1
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deCamp AC, Corcoran MM, Fulp WJ, Willis JR, Cottrell CA, Bader DLV, Kalyuzhniy O, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hyrien O, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Mahoney CR, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Mullen TM, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Roederer M, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath JM, McDermott AB, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Schief WR. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:58. [PMID: 38467663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine priming immunogens that activate germline precursors for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have promise for development of precision vaccines against major human pathogens. In a clinical trial of the eOD-GT8 60mer germline-targeting immunogen, higher frequencies of vaccine-induced VRC01-class bnAb-precursor B cells were observed in the high dose compared to the low dose group. Through immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genotyping, statistical modeling, quantification of IGHV1-2 allele usage and B cell frequencies in the naive repertoire for each trial participant, and antibody affinity analyses, we found that the difference between dose groups in VRC01-class response frequency was best explained by IGHV1-2 genotype rather than dose and was most likely due to differences in IGHV1-2 B cell frequencies for different genotypes. The results demonstrate the need to define population-level immunoglobulin allelic variations when designing germline-targeting immunogens and evaluating them in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel L V Bader
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dagna S Laufer
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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2
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Scholte LLS, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hoeweler L, Erwin GC, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Laufer DS, Siefers H, Ruppel AM, Brand J, Maenza J, Bronson R, Prabhakaran M, Jean-Baptiste J, Kolokythas O, Desrosiers AA, Thoreson CK, Heit A, Khati NJ, Malkin E, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR, Diemert D, Bethony JM. Ultrasound-guided lymph node fine-needle aspiration for evaluating post-vaccination germinal center responses in humans. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102576. [PMID: 37733596 PMCID: PMC10519838 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is a critical biological site for immune maturation after vaccination as it includes several cell populations critical for priming the antibody response. Here, we present a protocol for sampling the LN and isolating cell populations to evaluate immunogens targeting germline cells. We describe steps for media and tube preparation and sample collection using an ultrasound-guided LN fine-needle aspiration procedure. This protocol is safe, quick, low-cost, and less invasive than excisional biopsy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Leggat et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa L S Scholte
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - David J Leggat
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lara Hoeweler
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Guacyara C Erwin
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rhi Bronson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jalen Jean-Baptiste
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aimee A Desrosiers
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Caroline K Thoreson
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Antje Heit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nadia J Khati
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Elissa Malkin
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Vaccine Research Unit, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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3
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Cohen KW, De Rosa SC, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Fiore-Gartland A, Mahoney CR, Furth S, Donahue J, Whaley RE, Ballweber-Fleming L, Seese A, Schwedhelm K, Geraghty D, Finak G, Menis S, Leggat DJ, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Borate BR, Philiponis V, Maenza J, Diemert D, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Hyrien O, Laufer DS, Koup RA, McDermott AB, Schief WR, McElrath MJ. A first-in-human germline-targeting HIV nanoparticle vaccine induced broad and publicly targeted helper T cell responses. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf3309. [PMID: 37224227 PMCID: PMC11036875 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The engineered outer domain germline targeting version 8 (eOD-GT8) 60-mer nanoparticle was designed to prime VRC01-class HIV-specific B cells that would need to be matured, through additional heterologous immunizations, into B cells that are able to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD4 T cell help will be critical for the development of such high-affinity neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, we assessed the induction and epitope specificities of the vaccine-specific T cells from the IAVI G001 phase 1 clinical trial that tested immunization with eOD-GT8 60-mer adjuvanted with AS01B. Robust polyfunctional CD4 T cells specific for eOD-GT8 and the lumazine synthase (LumSyn) component of eOD-GT8 60-mer were induced after two vaccinations with either the 20- or 100-microgram dose. Antigen-specific CD4 T helper responses to eOD-GT8 and LumSyn were observed in 84 and 93% of vaccine recipients, respectively. CD4 helper T cell epitope "hotspots" preferentially targeted across participants were identified within both the eOD-GT8 and LumSyn proteins. CD4 T cell responses specific to one of these three LumSyn epitope hotspots were observed in 85% of vaccine recipients. Last, we found that induction of vaccine-specific peripheral CD4 T cells correlated with expansion of eOD-GT8-specific memory B cells. Our findings demonstrate strong human CD4 T cell responses to an HIV vaccine candidate priming immunogen and identify immunodominant CD4 T cell epitopes that might improve human immune responses either to heterologous boost immunogens after this prime vaccination or to other human vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William J. Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Celia R. Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah Furth
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josh Donahue
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael E. Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
| | - David J. Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | | | - Bhavesh R. Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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deCamp AC, Corcoran MM, Fulp WJ, Willis JR, Cottrell CA, Bader DLV, Kalyuzhniy O, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hyrien O, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Mahoney CR, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Mullen TM, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Roederer M, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath JM, McDermott AB, Hedestam GBK, Schief WR. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.10.23287126. [PMID: 36993183 PMCID: PMC10055468 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.23287126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine priming immunogens that activate germline precursors for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have promise for development of precision vaccines against major human pathogens. In a clinical trial of the eOD-GT8 60mer germline-targeting immunogen, higher frequencies of vaccine-induced VRC01-class bnAb-precursor B cells were observed in the high dose compared to the low dose group. Through immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genotyping, statistical modeling, quantification of IGHV1-2 allele usage and B cell frequencies in the naive repertoire for each trial participant, and antibody affinity analyses, we found that the difference between dose groups in VRC01-class response frequency was best explained by IGHV1-2 genotype rather than dose and was most likely due to differences in IGHV1-2 B cell frequencies for different genotypes. The results demonstrate the need to define population-level immunoglobulin allelic variations when designing germline-targeting immunogens and evaluating them in clinical trials. One-Sentence Summary Human genetic variation can modulate the strength of vaccine-induced broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cell responses.
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5
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Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Willis JR, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Kalyuzhniy O, Cottrell CA, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Schiffner T, Liguori A, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Yates NL, Williams LD, Greene K, Gao H, Mahoney CR, Corcoran MM, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Hu X, Tingle R, Georgeson E, Eskandarzadeh S, Alavi N, Lu D, Mullen TM, Kubitz M, Groschel B, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Crotty S, Roederer M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori D, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR. Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans. Science 2022; 378:eadd6502. [PMID: 36454825 PMCID: PMC11103259 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare bnAb-precursor B cells. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial, the HIV vaccine-priming candidate eOD-GT8 60mer adjuvanted with AS01B had a favorable safety profile and induced VRC01-class bnAb precursors in 97% of vaccine recipients with median frequencies reaching 0.1% among immunoglobulin G B cells in blood. bnAb precursors shared properties with bnAbs and gained somatic hypermutation and affinity with the boost. The results establish clinical proof of concept for germline-targeting vaccine priming, support development of boosting regimens to induce bnAbs, and encourage application of the germline-targeting strategy to other targets in HIV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R. Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William J. Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R. Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | | | | | - Rachael E. Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis M. Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology; Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - LaTonya D. Williams
- Center for Human Systems Immunology; Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27701, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27701, USA
| | - Celia R. Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Martin M. Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M. Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R. Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nushin Alavi
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danny Lu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology; Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | | | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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6
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Nyombayire J, Anzala O, Gazzard B, Karita E, Bergin P, Hayes P, Kopycinski J, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Jackson A, Bizimana J, Farah B, Sayeed E, Parks CL, Inoue M, Hironaka T, Hara H, Shu T, Matano T, Dally L, Barin B, Park H, Gilmour J, Lombardo A, Excler JL, Fast P, Laufer DS, Cox JH. First-in-Human Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intranasally Administered Replication-Competent Sendai Virus-Vectored HIV Type 1 Gag Vaccine: Induction of Potent T-Cell or Antibody Responses in Prime-Boost Regimens. J Infect Dis 2016; 215:95-104. [PMID: 28077588 PMCID: PMC5225252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. We report the first-in-human safety and immunogenicity assessment of a prototype intranasally administered, replication-competent Sendai virus (SeV)–vectored, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. Methods. Sixty-five HIV-1–uninfected adults in Kenya, Rwanda, and the United Kingdom were assigned to receive 1 of 4 prime-boost regimens (administered at 0 and 4 months, respectively; ratio of vaccine to placebo recipients, 12:4): priming with a lower-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally, followed by boosting with an adenovirus 35–vectored vaccine encoding HIV-1 Gag, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and Nef (Ad35-GRIN) given intramuscularly (SLA); priming with a higher-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally, followed by boosting with Ad35-GRIN given intramuscularly (SHA); priming with Ad35-GRIN given intramuscularly, followed by boosting with a higher-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally (ASH); and priming and boosting with a higher-dose SeV-Gag given intranasally (SHSH). Results. All vaccine regimens were well tolerated. Gag-specific IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot–determined response rates and geometric mean responses were higher (96% and 248 spot-forming units, respectively) in groups primed with SeV-Gag and boosted with Ad35-GRIN (SLA and SHA) than those after a single dose of Ad35-GRIN (56% and 54 spot-forming units, respectively) or SeV-Gag (55% and 59 spot-forming units, respectively); responses persisted for ≥8 months after completion of the prime-boost regimen. Functional CD8+ T-cell responses with greater breadth, magnitude, and frequency in a viral inhibition assay were also seen in the SLA and SHA groups after Ad35-GRIN boost, compared with those who received either vaccine alone. SeV-Gag did not boost T-cell counts in the ASH group. In contrast, the highest Gag-specific antibody titers were seen in the ASH group. Mucosal antibody responses were sporadic. Conclusions. SeV-Gag primed functional, durable HIV-specific T-cell responses and boosted antibody responses. The prime-boost sequence appears to determine which arm of the immune response is stimulated. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01705990.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi
| | - Brian Gazzard
- Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Philip Bergin
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hayes
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akil Jackson
- Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Bashir Farah
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi
| | - Eddy Sayeed
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tetsuro Matano
- University of Tokyo.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Len Dally
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Harriet Park
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Patricia Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
| | - Dagna S Laufer
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York
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7
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Baden LR, Karita E, Mutua G, Bekker LG, Gray G, Page-Shipp L, Walsh SR, Nyombayire J, Anzala O, Roux S, Laher F, Innes C, Seaman MS, Cohen YZ, Peter L, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Hayes P, Swann E, Grunenberg N, Grazia-Pau M, Weijtens M, Sadoff J, Dally L, Lombardo A, Gilmour J, Cox J, Dolin R, Fast P, Barouch DH, Laufer DS. Assessment of the Safety and Immunogenicity of 2 Novel Vaccine Platforms for HIV-1 Prevention: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2016; 164:313-22. [PMID: 26833336 PMCID: PMC5034222 DOI: 10.7326/m15-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is a global health priority. OBJECTIVE To assess a novel vaccine platform as a prophylactic HIV-1 regimen. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Both participants and study personnel were blinded to treatment allocation. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01215149). SETTING United States, East Africa, and South Africa. PATIENTS Healthy adults without HIV infection. INTERVENTION 2 HIV-1 vaccines (adenovirus serotype 26 with an HIV-1 envelope A insert [Ad26.EnvA] and adenovirus serotype 35 with an HIV-1 envelope A insert [Ad35.Env], both administered at a dose of 5 × 1010 viral particles) in homologous and heterologous combinations. MEASUREMENTS Safety and immunogenicity and the effect of baseline vector immunity. RESULTS 217 participants received at least 1 vaccination, and 210 (>96%) completed follow-up. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events occurred. All regimens were generally well-tolerated. All regimens elicited humoral and cellular immune responses in nearly all participants. Preexisting Ad26- or Ad35-neutralizing antibody titers had no effect on vaccine safety and little effect on immunogenicity. In both homologous and heterologous regimens, the second vaccination significantly increased EnvA antibody titers (approximately 20-fold from the median enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of 30-300 to 3000). The heterologous regimen of Ad26-Ad35 elicited significantly higher EnvA antibody titers than Ad35-Ad26. T-cell responses were modest and lower in East Africa than in South Africa and the United States. LIMITATIONS Because the 2 envelope inserts were not identical, the boosting responses were complex to interpret. Durability of the immune responses elicited beyond 1 year is unknown. CONCLUSION Both vaccines elicited significant immune responses in all populations. Baseline vector immunity did not significantly affect responses. Second vaccinations in all regimens significantly boosted EnvA antibody titers, although vaccine order in the heterologous regimen had a modest effect on the immune response. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, National Institutes of Health, Ragon Institute, Crucell Holland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R. Baden
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Etienne Karita
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaudensia Mutua
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenda Gray
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liesl Page-Shipp
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julien Nyombayire
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omu Anzala
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Surita Roux
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fatima Laher
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig Innes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yehuda Z. Cohen
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Peter
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Frahm
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Hayes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edith Swann
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Grazia-Pau
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mo Weijtens
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jerry Sadoff
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Len Dally
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela Lombardo
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jill Gilmour
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine Cox
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raphael Dolin
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Fast
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dagna S. Laufer
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Projet San Francisco, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative and University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Soweto, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Klerksdorp, South Africa
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Seattle, Washington; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Human Immunology Laboratory, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland; Janssen Pharmaceuticals Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (formerly Crucell Holland), Leiden, the Netherlands
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York; and Global BioSolutions, Craigieburn, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) include young and old age, comorbidities (such as splenic dysfunction, immunodeficiencies, chronic renal disease, chronic heart or lung disease or cerebral spinal fluid leak), crowded environments or poor socioeconomic conditions. Universal use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate (7vPncCRM) vaccine for infants and young children has led to significant decreases in IPD in the vaccinated population (direct protection), and there has also been a decrease in the incidence of IPD among the nonvaccinated population (indirect immunity; herd protection). While 7vPncCRM vaccine is administered universally to children in USA, many countries of the European Union have chosen to target children with comorbidities. This review aims to highlight individual risk factors for IPD, describe studies that evaluated pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in at-risk groups and estimate the proportion of at-risk children who may have been vaccinated in the European Union since the 7vPncCRM vaccine was introduced, using UK as an example. Although immunisation targeting only children with comorbidities may achieve satisfactory results for a few, many otherwise healthy children at risk simply because of their age will be neglected, and herd protection might not be established.
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9
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Malinoski FJ, Laufer DS. Pneumonia vaccine. J Fam Pract 2001; 50:902. [PMID: 11674899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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10
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Watson BM, Laufer DS, Kuter BJ, Staehle B, White CJ, Starr SE. Safety and immunogenicity of a combined live attenuated measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine (MMR(II)V) in healthy children. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:731-4. [PMID: 8627041 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/173.3.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigational tetravalent combined measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine and measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines at separate injection sites given at the same visit were evaluated with respect to safety and cell-mediated and humoral immune responses at 6 weeks and 1 year after vaccination. Varicella seroconversion rates and lymphocyte proliferation responses were 100% for both vaccine groups at 6 weeks and 1 year. However, the antibody titer to varicella was lower in the combined vaccine group at 6 weeks, but there was no statistical difference in cell-mediated immune responses. One-year geometric mean titers were not statistically different. Seroconversion rates for measles, mumps, and rubella were 100% for both vaccine at 6 weeks and 1 year. Long-term follow-up of these immune responses is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Watson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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11
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Abstract
The ability of viruses to develop resistance to antiviral agents is already a major concern with respect to HIV. This article reviews mechanisms and clinical correlates of antiviral resistance and alternative drugs for treatment of infections due to resistant strains of HIV, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, varicellazoster virus, and influenza A.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Laufer
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Laufer DS, Hurni W, Watson B, Miller W, Ryan J, Nalin D, Brown L. Saliva and serum as diagnostic media for antibody to hepatitis A virus in adults and in individuals who have received an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:868-71. [PMID: 7795087 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/20.4.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva was evaluated as a diagnostic fluid for screening individuals for evidence of previous hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and for evidence of seroconversion after vaccination with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. A new and simple saliva collection method and an assay for detection of HAV antibody were used; the assay used an antibody capture format. There was complete concordance between the results of saliva-based assays and those of serum-based assays, both of which were used for determining previous natural HAV exposure. However, for vaccine recipients, 100% concordance for saliva-based and serum-based assays occurred only at serum titers of > 9,000 mIU/mL, which were determined with use of the modified HAVAB assay. Saliva provides adequate sensitivity and specificity for determining naturally acquired HAV infection, although it is not useful in clinical trials for determining seroconversion after HAV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Laufer
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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