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Banerjee C, Chen Z, Noman N. Improved Soft Actor-Critic: Mixing Prioritized Off-Policy Samples With On-Policy Experiences. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 2024; 35:3121-3129. [PMID: 35588412 DOI: 10.1109/tnnls.2022.3174051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft actor-critic (SAC) is an off-policy actor-critic (AC) reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, essentially based on entropy regularization. SAC trains a policy by maximizing the trade-off between expected return and entropy (randomness in the policy). It has achieved the state-of-the-art performance on a range of continuous control benchmark tasks, outperforming prior on-policy and off-policy methods. SAC works in an off-policy fashion where data are sampled uniformly from past experiences (stored in a buffer) using which the parameters of the policy and value function networks are updated. We propose certain crucial modifications for boosting the performance of SAC and making it more sample efficient. In our proposed improved SAC (ISAC), we first introduce a new prioritization scheme for selecting better samples from the experience replay (ER) buffer. Second we use a mixture of the prioritized off-policy data with the latest on-policy data for training the policy and value function networks. We compare our approach with the vanilla SAC and some recent variants of SAC and show that our approach outperforms the said algorithmic benchmarks. It is comparatively more stable and sample efficient when tested on a number of continuous control tasks in MuJoCo environments.
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Banerjee C, Barman R, Darshani P, Pillai M, Ahuja S, Mondal R, Pragadheesh VS, Chakraborty J, Kumar D. α-Viniferin, a dietary phytochemical, inhibits Monoamine oxidase and alleviates Parkinson's disease associated behavioral deficits in a mice model. Neurochem Int 2024; 174:105698. [PMID: 38364939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Behavioral complexities worsen over time due to progressive dopaminergic (DArgic) neuronal loss at substantia nigra region of brain. Available treatments typically aim to increase dopamine (DA) levels at striatum. DA is degraded by Monoamine oxidase (MAO), thus dietary phytochemicals with MAO inhibitory properties can contribute to elevate DA levels and reduce the ailment. Characterization of naturally occurring dietary MAO inhibitors is inadequate. Based on available knowledge, we selected different classes of molecules and conducted a screening process to assess their potential as MAO inhibitors. The compounds mostly derived from food sources, broadly belonging to triterpenoids (ursane, oleanane and hopane), alkaloid, polyphenolics, monoterpenoids, alkylbenzene, phenylpropanoid and aromatic alcohol classes. Among all the molecules, highest level of MAO inhibition is offered by α-viniferin, a resveratrol trimer. Cell viability, mitochondrial morphology and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation remained unaltered by 50 μM α-viniferin treatment in-vitro. Toxicity studies in Drosophila showed unchanged gross neuronal morphology, ROS level, motor activity or long-term survival. α-Viniferin inhibited MAO in mice brain and elevated striatal DA levels. PD-related akinesia and cataleptic behavior were attenuated by α-viniferin due to increase in striatal DA. Our study implies that α-viniferin can be used as an adjunct phytotherapeutic agent for mitigating PD-related behavioral deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - Raju Barman
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India
| | - Priya Darshani
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India
| | - Meghana Pillai
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India
| | - Sanchi Ahuja
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India
| | - Rupsha Mondal
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India
| | - V S Pragadheesh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru- 560065, India
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad- 201002, India; Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata- 700032, India.
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Mondal R, Banerjee C, Nandy S, Roy M, Chakraborty J. Calcineurin inhibition protects against dopamine toxicity and attenuates behavioral decline in a Parkinson's disease model. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:140. [PMID: 37528492 PMCID: PMC10394860 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD), a highly prevalent neuro-motor disorder is caused due to progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons at substantia nigra region of brain. This leads to depleted dopamine (DA) content at striatum, thus affecting the fine tuning of basal ganglia. In patients, this imbalance is manifested by akinesia, catalepsy and tremor. PD associated behavioral dysfunctions are frequently mitigated by l-DOPA (LD) therapy, a precursor for DA synthesis. Due to progressive neurodegeneration, LD eventually loses applicability in PD. Although DA is cytotoxic, it is unclear whether LD therapy can accelerate PD progression or not. LD itself does not lead to neurodegeneration in vivo, but previous reports demonstrate that LD treatment mediated excess DA can potentiate neurotoxicity when PD associated genetic or epigenetic aberrations are involved. So, minimizing DA toxicity during the therapy is an absolute necessity to halt or slowdown PD progression. The two major contributing factors associated with DA toxicity are: degradation by Monoamine oxidase and DAquinone (DAQ) formation. RESULTS Here, we report that apoptotic mitochondrial fragmentation via Calcineurin (CaN)-DRP1 axis is a common downstream event for both these initial cues, inhibiting which can protect cells from DA toxicity comprehensively. No protective effect is observed, in terms of cell survival when only PxIxIT domain of CaN is obstructed, demonstrating the importance to block DRP1-CaN axis specifically. Further, evaluation of the impact of DA exposure on PD progression in a mice model reveal that LD mediated behavioral recovery diminishes with time, mostly because of continued DAergic cell death and dendritic spine loss at striatum. CaN inhibition, alone or in combination with LD, offer long term behavioral protection. This protective effect is mediated specifically by hindering CaN-DRP1 axis, whereas inhibiting interaction between CaN and other substrates, including proteins involved in neuro-inflammation, remained ineffective when LD is co-administered. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we conclude that DA toxicity can be circumvented by CaN inhibition and it can mitigate PD related behavioral aberrations by protecting neuronal architecture at striatum. We propose that CaN inhibitors might extend the therapeutic efficacy of LD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupsha Mondal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Chayan Banerjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumangal Nandy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Moumita Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, 700032, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Banerjee C, Roy M, Mondal R, Chakraborty J. Corrigendum: USP14 as a therapeutic target against neurodegeneration: a rat brain perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1244890. [PMID: 37547472 PMCID: PMC10400280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1244890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00727.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rupsha Mondal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Banerjee C, Nandy S, Chakraborty J, Kumar D. Myricitrin - a flavonoid isolated from the Indian olive tree ( Elaeocarpus floribundus) - inhibits Monoamine oxidase in the brain and elevates striatal dopamine levels: therapeutic implications against Parkinson's disease. Food Funct 2022; 13:6545-6559. [PMID: 35647619 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00734g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids exhibit several biological activities including inhibition of Monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that metabolizes several neurotransmitters. Thus, MAO inhibitors are well included in traditional therapeutic practices to fine-tune neuromotor behavior. This study aims to isolate flavonoids from a less explored plant of northeast India, named Indian olive (Elaeocarpus floribundus; Ef, family Elaeocarpaceae), and evaluate their MAO inhibitory properties. Four flavonoids from Ef leaf extract, namely, myricitrin, mearnsitrin, myricetin, and mearnsetin, are taken into consideration. Spectrofluorimetric assay is carried out to determine the MAO inhibitory properties. Next, in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies are performed in neuronal cell line and Drosophila, respectively. Furthermore, MAO inhibition by the selected compounds and their effect on dopamine levels are examined in the mouse brain. We evaluated the therapeutic potential in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) in terms of behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and dopaminergic neuronal loss. In an in vitro setup, all four compounds inhibited total MAO, whereas myricitrin exhibited some selectivity against MAO-B at 100 μM. Myricitrin and mearnsitrin exhibited no toxicity, in vitro or in vivo. However, only myricitrin inhibited MAO in the mouse brain and elevated dopamine levels. Myricitrin was able to attenuate motor incoordination in the mouse model of PD and improved dopamine levels in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE campus, Kolkata, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sumangal Nandy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE campus, Kolkata, India.
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE campus, Kolkata, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, India
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Banerjee C, Chen Z, Noman N, Zamani M. Optimal Actor-Critic Policy With Optimized Training Datasets. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/tetci.2022.3140375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Banerjee C, Rode K, Atcheson G, Lenne S, Stamenov P, Coey JMD, Besbas J. Ultrafast Double Pulse All-Optical Reswitching of a Ferrimagnet. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:177202. [PMID: 33988421 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.177202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-optical reswitching has been investigated in the half-metallic Heusler ferrimagnet Mn_{2}Ru_{0.9}Ga, where Mn atoms occupy two inequivalent sites in the XA-type structure. The effect of a second 200 fs, 800 nm laser pulse that follows the first pump pulse, when both are above the threshold for switching, is studied as a function of t_{12}, the time between them. Aims were to determine the minimum time needed for reswitching and to identify the physical mechanisms involved. The time trajectory of the switching process on a plot of sublattice angular momentum, S^{4a} vs S^{4c}, is in three stages; when t<0.1 ps, the sublattice moments are rapidly disordered, but not destroyed, while conserving net angular momentum via optical spin-wave excitations. This leads to transient parallel alignment of the residual Mn spins in the first quadrant. The net angular momentum associated with the majority sublattice then flips after about 2 ps, and a fully reversed ferrimagnetic state is then established via the spin-lattice interaction, which allows reswitching provided t_{12}>10 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - K Rode
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Atcheson
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Lenne
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P Stamenov
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J M D Coey
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J Besbas
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Neveu P, Delpy J, Liu S, Banerjee C, Lugani J, Bretenaker F, Brion E, Goldfarb F. Generation of squeezed light vacuum enabled by coherent population trapping. Opt Express 2021; 29:10471-10479. [PMID: 33820181 DOI: 10.1364/oe.419495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the possibility to generate squeezed vacuum states of light by four wave mixing (FWM) enabled coherent population trapping in a metastable helium cell at room temperature. Contrary to usual FWM far detuned schemes, we work at resonance with an atomic transition. We investigate the properties of such states and show that the noise variances of the squeezed and anti-squeezed quadratures cannot be explained by the simple presence of losses. A specific model allows us to demonstrate the role played by spontaneous emitted photons, which experience squeezing while propagation inside of the cell. This theoretical model, which takes into account both residual absorption and spontaneous emission, leads to an excellent agreement with the experimental data without any adjusted parameter.
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Banerjee C, Teichert N, Siewierska KE, Gercsi Z, Atcheson GYP, Stamenov P, Rode K, Coey JMD, Besbas J. Single pulse all-optical toggle switching of magnetization without gadolinium in the ferrimagnet Mn 2Ru xGa. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4444. [PMID: 32895392 PMCID: PMC7477543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy-efficient control of magnetization without the help of a magnetic field is a key goal of spintronics. Purely heat-induced single-pulse all-optical toggle switching has been demonstrated, but so far only in Gd-based amorphous ferrimagnet films. In this work, we demonstrate toggle switching in films of the half-metallic ferrimagnetic Heusler alloys Mn2RuxGa, which have two crystallographically-inequivalent Mn sublattices. Moreover, we observe the switching at room temperature in samples that are immune to external magnetic fields in excess of 1 T, provided they exhibit a compensation point above room temperature. Observation of the effect in compensated ferrimagnets without Gd challenges our understanding of all-optical switching. The dynamic behavior indicates that Mn2RuxGa switches in 2 ps or less. Our findings widen the basis for fast optical switching of magnetization and break new ground for engineered materials that can be used for nonvolatile ultrafast switches using ultrashort pulses of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - N Teichert
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - K E Siewierska
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Z Gercsi
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Y P Atcheson
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - P Stamenov
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - K Rode
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J M D Coey
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J Besbas
- CRANN, AMBER and School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Banerjee C, Roy M, Mondal R, Chakraborty J. USP14 as a Therapeutic Target Against Neurodegeneration: A Rat Brain Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:727. [PMID: 32850842 PMCID: PMC7411183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, many of the deubiquitinases (DUB) were found to modulate mitochondrial clearance or mitophagy and thus they are currently projected as therapeutic targets against neurodegeneration. Among these DUBs, USP14 stands at a distinctive juncture, since it can influence both proteasome complex activity and autophagy process. USP14 interference can enhance mitochondrial clearance and thus can protect Parkinsonian phenotypes in Drosophila model. However, in higher animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, evaluation of the protective role of USP14 is yet to be done. In this perspective, we pointed out a few of the major considerations that should be classified before designing experiments to evaluate the therapeutic potential of this DUB in rodent models of neurodegeneration. These are mainly: level of USP14 in the concerned brain region and how the level alters in the model system. Because USP14 mediated mitophagy is Prohibitin2 dependent, the anticipated impact of this protein in this aspect is also discussed. To illustrate our view, we show that USP14 levels increases in adult rat brain substantia nigra (SN) and cerebellum compared to the young ones. We also depict that rotenone treatment can immediately lead to increased SN specific USP14 levels. Our perception thus portrays USP14 as a therapeutic target, especially for addressing SN specific neurodegeneration in adult rat brain, but may vary with the disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rupsha Mondal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Solomons Y, Banerjee C, Smartsev S, Friedman J, Eger D, Firstenberg O, Davidson N. Transverse drag of slow light in moving atomic vapor. Opt Lett 2020; 45:3431-3434. [PMID: 32630863 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Fresnel-Fizeau effect of transverse drag, in which the trajectory of a light beam changes due to the transverse motion of the optical medium, is usually extremely small and hard to detect. We observe transverse drag in a moving hot-vapor cell, utilizing slow light due to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The drag effect is enhanced by a factor 3.6×105, corresponding to the ratio between the light speed in vacuum and the group velocity under EIT conditions. We study the contribution of the thermal atomic motion, which is much faster than the mean medium velocity, and identify the regime where its effect on the transverse drag is negligible.
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Lugani J, Banerjee C, Maynard MA, Neveu P, Xie W, Ghosh R, Bretenaker F, Goldfarb F. Phase-sensitive amplification via coherent population oscillations in metastable helium at room temperature. Opt Lett 2016; 41:4731-4734. [PMID: 28005879 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report our experimental results on phase-sensitive amplification (PSA) in a nondegenerate signal-idler configuration using ultranarrow coherent population oscillations in metastable helium at room temperature. We achieved a high PSA gain of nearly 7 with a bandwidth of 200 kHz by using the system at resonance in a single-pass scheme. Further, the measured minimum gain is close to the ideal value, showing that we have a nearly pure PSA. This is also confirmed from our phase-to-phase transfer curves measurements, illustrating that we have a nearly perfect squeezer, which is interesting for a variety of applications.
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Banerjee C, Dudwadkar N, Chandra Tripathi S, Gandhi PM, Kaushik CP, Chaterjee S, Ayyub P, Tyagi AK. Retraction: Selective uptake of uranium, plutonium and americium on hydrogen titanate nanotubes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra90128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retraction of ‘Selective Uptake of Uranium, Plutonium and Americium on Hydrogen Titanate Nanotubes’ by Chayan Banerjee et al., RSC Adv., 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42548g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Fuel Reprocessing Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | - Nilesh Dudwadkar
- Fuel Reprocessing Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | | | | | | | - Sriparna Chaterjee
- Department of Colloids and Materials Chemistry
- CSIR Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology
- Bhubaneswar
- India
| | - Pushan Ayyub
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Mumbai 400 005
- India
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Banerjee C, Dudwadkar N, Tripathi SC, Gandhi PM, Grover V, Kaushik CP, Tyagi AK. Nano-cerium vanadate: a novel inorganic ion exchanger for removal of americium and uranium from simulated aqueous nuclear waste. J Hazard Mater 2014; 280:63-70. [PMID: 25128895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerium vanadate nanopowders were synthesized by a facile low temperature co-precipitation method. The product was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and found to consist of ∼25 nm spherical nanoparticles. The efficiency of these nanopowders for uptake of alpha-emitting radionuclides (233)U (4.82 MeV α) and (241)Am (5.49 MeV α, 60 keV γ) has been investigated. Thermodynamically and kinetically favorable uptake of these radionuclides resulted in their complete removal within 3h from aqueous acidic feed solutions. The uptake capacity was observed to increase with increase in pH as the zeta potential value decreased with the increase in pH but effect of ionic strength was insignificant. Little influence of the ions like Sr(2+), Ru(3+), Fe(3+), etc., in the uptake process indicated CeVO4 nanopowders to be amenable for practical applications. The isotherms indicated predominant uptake of the radioactive metal ions in the solid phase of the exchanger at lower feed concentrations and linear Kielland plots with positive slopes indicated favorable exchange of the metal ions with the nanopowder. Performance comparison with the other sorbents reported indicated excellent potential of nano-cerium vanadate for removing americium and uranium from large volumes of aqueous acidic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Fuel Reprocessing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Nilesh Dudwadkar
- Fuel Reprocessing Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | | | | | - Vinita Grover
- Waste Management Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | | | - Avesh Kumar Tyagi
- Waste Management Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Banerjee C, Dudwadkar N, Tripathi S, Gandhi P, Kaushik CP, Chakraborty S, Ayyub P, Tyagi AK. Retracted Article: Selective Uptake of Uranium,Plutonium and Americium on Hydrogen Titanate Nanotubes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42548g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Roy C, Choudhury KB, Pal M, Saha A, Bag S, Banerjee C. Adjuvant chemotherapy with six cycles of AC regimen versus three cycles of AC regimen followed by three cycles of Paclitaxel in node-positive breast cancer. Indian J Cancer 2013; 49:266-71. [PMID: 23238142 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Antracycline-Cyclophosphamide (AC) along with Paclitaxel/Docetaxel, either in combination or sequential regimens, is showing superior results than Anthracycline-containing regimens. AIMS This study was designed to determine whether adding Paclitaxel to a standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimen AC for breast cancer patients would prolong the time to recurrence and survival. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Randomized, prospective, open-labeled, single-institutional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty stage II breast cancer patients accruing 25 patients in each arm, treated between July 2007 and January 2010, were included in the study. Initial surgical treatment was Modified Radical Mastectomy. Systemic therapy was to have begun within 4-6 weeks of the patient's surgery. In the control arm, all the patients were treated with six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with AC regimen repeated at an interval of 3 weeks. For the study arm, the patients received adjuvant chemotherapy with three cycles of AC regimen followed by three cycles of Paclitaxel, repeated at an interval of 3 weeks. All the patients of both the arms received locoregional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) after the entire course of chemotherapy. All the hormone receptor-positive patients received Tamoxifen. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test and the Kaplan Meier survival analysis with the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. RESULTS Adding Paclitaxel to AC resulted in a statistically significant disease-free survival. The overall survival was also improved significantly. The toxicity profile in both the arms was comparable. CONCLUSIONS In early and node-positive breast cancer, the addition of three cycles of Paclitaxel after completion of three cycles of AC improves the disease-free and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roy
- Department of Radiotherapy, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
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Anapolski M, Banerjee C, Rulinski J, Noé KG. Pektopexie: Ein vielversprechendes Verfahren zur Korrektur des vaginalen Deszensus. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1292737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Pal A, Bhattacharyya R, Adhikari S, Roy A, Chakrabarty D, Ghosh P, Banerjee C. Eclampsia-scenario in a hospital--a ten years study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 37:66-70. [PMID: 21877608 DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v37i2.8437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This cross sectional record based institutional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan over ten years (1999-2008) aiming analysis of eclamptic mothers for evaluation of maternal and perinatal outcome with different anticonvulsant medications. Total 5991 pregnant mothers with eclampsia admitted in the inpatient department of the tertiary care teaching hospital were recruited for the study, irrespective of their previous antenatal check up history. Subjects with known seizure disorders were excluded from the study. The subjects were managed according to standard regimens (Menon, Ph-sodium, diazepam & magnesium sulphate) and results were documented in standardised format. Case fatality rate, mean induction delivery time & birth-weight, perinatal mortality rates were recorded. Study reveals that the incidence of eclampsia <20 years was 6.97% and majority (5.41%) came from rural areas. Eclampsia was noted primarily in primigravida (7.43%) and unbooked (6.41%) mothers. Ante partum eclampsia predominated (64%) and incidence of caesarean section was 22.25%.The overall case fatality rate was 6.05% and eclampsia contributed 27.85% of all maternal deaths during the last two years of the study period. The overall incidence of low birth weight baby was 26.96% and perinatal mortality was 30.33% (1411/4651).The incidence of perinatal mortality and low birth weight babies are lower in the last 4 years when compared to earlier studies. Proper socio-demographic assessment of pregnancy with eclampsia, planned delivery, shorter induction delivery interval, good control of convulsion by magnesium sulphate, intensive intranatal monitoring causes less maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pal
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan
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Abstract
People attack software deliberately to steal highly sensitive as well as personal information with the sole intention of carrying out well-funded, destructive and unethical goals that could harm individuals, nations or the whole world. Available technological controls could be implemented to tighten access and minimize persistent threats but the complete solution of secure software could only be provided by changing the behavior of the people involved. This can be achieved through effective
security awareness techniques
implemented by individuals because they are, in most cases, the first target for gaining access into the system. This paper highlights the utility of security awareness with the help of recent published work for
building more secure software
. In addition, areas that need further investigations are identified in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Banerjee
- The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Noida- 201301, India
| | - S. K. Pandey
- The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Noida- 201301, India
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Banerjee C, Kaiser N, Hatzmann W, Reiss G, Schmitz J, Hellmich M, Noé G. Reduktion der Spottingrate nach laparoskopischer suprazervikaler Hysterektomie. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Banerjee C, Leufgen H, Hatzmann W, Noé G. Komplikationen, Reprolapsraten und funktionelle Ergebnisse nach laparoskopischer Sakropexie: eine Kohortenstudie. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1249848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Sarkar P, Mukherjee J, Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee M, Mahato S, Chakraborty A, Mondal M, Banerjee C, Chaudhuri S. A Comparative Analysis of Immunorestoration and Recovery with Conventional and Immunotherapeutic Protocols in Canine Generalized Demodicosis: A Newer Insight of Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of T11TS. Immunol Invest 2009; 33:453-68. [PMID: 15624702 DOI: 10.1081/imm-200038753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Demodex canis is a natural inhabiting mite of canine skin. Immunological disorder or genetic disorder induces the Demodex population to proliferate vigorously resulting in generalized demodicosis with consequent chronic immunosuppression. Signs of generalized demodicosis include alopecia, crysting, erythema, secondary pyoderma etc. Amitraz, an acaricide, is used conventionally for the treatment of generalized demodicosis. In many instances, the disease relapses due to the residual immunosuppression. The need of an immunorestorative therapy has been urged in generalized demodicosis. Two immunorestorative drugs, namely, Immuplus, a herbal drug, and T11TS, a sheep erythrocyte surface glycoprotein, has been used in two separate groups of dogs having generalized demodicosis and receiving Amitraz treatment. It was observed that though Amitraz treated group responded to the therapy showing increased E-rosettes and nonspecific cytotoxic efficacy of T-lymphocytes and decrease in phagocytic potential of macrophages, the groups treated with the immunotherapeutics like Immuplus and T11TS, responded better. However, the group treated with T11TS showed best recovery. These results emphasize the need for an immunorestorative therapy in generalized demodicosis and provide data in favor of T11TS as a better immunomodulator in comparison to Immuplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sarkar
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B, A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
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Bhattacharjee M, Bose I, Sarkar P, Banerjee C, Dutta S, Ghosh A, Mukherjee J, Acharya S, Goswami S, Mazumdar A, Chaudhuri S, Chaudhuri S. A sequential scanning of the immune efficiency in astrocytoma (Grade I to Grade Iii), meningioma and secondary glioma patients with and without therapeutic scheduling. Cancer Invest 2006; 24:502-13. [PMID: 16939959 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600814839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioma induces immune suppression. However, data revealing the immune status in glioma patients with sequential therapeutic interventions is missing. Thus, the study aims at evaluating the sequential immune status of glioma bearing patients (Astrocytoma Grade I to Grade III) receiving conventional therapeutic measures. The results were compared with the immune status of metastatic secondary glioma and meningioma patients where there is minimal immune suppression and the effect of therapeutic intervention on the above score. METHODS Functional immune parameters of peripheral blood lymphocytes were assayed by CD2 receptors enumeration through E-rosetting and lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay and assessing the generation of reactive oxygen species by NBT assay of peripheral blood macrophages in patient groups bearing Astrocytoma (Grade I to Grade III), meningioma and secondary glioma. RESULTS Patients bearing Astrocytoma (all 3 grades) showed maximum immune suppression as compared to the normal subjects, diseased meningioma controls, and secondary glioma. Therapeutic interventions viz. radiotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy after surgery and chemotherapy could not recover the suppressed activity of the CD2 bearing lymphocytes and that of peripheral blood macrophages. However, therapeutic scheduling could recover the functional activity of the CD8 bearing lymphocytes and the CD56 NK cells from that of tumor bearing patients. CONCLUSION Astrocytoma and not meningioma is capable of causing immunesuppression. As the tumor progresses from Grade I to Grade III, a linear reduction in the functional efficacy of immunocytes is seen to occur. Radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy also induces an inhibitory effect towards the host immune system. The inhibitory effect of tumor as well as of therapy were mainly directed towards the CD2 bearing lymphocyte population and the peripheral blood macrophage population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhattacharjee
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Department of Physiology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Banerjee C, Sarkar D. The cAMP-binding proteins of Leishmania are not the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 130:217-26. [PMID: 11544092 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used method to determine the cAMP binding activity in cytosolic extracts of promastigotes of Leishmania spp. underestimated by approximately 11.5-fold the total amount of [(3)H]cAMP bound, when compared with results obtained by the modified Millipore filter technique. Three cAMP-binding proteins (BPI, BPII and BPIII) were partially purified and characterized. The native molecular masses of BPI, BPII and BPIII were estimated to be 105, 155 and 145 kDa, respectively. The binding of [(3)H]cAMP to these proteins was affected to different extents by several cAMP analogues. Antibodies directed against the types I and II regulatory subunits of PKA did not cross-react with the leishmanial extract. Photoaffinity labeling of the cytosolic extracts with 8-N(3)-[(32)P]cAMP specifically labeled a band of M(r) 116000 and a band of M(r) 80000 partially saturable by cAMP. From these results, it is concluded that the leishmanial cAMP-binding proteins appear to belong to a different class distinct from the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Leishmania Division and Department of Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Calcutta 700 032, India
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Banerjee C, Javed A, Choi JY, Green J, Rosen V, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Differential regulation of the two principal Runx2/Cbfa1 n-terminal isoforms in response to bone morphogenetic protein-2 during development of the osteoblast phenotype. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4026-39. [PMID: 11517182 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.9.8367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cbfa1/Runx2 is a transcription factor essential for bone formation and osteoblast differentiation. Two major N-terminal isoforms of Cbfa1, designated type I/p56 (PEBP2aA1, starting with the sequence MRIPV) and type II/p57 (til-1, starting with the sequence MASNS), each regulated by distinct promoters, are known. Here, we show that the type I transcript is constitutively expressed in nonosseous mesenchymal tissues and in osteoblast progenitor cells. Cbfa1 type I isoform expression does not change with the differentiation status of the cells. In contrast, the type II transcript is increased during differentiation of primary osteoblasts and is induced in osteoprogenitors and in premyoblast C2C12 cells in response to bone morphogenetic protein-2. The functional equivalence of the two isoforms in activation and repression of bone-specific genes indicates overlapping functional roles. The presence of the ubiquitous type I isoform in nonosseous cells and before bone morphogenetic protein-2 induced expression of the type II isoform suggests a regulatory role for Cbfa1 type I in early stages of mesenchymal cell development, whereas type II is necessary for osteogenesis and maintenance of the osteoblast phenotype. Our data indicate that Cbfa1 function is regulated by transcription, cellular protein levels, and DNA binding activity during osteoblast differentiation. Taken together, our studies suggest that developmental timing and cell type- specific expression of type I and type II Cbfa isoforms, and not necessarily molecular properties or sequences that reside in the N-terminus of Cbfa1, are the principal determinants of the osteogenic activity of Cbfa1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Wevers A, Witter B, Moser N, Burghaus L, Banerjee C, Steinlein OK, Schütz U, de Vos RA, Steur EN, Lindstrom J, Schröder H. Classical Alzheimer features and cholinergic dysfunction: towards a unifying hypothesis? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2001; 176:42-8. [PMID: 11261804 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our autopsy studies show possible links between classical Alzheimer pathology and decreased expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. For further elucidation we are now using in vitro models. We report preliminary evidence for the impact of beta-amyloid on nicotinic receptor expression in hippocampal dissociation culture. METHODS Cultures (E18 rats) were grown in a serum-free medium and incubated at 8 days in vitro for 3 days with 1 microM Abeta1-42. Expression of alpha4, alpha7, and beta2 nicotinic receptor subunit protein was assessed immunohistochemically and rated semiquantitatively. RESULTS Abeta1-42 incubation resulted in a massive reduction of alpha4 protein-expressing neurons, this effect was less pronounced for the alpha7 and beta2 subunit protein. CONCLUSION These findings provide first evidence for a direct impact of classical Alzheimer pathology features on nicotinic receptor expression in vitro. Our model will be useful for testing the potential of drugs to stop or reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wevers
- Department of Anatomy, University of Köln, Germany
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Prince M, Banerjee C, Javed A, Green J, Lian JB, Stein GS, Bodine PV, Komm BS. Expression and regulation of Runx2/Cbfa1 and osteoblast phenotypic markers during the growth and differentiation of human osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2001; 80:424-40. [PMID: 11135373 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20010301)80:3<424::aid-jcb160>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The runt family transcription factor (AML-3/PEBP2alphaA1/Cbfa1/RUNX2) plays a crucial role in formation of the mineralized skeleton during embryogenesis and regulates maturation of the osteoblast phenotype. Because steroid hormones and growth factors significantly influence growth and differentiation properties of osteoblasts, we addressed Cbfa1 as a target gene for regulation by dexamethasone (Dex), 1,25(OH)D(3) (vitamin D(3)), 17beta-estradiol, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). The representation of functional protein levels by Western blot analyses and gel mobility shift assays was examined during the growth and mineralization of several conditionally immortalized human osteoblast cell lines HOB 04-T8, 03-CE6, and 03-CE10, each representing different stages of maturation. In situ immunofluorescence demonstrates Cbfa1 is associated with nuclear matrix in punctate domains, some of which are transcriptionally active, colocalizing with phosphorylated RNA polymerase II. Although each of the cell lines exhibited different responses to the steroid hormones and to TGF-beta1, all cell lines showed a similar increase in Cbfa1 protein and DNA binding activity induced only by Dex. On the other hand, Cbfa1 mRNA levels were not altered by Dex treatment. This regulation of Cbfa1 by steroid hormones in human osteoblasts contrasts to modifications in Cbfa1 expression in primary rat calvarial osteoblasts and the mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line. Thus, these results reveal multiple levels of regulation of Cbfa1 expression and activity in osteoblasts. Moreover, the data suggest that in committed human osteoblasts, constitutive expression of Cbfa1 may be required to sustain the osteoblast phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prince
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Banerjee C, Nyengaard JR, Wevers A, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Lindstrom J, Pilz K, Nowacki S, Bloch W, Schröder H. Cellular expression of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein in the temporal cortex in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease--a stereological approach. Neurobiol Dis 2000; 7:666-72. [PMID: 11114264 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2000.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are closely related to disturbed cholinergic transmission. The decrease of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein has been assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Stereology, however, has not been used to assess numbers of receptor-expressing human cerebrocortical neurons. Our approach applies a combination of alpha7 subunit-immunohistochemistry with a stereological technique using defined stretches of pial surface as reference standard. The number of alpha7 subunit protein-expressing neurons in the Alzheimer temporal cortices amounted to approximately half of that of controls while numbers in Parkinson patients lay in between. No differences in the total number of neurons were seen. These results corroborate nonstereological studies on Alzheimer cortices and for the first time show a similar decrease in receptor expression in Parkinson's disease. They provide evidence that not only Alzheimer dementia but also cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease may be related to decreased nicotinic receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Anatomy, University of Köln, Köln, D-50924, F. R. Germany
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Abstract
A protein phosphatase exclusively dependent upon micromolar amounts of Ca2+ and calmodulin has been identified and partially purified from Leishmania spp. Complete obliteration of its activity is observed in the presence of calmodulin antagonists such as trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and calmidazolium. Relative insensitivity to okadaic acid and lack of activation in the absence of Ca2+ and calmodulin distinguishes this enzyme from PP1, PP2A and PP2C-type protein phosphatases. Cross-reactivity of the enzyme was observed with antibodies that recognize both the A and B chains of calcineurin, a PP2B type Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase from brain. FK506, an immunosuppresive drug that inhibits the enzyme from other sources inhibited the enzyme only in the presence of exogenous FK binding protein, whereas Cyclosporin A inhibited the enzyme in crude preparations. Taken together these results reveal the presence of a Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase from Leishmania. This is the first report of the presence of a PP2B-type protein phosphatase from a pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Leishmania Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta, India
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Banerjee C, McCabe LR, Choi JY, Hiebert SW, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Runt homology domain proteins in osteoblast differentiation: AML3/CBFA1 is a major component of a bone-specific complex. J Cell Biochem 1997; 66:1-8. [PMID: 9215522 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970701)66:1<1::aid-jcb1>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The AML/CBFA family of runt homology domain (rhd) transcription factors regulates expression of mammalian genes of the hematopoietic lineage. AML1, AML2 and AML3 are the three AML genes identified to date which influence myeloid cell growth and differentiation. Recently AML-related proteins were identified in an osteoblast-specific promoter binding complex that functionally modulates bone-restricted transcription of the osteocalcin gene. In the present study we demonstrate that in primary rat osteoblasts AML-3 is the AML family member present in the osteoblast-specific complex. Antibody specific for AML-3 completely supershifts this complex, in contrast to antibodies with specificity for AML-1 or AML-2, AML-3 is present as a single 5.4 kb transcript in bone tissues. To establish the functional involvement of AML factors in osteoblast differentiation, we pursued antisense strategies to alter expression of rhd genes. Treatment of osteoblast cultures with rhd antisense oligonucleotides significantly decreased three parameters which are linked to differentiation of normal diploid osteoblasts: the representation of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells, osteocalcin production, and the formation of mineralized nodules. Our findings indicate that AML-3 is a key transcription factor in bone cells and that the activity of rhd proteins is required for completion of osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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Abstract
The results of 24 infected total knee arthroplasties (22 patients) that were treated by irrigation, debridement, and retention of the prosthetic components were prospectively studied. Strict criteria were used for the selection of this method of treatment. Patients had to be less than 30 days after index arthroplasty (postsurgical group) or had to have less than 30 days of knee symptoms (hematogenous group). In addition, there had to be no radiographic signs of osteitis or evidence of a loose prosthetic component. Patients had one to three irrigation and debridement procedures depending on systemic signs, knee symptoms, or the results of knee aspirations. All of the immediate postsurgical infections (10 knees) and 10 of the 14 (71%) late hematogenously infected knees retained the prosthesis without further evidence of infection at the final follow-up visit at 48 months (range, 24-140 months). This study shows that in selected circumstances, irrigation, debridement, and retention of the components can result in low morbidity with high success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mont
- Orthopaedic Department, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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McCabe LR, Banerjee C, Kundu R, Harrison RJ, Dobner PR, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Developmental expression and activities of specific fos and jun proteins are functionally related to osteoblast maturation: role of Fra-2 and Jun D during differentiation. Endocrinology 1996; 137:4398-408. [PMID: 8828501 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.10.8828501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental studies of oncogene expression implicate the Fos and Jun family of transcription factors in the regulation of bone growth and differentiation. Promoters of many developmentally regulated genes, including osteocalcin, a marker of osteoblast differentiation, contain AP-1 sites that bind Fos/Jun dimers. Here, we demonstrate that the selective expression of fos- and jun-related genes is functionally related to the stage of osteoblast growth and differentiation in vitro. During osteoblast proliferation, nuclear protein levels of all seven activating protein-1 (AP-1) members are maximal. Subsequently, during the period of extracellular matrix maturation, levels decline. In fully differentiated osteoblasts, Fra-2 and (to a lesser extent) Jun D are the principal AP-1 members detectable by Western blot analysis. AP-1 complex composition and binding activity also exhibit developmental changes. All Fos and Jun family members are involved in AP-1 complex formation in proliferating cells, whereas Fra-2 and Jun D predominate in AP-1 complexes in differentiated osteoblasts. Overexpression of Fos and Jun family members in ROS 17/2.8 cells markedly affects the expression of an osteocalcin promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct. Coexpression of only one AP-1 pair, Fra-2 and Jun D, stimulated reporter expression, whereas coexpression of other AP-1 pairs down-regulated expression (i.e. c-jun and any Fos family member) or had no effect (i.e. Fra-1 and Jun B). Promoter deletion analyses indicate that these effects are site specific. Consequential effects of Fra-2 on osteoblast differentiation are further demonstrated by antisense studies in which osteoblast differentiation and the development of a bone tissue-like organization were suppressed. Consistent with recent findings suggesting that AP-1 complex composition can selectively regulate gene transcription, our findings demonstrate that differential expression of Fos and Jun family members could play a role in the developmental regulation of bone-specific gene expression and, as a result, may be functionally significant for osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R McCabe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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Banerjee C, Hiebert SW, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. An AML-1 consensus sequence binds an osteoblast-specific complex and transcriptionally activates the osteocalcin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:4968-73. [PMID: 8643513 PMCID: PMC39389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.10.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue and cell-type specific expression of the rat osteocalcin (rOC) gene involves the interplay of multiple transcriptional regulatory factors. In this report we demonstrate that AML-1 (acute myeloid leukemia-1), a DNA-binding protein whose genes are disrupted by chromosomal translocations in several human leukemias, interacts with a sequence essential for enhancing tissue-restricted expression of the rOC gene. Deletion analysis of rOC promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs demonstrates that an AML-1-binding sequence within the proximal promoter (-138 to -130 nt) contributes to 75% of the level of osteocalcin gene expression. The activation potential of the AML-1-binding sequence has been established by overexpressing AML-1 in osteoblastic as well as in nonosseous cell lines. Overexpression not only enhances rOC promoter activity in osteoblasts but also mediates OC promoter activity in a nonosseous human fibroblastic cell line. A probe containing this site forms a sequence specific protein-DNA complex with nuclear extracts from osteoblastic cells but not from nonosseous cells. Antisera supershift experiments indicate the presence of AML-1 and its partner protein core-binding factor beta in this osteoblast-restricted complex. Mutations of the critical AML-1-binding nucleotides abrogate formation of the complex and strongly diminish promoter activity. These results indicate that an AML-1 related protein is functional in cells of the osteoblastic lineage and that the AML-1-binding site is a regulatory element important for osteoblast-specific transcriptional activation of the rOC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, 01655, USA
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36
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Hoffmann HM, Beumer TL, Rahman S, McCabe LR, Banerjee C, Aslam F, Tiro JA, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Bone tissue-specific transcription of the osteocalcin gene: role of an activator osteoblast-specific complex and suppressor hox proteins that bind the OC box. J Cell Biochem 1996; 61:310-24. [PMID: 9173094 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19960501)61:2<310::aid-jcb14>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone-specific expression of the osteocalcin gene is transcriptionally controlled. Deletion analysis of osteocalcin promoter sequences by transient transfection of osseous (ROS 17/2.8) and nonosseous (R2 fibroblast) cells revealed that the most proximal 108 nucleotides are sufficient to confer tissue-specific expression. By gel mobility shift assays with wild-type and mutated oligonucleotides and nuclear extracts from several different cell lines we identified a novel transcription factor complex which exhibits sequence-specific interactions with the primary transcriptional element, the OC box (nt -99 to -76). This OC box binding protein (OCBP) is present only in osteoblast-like cells. Methylation interference demonstrated association of the factor with OC box sequences overlapping the Msx homeodomain consensus binding site. By assaying several mutations of the OC box, both in gel shift and transient transfection studies using ROS 17/2.8, we show the following. First, binding of OCBP correlates with osteocalcin promoter activity in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Increased binding leads to a 2-3-fold increase in transcription, while decreased binding results in transcription 30-40% of control. Second, homeodomain protein binding suppresses transcription. However, Msx expression is critical for full development of the bone phenotype as determined by antisense studies. Last, we show that one of the mutations of the OC box permits expression of osteocalcin in non-osseous cell lines. In summary, we demonstrate association of at least two classes of tissue-restricted transcription factors with the OC box element, the OCBP and Msx proteins, supporting the concept that these sequences contribute to defining tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Hoffmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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Banerjee C, Stein JL, Van Wijnen AJ, Frenkel B, Lian JB, Stein GS. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 responsiveness of the rat osteocalcin gene is mediated by an activator protein-1 binding site. Endocrinology 1996; 137:1991-2000. [PMID: 8612540 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.5.8612540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC), a bone specific protein expressed during differentiation and mineralization of the bone extracellular matrix, is down-regulated upon treatment with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1. To address the potential role of OC gene expression in relation to TGF-beta 1 regulation of bone formation and resorption, we examined the transcriptional activity of the rat OC promoter after TGF-beta 1 treatment. 5' deletion analysis of rat OC promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs demonstrated that TGF-beta 1 treatment repressed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity by 2.4-fold in transient transfections of ROS 17/2.8 cells. A 29-bp region between -162 and -134 identified as the TGF-beta 1 response domain, conferred TGF-beta 1 responsiveness to the -108 to +24 rat OC basal promoter in an orientation dependent manner. Mutation of an activator protein-1/cAMP-response element-like motif (- 146 to -139) abolished TGF-beta 1 responsiveness of the construct. In vitro gel-mobility shift and competition assays using wild-type and mutated oligonucleotides and antibodies indicate that Fra-2, a Fos related transcription factor, binds to this motif. We show that Fra-2 is an activator of the OC promoter, and TGF-beta 1 inhibits this activation. Our results demonstrate that Fra-2 is hyperphosphorylated upon TGF-beta 1 treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells. Additionally, treatment of cells with a staurosporine protein kinase C inhibitor abrogates TGF-beta 1 mediated down-regulation of the OC promoter activity. Together, these results demonstrate that TGF-beta 1 responsiveness of the rat osteocalcin gene in ROS 17/2.8 cells is mediated through an activator protein-1 like cis-acting element that interacts with Fra-2. Furthermore, our results are consistent with a critical role for TGF-beta 1 induced phosphorylation of Fra-2 in the repression of OC gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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38
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Frenkel B, Montecino M, Green J, Aslam F, Desai R, Banerjee C, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Basal and vitamin D-responsive activity of the rat osteocalcin promoter in stably transfected osteosarcoma cells: requirement of upstream sequences for control by the proximal regulatory domain. Endocrinology 1996; 137:1080-88. [PMID: 8603577 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.3.8603577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is a bone-specific vitamin D- responsive protein that is developmentally expressed during osteoblast differentiation. In transient transfection assays, as little as approximately 0.1 kilobase (kb) of the OC proximal promoter is sufficient for basal expression. Because eukaryotic genes are packaged as nucleosomes that contribute to both chromatin organization and transcriptional control, we functionally examined the activity of OC promoter constructs within a chromatin context. ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells were stably transfected with a series of rat OC promoter-reporter constructs, containing progressive 5'-deletions. The results demonstrate that in contrast to transient transfection assays, the proximal 0.11-kb promoter is no longer active when integrated in the genome. Progressive gain of basal expression with 0.35-, 0.53-, and 0.72-kb promoters suggests that upstream sequences facilitate the formation of an appropriate higher order nuclear structure, thereby potentiating the activity of the chromosomally integrated proximal promoter elements. This is consistent with location of both deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)-hypersensitive sites and nuclear matrix protein-DNA interaction sites in the osteocalcin promoter. Vitamin D responsiveness in the stably transfected cells is obtained with the inclusion of 0.53 kb or additional upstream promoter sequences. Therefore, these sequences satisfy the requirements for binding of basal and enhancer transcription factors as well as interactions between them within a chromatin context. Both maximal basal expression and maximal vitamin D responsiveness are obtained with cells carrying either the 0.72-kb or the 1.1-kb promoter fragment. Cells carrying the 1.1-kb promoter show DNase I hypersensitivity at both the basal promoter and the vitamin D response element-containing domains, locations that also exhibit DNase I hypersensitivity in the endogenous OC promoter. In addition, we have documented changes in the basal activity and vitamin D responsiveness of the stably integrated 1.1 kb promoter as a function of cell density-mediated growth inhibition, which is accompanied by up-regulation of bone phenotypic genes. Thus, important aspects of OC gene transcriptional regulation that cannot be investigated in transient transfection assays can be addressed using ROS 17/2.8 cells stably transfected with OC promoter-reporter constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frenkel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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Lian JB, Stein GS, Stein JL, Van Wijnen A, McCabe L, Banerjee C, Hoffmann H. The osteocalcin gene promoter provides a molecular blueprint for regulatory mechanisms controlling bone tissue formation: role of transcription factors involved in development. Connect Tissue Res 1996; 35:15-21. [PMID: 9084639 DOI: 10.3109/03008209609029170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of regulatory sequences and their cognate binding factors in the bone-specific osteocalcin (OC) gene promoter has provided insight into mechanisms that control expression of the gene under diverse biological conditions. We present evidence for AP-1 motifs and two multipartite conserved regulatory sequences, the OC Box I (nt-99 to-76) and a site designated OC Box II (nt-136 to-130) in contributing to developmental and tissue-specific expression of osteocalcin. OC Box I is characterized by a homeodomain binding site and OC Box II is a recognition sequence for AML-1 (also called PEBP2 alpha), a runt homology-related DNA binding protein. Functional activity of the elements was established in osseous and non-osseous cell lines and is in part related to the binding of osteoblast-specific complexes which enhance OC transcription. The contribution of several elements and binding of multiple classes of transcription factors to independent elements in both these domains serve to illustrate the complexity of control required for tissue-specific OC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lian
- University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Worcester 01655, USA
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40
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Aslam F, Shalhoub V, van Wijnen AJ, Banerjee C, Bortell R, Shakoori AR, Litwack G, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Contributions of distal and proximal promoter elements to glucocorticoid regulation of osteocalcin gene transcription. Mol Endocrinol 1995; 9:679-90. [PMID: 8592514 DOI: 10.1210/mend.9.6.8592514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identified several glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in the 5'-promoter region of the rat osteocalcin (OC) gene by purified receptor binding. The present study addresses functionality of the GRE sequences in the proximal promoter at nucleotide (nt) -16 to -1 downstream of the TATA element together with the GRE half-element in the OC box at nt -86 to -81. This was done by assaying glucocorticoid responsiveness [at 10(-6) M dexamethasone (DEX)], and in combination with 10(-8) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, of a series of deleted and mutated OC promoter reporter constructs (OCCAT) in osteoblast-like cells, the ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma line. Promoter deletion analysis revealed an additional GRE in the distal promoter at nt -697 to -683 that functions to suppress OC transcription. In the absence of this upstream negative GRE (nGRE), the -531 OCCAT construct exhibited enhanced promoter activity in response to DEX (1.8-fold DEX/Control), but further deletion (-348 and -108 OCCAT constructs) restored DEX suppression to OC promoter activity (0.6- and 0.8-fold DEX/Control, respectively). Mutations introduced in both the proximal GRE (nt -16 to -1) and the half-GRE in the OC box, or in the proximal GRE alone, nearly abrogated DEX responsiveness of OC promoter activity. Both distal and proximal GREs specifically bound glucocorticoid receptor present in ROS 17/2.8 nuclear extracts as shown by competition with wild type and mutated oligonucleotides and antibody inhibition of binding. Furthermore, both GREs, independently, conferred DEX-responsive transcriptional repression to the heterologous thymidine kinase basal promoter. We also report that glucocorticoid suppression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated transcription occurs independently of distal or proximal GREs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in vivo responsiveness of OC to DEX involves the integrative activities of several functional promoter elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aslam
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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41
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Bidwell J, van Wijnen A, Banerjee C, Fey E, Merriman H, Penman S, Stein J, Lian J, Stein G. Parathyroid-responsive modifications in the nuclear matrix of ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells. Endocrinology 1994; 134:1738-44. [PMID: 8137738 DOI: 10.1210/endo.134.4.8137738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PTH is a mediator of skeletal development and remodeling that influences gene expression in osteoblastic cells. It is well established that PTH modulates the activity of membrane-associated second messenger signal transduction pathways. In these studies we have addressed the potential contribution of components of cell structure to the integration of PTH-related regulatory signals that influence the expression of bone cell genes. Chronic treatment of ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells with PTH is accompanied by changes in gene expression that are at least in part transcriptionally controlled. To explore the involvement of nuclear architecture in PTH-responsive modifications in gene expression, we investigated changes in the nuclear matrix after PTH treatment. Consistent with a role for the nuclear matrix in determining spatial organization and topology of chromatin as well as in the localization and targeting of transcription factors, we observed PTH-associated changes in a 200-kilodalton nuclear matrix protein in response to PTH. A significant down-regulation of synthesis was observed when nuclear matrix proteins were resolved electrophoretically in two-dimensional gels. This protein was restricted to the nuclear matrix and was not detected in the chromatin or cytoskeletal cellular fractions. These alterations in nuclear matrix proteins that occur after PTH treatment in osteosarcoma cells were phenotype related. They did not occur in UMR-106 POL or H4 hepatoma cells. Our findings support a role for the nuclear matrix in transducing PTH-mediated regulatory signals to facilitate the extent to which genes in osteoblasts are transcribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bidwell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester 01655
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Frenkel B, Mijnes J, Aronow MA, Zambetti G, Banerjee C, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Position and orientation-selective silencer in protein-coding sequences of the rat osteocalcin gene. Biochemistry 1993; 32:13636-43. [PMID: 7504955 DOI: 10.1021/bi00212a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC) is a bone-specific protein which is expressed postproliferatively by osteoblasts during late stages of differentiation. We have found that a silencer element is present within the rat OC gene (between nt +39 and +104), overlapping the OC signal prepropeptide-coding sequence. The presence of this sequence in OC promoter-CAT reporter constructs suppresses promoter activity in transiently transfected proliferating osteoblasts, which do not express OC, by up to 50-fold. This is the first demonstration of contribution from protein-coding sequences to silencing of animal genes. The element appears to be bipartite; silencer activity requires both the protein-coding sequence +39 to +63 and the +93 to +104 exon 1/intron 1 border region. Both of these domains contain sequences highly similar to silencer motifs in several other genes, including chicken lysozyme as well as rat collagen type II, insulin, and growth hormone. OC silencer activity is fully retained when the element is placed outside the RNA-coding region, 3' but not 5' of the OC-CAT fusion gene. Repression activity is orientation independent in the native position but requires the native orientation when located in 3' extragenic positions. The silencer does not inhibit the activity of the heterologous SV40 early promoter. These results suggest interaction between the transcribed silencer and specific OC promoter element(s) residing farther upstream. The OC transcribed silencer may contribute to developmental control of OC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frenkel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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Heinrichs AA, Banerjee C, Bortell R, Owen TA, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Identification and characterization of two proximal elements in the rat osteocalcin gene promoter that may confer species-specific regulation. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53:240-50. [PMID: 8263041 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240530309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rat osteocalcin gene encodes a 6-kD osteoblast-specific protein that is expressed post-proliferatively. The developmental and steroid hormone responsive expression of the osteocalcin gene is transcriptionally regulated by a promoter with multiple basal and enhancer elements that exhibit activity controlled by a series of physiological mediators (e.g., 1.25(OH)2D3, glucocorticoids). In this study, we established the contribution of the rat osteocalcin (OC) box domain (-99 to -76), a proximal basal element with a CCAAT motif as a central core, to transcriptional activity of the rat osteocalcin gene with in vivo co-transfection assays. By this same assay, however, the highly homologous (22 of 24 nt) human OC box element was unable to compete for transcription factor binding with the rat OC promoter. In vitro protein/DNA interaction studies confirm the presence of two protein binding sites in the OC box region, one of which overlaps the CCAAT motif and, at least in part, accounts for species-specific expression. Competition analysis established that the single nucleotide substitution of adenine for thymine, which converts the core motif of the rat OC box (CCAAT) to the core motif of the human OC box (CCAAA), accounts for observed species differences in transcription factor interactions. The CCAAT-specific protein/DNA interactions are heat stable and insensitive to phosphatase treatment. At second protein/DNA interaction located upstream of the CCAAT motif includes two steroid-like half-elements. These interactions are heat labile and sensitive to phosphatase treatment in contrast to the CCAAT-specific interactions. The human OC promoter contains only a single steroid-like half-element, while two steroid half-elements with an 11 nucleotide spacer are present in the rat OC promoter. These observed variations in sequence organization and transactivation factor binding in analogous proximal basal regulatory regions of the OC gene promoter may provide a basis for species-restricted variations in responsiveness to physiological mediators of OC gene expression at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Heinrichs
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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Banerjee C. Burns in elderly patients. J Indian Med Assoc 1993; 91:206-207. [PMID: 8245493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Admissions in the burn unit of IPGME & R, Calcutta over a period of 5 years from 1985 to 1990 have been reviewed. There were 1980 patients who had been treated and 84 of them were of 60 years of age or above. Mortality rate in elderly patients with burns had been found to be much higher. High mortality rate might be due to pre-existing medical problems and low general condition due to aging. Most of them were treated with conservative surgery. Early excision and grafting was the surgical approach in few cases with discouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Calcutta
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Abstract
We describe here a protein kinase from the promastigote form of the parasitic protozoan, Leishmania donovani, purified to near homogeneity to a single-subunit, 34-kDa protein. This enzyme does not require a cofactor, and has several characteristics in common with the catalytic subunit of mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinase, for example, preference for kemptide as a substrate, phosphorylation of serine residues of protamine and inhibition by the mammalian heat-stable inhibitor. The leishmanial enzyme can associate with the regulatory subunit of mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinase to form an inactive holoenzyme that is activated by cAMP and is protected from inhibition by thiol reagents. From these results it is concluded that L. donovani promastigotes possess a protein kinase which has similar characteristics with the mammalian catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Leishmania Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta
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Vaiphei K, Joshi K, Ayyagari S, Banerjee C. Histomorphological criteria for prognosis in breast cancer. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 1990; 33:328-33. [PMID: 2132500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred cases of carcinoma breast were analysed with regard to histological features and clinical follow-up. Bad prognostic factors included tumour size larger than 5cms; absent or minimal intraduct component in the tumour and absent or minimal periductal elastosis. Conversely significant intraduct component in the tumour and periductal elastosis were associated with better survival. Degree of lymph nodal involvement did not influence the outcome. One reason for this unexpected finding could be that patients with more than 3 lymph node involvement were given additional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vaiphei
- Department of Pathology, P.G.I.M.E.R., Chandigarh
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Banerjee C, Sarkar D. Partial purification and characterization of a soluble protein kinase from Leishmania donovani promastigotes. J Gen Microbiol 1990; 136:1051-7. [PMID: 2384743 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-136-6-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A soluble protein kinase from the promastigote form of the parasitic protozoon Leishmania donovani was partially purified using DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-200 and phosphocellulose columns. The enzyme preferentially utilized protamine as exogenous phosphate acceptor. The native molecular mass of the enzyme was about 85 kDa. Mg2+ ions were essential for enzyme activity; other metal ions, e.g. Ca2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+, could not substitute for Mg2+. cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+/calmodulin and Ca2+/phospholipid did not stimulate enzyme activity. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 7.0-7.5, and the temperature optimum 37 degrees C. The apparent Km for ATP was 60 microM. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that the protein kinase transferred the gamma-phosphate of ATP to serine residues in protamine. The thiol reagents p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, 5-5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and N-ethylmaleimide inhibited enzyme activity; the inhibition by p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid and 5-5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was reversed by dithiothreitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Leishmania Group, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Calcutta
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Banerjee C, Bustamante CI, Wharton R, Talley E, Wade JC. Bacillus infections in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:1769-74. [PMID: 3401098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen febrile patients experienced 24 episodes of Bacillus bacteremias from January 1978 to June 1986. Bacillus species isolated included Bacillus cereus (eight cases), Bacillus circulans (three), Bacillus subtilis (two), Bacillus pumilus (two), Bacillus licheniformis (one), Bacillus sphaericus (one), Bacillus coagulans (one), and six that could not be speciated. Fifteen patients had lymphoma or leukemia and three had breast cancer. Nine patients were neutropenic (polymorphonuclear neutrophil count, less than 1.0 x 10(9)/L), seven patients had a Hickman catheter in place, and 14 had recently received chemotherapy. Twelve of the bacteremic episodes were clinically significant, and four of these 12 involved Hickman catheters. Catheter removal was ultimately necessary in all four patients. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was performed on one of the removed Hickman catheters and showed Bacillus organisms embedded in a biofilm composed of gram-positive cocci and glycocalyx. Bacillus species were uniformly susceptible to vancomycin, imipenem, and aminoglycosides, with penicillin susceptibilities being variable. Bacillus appears to be another gram-positive organism now being recognized as a bacterial pathogen for compromised hosts. When such infections involve long-term indwelling venous access devices, treatment should include immediate catheter removal as well as antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore 21201
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50
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Banerjee C, Sarkar D. Soluble and membrane-bound cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in developing rat brain. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1988; 25:249-52. [PMID: 3235101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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