1
|
Russell P, Woodward K, Charlwood J, White R, Wilkes D, Morris D. 164 Tolerance of ETD001, a long-acting inhaled epithelial sodium channel blocker, in humans. J Cyst Fibros 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)00855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
2
|
Russell P, Woodward K, Charlwood J, White R, Wilkes D, Morris D. WS18.03 ETD001: a long-acting inhaled ENaC blocker iswell tolerated in humans. J Cyst Fibros 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)00257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Wilkes D, Deffrennes M. Co-operation with the former communist countries in nuclear technology - the need for standardisation and quality management / Zusammenarbeit mit den ehemaligen Ostblockstaaten in der Kerntechnik - die Notwendigkeit von Normung und Quality Management. KERNTECHNIK 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/kern-1993-580610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Cousins JRL, Wilson SK, Mottram NJ, Wilkes D, Weegels L. Transient flow-driven distortion of a nematic liquid crystal in channel flow with dissipative weak planar anchoring. Phys Rev E 2021; 102:062703. [PMID: 33466031 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.062703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the one-drop-filling (ODF) method for the industrial manufacturing of liquid crystal displays, we analyze the pressure-driven flow of a nematic in a channel with dissipative weak planar anchoring at the boundaries of the channel. We obtain quasisteady asymptotic solutions for the director angle and the velocity in the limit of small Leslie angle, in which case the key parameters are the Ericksen number and the anchoring strength parameter. In the limit of large Ericksen number, the solution for the director angle has narrow reorientational boundary layers and a narrow reorientational internal layer separated by two outer regions in which the director is aligned at the positive Leslie angle in the lower half of the channel and the negative Leslie angle in the upper half of the channel. On the other hand, in the limit of small Ericksen number, the solution for the director angle is dominated by splay elastic effects with viscous effects appearing at first order. As the Ericksen number varies, there is a continuous transition between these asymptotic behaviors, and in fact the two asymptotic solutions capture the behavior rather well for all values of the Ericksen number. The steady-state value of the director angle at the boundaries and the timescale of the evolution toward this steady-state value in the asymptotic limits of large and small Ericksen number are determined. In particular, using estimated parameter values for the ODF method, it is found that the boundary director rotation timescale is substantially shorter than the timescale of the ODF method, suggesting that there is sufficient time for significant transient flow-driven distortion of the nematic molecules at the substrates from their required orientation to occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R L Cousins
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - S K Wilson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - N J Mottram
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
| | - D Wilkes
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - L Weegels
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wahle M, Ebel J, Wilkes D, Kitzerow HS. Asymmetric band gap shift in electrically addressed blue phase photonic crystal fibers. Opt Express 2016; 24:22718-22729. [PMID: 27828341 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present electrooptic experiments on photonic crystal fibers filled with a liquid crystalline blue phase. These fibers guide light via photonic band gaps (PBGs). The blue phase is isotropic in the field-off state but becomes birefringent under an electric field. This leads to a polarization dependent shift of the PBGs. Interestingly, the effect on the PBGs is asymmetrical: while the short wavelength edges of the PBGs shift, the long wavelength edges are almost unaffected. By performing band gap and modal analyses via the finite element simulations, we find that the asymmetric shift is the result of the mixed polarization of the involved photonic bands. Finally, we use the band gap shifts to calculate effective Kerr constants of the blue phase.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nordendorf G, Hoischen A, Schmidtke J, Wilkes D, Kitzerow HS. Polymer-stabilized blue phases: promising mesophases for a new generation of liquid crystal displays. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Nordendorf
- Faculty of Science; University of Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 Paderborn 33098 Germany
| | - A. Hoischen
- Faculty of Science; University of Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 Paderborn 33098 Germany
| | - J. Schmidtke
- Faculty of Science; University of Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 Paderborn 33098 Germany
| | - D. Wilkes
- Merck KGaA, Division Performance Materials; BU Liquid Crystals-Research & Development; Frankfurter Str. 250 Darmstadt 64293 Germany
| | - H.-S. Kitzerow
- Faculty of Science; University of Paderborn; Warburger Str. 100 Paderborn 33098 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burlingham W, Wilkes DS, Sullivan JA. Why is the patient out of breath? Collagen V(α1) and K-α1-tubulin take center stage in lung transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2201-3. [PMID: 25220400 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Burlingham
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sullivan JA, Jankowska-Gan E, Shi L, Roenneburg D, Hegde S, Greenspan DS, Wilkes DS, Denlinger LC, Burlingham WJ. Differential requirement for P2X7R function in IL-17 dependent vs. IL-17 independent cellular immune responses. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1512-22. [PMID: 24866539 PMCID: PMC4295495 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IL17-dependent autoimmunity to collagen type V (Col V) has been associated with lung transplant obliterative bronchiolitis. Unlike the T helper 1 (Th1)-dependent immune responses to Tetanus Toxoid (TT), the Th17 response to Col V in lung transplant patients and its Th1/17 variant observed in coronary artery disease patients requires IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α and CD14(+) cells. Given the involvement of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in monocyte IL-1β responses, we investigated its role in Th17-, Th1/17- and Th1-mediated proinflammatory responses. Transfer of antigen-pulsed peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs) from Col V-reactive patients into SCID mouse footpads along with P2X7R antagonists revealed a selective inhibition of Col V-, but not TT-specific swelling responses. P2X7R inhibitors blocked IL-1β induction from monocytes, including both Col V-α1 peptide-induced (T-dependent), as well as native Col V-induced (T-independent) responses. Significantly higher P2X7R expression was found on CXCR3(neg) CCR4(+)/6(+) CD4(+) [Th17] versus CXCR3(+)CCR4/6(neg) CD4(+) [Th1] subsets in PBMCs, suggesting that the paradigm of selective dependence on P2X7R might extend beyond Col V autoimmunity. Indeed, P2X7R inhibitors suppressed not only anti-Col V, but also Th1/17-mediated alloimmunity, in a heart transplant patient without affecting anti-viral Epstein-Barr virus responses. These results suggest that agents targeting the P2X7R might effectively treat Th17-related transplant pathologies, while maintaining Th1-immunity to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JA Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - E Jankowska-Gan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - L Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - D Roenneburg
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | | | - DS Greenspan
- Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - DS Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, University of Indiana, 340 W 10th St Suite 6200 Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - LC Denlinger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792
| | - WJ Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792,To whom correspondence should be addressed: 600 Highland Avenue, Room G4/702, Madison, WI 53792. Tel: (608) 263-0119 Fax: (608) 262-6280
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ware L, Roberts L, Diamond J, Wickersham N, Palmer S, Lederer D, Bhorade S, Crespo M, Weinacker A, Lama V, Wille K, Kawut S, Shah R, Cantu E, Shah P, Wilkes D, Orens J, Belperio J, Rushefski M, Christie J. Plasma Lipid Peroxidation Products Are Higher in Lung Transplant Recipients with PGD and Are Associated with Donor Smoking. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.01.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Diamond J, Feng R, Lin W, Shah R, Cantu E, Demissie E, Rushefski M, Lederer D, Bhorade S, Crespo M, Weinacker A, Belperio J, Shah P, Ware L, Wilkes D, Orens J, Lama V, Wille K, Palmer S, Kawut S, Christie J. Candidate Gene Association Study in BOS. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.01.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
11
|
Adlem K, Čopič M, Luckhurst GR, Mertelj A, Parri O, Richardson RM, Snow BD, Timimi BA, Tuffin RP, Wilkes D. Chemically induced twist-bend nematic liquid crystals, liquid crystal dimers, and negative elastic constants. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2013; 88:022503. [PMID: 24032852 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.022503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the chemical induction of the twist-bend nematic phase in a nematic mixture of ether-linked liquid crystal dimers by the addition of a dimer with methylene links; all dimers have an odd number of groups in the spacer connecting the two mesogenic groups. The twist-bend phase has been identified from its optical texture and x-ray scattering pattern as well as NMR spectroscopy, which demonstrates the phase chirality. Theory predicts that the key macroscopic property required for the stability of this chiral phase formed from achiral molecules is for the bend elastic constant to tend to be negative; in addition the twist elastic constant should be smaller than half the splay elastic constant. To test these important aspects of the prediction we have measured the bend and splay elastic constants in the nematic phase preceding the twist-bend nematic using the classic Frederiks methodology and all three elastic constants employing the dynamic light scattering approach. Our results show that, unlike the splay, the bend elastic constant is small and decreases significantly as the transition to the induced twist-bend nematic phase is approached, but then exhibits unexpected behavior prior to the phase transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Adlem
- Merck Chemicals Ltd., Chilworth Technical Centre, University Parkway, Southampton SO16 7QD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shah R, Diamond J, Kawut S, Lee J, Lederer D, Bhorade S, Crespo M, Demissie E, Belperio J, Lama V, Orens J, Palmer S, Reynolds J, Shah A, Shah P, Wille K, Weinacker A, Weill D, Wilkes D, Ware L, Christie J. 285 A Panel of Lung Injury Biomarkers Enhances the Definition of Primary Graft Dysfunction (PGD) after Lung Transplantation for Early Clinical Studies. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.01.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
13
|
Diamond J, Lederer D, Kawut S, Lee J, Cantu E, Ahya V, Palmer S, Weinacker A, Bhorade S, Lama V, Orens J, Sonett J, Wille K, Crespo M, Weill D, Kohl B, Deutschman C, Arcasoy S, Shah A, Shah P, Demissie E, Reynolds J, Belperio J, Wilkes D, Ware L, Christie J. 49 Elevated PTX3 Concentration Is Associated with Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
14
|
Wilkes D. Anna Wilkes (nee Book). West J Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
15
|
Chiyo M, Iwata T, Webb TJ, Vasko MR, Thompson EL, Heidler KM, Cummings OW, Yoshida S, Fujisawa T, Brand DD, Wilkes DS. Silencing S1P1 receptors regulates collagen-V reactive lymphocyte-mediated immunobiology in the transplanted lung. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:537-46. [PMID: 18294150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type V collagen (col[V])-reactive lymphocytes contribute to lung transplant rejection, but the mechanisms for emigration into the graft are unknown. Sphingosine-1-phosphate-1 receptors (S1P(1R)) are believed to be required for lymphocyte emigration in other studies, but their role in col(V)-reactive lymphocyte rejection responses is not known. Utilizing small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reduce S1P(1R) expression on col(V)-reactive lymphocytes, we examined the role of S1P(1R) in the rejection response. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed strong expression of S1P(1R) messenger RNA (mRNA)on col(V)-reactive lymphocytes isolated from immunized rats. S1P(1R)-specific siRNA (S1P(1R) siRNA) reduced expression of S1P(1R) mRNA and protein, whereas scramble siRNA (SC siRNA) had no effect. Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes treated with S1P(1R) siRNA to rat Wistar Kyoto (WKY) lung isograft recipients resulted in retention of cells within the liver with fewer cells in mediastinal lymph nodes when compared to cells exposed to SC siRNA. S1P(1R)-deficient cells proliferated in response to alloantigens, but not in response to col(V), and produced less interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to col(V) compared to controls. Downregulating S1P(1R) did not affect production of interleukin (IL)-10and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, or expression of adhesion molecules critical for migration, but prevented rejection pathology and lowered local levels of IFN-gamma post adoptive transfer. These data demonstrate novel roles of S1P(1R,) which include regulating emigration and modulating lymphocyte activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Chiyo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith GN, Mickler EA, Payne KK, Lee J, Duncan M, Reynolds J, Foresman B, Wilkes DS. Lung transplant metalloproteinase levels are elevated prior to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1856-61. [PMID: 17524078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parenchymal disease in the allograft lung is associated with interstitial remodeling believed to be mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Recent studies suggest high levels of MMP-9 are associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in lung transplant recipients. Since BOS occurs late in the posttransplant period and may be preceded by episodes of acute rejection or infection, which are associated with interstitial remodeling, we examined MMP profiles in allograft bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in the early posttransplant period (preceding BOS). Gelatin zymography, protein array analysis and specific ELISA on BAL fluids from transplanted lungs indicated that MMP-8, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were strongly expressed in allograft BAL fluid from stable patients, or those with infection or rejection compared to BAL fluid from normal volunteers. Elevated expression of MMP-8, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 occurred early, and was sustained for the 3.2 years covered in this study. Elevations of MMP-8, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the first 2 years posttransplant appear to be associated with lung transplantation itself, and not infection or rejection. These data suggest that ongoing and clinically silent MMP activity could perpetuate progressive disease in the allograft lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Smith
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yoshida S, Haque A, Mizobuchi T, Iwata T, Chiyo M, Webb TJ, Baldridge LA, Heidler KM, Cummings OW, Fujisawa T, Blum JS, Brand DD, Wilkes DS. Anti-type V collagen lymphocytes that express IL-17 and IL-23 induce rejection pathology in fresh and well-healed lung transplants. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:724-35. [PMID: 16539629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to collagen V [col(V)] contributes to lung 'rejection.' We hypothesized that ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) associated with lung transplantation unmasks antigenic col(V) such that fresh and well-healed lung grafts have differential susceptibility to anti-col(V)-mediated injury; and expression of the autoimmune cytokines, IL-17 and IL-23, are associated with this process. Adoptive transfer of col(V)-reactive lymphocytes to WKY rats induced grade 2 rejection in fresh isografts, but induced worse pathology (grade 3) when transferred to isograft recipients 30 days post-transplantation. Immunhistochemistry detected col(V) in fresh and well-healed isografts but not native lungs. Hen egg lysozyme-reactive lymphocytes (HEL, control) did not induce lung disease in any group. Col(V), but not HEL, immunization induced transcripts for IL-17 and IL-23 (p19) in the cells utilized for adoptive transfer. Transcripts for IL-17 were upregulated in fresh, but not well-healed isografts after transfer of col(V)-reactive cells. These data show that IRI predisposes to anti-col(V)-mediated pathology; col(V)-reactive lymphocytes express IL-17 and IL-23; and anti-col(V)-mediated lung disease is associated with local expression of IL-17. Finally, because of similar histologic patterns, the pathology of clinical rejection may reflect the activity of autoimmunity to col(V) and/or alloimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xie SQ, Mason PS, Wilkes D, Goldspink G, Fauconneau B, Stickland NC. Lower environmental temperature delays and prolongs myogenic regulatory factor expression and muscle differentiation in rainbow trout (Onchrhynchus mykiss) embryos. Differentiation 2001; 68:106-14. [PMID: 11686232 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2001.680204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different temperatures (4 degrees C and 12 degrees C) on myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD and myogenin) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression was investigated in rainbow trout (Onchrhynchus mykiss) during early development. MyoD is first switched on at stage 14 [about 5 somites are formed (1/2 epiboly)] while myogenin mRNA is expressed at stage 15 [around 15 somites are visible (2/3 epiboly)] at both temperatures. Subsequently (up to at least stage 20), the most caudal somites exhibit less myogenin mRNA at 4 degrees C compared to 12 degrees C. At the eyed stage (stage 23-24), both myogenin mRNA and protein are present in greater amounts throughout all myotomes at the lower temperature, with mRNA levels in warmer (12 degrees C) embryos at 83% for MyoD and 72% for myogenin of the levels seen in 4 degrees C embryos. Conversely, however, at this same stage, fast-MyHC mRNA and protein are more abundant in 12 degrees C than in 4 degrees C embryos. This indicates relatively advanced muscle differentiation at the warmer temperature. At hatching, myogenin-positive cells are concentrated within the myosepta at both temperatures and they are also sparsely distributed in the myotome at 4 degrees C, but not at 12 degrees C. MyoD, myogenin, and MyHC levels provide an indication of differentiation of muscle cells. These findings suggest that myogenic regulatory factor expression is delayed but prolonged by the lowering of temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Q Xie
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wilkes D, Xie SQ, Stickland NC, Alami-Durante H, Kentouri M, Sterioti A, Koumoundouros G, Fauconneau B, Goldspink G. TEMPERATURE AND MYOGENIC FACTOR TRANSCRIPT LEVELS DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT DETERMINES MUSCLE GROWTH POTENTIAL IN RAINBOW TROUT(ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) AND SEA BASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX). J Exp Biol 2001; 204:2763-71. [PMID: 11683432 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.16.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The influence of changes in environmental temperature on the mRNA levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), i.e. MyoD and myogenin, as well as myosin heavy chain (MyHC) were studied during early larval development in rainbow trout and sea bass. Phosphoimager analysis of northern blots indicated that there is an optimum temperature for the RNA transcript levels of MRF and MyHC RNA in trout and in sea bass larvae. In the trout strain studied, the highest concentration for MRF and MyHC transcripts was found at 8°C rather than 4°C or 20°C. In European sea bass, the highest concentrations of MRF and MyHC mRNA were observed at 15-20°C rather than 13°C. Raising sea bass larvae at 15°C was associated with higher MyHC gene expression as well as a trend towards an increase in total muscle fibre number and higher growth rates after transfer at ambient temperature. Results suggest that mRNA levels of MRF and MyHC can be used to optimise early development. An experiment in which the temperature was changed illustrates the consequence of precise temporal expression of MRF genes in specifying muscle fibre number at critical stages during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Wilkes
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University of London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yasufuku K, Heidler KM, O'Donnell PW, Smith GN, Cummings OW, Foresman BH, Fujisawa T, Wilkes DS. Oral tolerance induction by type V collagen downregulates lung allograft rejection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:26-34. [PMID: 11472972 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.1.4431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with specific proteins or peptides has been used to induce immunologic tolerance to allografts other than the lung. Recently, we have reported that the immune response to lung alloantigen also involves an immune response to type V collagen [col(V)]. The purpose of the current study was to determine if oral administration of col(V) to lung allograft recipients before transplantation downregulates acute rejection episodes. The data show that, compared with controls, col(V)-fed recipients had fewer polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes in allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced rejection pathology. Data showing that col(V)- fed allograft recipients had diminished delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to donor alloantigens suggest that feeding col(V) prevented allograft rejection by inducing tolerance to donor antigens. Systemic production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-4, or IL-10 has been reported to be a mechanism for oral tolerance-induced suppression of immune responses. Feeding col(V) induced upregulated production of TGF-beta, but not IL-4 or IL-10 in serum. Neutralizing TGF-beta recovered the DTH response to donor antigen in tolerant allograft recipients. Collectively, these data show that oral administration of col(V) is a novel approach to induce immunologic tolerance to lung allografts, and that TGF-beta contributed to suppression of the rejection response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yasufuku
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Pulmonary Cancer Research, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wilkes DS, Twigg HL. B-lymphocytes in the lung: a topic to be revisited. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2001; 18:34-49. [PMID: 11354546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is crucial to the immunologic homeostasis of the lung. Although having key roles in the clearance of infectious pathogens, humoral responses under certain condition may contribute to pathology in the lung. The regulation of local humoral immunity involves a highly complex network of antigen presenting cells, T and B-lymphocytes, as well as many membrane-bound and soluble signals. This review discusses B-lymphocyte function and immunoglogulin production in general, as well as the regulation and function of humoral immunity as it relates to the lung in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sekine Y, Yasufuku K, Heidler KM, Cummings OW, Van Rooijen N, Fujisawa T, Brown J, Wilkes DS. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES are chemotactic for graft infiltrating lymphocytes during acute lung allograft rejection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:719-26. [PMID: 11104723 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.6.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft infiltrating lymphocytes (GILs) are crucial to rejection of lung allografts. However, chemotactic activities, chemokines responsible for GIL recruitment, and cells involved in chemokine production during lung allograft rejection have not been evaluated. This study determined whether chemotactic activity for GILs is upregulated, and whether the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) have roles in GIL chemotaxis during lung allograft rejection. F344 (RT1(lv1)) rat lung allografts were transplanted into WKY (RT1(l)) recipients. Chemotactic activity for GILs and quantities of MCP-1 and RANTES were determined in allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1 wk after transplantation. Data showed that during rejection, chemotactic activity for GILs is upregulated, MCP-1 and RANTES are produced locally, and both MCP-1 and RANTES are operative in GIL recruitment. Immunohistochemistry showed that alveolar macrophages (AMs) were the major source of MCP-1 and that other lung cells, including AMs, were the source of RANTES. Further, depletion of AMs in the donor lung before transplantation downregulated chemotaxis for GILs and production of MCP-1 during rejection episodes. These data show that chemotaxis for GILs is upregulated locally during lung allograft rejection, and that MCP-1 and RANTES contribute to GIL recruitment during the rejection response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekine
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology, and Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eves M, Wilkes D. Increasing the esthetics, production and profit of fabricating ceramic restorations with an alternative build-up technique. J Dent Technol 2000; 17:8-11, 15. [PMID: 11323997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the advantages and benefits of utilizing The Dry Powder Technique during the fabrication of ceramic restorations. This article explains how to create esthetically superior restorations using an unlimited number of porcelain powders while conserving time and materials. By utilizing dry powder storage containers, kolinsky sable brushes, capillary attraction and multiple oven firing procedures, a ceramist may control grain size distribution, color and contour with a minimum of effort and maximum of results.
Collapse
|
24
|
Heidler KM, Baker K, Woods K, Schnizlein-Bick C, Cummings OW, Sidner R, Foresman B, Wilkes DS. Instillation of allogeneic lung antigen-presenting cells deficient in expression of major histocompatibility complex class I or II antigens have differential effects on local cellular and humoral immunity and on pathology in recipient murine lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:499-505. [PMID: 11017915 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.4.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expressed on donor lung antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by host T lymphocytes is believed to stimulate lung allograft rejection. However, the specific roles of donor MHC molecules in the rejection response is unknown. We report a murine model in which instilling allogeneic lung APCs into recipient lungs induces pathology analogous to acute rejection, and the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a, and alloantibodies in recipient lungs. Using allogeneic lung APCs (C57BL/6, I-a(b), H-2(b)) deficient in MHC class I, II, or both for instillation into lungs of BALB/c mice (I-a(d), H-2(d)), the purpose of the current study was to determine the specific roles of donor MHC molecules in stimulating local alloimmune responses. The data show that MHC class I or II on donor APCs induced IFN-gamma and IgG2a synthesis locally, though less than that induced by wild-type cells. Both MHC class I and II were required to induce alloantibody production. Instillation of wild-type or class I- or class II-deficient APCs induced comparable pathologic lesions in recipient lungs, and more severe than that induced by MHC-deficient cells. These data show that donor MHC class I and II molecules have differential effects in the stimulation of local alloimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Heidler
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xie S, Mason P, Wilkes D, Goldspink G, Fauconneau B, Stickland N. Low temperature delays myogenin expression and muscle differentiation in rainbow trout (Onchrhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)80318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Mares DC, Heidler KM, Smith GN, Cummings OW, Harris ER, Foresman B, Wilkes DS. Type V collagen modulates alloantigen-induced pathology and immunology in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:62-70. [PMID: 10873154 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.1.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular and peribronchiolar tissues are targets of the immune response during lung allograft rejection. Collagen type V (col[V]) is located within these tissues. Col(V) may be major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-like, and MHC-derived peptides have been used to induce immunologic tolerance and prevent rejection in allografts other than the lung. The current study tests the hypothesis that col(V) could be used to downregulate immune responses to lung alloantigen in vivo. We developed a murine model in which instillations of allogeneic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells (C57BL/6, I-a(b), H-2(b)) into lungs of BALB/c mice (I-a(d), H-2(d)) induce histology similar to grades 1 and 2 acute lung allograft rejection, apoptosis of airway epithelium and vascular endothelium, and upregulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production locally. The current study reports that instillations of col(V) into lungs before allogeneic BAL cells prevent development of rejection pathology and apoptosis, downregulate alloantigen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation, and abrogate local TNF-alpha production. In addition, instillation of col(V)-pulsed autologous BAL cells into lungs of mice primed with allogeneic BAL cells perpetuates rejection pathology. Collectively, these data show that col(V) is a novel antigen involved in the rejection process, and suggest that col(V) could be used to modulate the rejection response to lung allografts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Mares
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Twigg HL, Soliman DM, Day RB, Knox KS, Anderson RJ, Wilkes DS, Schnizlein-Bick CT. Lymphocytic alveolitis, bronchoalveolar lavage viral load, and outcome in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1439-44. [PMID: 10228108 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9808031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic alveolitis portends a poor prognosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. Because alveolar lymphocytes consist predominantly of HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), they could represent an appropriate immune response to infected cells in the lung, and be a surrogate marker for a high pulmonary viral burden. We assessed long-term outcome in a cohort of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects who underwent bronchoscopy between 1990 and 1993 and had bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) available for determination of viral load by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The ability to detect HIV in BALF increased with disease progression. Lymphocytic alveolitis, although present at all stages of HIV infection, was most pronounced in patients with middle stage disease. The HIV viral load as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage correlated with the percentage of alveolar lymphocytes in patients with peripheral blood CD4(+) cell counts above 200/microliter. Including patients with CD4(+) cell counts < 200/microliter weakened this correlation, possibly because of replacement of CD8(+) CTL by CD8(+) suppressor cells in advanced disease. Free virus in BALF was a stronger predictor of HIV disease progression than was lymphocytic alveolitis. These data suggest that lymphocytic alveolitis in HIV-infected subjects occurs in response to viral antigens in the lung and that the poor prognosis associated with lymphocytic alveolitis reflects a high pulmonary viral burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Twigg
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ennion S, Wilkes D, Gauvry L, Alami-Durante H, Goldspink G. Identification and expression analysis of two developmentally regulated myosin heavy chain gene transcripts in carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Exp Biol 1999; 202:1081-90. [PMID: 10101107 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.9.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Whilst developmentally regulated genes for the myosin heavy chain (MyoHC) have been characterised in mammalian, avian and amphibian species, no developmental MyoHC gene has previously been characterised in a species of fish. In this study, we identify two developmentally regulated MyoHC gene transcripts (named Eggs22 and Eggs24) in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and characterise their expression patterns during embryonic and larval development. The transcripts showed an identical temporal pattern of expression commencing 22 h post-fertilisation (18 degrees C incubation temperature), coincident with the switch from exclusive expression of genes for beta-actin to expression of genes for both beta- and alpha-actin, and continuing for 2 weeks post-hatching. No expression of these myosin transcripts was detected in juvenile or adult carp. Wholemount in situ hybridisation showed that both transcripts are expressed initially in the rostral region of the developing trunk and progress caudally. Both are expressed in the developing pectoral fin and protractor hyoideus muscles. However, the muscles of the lower jaw express only the Eggs22 transcript. No expression of either transcript was detected in cardiac or smooth muscle. A distinct chevron pattern of expression was observed in the myotomal muscle. This was shown to be caused by localisation of the mRNAs to the myoseptal regions of the fibres, the sites of new sarcomere addition during muscle growth, suggesting transport of MyoHC mRNA transcripts. The 3′ untranslated region of the Eggs24 transcript contains a 10 base pair motif (AAAATGTGAA) which is shown to be also present in the 3′ untranslated regions of MyoHC genes from a wide range of species. Possible reasons for the need for developmental isoforms of myosin heavy chain isoforms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ennion
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wilkes DS, Bowman D, Cummings OW, Heidler KM. Allogeneic bronchoalveolar lavage cells induce the histology and immunology of lung allograft rejection in recipient murine lungs: role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on donor cells. Transplantation 1999; 67:890-6. [PMID: 10199739 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199903270-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expressed on accessory cells has a key role in antigen presentation. The histology and immunology of lung allograft rejection is postulated to result from donor lung accessory cells presenting alloantigens to recipient lymphocytes, and, therefore, ICAM-1 may have a crucial role in the rejection process. We have previously reported that the instillation of allogeneic (C57BL/6, I-a(b)) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells (96% macrophages, 2% dendritic cells) into the lungs of recipient BALB/c mice (I-a(d)) induced the histology and immunology of acute lung allograft rejection. Using this model, the purpose of the current study was to determine the role of ICAM-1 on donor lung cells in lung allograft rejection. METHODS BALB/c mice received allogeneic BAL cells from wild-type or ICAM-1 mutant (lacking ICAM-1 expression) C57BL/6 mice by nasal insufflation weekly for 4 weeks. Recipient mice underwent BAL and serum collection for the determination of T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokines and IgG subtypes. Lung histology was graded using standard criteria for allograft rejection. RESULTS Although wild-type cells induced a lymphocytic vasculitis and bronchitis, ICAM-1 mutant allogeneic BAL cells only induced a lymphocytic vasculitis in recipient lungs. Both wild-type and ICAM-1 mutant cells induced up-regulated local interferon-gamma and IgG2a production, and deposition of IgG2a in recipient lungs. CONCLUSIONS These data show that ICAM-1 on donor lung accessory cells mediates differential effects on the histology and immunology of acute lung allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Twigg HL, Spain BA, Soliman DM, Knox K, Sidner RA, Schnizlein-Bick C, Wilkes DS, Iwamoto GK. Production of interferon-gamma by lung lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:L256-62. [PMID: 9950887 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.2.l256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A CD8(+) lymphocytic alveolitis occurs in up to 60% of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Early in HIV infection, lymphocytes consist predominantly of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against HIV-infected targets. As HIV disease progresses, they are replaced by CD8(+)CD57(+) suppressor cells. Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), an important cytokine in upregulating immune responses, primarily through macrophage activation. We examined the ability of lung and blood lymphocytes from HIV-positive patients at various stages of HIV infection to secrete IFN-gamma spontaneously and in response to phytohemagglutinin A. IFN-gamma production and secretion were determined with ELISA, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and Northern blot techniques. Lung lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals secreted large amounts of IFN-gamma. However, this ability was lost in patients with late-stage disease. Correlation between blood and lung lymphocyte IFN-gamma secretion was poor, suggesting regional differences in lymphocyte function. These data suggest that lung levels of IFN-gamma are high until late in HIV disease. These findings support the concept of administering exogenous IFN-gamma to patients with late-stage HIV disease and opportunistic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Twigg
- Divisions of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wilkes DS, Thompson LK, Cummings OW, Bragg S, Heidler KM. Instillation of allogeneic lung macrophages and dendritic cells cause differential effects on local IFN-gamma production, lymphocytic bronchitis, and vasculitis in recipient murine lungs. J Leukoc Biol 1998; 64:578-86. [PMID: 9823761 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.64.5.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung allograft rejection is believed to be initiated by donor lung accessory cells, namely macrophages and dendritic cells, interacting with recipient lymphocytes leading to up-regulated Th1 type (IFN-gamma) cellular immunity culminating in graft destruction. The purpose of this study was to determine the individual role of donor lung macrophages and dendritic cells in the rejection response. Utilizing a murine model that reproduces the immunology and histology of acute rejection, C57BL/6 mouse (I-a(b), H-2(b)) lung dendritic cells (DC-enriched lung cells), purified alveolar macrophages (I-a-negative macrophages), or various ratios of I-a-negative macrophages/DC were instilled into BALB/c mouse (I-a(d), H-2(d)) lungs followed by an assessment of local IFN-gamma production and grading of rejection pathology. The data show that DC, and not I-a-negative macrophages, induced IFN-gamma production in recipient lungs. However, the local production of IFN-gamma was not always associated with histological changes characteristic of rejection pathology. In contrast to either cell type alone, instillation of C57BL/6 I-a-negative macrophages and DC, together, were required to induce rejection pathology in BALB/c lungs. In addition, the rejection response was dependent on interactions between donor I-a-negative macrophages and DC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Bronchitis/etiology
- Bronchitis/immunology
- Bronchitis/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Graft Rejection/etiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/etiology
- Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/immunology
- Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mares DC, Wilkes DS. Bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of respiratory infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1998; 4:123-9. [PMID: 9675513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several factors have altered the spectrum of respiratory infections and their likelihood of response to empiric treatment. Altered microbial resistance has led to the possible need for specific etiologic diagnosis in some hospital-acquired infections in the normal host. In the immune-compromised host, the spectrum of atypical presentations and unusual organisms limits the clinician's ability to choose effective empiric therapies. In the normal host, bronchoscopic diagnosis seems to be most useful in the groups with severe community-acquired pneumonia or poor response to therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. The group of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia has been well-researched and the bronchoscopic techniques tend to show increased sensitivity over other diagnostic means, but this has not been proven to alter morbidity, mortality, or cost effectiveness. The immune-compromised host is commonly infected by organisms not easily diagnosed by other means and is thus unable to be treated empirically. Bronchoscopic diagnostic techniques play a larger and more clearly delineated role in these populations, including the patient populations with solid organ transplants, bone marrow transplants, and AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Mares
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202-2879, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are a family of transmembrane tyrosine kinases involved in signalling via interactions with the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Genetic findings have provided a way of dissecting these interactions. Mutations in three members of the FGFR family have been found in patients with birth defects involving craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the cranial sutures) or skeletal abnormalities. Analyses of the spectrum of mutations found predict that many of them will result in ligand-independent activation of the receptors. Amino acids have also been identified that are likely to be important in determining the specificity of FGFR-FGF interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Burke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sekine Y, Bowen LK, Heidler KM, Van Rooijen N, Brown JW, Cummings OW, Wilkes DS. Role of passenger leukocytes in allograft rejection: effect of depletion of donor alveolar macrophages on the local production of TNF-alpha, T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokines, IgG subclasses, and pathology in a rat model of lung transplantation. J Immunol 1997; 159:4084-93. [PMID: 9378999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung allograft rejection is believed to be initiated by passenger leukocytes, such as alveolar macrophages (AM), in the donor organ, which release TNF-alpha, and present alloantigens to host lymphocytes, to up-regulated Th1 cellular and humoral immunity. However, the role of donor AM in local TNF-alpha synthesis, and their ability to induce local Th1 cellular and humoral immunity have not been evaluated. By depleting Brown Norway (BN, RT1n) rat lung allografts of AM before transplantation into Lewis rat (LEW, RT1(1)) recipients, the current study determined the role of donor AM in including the production of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma (Th1 cytokine), IL-4 (Th2 cytokine), IgG subtypes, and rejection pathology in the allograft. The data show that compared with untreated BN allografts, pretransplant depletion of donor lung AM resulted in significantly less TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma production in allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with variable effects on local IL-4 production. Depletion of AM in the donor lung before transplantation affected the local production of several IgG subclasses. However, pretransplant depletion of donor AM had no effect on the development of the pathology of severe acute rejection. These data show that donor AM have a central role in the local synthesis of TNF-alpha and induce the production of IFN-gamma and IgG subtypes, locally, during acute lung allograft rejection. However, depletion of AM before transplantation does not prevent the development of severe acute rejection in BN rat lungs, transplanted into LEW recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekine
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sekine Y, Bowen LK, Heidler KM, Van Rooijen N, Brown JW, Cummings OW, Wilkes DS. Role of passenger leukocytes in allograft rejection: effect of depletion of donor alveolar macrophages on the local production of TNF-alpha, T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokines, IgG subclasses, and pathology in a rat model of lung transplantation. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.8.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute lung allograft rejection is believed to be initiated by passenger leukocytes, such as alveolar macrophages (AM), in the donor organ, which release TNF-alpha, and present alloantigens to host lymphocytes, to up-regulated Th1 cellular and humoral immunity. However, the role of donor AM in local TNF-alpha synthesis, and their ability to induce local Th1 cellular and humoral immunity have not been evaluated. By depleting Brown Norway (BN, RT1n) rat lung allografts of AM before transplantation into Lewis rat (LEW, RT1(1)) recipients, the current study determined the role of donor AM in including the production of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma (Th1 cytokine), IL-4 (Th2 cytokine), IgG subtypes, and rejection pathology in the allograft. The data show that compared with untreated BN allografts, pretransplant depletion of donor lung AM resulted in significantly less TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma production in allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with variable effects on local IL-4 production. Depletion of AM in the donor lung before transplantation affected the local production of several IgG subclasses. However, pretransplant depletion of donor AM had no effect on the development of the pathology of severe acute rejection. These data show that donor AM have a central role in the local synthesis of TNF-alpha and induce the production of IFN-gamma and IgG subtypes, locally, during acute lung allograft rejection. However, depletion of AM before transplantation does not prevent the development of severe acute rejection in BN rat lungs, transplanted into LEW recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekine
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - L K Bowen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - K M Heidler
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - N Van Rooijen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - J W Brown
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - O W Cummings
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - D S Wilkes
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reardon W, Wilkes D, Rutland P, Pulleyn LJ, Malcolm S, Dean JC, Evans RD, Jones BM, Hayward R, Hall CM, Nevin NC, Baraister M, Winter RM. Craniosynostosis associated with FGFR3 pro250arg mutation results in a range of clinical presentations including unisutural sporadic craniosynostosis. J Med Genet 1997; 34:632-6. [PMID: 9279753 PMCID: PMC1051023 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.34.8.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several mutations involving the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene family have been identified in association with phenotypically distinct forms of craniosynostosis. One such point mutation, resulting in the substitution of proline by arginine in a critical region of the linker region between the first and second immunoglobulin-like domains, is associated with highly specific phenotypic consequences in that mutation at this point in FGFR1 results in Pfeiffer syndrome and analogous mutation in FGFR2 results in Apert syndrome. We now show that a much more variable clinical presentation accompanies analogous mutation in the FGFR3 gene. Specifically, mental retardation, apparently unrelated to the management of the craniosynostosis, appears to be a variable clinical consequence of this FGFR3 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Reardon
- Mothercare Unit of Clinical Genetics and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wilkes DS, Sidner RA, Mathur PN, Niemeier M, Schwenk R, Heidler KM, Bowen LK. Preferential production of IgG2 antibodies by parenchymal lung B-lymphocytes during lung allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1891-5. [PMID: 9142313 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wilkes D, Rutland P, Pulleyn LJ, Reardon W, Moss C, Ellis JP, Winter RM, Malcolm S. A recurrent mutation, ala391glu, in the transmembrane region of FGFR3 causes Crouzon syndrome and acanthosis nigricans. J Med Genet 1996; 33:744-8. [PMID: 8880573 PMCID: PMC1050727 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.9.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene have previously been identified in Crouzon syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition involving premature fusion of the cranial sutures. Several different missense and other mutations have been identified in Crouzon syndrome patients, clustering around the third immunoglobulin-like domain. We report here the identification of a mutation in the transmembrane region of FGFR3, common to three unrelated patients with classical Crouzon syndrome and acanthosis nigricans, a dermatological condition associated with thickening and abnormal pigmentation of the skin. The mutation within the FGFR3 transcript was determined by direct sequencing as a specific gcg to gag transversion, resulting in an amino acid substitution ala391glu within the transmembrane region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Wilkes
- Mothercare Unit of Clinical Genetics and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at risk for pulmonary infections with encapsulated bacterial pathogens. This could reflect impaired production of opsonizing antibodies in the lower respiratory tract. We examined antibody production in the alveolar space by measuring immunoglobulin concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of HIV-infected patients and normal volunteers and by assessing the ability of alveolar macrophages (AM) to induce immunoglobulin production in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). BAL from HIV-infected patients contained significantly less IgG than normal BAL. IgA and IgM concentrations were similar in both groups. Normal AM supported IgG and IgA production in PBMC. While HIV AM could induce IgA production in PBMC, in no instance did they induce IgG secretion. HIV AM produced significantly more transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a factor known to suppress IgG production, than normal AM. Finally, TGF-beta antibodies blocked the inhibitory effect of HIV AM on normal IgG secretion without affecting IgA secretion. These findings demonstrate impaired production of opsonizing IgG in the alveolar space of HIV-infected subjects and implicate excess TGF-beta production by AM as the cause of this impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Twigg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pulleyn LJ, Reardon W, Wilkes D, Rutland P, Jones BM, Hayward R, Hall CM, Brueton L, Chun N, Lammer E, Malcolm S, Winter RM. Spectrum of craniosynostosis phenotypes associated with novel mutations at the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 locus. Eur J Hum Genet 1996; 4:283-91. [PMID: 8946174 DOI: 10.1159/000472215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative relationship between several of the syndromic forms of craniosynostosis and mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) loci is now well established. However, within the group of patients with craniosynostosis, there are several families and sporadic cases whose clinical features differ in variable degrees from the classically described syndromes of craniosynostosis. In this communication we present novel FGFR2 mutations associated with a spectrum of craniosyostosis phenotypes in 4 sporadic cases and in one family in which craniosynostosis segregates. The mutation and phenotype data presented emphasise the clinical variability of mutations at this locus and underline the plasticity of the phenotype-genotype relationship in this important group of congenital malformation syndromes. Mutations found were tyrosine 105 to cysteine, glycine 338 to glutamic acid, serine 351 to cysteine and glycine 384 to arginine. These are the first reported mutations in the first immunoglobulin-like loop (tyrosine 105 to cysteine) and the transmembrane domain (glycine 384 to arginine) of FGFR2, providing further insights into the mechanism of abnormal receptor function in FGFR2 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Pulleyn
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
A 45-year-old woman with history of iritis, uveitis, and sarcoidosis of the skin presented with a subacute cervical myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed patchy, multifocal, gadolinium-enhancing intramedullary lesions of the spinal cord, and extramedullary lesions of the basal cisterns and fourth ventricle. Symptoms and MRI abnormalities were improved within 1 month of corticosteroid therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Pascuzzi
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wilkes DS, Neimeier M, Mathur PN, Soliman DM, Twigg HL, Bowen LK, Heidler KM. Effect of human lung allograft alveolar macrophages on IgG production: immunoregulatory role of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta, and interleukin-6. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995; 13:621-8. [PMID: 7576699 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.13.5.7576699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are crucial to initiating and maintaining local immune responses. The increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections in lung allograft recipients may be due to impaired AM function resulting in diminished cellular and humoral immunity. We have previously reported that control AM were potent stimulators of IgG production from allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) in a manner that was dependent on gamma-interferon (gamma IFN). The ability of allograft AM to induce IgG production is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to compare the ability of allograft and control AM to induce IgG production from allogeneic PBM. In contrast to control AM which induced a dose-dependent stimulation of IgG production from allogeneic PBM, allograft AM were highly suppressive of IgG production. The inhibition was not due to a lack of allograft AM stimulation of gamma IFN production from responding lymphocytes. Supernatants from allograft AM were highly suppressive of control AM-induced IgG production. Allograft AM produced greater quantities of interleukin (IL-10) than control AM while transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) production from these cells was comparable. Blocking antibodies to IL-10 and TGF-beta reversed the inhibition of IgG production to 63% and 60% of control, respectively. In addition, the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), a macrophage-derived cytokine crucial to the stimulation of IgG synthesis, was deficient in the allograft AM. Addition of IL-6 to allograft AM and allogeneic PBM co-cultures restored IgG synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-2879, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wilkes DS, Heidler KM, Bowen LK, Quinlan WM, Doyle NA, Cummings OW, Doerschuk CM. Allogeneic bronchoalveolar lavage cells induce the histology of acute lung allograft rejection, and deposition of IgG2a in recipient murine lungs. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The immunologic and histologic changes associated with lung allograft rejection are believed to result from the presentation of donor lung alloantigens to recipient lymphocytes resulting in up-regulated Th1 lymphocyte activity. The ability of allogeneic lung immune cells to induce the pathologic and immunologic changes associated with acute lung allograft rejection are unknown. The current study determined whether allogeneic (C57BL/6, I-a(b)) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells (> or = 97% macrophages), when instilled into the lungs of recipient BALB/c mice (I-a(d)), induced the histology and immunology associated with acute lung allograft rejection. BALB/c mice received BAL cells from either C57BL/6 mice (allogeneic instillate) or BALB/c mice (autologous instillate) or PBS (control) by nasal insufflation weekly for 4 wk. Allogeneic BAL cells resulted in a lymphocytic bronchitis and vasculitis analogous to grade 1 to 2 lung allograft rejection. The mice given allogeneic instillates had a greater percentage of lymphocytes in the BAL fluid than those given autologous instillates. After instillation of allogeneic BAL cells, the Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma), were produced locally in greater quantities and more frequently than Th2 cytokine IL-10. IL-4, another Th2 cytokine, was not detected. The local production of IgG1 and IgG2a, which are dependent on IL-4 and IFN-gamma, respectively, were increased. However, only IgG2a was deposited in the perivascular and peribronchiolar tissues. These data show that installation of allogeneic BAL cells into the airways of recipient mice induced up-regulated Th1 lymphocyte activity and caused the histologic changes associated with lung allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - K M Heidler
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - L K Bowen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - W M Quinlan
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - N A Doyle
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - O W Cummings
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | - C M Doerschuk
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wilkes DS, Heidler KM, Bowen LK, Quinlan WM, Doyle NA, Cummings OW, Doerschuk CM. Allogeneic bronchoalveolar lavage cells induce the histology of acute lung allograft rejection, and deposition of IgG2a in recipient murine lungs. J Immunol 1995; 155:2775-83. [PMID: 7650403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The immunologic and histologic changes associated with lung allograft rejection are believed to result from the presentation of donor lung alloantigens to recipient lymphocytes resulting in up-regulated Th1 lymphocyte activity. The ability of allogeneic lung immune cells to induce the pathologic and immunologic changes associated with acute lung allograft rejection are unknown. The current study determined whether allogeneic (C57BL/6, I-a(b)) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells (> or = 97% macrophages), when instilled into the lungs of recipient BALB/c mice (I-a(d)), induced the histology and immunology associated with acute lung allograft rejection. BALB/c mice received BAL cells from either C57BL/6 mice (allogeneic instillate) or BALB/c mice (autologous instillate) or PBS (control) by nasal insufflation weekly for 4 wk. Allogeneic BAL cells resulted in a lymphocytic bronchitis and vasculitis analogous to grade 1 to 2 lung allograft rejection. The mice given allogeneic instillates had a greater percentage of lymphocytes in the BAL fluid than those given autologous instillates. After instillation of allogeneic BAL cells, the Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma), were produced locally in greater quantities and more frequently than Th2 cytokine IL-10. IL-4, another Th2 cytokine, was not detected. The local production of IgG1 and IgG2a, which are dependent on IL-4 and IFN-gamma, respectively, were increased. However, only IgG2a was deposited in the perivascular and peribronchiolar tissues. These data show that installation of allogeneic BAL cells into the airways of recipient mice induced up-regulated Th1 lymphocyte activity and caused the histologic changes associated with lung allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Carvajal JJ, Pook MA, Doudney K, Hillermann R, Wilkes D, al-Mahdawi S, Williamson R, Chamberlain S. Friedreich's ataxia: a defect in signal transduction? Hum Mol Genet 1995; 4:1411-9. [PMID: 7581382 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/4.8.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously assigned the mutation causing Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) to 9q13 by genetic linkage and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, and identified recombination events which position the gene centromeric to D9S5. We report here the extension of a yeast artificial chromosome contig to span the 860 kb interval immediately proximal to this marker, which includes the D9S886 and D9S887/888 loci reported to flank the FRDA locus, and the construction of a high resolution cosmid contig initiated from the D9S888 locus. Exon trapping and cDNA library screening strategies have resulted in the isolation of a candidate gene which traverses the centromeric boundary of the FRDA critical region. The gene spans a genomic interval greater than 220 kb with at least two of the coding exons located proximal to the D9S887/888 loci. Expression is complex, with multiple transcripts detected in a variety of tissues and evidence of alternative splicing and developmental control. The predicted amino acid sequence for the 2.7 kb transcript reported here shows a marked homology to the deduced amino acid sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSS4 protein, proposed to function within the phosphoinositide cycle, suggesting a potential role for the human homologue in signal transduction. Whilst no evidence for mutation has been detected in this transcript, the sequence represents only one of the shorter alternatively spliced species identified by Northern analysis and direct sequencing. This gene remains a strong candidate for FRDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Carvajal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
No evidence has emerged which suggests that the principles of immunity derived from studies on cells from other body sites are contradicted in the lung and its associated lymphoid tissue. What is clear, however, is that the environment dictates the types of cells, their relationship to one another, and what perturbing events will set in motion either the development of an "active" immune response or tolerance. Investigating mechanisms for the development of lung immunity has increased our understanding of how human diseases develop and is continuing to suggest new ways to manipulate pulmonary immune responses. Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immunosuppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. Important lung diseases targeted for intensive research efforts in the immediate future are tuberculosis, asthma, and fibrotic lung disease. Perhaps even the common cold might be conquered. Considering the pace of current research on lung immunity, it may not be too ambitious to predict that these diseases may be conquered in the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Lipscomb
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hillermann R, See CG, Pook M, Wilkes D, Carvajal J, Doudney K, Williamson R, Chamberlain S. Physical evidence for the position of the Friedreich's ataxia locus FRDA proximal to D9S5. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1995; 71:214-6. [PMID: 7587379 DOI: 10.1159/000134112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Orientation of the Friedreich's ataxia locus (FRDA) with respect to D9S15 and D9S5 has proved critical to the design of subsequent cloning strategies. The rarity of recombination events between FRDA and these markers, originally used to determine assignment to human chromosome region 9q13-->q21.1, has necessitated the instigation of physical mapping studies to determine order and, hence, the precise location of the disease gene. Simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridisation using cosmid clones located in close proximity to the ends of a 1.2-Mb yeast artificial chromosome clone extending into the FRDA candidate region provides physical evidence for the order of the marker loci to be cen-D9S202-D9S5-D9S15-qter. The possibility that a pericentric inversion, occurring naturally in approximately 1% of the normal population, may affect the order of markers within this region has been eliminated. Considered in association with the interpretation of a recombination event detected in a single affected individual, these data indicate that the FRDA locus is located proximal to D9S5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hillermann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wilkes DS, Heidler KM, Niemeier M, Schwenk GR, Mathur PN, Breite WM, Cummings OW, Weissler JC. Increased bronchoalveolar IgG2/IgG1 ratio is a marker for human lung allograft rejection. J Investig Med 1994; 42:652-9. [PMID: 8521028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung allograft rejection (AR) is thought to involve T-helper-1 (Th-1) lymphocytes mediating both cellular immunity and alloantibody production. Th-1 lymphocytes produce gamma interferon (gamma IFN) and induce IgG2 production, suggesting that increased IgG2 production might occur during AR. The purpose of this study was to determine if locally altered bronchoalveolar IgG2/IgG1 ratios might correlate with AR. METHODS Eighteen recipients of lung allografts underwent a total of 25 bronchoscopies for surveillance or at times of suspected infection or AR. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum collection, and transbronchial biopsy (TB) were performed on all patients. gamma IFN, IgG1, IgG2 levels, and the ratio of IgG2/IgG1 were determined in serum and BAL and matched with TB histology. Five nonsmoking normal volunteers undergoing bronchoscopy, BAL, and serum collection served as controls. RESULTS IgG2 was upregulated in allograft BAL during AR as determined by the ratio IgG2/IgG1 (2.91 +/- 0.79 SEM vs 0.62 +/- SEM, p < 0.019, IgG2/IgG1, AR BAL vs non-AR BAL, respectively). An IgG2/IgG1 > or = 1 in allograft BAL (95% confidence intervals 1.26 to 4.56) was 80% specific and 91% sensitive for the diagnosis of AR with a positive predictive value of 92%. A BAL IgG2/IgG1 < 1 (95% confidence interval 0.27 to 0.97) had a negative predictive value of 77%. After therapy in two patients the elevated IgG2/IgG1 ratio reversed to normal (ie, < 1) with histologic resolution of AR. CONCLUSIONS Human lung AR is associated with a locally increased IgG2/IgG1 ratio suggesting locally upregulated Th-1 lymphocyte activity during lung AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Wilkes
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Twigg HL, Wilkes DS, Soliman DM. Measurement of IL-6 inhibitory activity in cultured cell supernatants and lysates. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 124:283-92. [PMID: 8051493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) participates in a variety of cellular activities including regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. We have previously reported a discrepancy between bioactive and antigenic IL-6 secretion by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar macrophages (AMs) from smokers and have speculated that this may be due to cosecretion of an IL-6 inhibitor. In this study we further define our methods for measuring IL-6 inhibitory activity by testing the ability of serially diluted, cultured cell supernatants and lysates to suppress proliferation of an IL-6-dependent cell line, B9, to optimal concentrations of rIL-6. AM secretion of the inhibitory factor was optimal when AMs were stimulated with 1 micrograms/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). AMs from smokers secreted significantly greater amounts of this factor than AMs from nonsmokers. It was crucial to remove IL-6 from test samples on an IL-6 immunoaffinity column before analyzing for IL-6 inhibitory activity because (1) B9 cell proliferation could be suppressed by excess amounts of IL-6 in test supernatants and (2) excess rIL-6 added to the inhibitor assay reduced inhibitory activity. The latter finding suggested that IL-6 inhibitory activity was due to a competitive inhibitor of IL-6. This factor was shown to be specific for IL-6, because no inhibitory activity was seen on IL-2- or IL-4-dependent cell lines. Finally, we demonstrated that monocytes could also secrete an inhibitor of IL-6 bioactivity. However, secretion appeared to be less than that observed by AMs, suggesting that differentiation of monocytes into macrophages upregulated production of this factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Twigg
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis 46202
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Eves MG, Wilkes D. A simple path to a complex crown. Trends Tech Contemp Dent Lab 1994; 11:43-6. [PMID: 7997800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|