 2 cytoplasm, there was no statistically significant difference between the grain density over neuronal or glial cytoplasm in either the lateral geniculate or the superior colliculus. A statistical analysis of the distance between the silver grains and the cell membranes showed that in both neurons and glia, the observed labeling was the product of internalized I-WGA and not the result of scatter from the neuropil or from label bound to the surface of the cells. These results indicate that much of the WGA released from axons and axon terminals is not confined to a specific "transsynaptic" pathway, but produces a generalized labeling of nearby cells, much like a microinjection of WGA into the region.
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Rhodes CH, Stieber A, Gonatas NK. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the intracellular localization of wheat germ agglutinin in retinal neurons. J Comp Neurol 1986; 254:287-96. [PMID: 3794008 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902540303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has established that, following endocytosis, wheat germ agglutinin, like a number of other plasma membrane bound ligands, is transported to the Golgi apparatus-complex. Previous studies that provided qualitative information about the intracellular distribution of internalized wheat germ agglutinin used techniques that precluded any quantitative conclusions about the relative magnitude of the labeling of endosomes, lysosomes, and the Golgi apparatus-complex. Using quantitative ultrastructural autoradiography, this study compares the time course and relative magnitude of labeling of various intracellular compartments to the labeling in the Golgi area. Fifteen minutes after intraocular injection, wheat germ agglutinin is confined to the inner surface of the retina and the immediate subsurface neuropil with little labeling of the retinal ganglion cell perikarya. Thirty minutes after injection, the plasma membrane (6.97 +/- 1.17), endosomes (10.27 +/- 3.98), smooth vesicles and tubules (1.94 +/- 1.66), and lysosomes (2.42 +/- 1.21) of the retinal ganglion cells are labeled, while the Golgi apparatus-complex is not labeled (0.29 +/- 0.25). (Figures in parentheses are the calculated relative radioactive source density +/- the standard deviation.) The relative labeling density of the plasma membrane and endosomes decreases somewhat during the next 90 minutes (plasma membrane, 4.76 +/- 0.67; endosomes, 7.23 +/- 2.02), while the labeling density of smooth vesicles and tubules and of lysosomes rises (smooth vesicles and tubules, 5.56 +/- 0.94; lysosomes, 7.76 +/- 1.56). The Golgi apparatus-complex, which is unlabeled at 30 minutes, is weakly labeled at 2 hours (1.26 +/- 0.28). The fact that the lysosomes are already labeled at 30 minutes while the Golgi apparatus-complex is unlabeled at that time indicates that the transport of wheat germ agglutinin to the Golgi apparatus-complex is a relatively late phenomenon, and suggests that the bulk of the wheat germ agglutinin destined for lysosomes does not pass through the Golgi apparatus-complex.
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Abstract
Recent reports of the transsynaptic transfer of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in several systems are consistent with the hypothesis that WGA binds to endogenous glycoproteins(s) which undergo transsynaptic transfer. Such molecules might be involved in trophic interactions between neurons. Since these hypothetical glycoproteins must be soluble proteins (it is unlikely that integral membrane proteins are exchanged between neurons) this preliminary study of the soluble, axonally transported glycoconjugates of the visual system was undertaken. Soluble, tritium-labeled macromolecules which accumulated in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex after intraocular injections of tritiated fucose were studied by lectin affinity chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). After correction for hematogenously or cerebrospinal fluid transported label, 9.6% of the radioactivity in the LGN and 17.9% of the radioactivity in the visual cortex was found in the soluble fraction of a phosphate-buffered saline homogenate. In the LGN, 31.3% of the axonally transported soluble label was bound by concanavalin-A (Con-A) agarose. The corresponding figure in the visual cortex was 25.7%. Most (greater than 90%) of the label which did not bind Con-A was soluble in 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Eighty-eight percent of the label which bound Con-A was precipitated by 10% TCA. On 7.5% polyacrylamide SDS reducing gels, the Con-A bound material from either the LGN or the visual cortex migrated as a single peak near the origin of the gel (apparent molecular weight greater than 300,000 Da).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Reznikoff GA, Manaker S, Rhodes CH, Winokur A, Rainbow TC. Localization and quantification of beta-adrenergic receptors in human brain. Neurology 1986; 36:1067-73. [PMID: 3016604 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.36.8.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is currently available on the localization of noradrenergic systems in the human CNS. We used quantitative autoradiography with [125I] iodopindolol to examine beta-adrenergic receptors in postmortem human brain. The concentration of beta-receptors was highest in all subfields of the hippocampus, followed by cerebellum, and then thalamic nuclei, basal ganglia, midbrain, and cerebral cortex. Low levels were found in white matter and hypothalamus. This distribution differed from the distribution of beta-receptors reported in membrane homogenates of human brain and also from the distribution of beta-receptors in rat brain determined by autoradiography. The similarities and differences between the distribution of beta-receptors in the human and rat brains may have implications regarding the role of norepinephrine in the CNS of these two species.
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Manaker S, Eichen A, Winokur A, Rhodes CH, Rainbow TC. Autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin releasing hormone receptors in human brain. Neurology 1986; 36:641-6. [PMID: 3010178 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.36.5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We used quantitative autoradiography to localize thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) receptors in human brain. Highest concentrations of TRH receptors were localized within the cortical, basal, and lateral nuclei of the amygdala and the molecular layer of the hippocampus. Low levels were found in the cortex, diencephalon, and basal ganglia. The radioligand bound with similar affinity and pharmacology to pituitary gland as to brain. These data suggest that authentic TRH receptors in the hippocampus and amygdala may mediate the putative effects of TRH on the human brain.
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Reznikoff G, Manaker S, Parsons B, Rhodes CH, Rainbow TC. Similar distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and parkinsonian toxin (MPTP) binding sites in human brain. Neurology 1985; 35:1415-9. [PMID: 3875804 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.35.10.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes parkinsonism in humans and other species. We found [3H] MPTP binding sites that were saturable, specific, and of high affinity. In autoradiographic studies, the highest binding densities of [3H] MPTP occurred in the hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, and ependymal lining of the ventricles. High to moderate binding was seen in the dentate gyrus, caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, and cingulate cortex. The distribution of [3H] MPTP binding correlated with the distribution of [3H] pargyline binding to MAO. Human substantia nigra contains more MPTP binding sites than rat substantia nigra, and this may explain the sensitivity of humans to the neurotoxic effects of MPTP.
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Rhodes CH, Gonatas JO, Gonatas NK. A quantitative comparison of the efficiency of orthograde axonal transport and transsynaptic transport of iodinated (125I) wheat germ agglutinin (I-WGA) and horseradish peroxidase labeled I-WGA (I-WGA-HRP) in the rat visual system. Brain Res 1985; 336:376-80. [PMID: 3839151 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative study of the orthograde axonal transport of iodinated wheat germ agglutinin (I-WGA) and I-WGA conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (I-WGA-HRP) demonstrated labeling of both the lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex following intraocular injections. I-WGA was 13 times more efficient than I-WGA-HRP as a marker of the primary projection from the retina to the geniculate and 3 times more efficient than I-WGA-HRP as a marker of the second order projection to the cortex.
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Manaker S, Winokur A, Rhodes CH, Rainbow TC. Autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors in human spinal cord. Neurology 1985; 35:328-32. [PMID: 2983260 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.35.3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) exerts many effects upon spinal cord function in animals, and may also play a role in human spinal cord function. We have used the technique of quantitative autoradiography to anatomically localize specific receptors for TRH within human spinal cord. Highest concentrations of TRH receptors were localized within lamina II, the substantia gelatinosa. A moderate density of TRH receptors was found in lamina IX, the motor neurons of the anterior horn. Low levels of TRH receptors were noted throughout the remainder of the gray matter of the human spinal cord, and no TRH receptors were localized within white matter. This anatomic distribution of TRH receptors within the human spinal cord is consistent with the localization of endogenous TRH and the effects of exogenously applied TRH in animal studies. These results suggest that any effects of TRH on human spinal cord function may be mediated by TRH receptors.
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Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW. Estrogen-concentrating neurophysin-containing hypothalamic magnocellular neurons in the vasopressin-deficient (Brattleboro) rat: a study combining steroid autoradiography and immunocytochemistry. J Neurosci 1982; 2:1718-24. [PMID: 7143048 PMCID: PMC6564374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW. Cytoplasmic peptide content and nuclear estrogen binding of magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus of Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 394:767-75. [PMID: 6960796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb37497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW. Distribution of estrogen-concentrating, neurophysin-containing magnocellular neurons in the rat hypothalamus as demonstrated by a technique combining steroid autoradiography and immunohistology in the same tissue. Neuroendocrinology 1981; 33:18-23. [PMID: 7254477 DOI: 10.1159/000123195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of estrogen-concentrating cells in the rat brain has been previously described in detail as has the distribution of cells containing oxytocin, vasopressin, and their associated neurophysins. This report describes the simultaneous localization of [3H]estradiol by steroid autoradiography and neurophysin by immunohistology in cells in the rat hypothalamus. In the rat, neurophysin-containing cells were found in three major nuclei - the supraoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the anterior commissural nucleus - as well as in a number of accessory nuclei and as individual cells in the anterior hypothalamic area. Of these, only the PVN has appreciable numbers of cells which both concentrate estradiol and contain neurophysin. Within the PVN these cells are found predominantly in the posterior subnucleus.
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Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW. Immunohistochemical analysis of magnocellular elements in rat hypothalamus: distribution and numbers of cells containing neurophysin, oxytocin, and vasopressin. J Comp Neurol 1981; 198:45-64. [PMID: 7014660 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901980106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A cell-by-cell analysis of the magnocellular elements in hypothalami of fifty Long-Evans (normal) and Brattleboro (diabetes insipidus) rats was done using the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique (PAP) with primary antisera directed against oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (ADH), and the neurophysins. The magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus were found in the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN), and anterior commissural (ACN) nuclei, a number of accessory nuclei, and as individual cells in the anterior hypothalamic area. SON was divided by the optic tract into the principal part and retrochiasmatic SON. In retrochiasmatic SON a majority of the cells contained vasopressin. Within the principal part of SON oxytocin-producing cells tended to be found rostrally and dorsally, while the vasopressin cells were more common caudally and ventrally. PVN was divided into three subnuclei, the medial, lateral, and posterior subnuclei, on the basis of cellular morphology and peptide content. The magnocellular cells of the medial and lateral PVN were closely packed together and nearly round, while those of posterior PVN were more separated and fusiform in shape with their long axis running in a medio-lateral direction. Medial PVN consisted primarily of oxytocin-producing cells, while lateral PVN was formed by a core of vasopressin-producing cells with a rim of oxytocin cells. Posterior PVN contained largely oxytocin-producing cells. Both ADH and OXY cells were found in the accessory nuclei. In the Long-Evans rat the SON had, on the average, 1443 OXY and 3236 ADH cells; the PVN had 1174 OXY and 976 ADH cells; and the accessory magnocellular groups in the hypothalamus (including the ACN) had 1286 OXY and 552 ADH cells. The Brattleboro strain animal had similar numbers of cells in these nuclei. (The cells which contain ADH in normal animals were identified in the Brattleboro rat as large, neurophysin-negative cells.) Thus, a large fraction of the magnocellular oxytocin- and vasopressin-producing cells in the rat were located outside of the PVN and SON. One accessory cell group in particular, ACN, had 616 OXY cells, or about 50% as many as PVN. In each nucleus the sum of the numbers of OXY and ADH cells was approximately the number of neurophysin cells.
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Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW. Changes in oxytocin content in the magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamus following water deprivation or estrogen treatment. Quantitative immunohistological studies. Cell Tissue Res 1981; 216:47-55. [PMID: 7013983 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water deprivation or estrogen treatment on the oxytocin content of rat hypothalamic cells was examined using a quantitative immunohistological technique. Oxytocin-containing cells were visualized using the immunoperoxidase technique of Sternberg and a primary antiserum directed against oxytocin. The optical density of the darkest 3.2 micrometer diameter spot in the cytoplasm of a cell was used as a measure of the oxytocin content of that cell. Water deprivation produced a significant decrease in anti-oxytocin staining in the anterior commissural nucleus of males and females. There was a similar decrease in the paraventricular nucleus of males, but not in the paraventricular nucleus of females or the supraoptic nucleus of either males or females. Estrogen treatment of ovariectomized female rats produced a fall in anti-oxytocin staining in the anterior commissural, but not paraventricular or supraoptic nuclei.
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