1
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Hasselholt S, Hahn U, Vedel Jensen EB, Nyengaard JR. Practical implementation of the planar and spatial rotator in a complex tissue: the brain. J Microsc 2018; 273:26-35. [PMID: 30240001 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In neuroscience, application of widely used stereological local volume estimators, including the planar rotator, is challenged by the combination of a complex tissue organisation and an estimator requirement of either isotropic or vertical sections, i.e. randomly oriented tissue. The spatial rotator is applicable with any tissue orientation but is sensitive to projection artefacts. The challenge is thus to select the most appropriate method for individual analyses. In this study, agreement between estimates of mean cell volume acquired with the vertical planar and the spatial rotator is assessed for two brain regions with different types of cytoarchitecture (motor cortex and hippocampal cornu ammonis 1). The possibility of using the planar rotator in tissues cut in an arbitrary direction is explored and requirements for a theoretically unbiased result as well as histological considerations are provided. LAY DESCRIPTION: Cells may change volume both during disease and with advancing age. Assessment of the volume of individual cells can therefore serve as a useful indicator of general tissue state. Most available methods to estimate cell volume in tissue sections, however, require that the tissue analysed has random orientation. Particularly for complex tissues such as the brain this is a challenge as identification, delineation and subdivision of many brain areas rely heavily on the use of anatomical atlases where illustrations depict the tissue in a few well-known orientations. In this study, the practical application of two different methods for estimating mean cell volumes in tissues cut in a preferred orientation is evaluated. Requirements for the feasibility of cell volume estimation without random tissue orientation as well as histological considerations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hasselholt
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - U Hahn
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E B Vedel Jensen
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Botting KJ, Loke XY, Zhang S, Andersen JB, Nyengaard JR, Morrison JL. IUGR decreases cardiomyocyte endowment and alters cardiac metabolism in a sex- and cause-of-IUGR-specific manner. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R48-R67. [PMID: 29561647 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00180.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) increases the risk of ischemic heart disease in adulthood. Studies in rats suggest cardiac vulnerability is more pronounced in males and in offspring that were exposed to hypoxia in utero. Therefore, we aimed to test the hypotheses that 1) IUGR adolescent males, but not females, have fewer cardiomyocytes and altered expression of cardiometabolic genes compared with controls; and 2) IUGR due to hypoxia has a greater effect on these parameters compared with IUGR due to nutrient restriction. IUGR was induced in guinea pigs by maternal hypoxia (MH; 10% O2, n = 9) or maternal nutrient restriction (MNR; ~30% reduction in food intake, n = 9) in the second half of pregnancy and compared with control ( n = 11). At 120 days of age, postmortem was performed and the left ventricle perfusion fixed for stereological determination of cardiomyocyte number or snap frozen to determine the abundance of cardiometabolic genes and proteins by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. MH reduced the number of cardiomyocytes in female ( P < 0.05), but not male or MNR, adolescent offspring. Furthermore, IUGR males had decreased expression of genes responsible for fatty acid activation in the sarcoplasm ( FACS) and transport into the mitochondria ( AMPK-a2 and ACC; P < 0.05) and females exposed to MH had increased activation/phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase-α ( P < 0.05). We postulate that the changes in cardiomyocyte endowment and cardiac gene expression observed in the present study are a direct result of in utero programming, as offspring at this age did not suffer from obesity, hypertension, or left ventricular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Botting
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Science, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - X Y Loke
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - S Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
| | - J B Andersen
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - J L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Science, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia , Australia
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3
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Schaldemose EL, Fontain FI, Karlsson P, Nyengaard JR. Improved sampling and analysis of images in corneal confocal microscopy. J Microsc 2017; 268:3-12. [PMID: 28548209 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a noninvasive clinical method to analyse and quantify corneal nerve fibres in vivo. Although the CCM technique is in constant progress, there are methodological limitations in terms of sampling of images and objectivity of the nerve quantification. The aim of this study was to present a randomized sampling method of the CCM images and to develop an adjusted area-dependent image analysis. Furthermore, a manual nerve fibre analysis method was compared to a fully automated method. METHODS 23 idiopathic small-fibre neuropathy patients were investigated using CCM. Corneal nerve fibre length density (CNFL) and corneal nerve fibre branch density (CNBD) were determined in both a manual and automatic manner. Differences in CNFL and CNBD between (1) the randomized and the most common sampling method, (2) the adjusted and the unadjusted area and (3) the manual and automated quantification method were investigated. RESULTS The CNFL values were significantly lower when using the randomized sampling method compared to the most common method (p = 0.01). There was not a statistical significant difference in the CNBD values between the randomized and the most common sampling method (p = 0.85). CNFL and CNBD values were increased when using the adjusted area compared to the standard area. Additionally, the study found a significant increase in the CNFL and CNBD values when using the manual method compared to the automatic method (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION The study demonstrated a significant difference in the CNFL values between the randomized and common sampling method indicating the importance of clear guidelines for the image sampling. The increase in CNFL and CNBD values when using the adjusted cornea area is not surprising. The observed increases in both CNFL and CNBD values when using the manual method of nerve quantification compared to the automatic method are consistent with earlier findings. This study underlines the importance of improving the analysis of the CCM images in order to obtain more objective corneal nerve fibre measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Schaldemose
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F I Fontain
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Karlsson
- Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine - Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine - Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Glerup S, Bolcho U, Mølgaard S, Bøggild S, Vaegter CB, Smith AH, Nieto-Gonzalez JL, Ovesen PL, Pedersen LF, Fjorback AN, Kjolby M, Login H, Holm MM, Andersen OM, Nyengaard JR, Willnow TE, Jensen K, Nykjaer A. SorCS2 is required for BDNF-dependent plasticity in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1740-1751. [PMID: 27457814 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SorCS2 is a member of the Vps10p-domain receptor gene family receptors with critical roles in the control of neuronal viability and function. Several genetic studies have suggested SORCS2 to confer risk of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Here we report that hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity is eliminated in SorCS2-deficient mice. This defect was traced to the ability of SorCS2 to form complexes with the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, required for pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to induce long-term depression, and with the BDNF receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB to elicit long-term potentiation. Although the interaction with p75NTR was static, SorCS2 bound to TrkB in an activity-dependent manner to facilitate its translocation to postsynaptic densities for synaptic tagging and maintenance of synaptic potentiation. Neurons lacking SorCS2 failed to respond to BDNF by TrkB autophosphorylation, and activation of downstream signaling cascades, impacting neurite outgrowth and spine formation. Accordingly, Sorcs2-/- mice displayed impaired formation of long-term memory, increased risk taking and stimulus seeking behavior, enhanced susceptibility to stress and impaired prepulse inhibition. Our results identify SorCS2 as an indispensable coreceptor for p75NTR and TrkB in hippocampal neurons and suggest SORCS2 as the link between proBDNF/BDNF signaling and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glerup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - U Bolcho
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Mølgaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Bøggild
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - C B Vaegter
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A H Smith
- Yale School of Medicine, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, VAT CT Healthcare Center, and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - P L Ovesen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L F Pedersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - A N Fjorback
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Kjolby
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - H Login
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M M Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - O M Andersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- MIND Center, Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - T E Willnow
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Jensen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Nykjaer
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE- Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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5
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Rafati AH, Ziegel JF, Nyengaard JR, Jensen EBV. Stereological estimation of particle shape and orientation from volume tensors. J Microsc 2016; 263:229-37. [PMID: 26823192 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we describe new robust methods of estimating cell shape and orientation in 3D from sections. The descriptors of 3D cell shape and orientation are based on volume tensors which are used to construct an ellipsoid, the Miles ellipsoid, approximating the average cell shape and orientation in 3D. The estimators of volume tensors are based on observations in several optical planes through sampled cells. This type of geometric sampling design is known as the optical rotator. The statistical behaviour of the estimator of the Miles ellipsoid is studied under a flexible model for 3D cell shape and orientation. In a simulation study, the lengths of the axes of the Miles ellipsoid can be estimated with coefficients of variation of about 2% if 100 cells are sampled. Finally, we illustrate the use of the developed methods in an example, involving neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rafati
- Stereological Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J F Ziegel
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereological Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Rafati AH, Safavimanesh F, Dorph-Petersen KA, Rasmussen JG, Møller J, Nyengaard JR. Detection and spatial characterization of minicolumnarity in the human cerebral cortex. J Microsc 2016; 261:115-26. [PMID: 26575198 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial characterization of vertical organization of neurons in human cerebral cortex, cortical columnarity or minicolumns, and its possible association with various psychiatric and neurological diseases has been investigated for many years. NEW METHOD In this study, we obtained 3D coordinates of disector sampled cells from layer III of Brodmann area 4 of the human cerebral cortex using light microscopy and 140-μm-thick glycolmethacrylate sections. A new analytical tool called cylindrical K-function was applied for spatial point pattern analysis of 3D datasets to see whether there is a spatially organized columnar structure. In order to demonstrate the behaviour of the cylindrical K-function, the result from brain tissues was compared with two models: A homogeneous Poisson process exhibiting complete spatial randomness, and a Poisson line cluster point process. The latter is a point process model in 3D space, which exhibits spatial structure of points similar to minicolumns. RESULTS The data show in three out of four samples nonrandom patterns in the 3D neuronal positions with the direction of minicolumns perpendicular to the pial surface of the brain - without a priori assuming the existence of minicolumns. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Studies on columnarity are difficult and have mainly been based on two-dimensional images analysis of thin sections of the cerebral cortex with the a priori assumption that minicolumns existed. CONCLUSIONS A clear difference from complete spatial randomness in the data could be detected with the new tool, the cylindrical K-function, although classical functional summary statistics are less useful in this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rafati
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - F Safavimanesh
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K-A Dorph-Petersen
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark.,Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - J G Rasmussen
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J Møller
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging (CSGB), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Karlsson P, Nyengaard JR, Polydefkis M, Jensen TS. Structural and functional assessment of skin nerve fibres in small-fibre pathology. Eur J Pain 2014; 19:1059-70. [PMID: 25546653 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Damage to nociceptor nerve fibres may give rise to peripheral neuropathies, some of which are pain free and some are painful. A hallmark of many peripheral neuropathies is the loss of small nerve fibres in the epidermis, a condition called small-fibre neuropathy (SFN) when it is predominantly the small nerve fibres that are damaged. Historically, SFN has been very difficult to diagnose as clinical examination and nerve conduction studies mainly detect large nerve fibres, and quantitative sensory testing is not sensitive enough to detect small changes in small nerve fibres. However, taking a 3-mm punch skin biopsy from the distal leg and quantification of the nerve fibre density has proven to be a useful method to diagnose SFN. However, the correlation between the nerve fibre loss and other test results varies greatly. Recent studies have shown that it is possible not only to extract information about the nerve fibre density from the biopsies but also to get an estimation of the nerve fibre length density using stereology, quantify sweat gland innervation and detect morphological changes such as axonal swelling, all of which may be additional parameters indicating diseased small fibres relating to symptoms reported by the patients. In this review, we focus on available tests to assess structure and function of the small nerve fibres, and summarize recent advances that have provided new possibilities to more specifically relate structural findings with symptoms and function in patients with SFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karlsson
- Danish Pain Research Center and Stereology & EM Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory and Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory and Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - M Polydefkis
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T S Jensen
- Danish Pain Research Center and Stereology & EM Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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8
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Grubbe MC, Thomsen JS, Nyengaard JR, Duruox M, Brüel A. Growth hormone mitigates loss of periosteal bone formation and muscle mass in disuse osteopenic rats. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2014; 14:473-483. [PMID: 25524973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a potent anabolic agent capable of increasing both bone and muscle mass. The aim was to investigate whether GH could counteract disuse-induced loss of bone and muscle mass in a rat model. Paralysis was induced by injecting 4 IU Botox (BTX) into the muscles of the right hind limb. Sixty female Wistar rats, 14 weeks old, were divided into the following groups: baseline, controls, BTX, BTX+GH, and GH. GH was given at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/d for 4 weeks. Compared with controls, BTX resulted in lower periosteal bone formation rate (BFR/BS,-79%, P<0.001), bone mineral density (aBMD, -13%, P<0.001), trabecular bone volume (BV/TV, -26%, P<0.05), and mid-femoral bone strength (-12%, P<0.05). In addition, BTX reduced rectus femoris muscle mass (-69%, P<0.001) and muscle cell cross sectional area (CSA) (-73%, P<0.001) compared with controls. GH counteracted disuse-induced losses of periosteal BFR/BS (2-fold increase vs. BTX, P<0.001), whereas no effect on aBMD, trabecular BV/TV, or bone strength was found. In addition, GH partly prevented loss of muscle mass (+29% vs. BTX, P<0.001), and tended to prevent loss of muscle CSA (+11%, P=0.064). In conclusion, GH mitigates disuse-induced loss of periosteal BFR/BS at the mid-femur and rectus femoris muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Grubbe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Treccani G, Musazzi L, Perego C, Milanese M, Nava N, Bonifacino T, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A, Drago F, Racagni G, Nyengaard JR, Wegener G, Bonanno G, Popoli M. Stress and corticosterone increase the readily releasable pool of glutamate vesicles in synaptic terminals of prefrontal and frontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:433-43. [PMID: 24535456 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress and glucocorticoids alter glutamatergic transmission, and the outcome of stress may range from plasticity enhancing effects to noxious, maladaptive changes. We have previously demonstrated that acute stress rapidly increases glutamate release in prefrontal and frontal cortex via glucocorticoid receptor and accumulation of presynaptic SNARE complex. Here we compared the ex vivo effects of acute stress on glutamate release with those of in vitro application of corticosterone, to analyze whether acute effect of stress on glutamatergic transmission is mediated by local synaptic action of corticosterone. We found that acute stress increases both the readily releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles and depolarization-evoked glutamate release, while application in vitro of corticosterone rapidly increases the RRP, an effect dependent on synaptic receptors for the hormone, but does not induce glutamate release for up to 20 min. These findings indicate that corticosterone mediates the enhancement of glutamate release induced by acute stress, and the rapid non-genomic action of the hormone is necessary but not sufficient for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Treccani
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics-Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Musazzi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics-Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Perego
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology-Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy-Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - N Nava
- 1] Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark [2] Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy-Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - J Lamanna
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele and Università Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - A Malgaroli
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele and Università Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - F Drago
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Section of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Racagni
- 1] Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics-Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy [2] IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - G Wegener
- 1] Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark [2] Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - G Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy-Unit of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - M Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics-Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari and CEND, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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10
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Pedersen HS, Løvendahl P, Nikolaisen NK, Holm P, Hyttel P, Nyengaard JR, Chen F, Callesen H. 152 MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS IN PRE- AND POSTPUBERTAL PIG OOCYTES BEFORE AND AFTER IN VITRO MATURATION. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv26n1ab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocytes from prepubertal (PRE) or postpubertal (POST) pigs are used in, for example, somatic cell nuclear transfer and in vitro fertilization. Here we describe mitochondrial dynamics in pig oocytes of different sizes before and after in vitro maturation (IVM), isolated from PRE or POST animals. In PRE oocytes, inside-zona pellucida diameter was measured before and after IVM (μm; small: ≤110, medium: >110, large: ≥120) and used for evaluation of (1) mitochondrial numbers before maturation and (2) mitochondrial morphology and location before and after maturation in comparison with POST oocytes. Oocytes were processed for transmission electron microscopy (Acta Anat. 129:12). For assessment of mitochondrial numbers, paired dissector sections were collected at uniform intervals throughout the oocyte, and in each set of dissector sections a known area fraction was sampled for mitochondrial counting in physical dissectors (J. Microsc. 134:127). Total number of mitochondria was calculated, and oocyte volume was estimated by Cavalieri estimator (J. Microsc. 147:229). Data were analysed by ANOVA. Mitochondrial morphology was classified as elongated, round, shell-like, or compartmentalized; mitochondrial cristae as transverse or peripheral; and mitochondrial location as cortical, subcortical, or central. Before IVM, small PRE presented elongated and round mitochondria with transverse cristae; medium and large PRE presented round mitochondria with peripheral and transverse cristae; POST presented round mitochondria with peripheral cristae in all cases. After IVM, small and medium PRE had round mitochondria with peripheral cristae; medium PRE and POST had shell-like mitochondria with peripheral cristae; large PRE had compartmentalized mitochondria with peripheral cristae. Before IVM, small PRE displayed cortical mitochondrial location, whereas the location in other groups was cortical and central. After IVM, mitochondria were located centrally in some large PRE and in all POST. Mitochondrial number increased during oocyte growth proportional to the increase in oocyte volume (Table 1). Shell-like and compartmentalized mitochondria indicate (1) dividing mitochondria (increasing mitochondrial numbers during maturation), or (2) apoptosis-related mitochondrial fission (compromised oocytes after maturation). After IVM, mitochondria seemed to reach the final central position most consistently in POST. These differences may partly explain the higher developmental competence in larger PRE and POST oocytes.
Table 1.Mitochondrial number and oocyte volume in pre- and postpubertal pigs
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Hartlev LB, Thomsen JS, Nyengaard JR, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hauge EM. SAT0337 Growth of the Calcified Cartilage in Human Osteoarthritis Femoral Heads in Comparison to Normal Aging. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Keller KK, Andersen IT, Andersen JB, Hahn U, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hauge EM, Nyengaard JR. Improving efficiency in stereology: a study applying the proportionator and the autodisector on virtual slides. J Microsc 2013; 251:68-76. [PMID: 23573905 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell counting in stereology is time-consuming. The proportionator is a new stereological sampling method combining automatic image analysis and non-uniform sampling. The autodisector on virtual slides combines automatic generation of disector pairs with the use of digital images. The aim of the study was to investigate the time efficiency of the proportionator and the autodisector on virtual slides compared with traditional methods in a practical application, namely the estimation of osteoclast numbers in paws from mice with experimental arthritis and control mice. Tissue slides were scanned in a digital slide scanner and the autodisector was applied on the obtained virtual tissue slides. Every slide was partitioned into fields of view, and cells were counted in all of them. Based on the original exhaustive data set comprising 100% of fields of view and covering the total section area, a proportionator sampling and a systematic, uniform random sampling were simulated. We found that the proportionator was 50% to 90% more time efficient than systematic, uniform random sampling. The time efficiency of the autodisector on virtual slides was 60% to 100% better than the disector on tissue slides. We conclude that both the proportionator and the autodisector on virtual slides may improve efficiency of cell counting in stereology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Keller
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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13
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Rasmusson A, Hahn U, Larsen JO, Gundersen HJG, Jensen EBV, Nyengaard JR. The spatial rotator. J Microsc 2013; 250:88-100. [PMID: 23488880 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new local volume estimator, the spatial rotator, which is based on measurements on a virtual 3D probe, using computer assisted microscopy. The basic design of the probe builds upon the rotator principle which requires only a few manual intersection markings, thus making the spatial rotator fast to use. Since a 3D probe is involved, it is expected that the spatial rotator will be more efficient than the the nucleator and the planar rotator, which are based on measurements in a single plane. An extensive simulation study shows that the spatial rotator may be more efficient than the traditional local volume estimators. Furthermore, the spatial rotator can be seen as a further development of the Cavalieri estimator, which does not require randomization of sectioning or viewing direction. The tissue may thus be sectioned in any arbitrary direction, making it easy to identify the specific tissue region under study. In order to use the spatial rotator in practice, however, it is necessary to be able to identify intersection points between cell boundaries and test rays in a series of parallel focal planes, also at the peripheral parts of the cell boundaries. In cases where over- and underprojection phenomena are not negligible, they should therefore be corrected for if the spatial rotator is to be applied. If such a correction is not possible, it is needed to avoid these phenomena by using microscopy with increased resolution in the focal plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rasmusson
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - U Hahn
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J O Larsen
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H J G Gundersen
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E B Vedel Jensen
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kang KP, Lee JE, Lee AS, Jung YJ, Lee S, Park SK, Kim W, Pokrywczynska M, Jundzill A, Krzyzanowska S, Flisinski M, Brymora A, Bodnar M, Deptula A, Marszalek A, Manitius J, Drewa T, Kloskowski T, Grosjean F, Esposito V, Torreggiani M, Esposito C, Zheng F, Vlassara H, Striker G, Michael S, Viswanathan P, Ganesh R, Kimachi M, Nishio S, Nakazawa D, Ishikawa Y, Toyoyama T, Satou A, Nakagaki T, Shibasaki S, Atumi T, Gattone V, Peterson R, Zimmerman K, Mega C, Reis F, Teixeira de Lemos E, Vala H, Fernandes R, Oliveira J, Teixeira F, Reis F, Niculae A, Niculae A, Checherita IA, Ciocalteu A, Hamano Y, Udagawa Y, Ueda Y, Yokosuka O, Ogawa M, Satoh M, Kidokoro K, Nagasu H, Nishi Y, Ihoriya C, Kadoya H, Yada T, Channon KM, Sasaki T, Kashihara N, Nyengaard JR, Razga Z, Hartono S, Knudsen B, Grande J, Watanabe M, Watanabe M, Ito K, Abe Y, Ogahara S, Nakashima H, Sato T, Saito T, Shin YT, Choi DE, Na KR, Chang YK, Kim SS, Lee KW, Mace C, Chugh S, Clement L, Tomochika M, Seiji H, Toshio M, Tetsuya K, Takao K, Jaen JC, Sullivan TJ, Miao Z, Zhao N, Berahovich R, Krasinski A, Powers JP, Ertl L, Schall TJ, Han SY, Sun HK, Han KH, Kim HS, Ahn SH, Kokeny G, Gasparics A, Fang L, Rosivall L, Sebe A, Banki NF, Fekete A, Wagner L, Ver A, Degrell P, Prokai A, George R, Szabo A, Baylis C, Vannay A, Tulassay T, Chollet C, Hus-Citharel A, Caron N, Bouby N, Silva K, Rampaso R, Luiz R, De Angelis K, Mostarda CT, Abreu N, Irigoyen MC, Schor N, Rampaso R, Luiz R, Silva K, Montemor J, Higa EMS, Schor N, Nagasu H, Satoh M, Kidokoro K, Kashihara N, Nakayama Y, Fukami K, Obara N, Ando R, Kaida Y, Ueda S, Yamagishi SI, Okuda S, Qin Q, Wang Z, Niu J, Xu W, Qiao Z, Qi W, Gu Y, Zitman-Gal T, Golan E, Green J, Pasmanik-Chor M, Oron-Karni V, Bernheim J, Benchetrit S, Tang RN, Tang RN, Wu M, Gao M, Liu H, Zhang XL, Liu BC. Diabetes - Experimental. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Adamczak M, Koleganova N, Nyengaard JR, Ritz E, Wiecek A, Slabiak Blaz N, Yi Chun DX, Alexandre H, Sandrine GS, Olivier T, Isabelle E, Christophe L, Guy T, Pierre Francois W, Jean-Philippe R, Yvon L, Eric R, Muller-Krebs S, Muller-Krebs S, Weber L, Tsobaneli J, Reiser J, Zeier M, Schwenger V, Tinel C, Samson M, Bonnotte B, Mousson C, Machcinska M, Machcinska M, Bocian K, Wyzgal M, Korczak-Kowalska G, Ju MK, Huh KH, Park KT, Kim SJ, Cho BH, Kim CD, So BJ, Leee S, Kang CM, Joo DJ, Kim YS, Bocian K, Zarzycki M, Sobich A, Korczak-Kowalska G, Matsuyama M, Hase T, Yoshimura R, Koshino K, Sakai K, Suzuki T, Nobori S, Ushigome H, Brikci-Nigassa L, Chargui J, Touraine JL, Yoshimura N, Cantaluppi V, Medica D, Figliolini F, Migliori M, Mannari C, Dellepiane S, Quercia AD, Randone O, Tamagnone M, Messina M, Manzione AM, Ranghino A, Biancone L, Segoloni GP, Camussi G, Turk TR, Zou X, Rauen U, De Groot H, Amann K, Kribben A, Eckardt KU, Bernhardt WM, Witzke O, Lidia G, Wouter C, Yvon L, Eric A, Yann LM, Guy T, Christian N, Marie E, Pierre M, Zineb A, Miriana D, Annick M, Marc A, Daniel A, Wornle M, Ribeiro A, Motamedi N, Grone HJ, Cohen CD, Schlondorff D, Schmid H, Teplan V, Banas M, Banas B, Steege A, Bergler T, Kruger B, Schnulle P, Yard B, Kramer BK, Hoger S, Xavier MP, Sampaio-Norton S, Gaiao S, Alves H, Oliveira G, Xavier MP, Sampaio-Norton S, Gaiao S, Alves H, Oliveira G, Xavier MP, Sampaio-Norton S, Gaiao S, Alves H, Oliveira G, Zaza G, Rascio F, Pontrelli P, Granata S, Rugiu C, Grandaliano G, Lupo A, Wohlfahrtova M, Wohlfahrtova M, Brabcova I, Balaz P, Janousek L, Lodererova A, Honsova E, Wohlfahrt P, Viklicky O, Grabner A, Grabner A, Kentrup D, Edemir B, Sirin Y, Pavenstadt H, Schober O, Schlatter E, Schafers M, Schnockel U, Reuter S, Rascio F, Pontrelli P, Accetturo M, Gigante M, Gigante M, Tataranni T, Zito A, Schena A, Schena FP, Stallone G, Gesualdo L, Grandaliano G, Maillard N, Masson I, Lena A, Manolie M, Eric A, Christophe M, Lassen CK, Keller AK, Moldrup U, Bibby BM, Jespersen B, Cvetkovic T, Velickovic Radovanovic R, Pavlovic R, Djordjevic V, Vlahovic P, Stefanovic N, Sladojevic N, Ignjatovic A, Rong S, Menne J, Haller H, Suszdak P, Tomczuk P, Gueler F, Nelli S, Sara D, Salma EK, Naoufal M, Tarik M, Mohamed Z, Guislaine M, Mohamed Gharbi B, Benyounes R, Lu X, Rong S, Shushakova N, Menne J, Kirsch T, Haller H, Gueler F, Bockmeyer CL, Bockmeyer CL, Ramackers W, Wittig J, Agustian PA, Klose J, Dammrich ME, Kreipe H, Brocker V, Winkler M, Becker JU, Agustian PA, Bockmeyer CL, Wittig J, Becker JU, Bockmeyer CL. Transplantation - basic. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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16
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Koleganova N, Piecha G, Nyengaard JR, Ritz E, Gross-Weissmann ML, Kurultak I, Sengul S, Kocak S, Erdogmus S, Keven K, Erturk S, Erbay B, Duman N, Ismail G, Bobeica R, Zilisteanu D, Ionescu C, Rusu E, Ioanitescu S, Jurubita R, Voiculescu M, Benetti E, Centi S, Negrisolo S, Caridi G, Murer L, Artifoni L. Renal development and cystic diseases. Clin Kidney J 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/ndtplus/4.s2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Keller KK, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Nyengaard JR, Sakaguchi S, Hauge EM. Histological changes in chronic autoimmune SKG-arthritis evaluated by quantitative three-dimensional stereological estimators. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29:536-543. [PMID: 21722502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the quantitative arthritic and bone erosive changes, including the number of osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors in the new SKG-model of inflammatory polyarthritis using three-dimensional (3D) stereological methods. METHODS Arthritis was induced in female SKG-mice with Zymosan A. Quantitative histology was made in four control mice and four mice with arthritis euthanised after 6 and 12 weeks. The right hind paw was embedded undecalcified in methylmethacrylate and cut exhaustively generating vertical uniform random sections. A computer controlled microscope and stereological software was used for histological quantification. Total volumes were estimated according to the Cavalieri principle, total surfaces were estimated using the vertical sections design, and the number of osteoclasts was counted in a physical fractionator. RESULTS The arthritis score increased during the 12-week period and was paralleled by an increase in the volume of inflammatory tissue (r=0.96, p<0.001). The number of osteoclasts on bone (r=0.77, p<0.05) and osteoclast-covered bone surface (r=0.62, p<0.05) increased resulting in a decrease in the volume of bone (r=-0.65, p<0.05). However, the number of osteoclast precursors declined between week 6 and 12 (p<0.05). Furthermore, the total cartilage surface (r=-0.74, p<0.05) and cartilage volume (r=-0.74, p<0.05) decreased during the 12 weeks of arthritis. CONCLUSIONS In this study we demonstrated changes in 3D stereological parameters of inflammatory tissue, bone erosion, osteoclasts, and cartilage in mouse paws during the course of arthritis in the SKG mouse. This is the first time 3D quantitative histology has been applied in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Keller
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark.
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18
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Dethlefsen I, Kretschmer S, Nyengaard JR, Weissmann N, Fehrenbach H, König P. Hypoxie führt zu starker Lymphangiogenese in der Lunge der Maus. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1270380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Abstract
The nucleator is a well-established manual stereological method of estimating mean cell volume from observations on random cell transects through reference points of the cells. In this paper, we present an automated version of the nucleator that uses automatic segmentation of the boundaries of the cell transects. An expert supervises the process. If the segmentation is judged to be satisfactory, an estimate of the cell volume is calculated automatically on the basis of the whole cell transect. In the remaining cases, the expert intervenes and uses the classical nucleator. The resulting estimator is called the semi-automatic nucleator. In this paper, we study the statistical properties of the semi-automatic nucleator. Formulae for the bias and mean square error are derived. The semi-automatic nucleator may have a small bias but will still in most cases be more efficient than the classical nucleator. Procedures for estimating bias and mean square error from a pilot study are provided. The application of the semi-automatic nucleator is illustrated in a study of somatostatin positive inhibitory interneurons which were genetically labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The cells were sampled with an optical disector. The centre of mass in a central cell transect was used as reference point. It is found in this study that the number of cells needed for obtaining, for instance, a 5% precision of the estimate of mean cell volume is 150 and 189 for the semi-automatic and the classical nucleator, respectively. Taking into account that the time spent analysing one cell is shorter for the semi-automatic nucleator than for the classical nucleator, the semi-automatic nucleator is superior to the classical nucleator.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Hansen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Abstract
Local stereological techniques can be used for particle volume estimation based on information collected on a section plane through a reference point of the particle. We present methods for variability estimation of the local stereological volume estimators. This variability arises during the stereological estimation procedure and in the particle population. Both of these components can be estimated separately from planar sections. Our aim is to give a preliminary analysis of the possibility to include the particle structure interaction into the estimation procedure. For this reason, not only the section profiles, but also their locations, have to be recorded. The methods are applied for the sectional data obtained from neurons in the hippocampal brain region subiculum of four 3-month-old male Wistar rats. The proposed procedure enables one to obtain information about particle volume distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pawlas
- Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Dige I, Raarup MK, Nyengaard JR, Kilian M, Nyvad B. Actinomyces naeslundii in initial dental biofilm formation. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:2116-2126. [PMID: 19406899 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.027706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The combined use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) offers new opportunities for analysis of the spatial relationships and temporal changes of specific members of the microbiota of intact dental biofilms. The purpose of this study was to analyse the patterns of colonization and population dynamics of Actinomyces naeslundii compared to streptococci and other bacteria during the initial 48 h of biofilm formation in the oral cavity. Biofilms developed on standardized glass slabs mounted in intra-oral appliances worn by ten individuals for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. The biofilms were subsequently labelled with probes against A. naeslundii (ACT476), streptococci (STR405) or all bacteria (EUB338), and were analysed by CLSM. Labelled bacteria were quantified by stereological tools. The results showed a notable increase in the number of streptococci and A. naeslundii over time, with a tendency towards a slower growth rate for A. naeslundii compared with streptococci. A. naeslundii was located mainly in the inner part of the multilayered biofilm, indicating that it is one of the species that attaches directly to the acquired pellicle. The participation of A. naeslundii in the initial stages of dental biofilm formation may have important ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dige
- Department of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M K Raarup
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory and MIND Center, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory and MIND Center, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Kilian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - B Nyvad
- Department of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Dige I, Nyengaard JR, Kilian M, Nyvad B. Application of stereological principles for quantification of bacteria in intact dental biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:69-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Fehrenbach H, Voswinckel R, Michl V, Mehling T, Fehrenbach A, Seeger W, Nyengaard JR. Neoalveolarisation contributes to compensatory lung growth following pneumonectomy in mice. Eur Respir J 2008; 31:515-22. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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de Lima AR, Nyengaard JR, Jorge AAL, Balieiro JCC, Peixoto C, Fioretto ET, Ambrósio CE, Miglino MA, Zatz M, Ribeiro AACM. Muscular dystrophy-related quantitative and chemical changes in adenohypophysis GH-cells in golden retrievers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2007; 17:480-491. [PMID: 17664078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive X-linked lethal condition which affects a boy in every 3300 births. It is caused by the absence of dystrophin, a protein occurring especially within the musculoskeletal system and in neurons in specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Growth hormone (GH) inhibition is believed to decrease the severity of DMD and could perhaps be used in its treatment. However, the underlying pathological mechanism is not known. The golden retriever muscular dystrophy dog (GRMD) represents an animal model in the study of DMD. In this paper we investigated the morphological aspects of the adenohypophysis as well as the total number and size of GH-granulated cells using design-based stereological methods in a limited number of dystrophic and healthy golden retrievers. GH-cells were larger (32.4%) in dystrophic dogs than in healthy animals (p=0.01) and they occupied a larger portion (62.5%) of the adenohypophysis volume (p=0.01) without changes in either adenohypophysis volume (p=0.893) or total number of GH-granulated cells (p=0.869). With regard to ultrastructure, granulated cells possessed double-layer electron-dense granules which were evenly distributed in the cytosol. Furthermore, these granules in dystrophic animals occupied a larger proportion of GH-granulated cell volume (66.9%; p=0.008) as well as of all GH-cells in the whole pars distalis of adenohypophysis (77.3%; p=0.035), albeit IGF-1 serum concentration was lower in severe cases. This suggests difficulties in the GH secretion that might possibly be associated to dystrophin absence. In contrast to earlier reports, our data suggest that a lower IGF-1 concentration may be more related to a severe, as opposed to a benign, clinical form of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R de Lima
- Laboratory of Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
BranchSampler is a system for computer-assisted manual stereology written for handheld devices running Windows CE. The system has been designed specifically to streamline data collection and optimize sampling of tree-like branching structures, with particular aims of reducing user errors, saving time, and saving data in formats suited for further analysis in other software, for example, a spreadsheet. The system can be applied in a wide range of applications, from biomedical science to agriculture and horticulture. It can be applied for sampling nested generations of lung bronchioles and renal arterioles or for collection and optimizing sampling of crops for precision agriculture. Although the system has been designed specifically for sampling branching structures, it is sufficiently flexible to be used for other applications involving nested stereological designs. We describe the system specifications, software and Graphical User Interface development, functionality and application of the handheld system using four examples: (a) sampling monkey lung bronchioles for estimation of diameter and wall thickness (b) sampling rat kidney for estimating number of arteries and arterioles in a specific generation (c) mapping fruit (apple) tree yield in an orchard and (d) estimating the total leaf surface area of chrysanthemum plants in a greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gardi
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory and MIND Center, University of Aarhus, Ole Worms Allé 1185, DK-8000 Arhus, Denmark.
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Mechlenburg I, Nyengaard JR, Gelineck J, Soballe K. Cartilage thickness in the hip joint measured by MRI and stereology--a methodological study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:366-71. [PMID: 17174117 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to develop a precise and efficient method for estimating the thickness of the articular cartilage in the hip joint and hence three different stereologic methods were tested based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. DESIGN Twenty two females and four males with hip dysplasia underwent MRI. The thickness of the femoral and acetabular cartilage was estimated. RESULTS The results for all three methods showed that the observed total variance on cartilage thickness is small. The mean thickness of the acetabular cartilage measured by the three different methods ranged between 1.15 mm and 1.46 mm. The mean thickness for the femoral cartilage measured by the three different methods ranged between 1.18 mm and 1.78 mm. The measurements took 15-20 min per hip to carry out. CONCLUSION Methods 1 and 3 are as precise but we favour method 3 because the measurements are done on images obtained through the center of the femoral head which means that the cartilage surface is intersected perpendicular and partial volume effect avoided. We suggest that this method can be advantageous for assessing the progression of osteoarthritis in dysplastic hips after periacetabular osteotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mechlenburg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Witgen BM, Grady MS, Nyengaard JR, Gundersen HJG. A new fractionator principle with varying sampling fractions: exemplified by estimation of synapse number using electron microscopy. J Microsc 2006; 222:251-5. [PMID: 16872424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of ultrastructure has been permanently improved by the application of new stereological principles. Both precision and efficiency have been enhanced. Here we report for the first time a fractionator method that can be applied at the electron microscopy level. This new design incorporates a varying sampling fraction paradigm. The method allows for systematic random sampling from blocks of variable slab thickness, thereby eliminating the need for exhaustive serial sectioning through an entire containing space. This novel approach acknowledges the inaccuracy inherent in estimating the total object number using section sampling fractions based on the average thickness of sections of variable thicknesses. As an alternative, this approach estimates the correct particle section sampling probability based on an estimator of the Horvitz-Thompson type, resulting in a theoretically more satisfying and accurate estimate of the expected number of particles for the defined containing space.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Witgen
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory and MIND Center, Aarhus University, Worms Allé 1185, DK 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.
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Gardi JE, Nyengaard JR, Gundersen HJG. Using biased image analysis for improving unbiased stereological number estimation - a pilot simulation study of the smooth fractionator. J Microsc 2006; 222:242-50. [PMID: 16872423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2006.01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The smooth fractionator was introduced in 2002. The combination of a smoothing protocol with a computer-aided stereology tool provides better precision and a lighter workload. This study uses simulation to compare fractionator sampling based on the smooth design, the commonly used systematic uniformly random sampling design and the ordinary simple random sampling design. The smooth protocol is performed using biased information from crude (but fully automatic) image analysis of the fields of view. The different design paradigms are compared using simulation in three different cell distributions with reference to sample size, noise and counting frame position. Regardless of clustering, sample size or noise, the fractionator based on a smooth design is more efficient than the fractionator based on a systematic uniform random design, which is more efficient than a fractionator based on simple random design. The fractionator based on a smooth design is up to four times more efficient than a simple random design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gardi
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory and MIND Center, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
Stereological estimation of total subcellular quantities in bioscience is presented in this report. Special emphasis is placed on the use of electron microscopy, which under certain circumstances may be combined with light microscopy. Three strategies based on the Cavalieri principle, the disector and local stereological probes through arbitrarily fixed points for estimation of total quantities inside cells are presented. The quantities comprise (total) number, length, surface area, volume or 3D spatial distribution for organelles as well as total amount of gold particles, various compounds or certain cytochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Research Laboratory and MIND Center, University of Aarhus, Denmark, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Mechlenburg I, Nyengaard JR, Rømer L, Søballe K. Prospective bone density changes after periacetabular osteotomy: a methodological study. Int Orthop 2005; 29:281-6. [PMID: 15965688 PMCID: PMC3456646 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-005-0664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We used computed tomography (CT) and 3D design-based sampling principles (stereology) to estimate changes in acetabular bone density after periacetabular osteotomy. We included six consecutive patients with hip dysplasia in the study. Baseline density was measured within the first 7 days following periacetabular osteotomy and compared with bone density 2 years later. Double measurements were performed on three patients, and the coefficient of error of the mean was estimated to 0.05. Bone density in zone 1 increased significantly in the anteromedial quadrant as well as in the posteromedial quadrant of the acetabulum. In the anterolateral and the posterolateral quadrant, bone density was unchanged. In zone 2 and 3, bone density was unchanged 2 years postoperatively. We suggest that the observed increase in bone density medially represents a remodelling response to an altered load distribution after osteotomy. The method used is a precise tool to estimate changes in acetabular bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mechlenburg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Brüel A, Nyengaard JR. Design–based stereological estimation of the total number of cardiac myocytes in histological sections. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 100:311-9. [PMID: 15795797 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-005-0524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Counting the total number of cardiac myocytes has not previously been possible in ordinary histological sections using light microscopy (LM) due to difficulties in defining the myocyte borders properly. AIM To describe a method by which the total number of cardiac myocytes is estimated in LM sections using design-based stereology. MATERIALS AND METHODS From formalin-fixed left rat ventricles (LV) isotropic uniformly random sections were cut. The total number of myocyte nuclei per LV was estimated using the optical disector. Two-microm-thick serial paraffin sections were stained with antibodies against cadherin and type IV collagen to visualise the intercalated discs and the myocyte membranes, respectively. Using the physical disector in "local vertical windows" of the serial sections, the average number of nuclei per myocyte was estimated. RESULTS The total number of myocyte nuclei in LV was 34.1 x 10(6) (0.08) (mean (coefficient of variation)), and the mean number of nuclei per myocyte 1.85 (0.03). Combining these estimates the total number of myocytes in LV was calculated to be 18.5 x 10(6) (0.09). CONCLUSIONS This new method is applicable to a range of experiments focusing on myocyte proliferation and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brüel
- Department of Connective Tissue Biology, Institute of Anatomy, , Building 233 University of Aarhus, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
In this paper we develop statistical tools for shape modelling of spatial particles from central sections through the particles. The particles are assumed to be star-shaped with respect to a reference point inside the particles and are modelled as stochastic deformations of spheres centred at the reference points. The resulting particles are rotation invariant with respect to the reference point. As an illustration, the model is applied to study shape differences between neurons in the Granular and CA1 layer in the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hannila
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
We describe a new estimator of the volume of axially convex objects from total vertical projections with known position of the vertical axis. The estimator combines the Cavalieri method with the known formula for area in terms of the support function of a convex body. We examine the accuracy of the proposed estimator for ellipsoidal objects having exactly known support function and volume. In addition, we illustrate practical problems of accuracy by implementing the method for some biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wulfsohn
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Taastrup, Denmark.
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35
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Abstract
We studied the development of myocytes and interstitium using perfusion-fixed left ventricles obtained from normal female Wistar rats at 5 days (n = 5), 25 days (n = 5), and 125 days (n = 5) of age. Using design-based stereological methods and light microscopy, we estimated the following parameters: volume of left ventricle made up by myocytes, myocyte nuclei, and interstitium; total numbers of myocyte and non-myocyte nuclei; mean volumes of myocyte nuclei; the total volume, surface area, and length of fibers; and the mean star volumes of fibers. Some derived parameters were also calculated, namely, the mean myocardium volume per nucleus and the mean fiber cross-sectional area. We found that postnatal myocyte growth after day 5 in the young rat is largely hypertrophic, while interstitial growth is hyperplastic. The increase in left ventricular mass was 10-fold over the ages studied, whereas total length, surface area, and volume of fibers increased approximately 3-, 8-, and 11-fold over the period. Relative rates of growth implied that fiber growth was dominated by an increase in length compared to other dimensions. The total number of myocyte nuclei ( approximately 30 x 10(6)) did not change between 5 and 25 days of age, but then almost doubled in 125-day-old rats. The number of non-myocyte nuclei increased 9-fold over the period studied in an exponential manner. The mean myocyte nucleus volume tripled between the ages of 5 and 25 days and then remained the same. The volume-weighted mean nucleus volume was highly variable and showed no significant trend with age. Our results provide support for the claim made by some researchers that myocyte proliferation had ceased by day 5 after birth, but do not provide evidence for binucleation of myocytes between 5 and 25 days after birth. Reported numbers of myocyte nuclei express a net growth and do not rule out both myocyte death and creation throughout the early postnatal period. We clearly detect an increase in the number of myocyte nuclei from 25 to 125 days but are not able to state whether this increase reflects myocyte proliferation or myocyte binucleation. To determine this would require special double-staining techniques to delineate intercalated discs and myocyte membranes. Our results agree very well with the limited data available from other studies that have used unbiased stereology. It is important to use unbiased designs that consider anisotropy as well as heterogeneity of the heart in sampling schemes, and to determine absolute quantities to avoid problems associated with interpreting changes in density (the "reference trap").
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wulfsohn
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate in a discriminating "capsule" model whether local application of gentamicin may have an added effect on bone formation produced by Bio-Oss and guide tissue regeneration (GTR). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male 3-month-old Wistar rats were used. After elevation of muscle-periosteal flaps, a rigid hemispherical Teflon capsule, loosely packed with 0.025 g of Bio-Oss impregnated with 2 mg/ml gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin), was placed with its open part facing the lateral bone surface of the mandibular ramus (test) in one side of the jaw. A capsule filled only with Bio-Oss (control) was placed on the contralateral side of the jaw. After healing periods of 1, 2 and 4 months, groups of 10 animals were sacrificed and the specimens were processed for histological examination. The volumes of (1) the space created by the capsule, (2) newly formed bone, (3) Bio-Oss particles, (4) loose connective tissue, and (5) acellular space in the capsule were estimated by a point-counting technique in three to four histological sections of each specimen, taken by uniformly random sampling. RESULTS The histological evaluation showed limited but increasing bone fill in the capsules from 1 to 4 months in both the test and control sides. After 4 months, the newly formed bone occupied 11.9% (CV: 0.39) of the space created by the capsules at the test sides versus 13.2% (CV: 0.41) at the control sides. There was no statistical significant difference between test and control specimens at any observation time (p>0.05). CONCLUSION It is concluded that local application of gentamicin has no added effect on bone formation when combined with Bio-Oss and GTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Gerodontology, Royal Dental College Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Bendtsen TF, Nyengaard JR, Grimelius L, Gundersen HJG. Stereological estimation of the total number of ECL cells and related parameters using the smooth, vertical fractionator in the rat oxyntic mucosa. J Microsc 2002; 207:211-24. [PMID: 12230490 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2002.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the last 10 years many attempts have been made to estimate the number of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in various animal studies. This is the first presentation of an unbiased stereological estimator of the total number of histamine-positive ECL cells per rat and linked to estimators of related parameters: total volume of the oxyntic mucosa, total oxyntic mucosal surface area, total oxyntic serosal surface area, surface amplification factor, average thickness of the oxyntic mucosa, total and mean volume of the ECL cells, total number of oxyntic glands and pits, mean number of ECL cells per gland, and mean number of ECL cells and glands per oxyntic serosal surface area. This study is the first application of the smooth fractionator and includes a description of all sources of sampling variance in the smooth fractionator design with newly developed predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Bendtsen
- Stereological Research Laboratory and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Building 182, Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, University of Aarhus, DK 8000 Arhus C, Denmark.
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Løkkegaard A, Nyengaard JR, West MJ. Stereological estimates of number and length of capillaries in subdivisions of the human hippocampal region. Hippocampus 2002; 11:726-40. [PMID: 11811667 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is a neuroanatomically well-defined region of the brain involved in memory processes. In view of the functional importance of the region and its involvement in a number of brain pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy, a quantitative description of its vascular supply represents an important first step in evaluating the involvement of vascular changes in these phenomena. Unbiased estimates of the length and connectivity of the vascular supply of brain regions have not been described previously. The total number, total length, and distribution of the diameters of capillaries were estimated in the five major subdivisions of the hippocampal formation (fascia dentata, hilus, CA3-2, CA1, and subiculum) in 5 normal males, 52-84 years of age. These estimates were used to derive several other structural parameters. Both the primary and the derived parameters were used to make inter- and intra-individual comparisons. For each of the five major subdivisions from each individual, the volume was estimated using the Cavalieri principle. The total capillary length was estimated on 3-microm-thick plastic isotropic uniform random sections. Using a topological definition of a capillary unit and the optical disector, total capillary number was estimated in 40-microm-thick plastic sections. Length-and number-weighted three-dimensional diameter distributions were obtained from the thin and thick plastic sections, respectively. In each subdivision the total length of capillaries was correlated with previously obtained data on the number of neurons in the same subdivisions of the same individuals. Intersubdivisional differences were observed, in that the hilus of the dentate gyrus had fewer capillaries per unit volume than the other four subdivisions. Interindividual comparisons indicate that the interindividual variances are of a magnitude suitable for sensitive group comparisons. The design-based stereological methods that were used in the analyses can provide a basis for a new unbiased approach to the estimation of vascular parameters in well-defined regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Løkkegaard
- Stereological Research Laboratory, Institute for Experimental Clinical Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Stavropoulos A, Kostopoulos L, Mardas N, Nyengaard JR, Karring T. Deproteinized bovine bone used as an adjunct to guided bone augmentation: an experimental study in the rat. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2002; 3:156-65. [PMID: 11799706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2001.tb00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promising results have been reported following treatment of periodontal and peri-implant bone defects with deproteinized bovine bone grafts, but their influence on bone formation has not been clarified. PURPOSE The goal of this study was to examine whether implantation of deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss, Geistlich AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) influences bone formation when used as an adjunct to guided bone augmentation (GBA). MATERIALS AND METHODS A rigid, hemispherical, Teflon capsule was loosely packed with a standardized quantity of Bio-Oss and placed with its open part facing the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus (test) in 30 rats. At the contralateral side of the jaw, an empty capsule was placed (control). Groups of 10 animals were sacrificed after 1, 2, and 4 months. The volumes of the space created by the capsule and of the (1) newly formed bone, (2) remaining Bio-Oss particles, (3) soft connective tissue, and (4) acellular space in the capsule were estimated by a point-counting technique in three or four histologic sections, taken by uniformly random sampling. RESULTS Bone formation at 1 month was limited in both tests and controls. After 2 months, the mean volume of the newly formed bone occupied 9.0% of the space created by the capsule in the test specimens compared with 23.8% in the control specimens (p < .01). After 4 months, the respective figures were 11.6% (tests) versus 38.7% (controls) (p < .01). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that Bio-Oss, used as an adjunct to GBA, interferes with bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Gerontology, Royal Dental College, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
This paper is a review of the stereological problems related to the unbiased estimation of particle number and size when tissue deformation is present. The deformation may occur during the histological processing of the tissue. It is especially noted that the widely used optical disector may be biased by dimensional changes in the z-axis, i.e. the direction perpendicular to the section plane. This is often the case when frozen sections or vibratome sections are used for the stereological measurements. The present paper introduces new estimators to be used in optical fractionator and optical disector designs; the first is, as usual, the simplest and most robust. Finally, it is stated that when tissue deformation only occurs in the z-direction, unbiased estimation of particle size with several estimators is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Dorph-Petersen
- Stereological Research Laboratory and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University Institute of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Abstract
An estimator of the total number of synapses in neocortex of human autopsy brains based on unbiased stereological principles is described. Each randomly chosen cerebral hemisphere was stratified into the four major neocortical regions. Uniform sampling with a varying sampling fraction in each region of neocortex was performed. The total volume of each neocortical region was estimated using point counting according to Cavalieri's principle. The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid staining technique was modified for synapses in human autopsy brains. The numerical density of synapses in each neocortical region studied was estimated using the disector at the electron microscopical level. The total number of neocortical synapses in each region was estimated as the product of the total volume of neocortex and the numerical density of synapses. The influence of the postmortem fixation delay on the number of synapses was investigated in five large mammals (one dog, one cow, and three pigs), the brains of which were kept under conditions similar to those under which human corpses are normally kept. The apparent decrease of 3.9% in the numerical density of synapses in the large mammals following a 2-day fixation delay was not significant. The average total number of synapses in the neocortex of five young male brains was 164 x 10(12) (CV = 0.17). An analysis of the precision of the estimate of the total number of synapses in neocortex indicates that blocks represent both the major source of variation and the largest workload. Using eight blocks per brain the imprecision of the estimate is, however, only 66% of the total variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tang
- Stereological Research Laboratory and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
It has been proposed that low birth weight (LBW) results in a reduction in glomerular number that may, in turn, predispose an individual to develop hypertension in adulthood. Glomerular number is reduced in animal models of intra-uterine malnutrition using a variety of techniques. However, the relevance of such extreme models to man is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether animals with naturally occurring LBW, which have not received any manipulation in utero, have a reduction in glomerular number, altered glomerular volume and abnormal urine albumin excretion. Litters from female rats delivering at term on the same day were weighed and sexed at birth. From each litter 2 males with the lowest birth weight (LBW n = 18) and 2 males with a birth weight closest to the litter mean [normal birth weight (NBW) n = 18] were selected and cross-fostered onto periparturient lactating dams. LBW rats weighted 6.7 +/- 0.6 g compared with 7.2 +/- 0.6 g for NBW rats (P = 0.03). After weaning all rats were weighed weekly and underwent metabolic studies at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Following perfusion fixation, glomerular number and mean glomerular volume were estimated using standard stereological techniques. There was no significant difference between LBW and NBW rats with respect to glomerular number (24,499 +/- 2,078 vs. 24,825 +/- 1,818), mean glomerular volume and urine albumin excretion, and no rats had a glomerular number outside the normal range. This study suggests that naturally occurring LBW has little influence on renal development, glomerular number and volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jones
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Abstract
Restriction of maternal protein intake during rat pregnancy produces offspring that are hypertensive in adulthood, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Our purpose was to determine whether this adult hypertension could be programmed during development by suppression of the fetal/newborn renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a consequent reduction in nephron number. Pregnant rats were fed a normal protein (19%, NP) or low-protein (8.5%, LP) diet throughout gestation. Birth weight was reduced by 13% (p < 0.0005), and the kidney/body weight ratio was reduced in LP pups. Renal renin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in newborn LP pups; renal renin concentration and renin immunostaining were suppressed. Renal tissue angiotensin II levels were also suppressed in newborn LP (0.079 +/- 0.002 ng/mg, LP versus 0.146 +/- 0.016 ng/mg, NP, p < 0.01). Mean arterial pressure in conscious, chronically instrumented adult offspring (21 wk) was higher in LP (135 +/- 1 mm Hg, LP versus 126 +/- 1 mm Hg, NP, p < 0.00007), and GFR normalized to kidney weight was reduced in LP (p < 0.04). The number of glomeruli per kidney was lower in adult LP offspring (21,567 +/- 1,694, LP versus 28,917 +/- 2,342, NP, p < 0.03), and individual glomerular volume was higher (1.81 +/- 0.16 10(6) microm(3), LP versus 1.11 +/- 0.10 10(6) microm(3), NP, p < 0.005); the total volume of all glomeruli per kidney was not significantly different. Thus, perinatal protein restriction in the rat suppresses the newborn intrarenal RAS and leads to a reduced number of glomeruli, glomerular enlargement, and hypertension in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Woods
- Division of Nephrology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, U.S.A.
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Abstract
In a Caribbean outbred population of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), 5 to 10% of feral adults have elevated blood pressure (BP). We have investigated whether the increased pressure is associated with abnormal renal afferent arteriole structure or glomerular number. In seven young adult (aged 7 to 13 years) male monkeys with consistently high BP (mean BP, 111 mm Hg; ketamine anesthesia) and seven controls (mean BP, 81 mm Hg), the morphology of the renal vasculature has been analyzed in three cortical zones. In each animal, the left kidney vasculature was fixed while relaxed and at known intravascular pressure, and afferent arteriolar diameter and media cross-sectional area were estimated. The right kidney was perfusion-fixed and prepared for unbiased stereologic estimation of glomerular number and size. No difference was found in afferent arteriole lumen diameter or media cross-sectional area, or in glomerular number or size, between the high BP group and controls. There was no difference in heart weight between the two groups, but there was a negative correlation between left ventricle heart weight and afferent arteriole diameter (controls: r = -0.81, P = .025; all animals: r = -0.70, P = .005, slope about 3.5% reduction in lumen diameter for 10% increase in heart weight). The results suggest that cardiac mass and renal afferent arteriole structure may be controlled by a common mechanism unrelated to BP measured in anesthesia. However, the lack of conscious measurements prevents conclusions as to whether this mechanism involves ambulatory BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Skov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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Kim WY, Terp KA, Nyengaard JR, Silkjaer T, Jensen FT. Unbiased and efficient estimation of left ventricular volumes by three-dimensional echocardiography with coaxial sections. Validation with magnetic resonance imaging. Heart Vessels 2001; 15:35-43. [PMID: 11001484 DOI: 10.1007/pl00007260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of bias with coaxial three-dimensional echocardiography in an experimental animal setup and to establish the minimum number of sections needed for estimation of left ventricular (LV) volume. Epicardial coaxial echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure LV volume in 14 pigs, with chronic remodeled left ventricles induced by repeated intracoronary microembolizations. In addition, six animals underwent serial MRI at baseline, immediately after intracoronary microembolization, and after 119-165 days (mean 129 days). Coaxial echocardiography was performed by rotational acquisition of long-axis sections starting from an arbitrary angle. Planimetered MRI contours of LV endocardial borders were analyzed to investigate the relationship between the number of coaxial sections, and the precision of volume estimates. The mean +/- 2SD of the differences between coaxial epicardial echocardiography with six sections and MRI were -2.5 +/- 16.4 ml, 0.8 +/- 13.1 ml, and 2% +/- 14% for end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF), respectively. Numerical analysis conducted on MRI contours of LV endocardial borders showed that with six coaxial sections the average coefficient of error was < 1% for the EDV and ESV. Three-dimensional echocardiography with six coaxial sections provides unbiased LV volume estimation with minimal geometric error.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Kim
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery T, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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46
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Frandsen TL, Holst-Hansen C, Nielsen BS, Christensen IJ, Nyengaard JR, Carmeliet P, Brünner N. Direct evidence of the importance of stromal urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in the growth of an experimental human breast cancer using a combined uPA gene-disrupted and immunodeficient xenograft model. Cancer Res 2001; 61:532-7. [PMID: 11212246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated an interaction between tumor cells and infiltrating stromal cells regarding the urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system. By developing combined uPA gene-disrupted and immunodeficient mice, we have studied the role of stromal uPA for the growth of the MDA-MB-435 BAG human tumor xenograft. Subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis were compared between wild-type immunodeficient mice and mice with the combined deficiencies. Tumor growth was evaluated by volume measurements and plasma beta-galactosidase activity and metastasis was evaluated by counting lung surface metastases. Although no differences appeared in primary tumor take between the two groups of mice, a significant difference was observed in primary tumor growth, with tumors in uPA-/- mice growing significantly more slowly. In addition, a nonsignificant trend toward fewer lung metastases in uPA-/- mice was observed. The present data points to a critical role of stromal-derived uPA in the primary tumor growth of MDA-MB-435 BAG xenografts, whereas only a trend toward fewer lung metastases in uPA gene-disrupted mice was found.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genotype
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/enzymology
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/deficiency
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Frandsen
- The Fintsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
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47
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Banerjee C, Nyengaard JR, Wevers A, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Lindstrom J, Pilz K, Nowacki S, Bloch W, Schröder H. Cellular expression of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein in the temporal cortex in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease--a stereological approach. Neurobiol Dis 2000; 7:666-72. [PMID: 11114264 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2000.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are closely related to disturbed cholinergic transmission. The decrease of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein has been assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Stereology, however, has not been used to assess numbers of receptor-expressing human cerebrocortical neurons. Our approach applies a combination of alpha7 subunit-immunohistochemistry with a stereological technique using defined stretches of pial surface as reference standard. The number of alpha7 subunit protein-expressing neurons in the Alzheimer temporal cortices amounted to approximately half of that of controls while numbers in Parkinson patients lay in between. No differences in the total number of neurons were seen. These results corroborate nonstereological studies on Alzheimer cortices and for the first time show a similar decrease in receptor expression in Parkinson's disease. They provide evidence that not only Alzheimer dementia but also cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease may be related to decreased nicotinic receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Banerjee
- Department of Anatomy, University of Köln, Köln, D-50924, F. R. Germany
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48
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Abstract
Stereologic methods are used to obtain quantitative information about three-dimensional structures based on observations from section planes or--to a limited degree--projections. Stereologic methods, which are used in biologic research and especially in the research of normal and pathologic kidneys, will be discussed in this review. Special emphasis will be placed on modern stereologic methods, free of assumptions of the structure, size, and shape, etc., so-called UFAPP (unbiased for all practical purposes) stereologic methods. The basic foundation of all stereology, sampling, will be reviewed in relation to most of the methods discussed. Estimation of error variances and some of the basic problems in stereology will be reviewed briefly. Finally, a few comments will be made about the future directions for stereology in kidney research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Nyengaard
- Stereological Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pathology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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49
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in the functional demands of superficial and juxtaglomerular nephrons could result in differences in glomerular size between these two types of nephrons. This concept is based on animal models in which the juxtamedullary glomeruli and afferent arteriole diameters are indeed larger than those in the outer cortical zones. However, this difference was not confirmed in human necropsy studies. To obtain further information in living primates, we have made unbiased estimates of glomerular and afferent arteriole dimensions in three cortical zones (superficial, midcortical, and juxtamedullary) in young, adult, normotensive monkeys. METHODS In each animal (N = 6), the right kidney was perfusion fixed and prepared for unbiased stereological estimation of glomerular number and size. The left kidney vasculature was fixed while relaxed and at a known intravascular pressure. Thereafter, afferent arteriolar dimensions were estimated using light and confocal microscopy. RESULTS The mean glomerular volume was variable between animals (coefficient of variation, 23%) and was largest in the juxtamedullary zone. Afferent arteriolar lumen diameter varied little between animals (coefficient of variation, 3%), but was also the largest in the juxtamedullary zone. No sclerotic glomeruli were found in any of the animals. CONCLUSION The findings show that in normal primates, as previously shown in other animals, juxtamedullary glomeruli and afferent arteriolar diameters are larger compared with those in the outer cortical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Skov
- Department of Nephrology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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50
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Abstract
The Barker hypothesis proposes a link between low birth weight and adulthood cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have cast doubt on this hypothesis whilst others have proposed an effect of maternal birth weight that may extend to future generations. Thus, the debate on the effect of birth weight in cardiovascular disease continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Jones
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle Upon Tyne Medical School, UK
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