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McKee CD, Peel AJ, Hayman DTS, Suu-Ire R, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Webb CT, Kosoy MY. Ectoparasite and bacterial population genetics and community structure indicate extent of bat movement across an island chain. Parasitology 2024:1-53. [PMID: 38785194 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Clifton D McKee
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison J Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen T Webb
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Mettenleiter TC, Markotter W, Charron DF, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. Correction: The One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP). One Health Outlook 2024; 6:6. [PMID: 38539273 PMCID: PMC10976718 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Janice R Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Knox MA, Biggs PJ, Garcia-R JC, Hayman DTS. Quantifying replication slippage error in Cryptosporidium metabarcoding studies. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae065. [PMID: 38330464 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in Cryptosporidium, a common protozoan gut parasite in humans, is often based on marker genes containing trinucleotide repeats, which differentiate subtypes and track outbreaks. However, repeat regions have high replication slippage rates, making it difficult to discern biological diversity from error. Here, we synthesised Cryptosporidium DNA in clonal plasmid vectors, amplified them in different mock community ratios and sequenced them using next generation sequencing to determine the rate of replication slippage with dada2. Our results indicate that slippage rates increase with the length of the repeat region and can contribute to error rates of up to 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Knox
- Massey University, School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - P J Biggs
- Massey University, School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
- Massey University, School of Natural Sciences, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - J C Garcia-R
- Massey University, School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - D T S Hayman
- Massey University, School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
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4
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John RS, Miller JC, Muylaert RL, Hayman DTS. High connectivity and human movement limits the impact of travel time on infectious disease transmission. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230425. [PMID: 38196378 PMCID: PMC10777149 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The speed of spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the importance of understanding how infections are transmitted in a highly connected world. Prior to vaccination, changes in human mobility patterns were used as non-pharmaceutical interventions to eliminate or suppress viral transmission. The rapid spread of respiratory viruses, various intervention approaches, and the global dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 underscore the necessity for epidemiological models that incorporate mobility to comprehend the spread of the virus. Here, we introduce a metapopulation susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model parametrized with human movement data from 340 cities in China. Our model replicates the early-case trajectory in the COVID-19 pandemic. We then use machine learning algorithms to determine which network properties best predict spread between cities and find travel time to be most important, followed by the human movement-weighted personalized PageRank. However, we show that travel time is most influential locally, after which the high connectivity between cities reduces the impact of travel time between individual cities on transmission speed. Additionally, we demonstrate that only significantly reduced movement substantially impacts infection spread times throughout the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reju Sam John
- Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Joel C. Miller
- La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Mettenleiter TC, Markotter W, Charron DF, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Chaudhary A, Zanella JRC, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. The One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP). One Health Outlook 2023; 5:18. [PMID: 38062534 PMCID: PMC10704771 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut Für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, Greifswald, 17493, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Dominique F Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenia
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Janice R Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agenca, London, UK
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Mahato RK, Ghimire U, Lamsal M, Bajracharya B, Poudel M, Napit P, Lama K, Dahal G, Hayman DTS, Karna AK, Pandey BD, Das CL, Paudel KP. Evaluating active leprosy case identification methods in six districts of Nepal. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:111. [PMID: 38053215 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nepal has achieved and sustained the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem since 2009, but 17 districts and 3 provinces with 41% (10,907,128) of Nepal's population have yet to eliminate the disease. Pediatric cases and grade-2 disabilities (G2D) indicate recent transmission and late diagnosis, respectively, which necessitate active and early case detection. This operational research was performed to identify approaches best suited for early case detection, determine community-based leprosy epidemiology, and identify hidden leprosy cases early and respond with prompt treatment. METHODS Active case detection was undertaken in two Nepali provinces with the greatest burden of leprosy, Madhesh Province (40% national cases) and Lumbini Province (18%) and at-risk prison populations in Madhesh, Lumbini and Bagmati provinces. Case detection was performed by (1) house-to-house visits among vulnerable populations (n = 26,469); (2) contact examination and tracing (n = 7608); in Madhesh and Lumbini Provinces and, (3) screening prison populations (n = 4428) in Madhesh, Lumbini and Bagmati Provinces of Nepal. Per case direct medical and non-medical costs for each approach were calculated. RESULTS New case detection rates were highest for contact tracing (250), followed by house-to-house visits (102) and prison screening (45) per 100,000 population screened. However, the cost per case identified was cheapest for house-to-house visits [Nepalese rupee (NPR) 76,500/case], followed by contact tracing (NPR 90,286/case) and prison screening (NPR 298,300/case). House-to-house and contact tracing case paucibacillary/multibacillary (PB:MB) ratios were 59:41 and 68:32; female/male ratios 63:37 and 57:43; pediatric cases 11% in both approaches; and grade-2 disabilities (G2D) 11% and 5%, respectively. Developing leprosy was not significantly different among household and neighbor contacts [odds ratios (OR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-5.85] and for contacts of MB versus PB cases (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.26-2.0). Attack rates were not significantly different among household contacts of MB cases (0.32%, 95% CI 0.07-0.94%) and PB cases (0.13%, 95% CI 0.03-0.73) (χ2 = 0.07, df = 1, P = 0.9) and neighbor contacts of MB cases (0.23%, 0.1-0.46) and PB cases (0.48%, 0.19-0.98) (χ2 = 0.8, df = 1, P = 0.7). BCG vaccination with scar presence had a significant protective effect against leprosy (OR = 0.42, 0.22-0.81). CONCLUSIONS The most effective case identification approach here is contact tracing, followed by house-to-house visits in vulnerable populations and screening in prisons, although house-to-house visits are cheaper. The findings suggest that hidden cases, recent transmission, and late diagnosis in the community exist and highlight the importance of early case detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar Mahato
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Uttam Ghimire
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Madhav Lamsal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijay Bajracharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division-Malaria Program Management Unit- SCI-GF, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mukesh Poudel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prashnna Napit
- Leprosy Control & Disability Management Section, EPidemiology and Disease Control Division, DoHS, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krishna Lama
- Lalgadh Leprosy Hospital & Service Center, Nepal Leprosy Trust, Lalgadh, Nepal
| | - Gokarna Dahal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Basu Dev Pandey
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chuman Lal Das
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krishna Prasad Paudel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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7
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Mahato RK, Karna AK, Thakur N, Bajracharya B, Pyakurel UR, Hayman DTS, Talvani A, Alam J, Pandey KR, Pathak N, Singh UN, Upadhyaya MK, Shrestha MP, Paudel KP, Morita K, Pandey BD. An Early Epidemiological Investigation of COVID-19 in Parsa, Nepal. Asia Pac J Public Health 2023; 35:564-567. [PMID: 37737120 DOI: 10.1177/10105395231201937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar Mahato
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Kumar Karna
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
- USAID's Strengthening Systems for Better Health Activity, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nishant Thakur
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijay Bajracharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Malaria Program Management Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uttam Raj Pyakurel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andre Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Jahir Alam
- Birgunj Metropolitan City Office, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Krishna Raj Pandey
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | | | - Krishna Prasad Paudel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kouichi Morita
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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8
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Muylaert RL, Wilkinson DA, Kingston T, D'Odorico P, Rulli MC, Galli N, John RS, Alviola P, Hayman DTS. Using drivers and transmission pathways to identify SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk hotspots. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6854. [PMID: 37891177 PMCID: PMC10611769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-like coronaviruses is a multi-stage process from wildlife reservoirs to people. Here we characterize multiple drivers-landscape change, host distribution, and human exposure-associated with the risk of spillover of zoonotic SARS-like coronaviruses to help inform surveillance and mitigation activities. We consider direct and indirect transmission pathways by modeling four scenarios with livestock and mammalian wildlife as potential and known reservoirs before examining how access to healthcare varies within clusters and scenarios. We found 19 clusters with differing risk factor contributions within a single country (N = 9) or transboundary (N = 10). High-risk areas were mainly closer (11-20%) rather than far ( < 1%) from healthcare. Areas far from healthcare reveal healthcare access inequalities, especially Scenario 3, which includes wild mammals and not livestock as secondary hosts. China (N = 2) and Indonesia (N = 1) had clusters with the highest risk. Our findings can help stakeholders in land use planning, integrating healthcare implementation and One Health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L Muylaert
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - David A Wilkinson
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paolo D'Odorico
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Rulli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolas Galli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reju Sam John
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Alviola
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines- Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - David T S Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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9
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Sartelli M, Barie PS, Coccolini F, Abbas M, Abbo LM, Abdukhalilova GK, Abraham Y, Abubakar S, Abu-Zidan FM, Adebisi YA, Adamou H, Afandiyeva G, Agastra E, Alfouzan WA, Al-Hasan MN, Ali S, Ali SM, Allaw F, Allwell-Brown G, Amir A, Amponsah OKO, Al Omari A, Ansaloni L, Ansari S, Arauz AB, Augustin G, Awazi B, Azfar M, Bah MSB, Bala M, Banagala ASK, Baral S, Bassetti M, Bavestrello L, Beilman G, Bekele K, Benboubker M, Beović B, Bergamasco MD, Bertagnolio S, Biffl WL, Blot S, Boermeester MA, Bonomo RA, Brink A, Brusaferro S, Butemba J, Caínzos MA, Camacho-Ortiz A, Canton R, Cascio A, Cassini A, Cástro-Sanchez E, Catarci M, Catena R, Chamani-Tabriz L, Chandy SJ, Charani E, Cheadle WG, Chebet D, Chikowe I, Chiara F, Cheng VCC, Chioti A, Cocuz ME, Coimbra R, Cortese F, Cui Y, Czepiel J, Dasic M, de Francisco Serpa N, de Jonge SW, Delibegovic S, Dellinger EP, Demetrashvili Z, De Palma A, De Silva D, De Simone B, De Waele J, Dhingra S, Diaz JJ, Dima C, Dirani N, Dodoo CC, Dorj G, Duane TM, Eckmann C, Egyir B, Elmangory MM, Enani MA, Ergonul O, Escalera-Antezana JP, Escandon K, Ettu AWOO, Fadare JO, Fantoni M, Farahbakhsh M, Faro MP, Ferreres A, Flocco G, Foianini E, Fry DE, Garcia AF, Gerardi C, Ghannam W, Giamarellou H, Glushkova N, Gkiokas G, Goff DA, Gomi H, Gottfredsson M, Griffiths EA, Guerra Gronerth RI, Guirao X, Gupta YK, Halle-Ekane G, Hansen S, Haque M, Hardcastle TC, Hayman DTS, Hecker A, Hell M, Ho VP, Hodonou AM, Isik A, Islam S, Itani KMF, Jaidane N, Jammer I, Jenkins DR, Kamara IF, Kanj SS, Jumbam D, Keikha M, Khanna AK, Khanna S, Kapoor G, Kapoor G, Kariuki S, Khamis F, Khokha V, Kiggundu R, Kiguba R, Kim HB, Kim PK, Kirkpatrick AW, Kluger Y, Ko WC, Kok KYY, Kotecha V, Kouma I, Kovacevic B, Krasniqi J, Krutova M, Kryvoruchko I, Kullar R, Labi KA, Labricciosa FM, Lakoh S, Lakatos B, Lansang MAD, Laxminarayan R, Lee YR, Leone M, Leppaniemi A, Hara GL, Litvin A, Lohsiriwat V, Machain GM, Mahomoodally F, Maier RV, Majumder MAA, Malama S, Manasa J, Manchanda V, Manzano-Nunez R, Martínez-Martínez L, Martin-Loeches I, Marwah S, Maseda E, Mathewos M, Maves RC, McNamara D, Memish Z, Mertz D, Mishra SK, Montravers P, Moro ML, Mossialos E, Motta F, Mudenda S, Mugabi P, Mugisha MJM, Mylonakis E, Napolitano LM, Nathwani D, Nkamba L, Nsutebu EF, O’Connor DB, Ogunsola S, Jensen PØ, Ordoñez JM, Ordoñez CA, Ottolino P, Ouedraogo AS, Paiva JA, Palmieri M, Pan A, Pant N, Panyko A, Paolillo C, Patel J, Pea F, Petrone P, Petrosillo N, Pintar T, Plaudis H, Podda M, Ponce-de-Leon A, Powell SL, Puello-Guerrero A, Pulcini C, Rasa K, Regimbeau JM, Rello J, Retamozo-Palacios MR, Reynolds-Campbell G, Ribeiro J, Rickard J, Rocha-Pereira N, Rosenthal VD, Rossolini GM, Rwegerera GM, Rwigamba M, Sabbatucci M, Saladžinskas Ž, Salama RE, Sali T, Salile SS, Sall I, Kafil HS, Sakakushev BE, Sawyer RG, Scatizzi M, Seni J, Septimus EJ, Sganga G, Shabanzadeh DM, Shelat VG, Shibabaw A, Somville F, Souf S, Stefani S, Tacconelli E, Tan BK, Tattevin P, Rodriguez-Taveras C, Telles JP, Téllez-Almenares O, Tessier J, Thang NT, Timmermann C, Timsit JF, Tochie JN, Tolonen M, Trueba G, Tsioutis C, Tumietto F, Tuon FF, Ulrych J, Uranues S, van Dongen M, van Goor H, Velmahos GC, Vereczkei A, Viaggi B, Viale P, Vila J, Voss A, Vraneš J, Watkins RR, Wanjiru-Korir N, Waworuntu O, Wechsler-Fördös A, Yadgarova K, Yahaya M, Yahya AI, Xiao Y, Zakaria AD, Zakrison TL, Zamora Mesia V, Siquini W, Darzi A, Pagani L, Catena F. Ten golden rules for optimal antibiotic use in hospital settings: the WARNING call to action. World J Emerg Surg 2023; 18:50. [PMID: 37845673 PMCID: PMC10580644 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-023-00518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are recognized widely for their benefits when used appropriately. However, they are often used inappropriately despite the importance of responsible use within good clinical practice. Effective antibiotic treatment is an essential component of universal healthcare, and it is a global responsibility to ensure appropriate use. Currently, pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to develop new antibiotics due to scientific, regulatory, and financial barriers, further emphasizing the importance of appropriate antibiotic use. To address this issue, the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery established an international multidisciplinary task force of 295 experts from 115 countries with different backgrounds. The task force developed a position statement called WARNING (Worldwide Antimicrobial Resistance National/International Network Group) aimed at raising awareness of antimicrobial resistance and improving antibiotic prescribing practices worldwide. The statement outlined is 10 axioms, or "golden rules," for the appropriate use of antibiotics that all healthcare workers should consistently adhere in clinical practice.
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10
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Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Barton Behravesh C, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. Prevention of zoonotic spillover: From relying on response to reducing the risk at source. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011504. [PMID: 37796834 PMCID: PMC10553309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique F. Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India
| | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia/SC, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Onderstepoort Biological Products SOC (OBP), Afrivet, B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Divison, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Serge Morand
- IRL HealthDEEP, CNRS - Kasetsart University - Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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11
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Hayman DTS, Baker MG. Low risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission from blood transfusions in Aotearoa New Zealand suggests donor exclusion policies can be relaxed. N Z Med J 2023; 136:66-70. [PMID: 37619229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Aotearoa New Zealand currently excludes potential blood donors who lived in the United Kingdom (UK) for 6 months or more between 1980 and 1996. This action is due to the potential for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) following blood transfusions from preclinical vCJD cases, who themselves mostly developed disease from the consumption of cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) during this period, or from those incubating the misfolded prion proteins that cause disease. This donor exclusion policy led to 10% of New Zealand's active blood donors in 2000 being excluded, and it remains today despite periodic shortages of some blood products. Globally there have been 232 vCJD cases recorded-178 in the UK-with no new cases since 2019 and the peak numbers 23 years ago in 2000. Only three confirmed cases have been linked to blood transfusion. Here, we aimed to estimate the annual risk of vCJD from blood transfusion in New Zealand after restriction removal. We used UK case numbers, population estimates, and donor and recipient transfusion numbers to calculate the risk to the New Zealand public. We calculated the risk, based on approximately 131,000 transfusions a year and accounting for multiple transfusions, might lead to 0.005 cases annually, or approximately one in one billion nationally, and comparable to recent one in 1.45 billion estimates for Australia. Our analyses suggests that relaxing current blood donation restrictions, like Ireland and Australia's recent policy changes, would lead to an extremely low risk of vCJD transfusion-transmission in New Zealand. This policy change would help increase the supply of blood products for multiple medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Professor of Infectious Disease Ecology, Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Professor of Public Health, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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12
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Hayman DTS, Barraclough RK, Muglia LJ, McGovern V, Afolabi MO, N'Jai AU, Ambe JR, Atim C, McClelland A, Paterson B, Ijaz K, Lasley J, Ahsan Q, Garfield R, Chittenden K, Phelan AL, Lopez Rivera A. Addressing the challenges of implementing evidence-based prioritisation in global health. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012450. [PMID: 37290897 PMCID: PMC10255200 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Global health requires evidence-based approaches to improve health and decrease inequalities. In a roundtable discussion between health practitioners, funders, academics and policy-makers, we recognised key areas for improvement to deliver better-informed, sustainable and equitable global health practices. These focus on considering information-sharing mechanisms and developing evidence-based frameworks that take an adaptive function-based approach, grounded in the ability to perform and respond to prioritised needs. Increasing social engagement as well as sector and participant diversity in whole-of-society decision-making, and collaborating with and optimising on hyperlocal and global regional entities, will improve prioritisation of global health capabilities. Since the skills required to navigate drivers of pandemics, and the challenges in prioritising, capacity building and response do not sit squarely in the health sector, it is essential to integrate expertise from a broad range of fields to maximise on available knowledge during decision-making and system development. Here, we review the current assessment tools and provide seven discussion points for how improvements to implementation of evidence-based prioritisation can improve global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rosemary K Barraclough
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria McGovern
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Muhammed O Afolabi
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alhaji U N'Jai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sierra Leone College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sierra Leone Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jennyfer R Ambe
- The Global Emerging Pathogens Treatment Consortium, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chris Atim
- Results for Development (R4D), Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Beverley Paterson
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kashef Ijaz
- Health Programs, The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Qadeer Ahsan
- Australia Indonesia Health Security Partnership, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Alexandra L Phelan
- Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Lopez Rivera
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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13
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Hayman DTS, Garcia-Ramirez JC, Pita A, Velathanthiri N, Knox MA, Ogbuigwe P, Baker MG, Rostami K, Deroles-Main J, Gilpin BJ. Diagnosis of protozoa diarrhoea in Campylobacter patients increases markedly with molecular techniques. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0001527. [PMID: 37252910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are major causes of diarrhoea globally, and two of the most notified infectious diseases in New Zealand. Diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation carried out mostly via antigen or microscopy-based techniques. However, these methods are increasingly being superseded by molecular techniques. Here we investigate the level of protozoa detection by molecular methods in campylobacteriosis cases missed through antigen-based assays and investigate different molecular testing protocols. We report findings from two observational studies; the first among 111 people during a Campylobacter outbreak and the second during normal surveillance activities among 158 people presenting with diarrhoea and a positive Campylobacter test, but negative Cryptosporidium and Giardia antigen-based test results. The molecular methods used for comparison were in-house end-point PCR tests targeting the gp60 gene for Cryptosporidium and gdh gene for Giardia. DNA extraction was performed with and without bead-beating and comparisons with commercial real-time quantitative (qPCR) were made using clinical Cryptosporidium positive sample dilutions down to 10-5. The Cryptosporidium prevalence was 9% (95% CI: 3-15; 10/111) and Giardia prevalence 21% (95% CI: 12-29; 23/111) in the 111 Campylobacter outbreak patients. The Cryptosporidium prevalence was 40% (95% CI: 32-48; 62/158) and Giardia prevalence 1.3% (95% CI: 0.2-4.5; 2/158) in the 158 routine surveillance samples. Sequencing identified Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum, and Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B. We found no statistical difference in positive test results between samples using end-point PCR with or without bead-beating prior to DNA extraction, or between the in-house end-point PCR and qPCR. The qPCR Ct value was 36 (95% CI: 35-37) for 1 oocyst, suggesting a high limit of detection. In conclusion in surveillance and outbreak situations we found diagnostic serology testing underdiagnoses Cryptosporidium and Giardia coinfections in Campylobacter patients, suggesting the impact of protozoa infections may be underestimated through underdiagnosis using antigen-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony Pita
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Paul Ogbuigwe
- Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Kamran Rostami
- MidCentral District Health Board, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Brent J Gilpin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
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14
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Knox MA, Wierenga J, Biggs PJ, Gedye K, Almeida V, Hall R, Zikusoka GK, Rubanga S, Ngabirano A, Valdivia-Granda W, Hayman DTS. Abundant dsRNA picobirnaviruses show little geographic or host association in terrestrial systems. Infect Genet Evol 2023:105456. [PMID: 37257800 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses known from a wide range of host species and locations but with unknown pathogenicity and host relationships. Here, we examined the diversity of picobirnaviruses from cattle and gorillas within and around Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park (BIFNP), Uganda, where wild and domesticated animals and humans live in relatively close contact. We use metagenomic sequencing with bioinformatic analyses to examine genetic diversity. We compared our findings to global Picobirnavirus diversity using clustering-based analyses. Picobirnavirus diversity at Bwindi was high, with 14 near-complete RdRp and 15 capsid protein sequences, and 497 new partial viral sequences recovered from 44 gorilla samples and 664 from 16 cattle samples. Sequences were distributed throughout a phylogenetic tree of globally derived picobirnaviruses. The relationship with Picobirnavirus diversity and host taxonomy follows a similar pattern to the global dataset, generally lacking pattern with either host or geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Knox
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | | | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand; School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Kristene Gedye
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Valter Almeida
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand
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15
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Ogbuigwe P, Roberts JM, Knox MA, Heiser A, Pita A, Haack NA, Garcia-Ramirez J, Velathanthiri N, Biggs P, French NP, Hayman DTS. A novel, stain-free, natural auto-fluorescent signal, Sig M, identified from cytometric and transcriptomic analysis of infectivity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178576. [PMID: 37284498 PMCID: PMC10239843 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide diarrheal disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium. The primary symptom is diarrhea, but patients may exhibit different symptoms based on the species of the Cryptosporidium parasite they are infected with. Furthermore, some genotypes within species are more transmissible and apparently virulent than others. The mechanisms underpinning these differences are not understood, and an effective in vitro system for Cryptosporidium culture would help advance our understanding of these differences. Using COLO-680N cells, we employed flow cytometry and microscopy along with the C. parvum-specific antibody Sporo-Glo™ to characterize infected cells 48 h following an infection with C. parvum or C. hominis. The Cryptosporidium parvum-infected cells showed higher levels of signal using Sporo-Glo™ than C. hominis-infected cells, which was likely because Sporo-Glo™ was generated against C. parvum. We found a subset of cells from infected cultures that expressed a novel, dose-dependent auto-fluorescent signal that was detectable across a range of wavelengths. The population of cells that expressed this signal increased proportionately to the multiplicity of infection. The spectral cytometry results confirmed that the signature of this subset of host cells closely matched that of oocysts present in the infectious ecosystem, pointing to a parasitic origin. Present in both C. parvum and C. hominis cultures, we named this Sig M, and due to its distinct profile in cells from both infections, it could be a better marker for assessing Cryptosporidium infection in COLO-680N cells than Sporo-Glo™. We also noted Sig M's impact on Sporo-Glo™ detection as Sporo-Glo™ uses fluoroscein-isothiocynate, which is detected where Sig M also fluoresces. Lastly, we used NanoString nCounter® analysis to investigate the transcriptomic landscape for the two Cryptosporidium species, assessing the gene expression of 144 host and parasite genes. Despite the host gene expression being at high levels, the levels of putative intracellular Cryptosporidium gene expression were low, with no significant difference from controls, which could be, in part, explained by the abundance of uninfected cells present as determined by both Sporo-Glo™ and Sig M analyses. This study shows for the first time that a natural auto-fluorescent signal, Sig M, linked to Cryptosporidium infection can be detected in infected host cells without any fluorescent labeling strategies and that the COLO-680N cell line and spectral cytometry could be useful tools to advance the understanding of Cryptosporidium infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogbuigwe
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew A. Knox
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Axel Heiser
- Animal Health Solutions, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Pita
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Neville A. Haack
- Animal Health Solutions, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia-Ramirez
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P. French
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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16
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Garcia-R JC, Pita AB, Velathanthiri N, Pas A, Hayman DTS. Mammal-related Cryptosporidium infections in endemic reptiles of New Zealand. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1239-1244. [PMID: 36959486 PMCID: PMC10097775 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand's endemic reptile fauna is highly threatened and pathogens causing infectious diseases may be a significant risk to already endangered species. Here, we investigate Cryptosporidium infection in captive endemic New Zealand reptiles. We found two mammal-related Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis and C. parvum) and six subtypes from three gp60 families (Ib, Ig and IIa) in 12 individuals of captive endemic Tuatara, Otago and Grand skinks, and Jewelled and Rough geckos. Cryptosporidium serpentis was identified in two Jewelled geckos using 18S. In New Zealand, C. hominis and C. parvum are associated with infections in humans and introduced domestic animals but have also been recently found in wildlife. Our finding of Cryptosporidium infection in endemic reptiles can help inform strategies to monitor the conservation of species and manage potential introductions of pathogens to in-situ and ex-situ populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Garcia-R
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Anthony B Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - An Pas
- Auckland Zoo, Motions Rd, 1022, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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Jian CLA, Hayman DTS, Lockett B, Rostami K. The differential diagnoses for severe enteropathy or severely damaged small intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2023; 16:181-187. [PMID: 37554746 PMCID: PMC10404838 DOI: 10.22037/ghfbb.v16i2.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to explore the aetiology of severe duodenal mucosal abnormality in consecutive patients who underwent gastroscopy and duodenal biopsy over the past 10 years. Background A range of differential diagnoses have been reported for severe duodenal architectural distortion. Methods Clinical and laboratory data of all the patients with severe duodenal architectural distortion diagnosed at MidCentral District Health Board (DHB), New Zealand were collected and statistically analysed. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI) are shown. Results Between September 2009 and April 2019, 229 patients were diagnosed with severe enteropathy. The median patient age was 41 years (range 6-83 years). Two hundred and twenty-four of these patients (97.8%, 95.0-99.3%) were diagnosed with coeliac disease (CeD), with one of these patients having gluten induced T-cell lymphoma. From the remaining five patients, one had a diagnosis of tropical sprue and four did not have a clear aetiology. There were 180 patients from 191 (94.2%, 89.9-97.1%) with at least one positive coeliac marker, all with a diagnosis of CeD. Eleven patients (5.8% of 191, 2.9-10.1%) had negative markers for both tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTG-IgA) and IgA-endomysial antibodies (EMA-IgA) with six having a diagnosis of seronegative CeD. Conclusion Although the spectrum of histological changes in CeD may range from normal to a flat mucosa, severe duodenal architectural distortion seems to occur mainly in CeD. Idiopathic enteropathy was recorded as the second but by far less frequent presentation of severe enteropathy. This study highlights that infection and other aetiologies are rarely implicated in severe enteropathy, with one case (0.4%) of refractory CeD/T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ling Aran Jian
- Department of Gastroenterology, MidCentral District Health Board, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology & Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Kamran Rostami
- Department of Gastroenterology, MidCentral District Health Board, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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18
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Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010537. [PMID: 35737670 PMCID: PMC9223325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | | | | - John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail: (WM); (TCM)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (WM); (TCM)
| | - Serge Morand
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier Université, Montpellier, France; Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Muylaert RL, Kingston T, Luo J, Vancine MH, Galli N, Carlson CJ, John RS, Rulli MC, Hayman DTS. Present and future distribution of bat hosts of sarbecoviruses: implications for conservation and public health. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220397. [PMID: 35611534 PMCID: PMC9130791 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global changes in response to human encroachment into natural habitats and carbon emissions are driving the biodiversity extinction crisis and increasing disease emergence risk. Host distributions are one critical component to identify areas at risk of viral spillover, and bats act as reservoirs of diverse viruses. We developed a reproducible ecological niche modelling pipeline for bat hosts of SARS-like viruses (subgenus Sarbecovirus), given that several closely related viruses have been discovered and sarbecovirus-host interactions have gained attention since SARS-CoV-2 emergence. We assessed sampling biases and modelled current distributions of bats based on climate and landscape relationships and project future scenarios for host hotspots. The most important predictors of species distributions were temperature seasonality and cave availability. We identified concentrated host hotspots in Myanmar and projected range contractions for most species by 2100. Our projections indicate hotspots will shift east in Southeast Asia in locations greater than 2°C hotter in a fossil-fuelled development future. Hotspot shifts have implications for conservation and public health, as loss of population connectivity can lead to local extinctions, and remaining hotspots may concentrate near human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinhong Luo
- Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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20
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Ogbuigwe P, Biggs PJ, Garcia-Ramirez JC, Knox MA, Pita A, Velathanthiri N, French NP, Hayman DTS. Uncovering the genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis in isolates from outbreaks in New Zealand. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:49. [PMID: 35509037 PMCID: PMC9066983 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea worldwide. Molecular techniques have greatly improved our understanding of the taxonomy and epidemiology of this parasite. Co-infection with mixed (sub-) assemblages has been reported, however, Sanger sequencing is sometimes unable to identify shared subtypes between samples involved in the same epidemiologically linked event, due to samples showing multiple dominant subtypes within the same outbreak. Here, we aimed to use a metabarcoding approach to uncover the genetic diversity within samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis to characterise the subtype diversity, and determine if there are common sequences shared by epidemiologically linked cases that are missed by Sanger sequencing. Methods We built a database with 1109 unique glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus sequences covering most of the assemblages of G. intestinalis and used gdh metabarcoding to analyse 16 samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis that occurred in New Zealand between 2010 and 2018. Results There is considerable diversity of subtypes of G. intestinalis present in each sample. The utilisation of metabarcoding enabled the identification of shared subtypes between samples from the same outbreak. Multiple variants were identified in 13 of 16 samples, with Assemblage B variants most common, and Assemblages E and A present in mixed infections. Conclusions This study showed that G. intestinalis infections in humans are frequently mixed, with multiple subtypes present in each host. Shared sequences among epidemiologically linked cases not identified through Sanger sequencing were detected. Considering the variation in symptoms observed in cases of giardiasis, and the potential link between symptoms and (sub-) assemblages, the frequency of mixed infections could have implications for our understanding of host–pathogen interactions. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00969-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogbuigwe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand.,School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew A Knox
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Pita
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
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21
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Michael SA, Hayman DTS, Gray R, Roe WD. Clinical parameters of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae disease and ivermectin treatment in New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) pups. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264582. [PMID: 35239682 PMCID: PMC8893627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae infection causes significant mortality of endangered New Zealand sea lion pups at Enderby Island, Auckland Islands. Gross necropsy and histopathology findings are well reported, but little is known about the clinical course of disease in affected pups. To determine factors feasible as clinical screening tools for hypervirulent K. pneumoniae in live pups, 150 pups over two field seasons (2016–18) were recruited shortly after birth for a prospective cohort study. A randomised controlled clinical treatment trial with the anthelmintic ivermectin was conducted concurrently and risk factor data and biological samples were collected approximately fortnightly. Treatment with ivermectin has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae mortality in pups, so effects on clinical parameters between the treated and control cohorts were also investigated. A broader sample of pups were monitored for clinical signs to investigate the course of disease in affected pups. Clinical signs, haematology and oral and rectal swabs to detect gastrointestinal carriage of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae were not useful for detection of disease prior to death. Of those pups that died due to hypervirulent K. pneumoniae, only 26.1% (18/69) had any clinical signs prior, likely a reflection of the peracute course of disease. On comparison of haematological parameters between ivermectin-treated and control pups, significantly lower total plasma protein and higher eosinophil counts were seen in control versus treated pups, however standard length as a surrogate for age was a more important influence on parameters overall than ivermectin treatment. This study also highlighted a cohort of pups with severe clinical signs suggestive of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae infection were lost to follow up at the end of the monitored season, which could be contributing to cryptic juvenile mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Michael
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW, Australia
| | - Wendi D. Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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22
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Abstract
Infectious diseases that kill their hosts may persist locally only if transmission is appropriately balanced by susceptible recruitment. Great apes die of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and have transmitted ebolaviruses to people. However, understanding the role that apes and other non-human primates play in maintaining ebolaviruses in Nature is hampered by a lack of data. Recent serological findings suggest that few non-human primates have antibodies to EVD-causing viruses throughout tropical Africa, suggesting low transmission rates and/or high EVD mortality (Ayouba A et al. 2019 J. Infect. Dis. 220, 1599-1608 (doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz006); Mombo IM et al. 2020 Viruses 12, 1347 (doi:10.3390/v12121347)). Here, stochastic transmission models of EVD in non-human primates assuming high case-fatality probabilities and experimentally observed or field-observed parameters did not allow viral persistence, suggesting that non-human primate populations are highly unlikely to sustain EVD-causing infection for prolonged periods. Repeated introductions led to declining population sizes, similar to field observations of apes, but not viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.,Te Pūnaha Matatini, Centre for Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Reju Sam John
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for Influenza Disease & Emergence Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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23
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Bloomfield SJ, Midwinter AC, Biggs PJ, French NP, Marshall JC, Hayman DTS, Carter PE, Mather AE, Fayaz A, Thornley C, Kelly DJ, Benschop J. Genomic adaptations of Campylobacter jejuni to long-term human colonization. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:72. [PMID: 34893079 PMCID: PMC8665580 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter is a genus of bacteria that has been isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, and the environments they inhabit around the world. Campylobacter adapt to new environments by changes in their gene content and expression, but little is known about how they adapt to long-term human colonization. In this study, the genomes of 31 isolates from a New Zealand patient and 22 isolates from a United Kingdom patient belonging to Campylobacter jejuni sequence type 45 (ST45) were compared with 209 ST45 genomes from other sources to identify the mechanisms by which Campylobacter adapts to long-term human colonization. In addition, the New Zealand patient had their microbiota investigated using 16S rRNA metabarcoding, and their level of inflammation and immunosuppression analyzed using biochemical tests, to determine how Campylobacter adapts to a changing gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS There was some evidence that long-term colonization led to genome degradation, but more evidence that Campylobacter adapted through the accumulation of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and frameshifts in genes involved in cell motility, signal transduction and the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). The New Zealand patient also displayed considerable variation in their microbiome, inflammation and immunosuppression over five months, and the Campylobacter collected from this patient could be divided into two subpopulations, the proportion of which correlated with the amount of gastrointestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates how genomics, phylogenetics, 16S rRNA metabarcoding and biochemical markers can provide insight into how Campylobacter adapts to changing environments within human hosts. This study also demonstrates that long-term human colonization selects for changes in Campylobacter genes involved in cell motility, signal transduction and the MOMP; and that genetically distinct subpopulations of Campylobacter evolve to adapt to the changing gastrointestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Centre of Research Excellence for Complex Systems, Te Pūnaha Matatini, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip E Carter
- Institute of Environmental Science of Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, 5022, New Zealand
| | - Alison E Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Ahmed Fayaz
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
| | - Craig Thornley
- Regional Public Health, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - David J Kelly
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jackie Benschop
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4410, New Zealand
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24
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Muylaert RL, Davidson B, Ngabirano A, Kalema-Zikusoka G, MacGregor H, Lloyd-Smith JO, Fayaz A, Knox MA, Hayman DTS. Community health and human-animal contacts on the edges of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254467. [PMID: 34818325 PMCID: PMC8612581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of pathogens is intimately linked to human and environmental health. With limited healthcare and challenging living conditions, people living in poverty may be particularly susceptible to endemic and emerging diseases. Similarly, wildlife is impacted by human influences, including pathogen sharing, especially for species in close contact with people and domesticated animals. Here we investigate human and animal contacts and human health in a community living around the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda. We used contact and health survey data to identify opportunities for cross-species pathogen transmission, focusing mostly on people and the endangered mountain gorilla. We conducted a survey with background questions and self-reported diaries to investigate 100 participants' health, such as symptoms and behaviours, and contact patterns, including direct contacts and sightings over a week. Contacts were revealed through networks, including humans, domestic, peri-domestic, and wild animal groups for 1) contacts seen in the week of background questionnaire completion, and 2) contacts seen during the diary week. Participants frequently felt unwell during the study, reporting from one to 10 disease symptoms at different intensity levels, with severe symptoms comprising 6.4% of the diary records and tiredness and headaches the most common symptoms. After human-human contacts, direct contact with livestock and peri-domestic animals were the most common. The contact networks were moderately connected and revealed a preference in contacts within the same taxon and within their taxa groups. Sightings of wildlife were much more common than touching. However, despite contact with wildlife being the rarest of all contact types, one direct contact with a gorilla with a timeline including concerning participant health symptoms was reported. When considering all interaction types, gorillas mostly exhibited intra-species contact, but were found to interact with five other species, including people and domestic animals. Our findings reveal a local human population with recurrent symptoms of illness in a location with intense exposure to factors that can increase pathogen transmission, such as direct contact with domestic and wild animals and proximity among animal species. Despite significant biases and study limitations, the information generated here can guide future studies, such as models for disease spread and One Health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L. Muylaert
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ben Davidson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Alex Ngabirano
- Conservation Through Public Health, Uring Crescent, Entebbe, Uganda
- Bwindi Development Network, Buhoma, Kanungu, Uganda
| | | | - Hayley MacGregor
- Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex and STEPS, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Fayaz
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A. Knox
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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25
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Hranac CR, Haase CG, Fuller NW, McClure ML, Marshall JC, Lausen CL, McGuire LP, Olson SH, Hayman DTS. What is winter? Modeling spatial variation in bat host traits and hibernation and their implications for overwintering energetics. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11604-11614. [PMID: 34522327 PMCID: PMC8427580 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) has decimated hibernating bat populations across eastern and central North America for over a decade. Disease severity is driven by the interaction between bat characteristics, the cold-loving fungal agent, and the hibernation environment. While we further improve hibernation energetics models, we have yet to examine how spatial heterogeneity in host traits is linked to survival in this disease system. Here, we develop predictive spatial models of body mass for the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and reassess previous definitions of the duration of hibernation of this species. Using data from published literature, public databases, local experts, and our own fieldwork, we fit a series of generalized linear models with hypothesized abiotic drivers to create distribution-wide predictions of prehibernation body fat and hibernation duration. Our results provide improved estimations of hibernation duration and identify a scaling relationship between body mass and body fat; this relationship allows for the first continuous estimates of prehibernation body mass and fat across the species' distribution. We used these results to inform a hibernation energetic model to create spatially varying fat use estimates for M. lucifugus. These results predict WNS mortality of M. lucifugus populations in western North America may be comparable to the substantial die-off observed in eastern and central populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Reed Hranac
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health LaboratoryHopkirk Research InstituteMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Catherine G. Haase
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyAustin Peay State UniversityClarksvilleTNUSA
| | - Nathan W. Fuller
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Present address:
Texas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentNongame and Rare Species ProgramAustinTXUSA
| | | | | | | | - Liam P. McGuire
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooONCanada
| | | | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health LaboratoryHopkirk Research InstituteMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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26
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Hayman DTS, Knox MA. Estimating the age of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae using host divergence times as calibration ages at two internal nodes. Virology 2021; 563:20-27. [PMID: 34411808 PMCID: PMC8365511 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae can cause mild to severe disease in people, including COVID-19, MERS and SARS. Their most common natural hosts are bat and bird species, which are mostly split across four virus genera. Molecular clock analyses of orthocoronaviruses suggested the most recent common ancestor of these viruses might have emerged either around 10,000 years ago or, using models accounting for selection, many millions of years. Here, we reassess the evolutionary history of these viruses. We present time-aware phylogenetic analyses of a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase locus from 123 orthocoronaviruses isolated from birds and bats, including those in New Zealand, which were geographically isolated from other bats around 35 million years ago. We used this age, as well as the age of the avian-mammals split, to calibrate the molecular clocks, under the assumption that these ages are applicable to the analyzed viruses. We found that the time to the most recent ancestor common for all orthocoronaviruses is likely 150 or more million years, supporting clock analyses that account for selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew A Knox
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, New Zealand
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27
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Beig J, Rostami K, Hayman DTS, Hassan S, Gerred S, Ogra R. Is duodenal biopsy always necessary for the diagnosis of coeliac disease in adult patients with high anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) antibody titres? Frontline Gastroenterol 2021; 13:287-294. [PMID: 35722610 PMCID: PMC9186042 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2020-101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Avoiding duodenal biopsy in adults for coeliac disease (CD) diagnosis is controversial. Some retrospective and prospective studies have shown that CD can be reliably diagnosed in adults with serology rather than duodenal biopsies. This study aimed to check the accuracy of a cut-off value of ≥10 upper limit of normal of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-TTG IgA) titres for CD diagnosis in adult patients. METHOD We retrospectively analysed adult patients (≥16 years) who underwent gastroscopy from 2013 to 2018 for positive coeliac serology. The relationship between titres and disease was determined by using linear models, whereas sensitivity and specificity were assessed by receiver operator curve. RESULTS We analysed 144 newly anti-TTG antibody-positive adult patients with a median age of 48.5 years (IQR 32-62); among them, 86 (60%) patients had CD (Marsh III: n=68 and Marsh II and I: n=18) with a higher prevalence in females (n=59 (69%)) and Europeans (n=60 (70%)). Fifty (58%) patients with CD had colonoscopy and five (6%) had imaging; only six patients were diagnosed with additional conditions. An anti-TTG IgA titre cut-off value of 150 U/L was 100% specific for CD in our dataset, with 70% (95% CI: 60% to 88%) sensitivity for this patient group. CONCLUSION Coeliac serology using anti-TTG IgA with titres ≥10× normal value is an excellent predictor of CD, irrespective of age, gender and ethnicity. Duodenal biopsy may not be necessary in selected adult patients with CD, especially younger than 50 years of age without additional gastrointestinal red-flag signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Beig
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Middlemore Hospital - Counties Manukau DIstrict Health Board (CMDH), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kamran Rostami
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MidCentral District Health Board, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Summer Hassan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Middlemore Hospital - Counties Manukau DIstrict Health Board (CMDH), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Gerred
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Middlemore Hospital - Counties Manukau DIstrict Health Board (CMDH), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ravinder Ogra
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Middlemore Hospital - Counties Manukau DIstrict Health Board (CMDH), Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Rulli MC, D'Odorico P, Galli N, Hayman DTS. Land-use change and the livestock revolution increase the risk of zoonotic coronavirus transmission from rhinolophid bats. Nat Food 2021; 2:409-416. [PMID: 37118224 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which humans facilitate zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases is unclear. Human encroachment into wildlife habitats as a consequence of expanding urbanization, cropland area and intensive animal farming is hypothesized to favour the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Here we analyse comprehensive, high-resolution datasets on forest cover, cropland distribution, livestock density, human population, human settlements, bat species' distribution and land-use changes in regions populated by Asian horseshoe bats (>28.5 million km2)-the species that most commonly carry severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses. We identify areas at risk of SARS-related coronavirus outbreaks, showing that areas in China populated by horseshoe bats exhibit higher forest fragmentation and concentrations of livestock and humans than other countries. Our findings indicate that human-livestock-wildlife interactions in China may form hotspots with the potential to increase SARS-related coronavirus transmission from animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Rulli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo D'Odorico
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nikolas Galli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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29
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Haase CG, Fuller NW, Dzal YA, Hranac CR, Hayman DTS, Lausen CL, Silas KA, Olson SH, Plowright RK. Body mass and hibernation microclimate may predict bat susceptibility to white-nose syndrome. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:506-515. [PMID: 33437446 PMCID: PMC7790633 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In multihost disease systems, differences in mortality between species may reflect variation in host physiology, morphology, and behavior. In systems where the pathogen can persist in the environment, microclimate conditions, and the adaptation of the host to these conditions, may also impact mortality. White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emerging disease of hibernating bats caused by an environmentally persistent fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans. We assessed the effects of body mass, torpid metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and hibernaculum temperature and water vapor deficit on predicted overwinter survival of bats infected by P. destructans. We used a hibernation energetics model in an individual-based model framework to predict the probability of survival of nine bat species at eight sampling sites across North America. The model predicts time until fat exhaustion as a function of species-specific host characteristics, hibernaculum microclimate, and fungal growth. We fit a linear model to determine relationships with each variable and predicted survival and semipartial correlation coefficients to determine the major drivers in variation in bat survival. We found host body mass and hibernaculum water vapor deficit explained over half of the variation in survival with WNS across species. As previous work on the interplay between host and pathogen physiology and the environment has focused on species with narrow microclimate preferences, our view on this relationship is limited. Our results highlight some key predictors of interspecific survival among western bat species and provide a framework to assess impacts of WNS as the fungus continues to spread into western North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G. Haase
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyAustin Peay State UniversityClarksvilleTNUSA
| | - Nathan W. Fuller
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA
- Present address:
Texas Parks and Wildlife DepartmentNongame and Rare Species ProgramAustinTXUSA
| | - Yvonne A. Dzal
- Department of BiologyCentre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C‐FIR)University of WinnipegWinnipegMBCanada
| | - C. Reed Hranac
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health LaboratoryMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health LaboratoryMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
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30
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Phiri BJ, Hayman DTS, Biggs PJ, French NP, Garcia-R JC. Microbial diversity in water and animal faeces: a metagenomic analysis to assess public health risk. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1831556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Phiri
- Biosecurity Surveillance and Incursion Investigation Team, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P. French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Juan C. Garcia-R
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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McClure ML, Crowley D, Haase CG, McGuire LP, Fuller NW, Hayman DTS, Lausen CL, Plowright RK, Dickson BG, Olson SH. Linking surface and subterranean climate: implications for the study of hibernating bats and other cave dwellers. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L. McClure
- Conservation Science Partners 11050 Pioneer Trail Suite 202 Truckee California96161USA
| | - Daniel Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Montana State University 109 Lewis Hall Bozeman Montana59717USA
| | - Catherine G. Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Montana State University 109 Lewis Hall Bozeman Montana59717USA
| | - Liam P. McGuire
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University 2901 Main Street Lubbock Texas79409USA
| | - Nathan W. Fuller
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University 2901 Main Street Lubbock Texas79409USA
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- mEpiLab Hopkirk Research Institute Massey University Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Cori L. Lausen
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada Kaslo British ColumbiaV0G 1M0Canada
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Montana State University 109 Lewis Hall Bozeman Montana59717USA
| | - Brett G. Dickson
- Conservation Science Partners 11050 Pioneer Trail Suite 202 Truckee California96161USA
- Landscape Conservation Initiative School of Earth and Sustainability Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86001USA
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society Health Program Bronx New York10460USA
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Phiri BJ, Pita AB, Hayman DTS, Biggs PJ, Davis MT, Fayaz A, Canning AD, French NP, Death RG. Does land use affect pathogen presence in New Zealand drinking water supplies? Water Res 2020; 185:116229. [PMID: 32791457 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four microbes (Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) were monitored in 16 waterways that supply public drinking water for 13 New Zealand towns and cities. Over 500 samples were collected from the abstraction point at each study site every three months between 2009 and 2019. The waterways represent a range from small to large, free flowing to reservoir impoundments, draining catchments of entirely native vegetation to those dominated by pastoral agriculture. We used machine learning algorithms to explore the relative contribution of land use, catchment geology, vegetation, topography, and water quality characteristics of the catchment to determining the abundance and/or presence of each microbe. Sites on rivers draining predominantly agricultural catchments, the Waikato River, Oroua River and Waiorohi Stream had all four microbes present, often in high numbers, throughout the sampling interval. Other sites, such as the Hutt River and Big Huia Creek in Wellington which drain catchments of native vegetation, never had pathogenic microbes detected, or unsafe levels of E. coli. Boosted Regression Tree models could predict abundances and presence/absence of all four microbes with good precision using a wide range of potential environmental predictors covering land use, geology, vegetation, topography, and nutrient concentrations. Models were more accurate for protozoa than bacteria but did not differ markedly in their ability to predict abundance or presence/absence. Environmental drivers of microbe abundance or presence/absence also differed depending on whether the microbe was protozoan or bacterial. Protozoa were more prevalent in waterways with lower water quality, higher numbers of ruminants in the catchment, and in September and December. Bacteria were more abundant with higher rainfall, saturated soils, and catchments with greater than 35% of the land in agriculture. Although modern water treatment protocols will usually remove many pathogens from drinking water, several recent outbreaks of waterborne disease due to treatment failures, have highlighted the need to manage water supplies on multiple fronts. This research has identified potential catchment level variables, and thresholds, that could be better managed to reduce the potential for pathogens to enter drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Phiri
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anthony B Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Meredith T Davis
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Innovative River Solutions, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ahmed Fayaz
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Adam D Canning
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Nigel P French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Russell G Death
- Innovative River Solutions, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Ogbuigwe P, Pita AB, Knox MA, Velathanthiri N, Hayman DTS. High-Yield Purification of Giardia intestinalis Cysts from Fecal Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 59:e117. [PMID: 33034399 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Giardia is an enteric protozoan parasite that causes gastroenteritis in all classes of vertebrates. It is ranked among the leading causes of death in children under 5 years of age. Giardiasis affects approximately 280 million people worldwide annually, a situation exacerbated by the low availability of effective treatments and the lack of a vaccine. In addition, the parasite is difficult to manipulate in in vitro environments, which hampers the development of effective disease management strategies. This article highlights the development of a method for the purification of viable Giardia cysts from fecal samples, verified by a trypan blue dye exclusion test. This protocol produces a 10-fold increase in yield over current methods. By combining sucrose flotation with gated filtration, the protocol significantly reduces the amount of debris in the purified cysts suspension. Cyst viability is verified by a trypan blue dye exclusion test. The ability to purify large quantities of Giardia from fecal samples could advance the development of effective treatments to target this worldwide prevalent parasite. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Purification of Giardia cysts from fecal samples Support Protocol: Cyst viability test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogbuigwe
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anthony B Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A Knox
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Olival KJ, Cryan PM, Amman BR, Baric RS, Blehert DS, Brook CE, Calisher CH, Castle KT, Coleman JTH, Daszak P, Epstein JH, Field H, Frick WF, Gilbert AT, Hayman DTS, Ip HS, Karesh WB, Johnson CK, Kading RC, Kingston T, Lorch JM, Mendenhall IH, Peel AJ, Phelps KL, Plowright RK, Reeder DM, Reichard JD, Sleeman JM, Streicker DG, Towner JS, Wang LF. Possibility for reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to free-ranging wildlife: A case study of bats. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008758. [PMID: 32881980 PMCID: PMC7470399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the substantial public health, economic, and societal consequences of virus spillover from a wildlife reservoir. Widespread human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also presents a new set of challenges when considering viral spillover from people to naïve wildlife and other animal populations. The establishment of new wildlife reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 would further complicate public health control measures and could lead to wildlife health and conservation impacts. Given the likely bat origin of SARS-CoV-2 and related beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), free-ranging bats are a key group of concern for spillover from humans back to wildlife. Here, we review the diversity and natural host range of β-CoVs in bats and examine the risk of humans inadvertently infecting free-ranging bats with SARS-CoV-2. Our review of the global distribution and host range of β-CoV evolutionary lineages suggests that 40+ species of temperate-zone North American bats could be immunologically naïve and susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We highlight an urgent need to proactively connect the wellbeing of human and wildlife health during the current pandemic and to implement new tools to continue wildlife research while avoiding potentially severe health and conservation impacts of SARS-CoV-2 "spilling back" into free-ranging bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Cryan
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Amman
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David S. Blehert
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Castle
- Wildlife Veterinary Consulting, Livermore, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Hume Field
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Winifred F. Frick
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hon S. Ip
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Lorch
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Kendra L. Phelps
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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Phiri BJ, French NP, Biggs PJ, Stevenson MA, Reynolds AD, Garcia-R JC, Hayman DTS. Microbial contamination in drinking water at public outdoor recreation facilities in New Zealand. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:302-312. [PMID: 32639595 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study was to assess the presence and risk of waterborne pathogens in the drinking water of outdoor facilities in New Zealand and track potential sources of microbial contamination in water sources. METHODS AND RESULTS A serial cross-sectional study with a risk-based sample collection strategy was conducted at 15 public campgrounds over two summer seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). Drinking water supplied to these campgrounds was not compliant with national standards, based on Escherichia coli as an indicator organism, in more than half of the sampling occasions. Campylobacter contamination of drinking water at the campgrounds was likely to be of wild bird origin. Faecal samples from rails (pukeko and weka) were 35 times more likely to return a Campylobacter-positive result compared to passerines. Water treatment using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or a combination of filtration and UV irradiation or chemicals was more likely to result in water that was compliant with the national standards than water from a tap without any treatment. The use of filters alone was not associated with the likelihood of compliance. CONCLUSIONS Providing microbiologically safe drinking water at outdoor recreational facilities is imperative to avoid gastroenteritis outbreaks. This requires an in-depth understanding of potential sources of contamination in drinking water sources and the installation of adequate water treatment facilities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study provides evidence that drinking water without treatment or filter-only treatment in public campgrounds is unlikely to comply with national standards for human consumption and extra water treatment measures such as UV irradiation or chemical treatment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Phiri
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N P French
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P J Biggs
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - A D Reynolds
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J C Garcia-R
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D T S Hayman
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Garcia-R JC, Pita AB, Velathanthiri N, French NP, Hayman DTS. Species and genotypes causing human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2317-2326. [PMID: 32494897 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea around the world. Successful management and prevention of this infectious disease requires knowledge of the diversity of species and subtypes causing human disease. We use sequence data from 2598 human faecal samples collected during an 11-year period (2009-2019) to better understand the impact of different species and subtypes on public health and to gain insights into the variation of human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand. Human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand is caused by a high diversity of species and subtypes. Six species cause human disease in New Zealand: C. hominis, C. parvum, C. cuniculus, C. erinacei, C. meleagridis and C. tyzzeri. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene identified 16 subtype families and 101 subtypes. Cryptosporidium hominis IbA10G2 and C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 were the most frequent causes of human cryptosporidiosis with 27% and 29% of infections, respectively. Cryptosporidium hominis presented a peak of notified human cases during autumn (March-May) whereas most cases of human cryptosporidiosis caused by C. parvum are found during the calving and lambing season in spring (September-November). We also reported some subtypes that have been rarely detected in other countries such as IbA20G2 and IIoA13G1 and a low prevalence of the hypertransmissible and virulent IIaA15G2R1. This study provides insight into the variability of cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand essential for disease management and surveillance to prevent the introduction or spread of new species and subtypes in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Garcia-R
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Anthony B Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- EpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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38
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Michael SA, Hayman DTS, Gray R, Zhang J, Rogers L, Roe WD. Pup mortality in New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) at Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, 2013-18. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225461. [PMID: 31751414 PMCID: PMC6874089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) are an endemic and endangered species. Pup mortality at Enderby Island (50.5°S, 166.28°E) in the New Zealand sub-Antarctic has been well studied, with subsequent investigations yielding more intricate detail of the causes of mortality, as new diagnostic methods become available. Klebsiella pneumoniae was first reported in 2001-02 at this site, causing a pup mortality epizootic and is now known to be present at several colonies. This bacterium is a common mucosal commensal of humans and animals, however the agent found in pups at necropsy is a hypervirulent strain, readily recognised in microbial culture as being hypermucoviscous. Infection causes septicaemia with a common syndrome of subsequent meningitis and polyarthritis. This investigation uses histopathology and microbiology, with new modalities such as matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry to show that Klebsiella septicaemia could have historically been, and continues to be, the most important cause of pup mortality, but has been previously underrepresented due to the often cryptic presentation and sometimes peracute course of disease. Hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae should be considered a serious threat to pup survival in the species, causing on average 60.2% of pup deaths annually at Enderby Island between 2013 and 2018, with likely more continuing mortality following pup dispersal and the cessation of the summer monitoring season. Less common causes of death included starvation (14.8%), trauma/asphyxiation (9.9%) and other infections (7%). This study forms the basis for further evaluation of risk factors for pup mortality in the species, with a view to developing active mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Michael
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachael Gray
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ji Zhang
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lynn Rogers
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wendi D. Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Muylaert RL, Sabino-Santos G, Prist PR, Oshima JEF, Niebuhr BB, Sobral-Souza T, Oliveira SVD, Bovendorp RS, Marshall JC, Hayman DTS, Ribeiro MC. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome Transmission Risk in Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:E1008. [PMID: 31683644 PMCID: PMC6893581 DOI: 10.3390/v11111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hantavirus disease in humans is rare but frequently lethal in the Neotropics. Several abundant and widely distributed Sigmodontinae rodents are the primary hosts of Orthohantavirus and, in combination with other factors, these rodents can shape hantavirus disease. Here, we assessed the influence of host diversity, climate, social vulnerability and land use change on the risk of hantavirus disease in Brazil over 24 years. METHODS Landscape variables (native forest, forestry, sugarcane, maize and pasture), climate (temperature and precipitation), and host biodiversity (derived through niche models) were used in spatiotemporal models, using the 5570 Brazilian municipalities as units of analysis. RESULTS Amounts of native forest and sugarcane, combined with temperature, were the most important factors influencing the increase of disease risk. Population at risk (rural workers) and rodent host diversity also had a positive effect on disease risk. CONCLUSIONS Land use change-especially the conversion of native areas to sugarcane fields-can have a significant impact on hantavirus disease risk, likely by promoting the interaction between the people and the infected rodents. Our results demonstrate the importance of understanding the interactions between landscape change, rodent diversity, and hantavirus disease incidence, and suggest that land use policy should consider disease risk. Meanwhile, our risk map can be used to help allocate preventive measures to avoid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L Muylaert
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil.
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Paula R Prist
- Department of Ecology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Júlia E F Oshima
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Brandão Niebuhr
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil.
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos, Carnívoros (CENAP), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação (ICMBio), Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi, 8600-Bairro da Usina, Atibaia 12.952-011, Brazil.
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Av. Horácio Neto 1030, Parque Edmundo Zanoni Atibaia 12945-010, Brazil.
| | - Thadeu Sobral-Souza
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Stefan Vilges de Oliveira
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil.
| | | | - Jonathan C Marshall
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil.
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40
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Haase CG, Fuller NW, Hranac CR, Hayman DTS, McGuire LP, Norquay KJO, Silas KA, Willis CKR, Plowright RK, Olson SH. Incorporating evaporative water loss into bioenergetic models of hibernation to test for relative influence of host and pathogen traits on white-nose syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222311. [PMID: 31671100 PMCID: PMC6822741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation consists of extended durations of torpor interrupted by periodic arousals. The ‘dehydration hypothesis’ proposes that hibernating mammals arouse to replenish water lost through evaporation during torpor. Arousals are energetically expensive, and increased arousal frequency can alter survival throughout hibernation. Yet we lack a means to assess the effect of evaporative water loss (EWL), determined by animal physiology and hibernation microclimate, on torpor bout duration and subsequent survival. White-nose syndrome (WNS), a devastating disease impacting hibernating bats, causes increased frequency of arousals during hibernation and EWL has been hypothesized to contribute to this increased arousal frequency. WNS is caused by a fungus, which grows well in humid hibernaculum environments and damages wing tissue important for water conservation. Here, we integrated the effect of EWL on torpor expression in a hibernation energetics model, including the effects of fungal infection, to determine the link between EWL and survival. We collected field data for Myotis lucifugus, a species that experiences high mortality from WNS, to gather parameters for the model. In saturating conditions, we predicted healthy bats experience minimal mortality. Infected bats, however, suffer high fungal growth in highly saturated environments, leading to exhaustion of fat stores before spring. Our results suggest that host adaptation to humid environments leads to increased arousal frequency from infection, which drives mortality across hibernaculum conditions. Our modified hibernation model provides a tool to assess the interplay between host physiology, hibernaculum microclimate, and diseases such as WNS on winter survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G. Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nathan W. Fuller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - C. Reed Hranac
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Liam P. McGuire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Kirk A. Silas
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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41
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Glennon EE, Becker DJ, Peel AJ, Garnier R, Suu-Ire RD, Gibson L, Hayman DTS, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA, Plowright RK, Restif O. What is stirring in the reservoir? Modelling mechanisms of henipavirus circulation in fruit bat hosts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190021. [PMID: 31401962 PMCID: PMC6711305 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen circulation among reservoir hosts is a precondition for zoonotic spillover. Unlike the acute, high morbidity infections typical in spillover hosts, infected reservoir hosts often exhibit low morbidity and mortality. Although it has been proposed that reservoir host infections may be persistent with recurrent episodes of shedding, direct evidence is often lacking. We construct a generalized SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, recovered) framework encompassing 46 sub-models representing the full range of possible transitions among those four states of infection and immunity. We then use likelihood-based methods to fit these models to nine years of longitudinal data on henipavirus serology from a captive colony of Eidolon helvum bats in Ghana. We find that reinfection is necessary to explain observed dynamics; that acute infectious periods may be very short (hours to days); that immunity, if present, lasts about 1-2 years; and that recurring latent infection is likely. Although quantitative inference is sensitive to assumptions about serology, qualitative predictions are robust. Our novel approach helps clarify mechanisms of viral persistence and circulation in wild bats, including estimated ranges for key parameters such as the basic reproduction number and the duration of the infectious period. Our results inform how future field-based and experimental work could differentiate the processes of viral recurrence and reinfection in reservoir hosts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Glennon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Romain Garnier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Richard D Suu-Ire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Louise Gibson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | | | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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42
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Muylaert RL, Bovendorp RS, Sabino-Santos G, Prist PR, Melo GL, Priante CDF, Wilkinson DA, Ribeiro MC, Hayman DTS. Hantavirus host assemblages and human disease in the Atlantic Forest. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007655. [PMID: 31404077 PMCID: PMC6748440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses from the genus Orthohantavirus are known to cause lethal disease in humans. Sigmodontinae rodents are the main hosts responsible for hantavirus transmission in the tropical forests, savannas, and wetlands of South America. These rodents can shed different hantaviruses, such as the lethal and emerging Araraquara orthohantavirus. Factors that drive variation in host populations may influence hantavirus transmission dynamics within and between populations. Landscape structure, and particularly areas with a predominance of agricultural land and forest remnants, is expected to influence the proportion of hantavirus rodent hosts in the Atlantic Forest rodent community. Here, we tested this using 283 Atlantic Forest rodent capture records and geographically weighted models that allow us to test if predictors vary spatially. We also assessed the correspondence between proportions of hantavirus hosts in rodent communities and a human vulnerability to hantavirus infection index across the entire Atlantic Forest biome. We found that hantavirus host proportions were more positively influenced by landscape diversity than by a particular habitat or agricultural matrix type. Local small mammal diversity also positively influenced known pathogenic hantavirus host proportions, indicating that a plasticity to habitat quality may be more important for these hosts than competition with native forest dwelling species. We found a consistent positive effect of sugarcane and tree plantation on the proportion of rodent hosts, whereas defaunation intensity did not correlate with the proportion of hosts of potentially pathogenic hantavirus genotypes in the community, indicating that non-defaunated areas can also be hotspots for hantavirus disease outbreaks. The spatial match between host hotspots and human disease vulnerability was 17%, while coldspots matched 20%. Overall, we discovered strong spatial and land use change influences on hantavirus hosts at the landscape level across the Atlantic Forest. Our findings suggest disease surveillance must be reinforced in the southern and southeastern regions of the biome where the highest predicted hantavirus host proportion and levels of vulnerability spatially match. Importantly, our analyses suggest there may be more complex rodent community dynamics and interactions with human disease than currently hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L. Muylaert
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ricardo Siqueira Bovendorp
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- PPG Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, LEAC, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paula R. Prist
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Geruza Leal Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - David A. Wilkinson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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43
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Abstract
Inflammatory molecules evolved partly to protect hosts from viruses, but increasing evidence suggests that they cause disease pathology and chronic conditions, and play a role in aging. By mitigating these effects, bats are able to both tolerate viral infections and live well beyond expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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44
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Bloomfield SJ, Midwinter AC, Biggs PJ, French NP, Marshall JC, Hayman DTS, Carter PE, Thornley C, Yap R, Benschop J. Long-term Colonization by Campylobacter jejuni Within a Human Host: Evolution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Adaptation. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:103-111. [PMID: 29099940 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacteriosis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of Campylobacter infection. Most campylobacteriosis cases are acute and self-limiting, with Campylobacter excretion ceasing a few weeks after symptoms cease. We identified a patient with fecal specimens positive for Campylobacter jejuni (ST45) intermittently during a 10-year period. Methods Sixteen Campylobacter isolates were collected from the patient during 2006-2016. The isolates' genomes were sequenced to determine their relatedness, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and motility were measured to determine the effects of antibiotic therapy and long-term excretion on the Campylobacter population. Results Phylogenetic analyses estimated that the isolates shared a date of common ancestor between 1998 and 2006, coinciding with the onset of symptoms for the patient. Genomic analysis identified selection for changes in motility, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing suggested that the Campylobacter population developed resistance to several antibiotics coinciding with periods of antibiotic therapy. Conclusions The patient was consistently colonized with organisms from a Campylobacter population that adapted to the internal environment of the patient. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses can give insight into a patient's infection history and the effect of antimicrobial treatment on Campylobacter populations in this unusual situation of long-term colonization of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Bloomfield
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk ResearchInstitute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Craig Thornley
- Regional Public Health, Lower Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Rudyard Yap
- Palmerston North Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Benschop
- mEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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45
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Haase CG, Fuller NW, Hranac CR, Hayman DTS, Olson SH, Plowright RK, McGuire LP. Bats are not squirrels: Revisiting the cost of cooling in hibernating mammals. J Therm Biol 2019; 81:185-193. [PMID: 30975417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many species use stored energy to hibernate through periods of resource limitation. Hibernation, a physiological state characterized by depressed metabolism and body temperature, is critical to winter survival and reproduction, and therefore has been extensively quantified and modeled. Hibernation consists of alternating phases of extended periods of torpor (low body temperature, low metabolic rate), and energetically costly periodic arousals to normal body temperature. Arousals consist of multiple phases: warming, euthermia, and cooling. Warming and euthermic costs are regularly included in energetic models, but although cooling to torpid body temperature is an important phase of the torpor-arousal cycle, it is often overlooked in energetic models. When included, cooling cost is assumed to be 67% of warming cost, an assumption originally derived from a single study that measured cooling cost in ground squirrels. Since this study, the same proportional value has been assumed across a variety of hibernating species. However, no additional values have been derived. We derived a model of cooling cost from first principles and validated the model with empirical energetic measurements. We compared the assumed 67% proportional cooling cost with our model-predicted cooling cost for 53 hibernating mammals. Our results indicate that using 67% of warming cost only adequately represents cooling cost in ground squirrel-sized mammals. In smaller species, this value overestimates cooling cost and in larger species, the value underestimates cooling cost. Our model allows for the generalization of energetic costs for multiple species using species-specific physiological and morphometric parameters, and for predictions over variable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine G Haase
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, PO Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
| | - Nathan W Fuller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - C Reed Hranac
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, PO Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Liam P McGuire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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46
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Wilkinson DA, Marshall JC, French NP, Hayman DTS. Habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss and the risk of novel infectious disease emergence. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:rsif.2018.0403. [PMID: 30518565 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of microbes on Earth may be 1030, exceeding all other diversity. A small number of these can infect people and cause disease. The diversity of parasitic organisms likely correlates with the hosts they live in and the number mammal hosts for zoonotic infections increases with species richness among mammalian orders. Thus, while habitat loss and fragmentation may reduce species diversity, the habitat encroachment by people into species-rich areas may increase the exposure of people to novel infectious agents from wildlife. Here, we present a theoretical framework that exploits the species-area relationship to link the exposure of people to novel infections with habitat biodiversity. We model changes in human exposure to microbes through defined classes of habitat fragmentation and predict that increased habitat division intrinsically increases the hazard from microbes for all modelled biological systems. We apply our model to African tropical forests as an example. Our results suggest that it is possible to identify high-risk areas for the mitigation and surveillance of novel disease emergence and that mitigation measures may reduce this risk while conserving biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wilkinson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand .,New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan C Marshall
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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47
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Abstract
Increased measles immunization has led to a significant decline in measles incidence and mortality. During 2016 it is estimated that fewer than 100,000 died from measles for the first time in recorded history. In highly immunized countries measles epidemiology has changed. Threats to national elimination goals and public health include aging cohorts of naïve people that exist from imperfect vaccination rates during the early years of immunization programs. This may be complemented by some loss of immunity in vaccinated populations. While childhood immunization must remain a focus for control efforts, due to higher mortality in the very young, these naïve adolescents and adults also accumulate as they age and add to the pool of susceptible people, perhaps beyond the view of those that are focused on childhood immunization. Here, features of measles epidemiology and control in highly immunized populations are reviewed, providing global data where necessary, to highlight why countries with high immunization coverage are still threatened by measles outbreaks and how changing dynamics may alter disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- a Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (mEpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre (IDReC), Hopkirk Research Institute , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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48
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Hayman DTS, Luis AD, Restif O, Baker KS, Fooks AR, Leach C, Horton DL, Suu-Ire R, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Webb CT. Maternal antibody and the maintenance of a lyssavirus in populations of seasonally breeding African bats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198563. [PMID: 29894488 PMCID: PMC5997331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens causing acute disease and death or lasting immunity require specific spatial or temporal processes to persist in populations. Host traits, such as maternally-derived antibody (MDA) and seasonal birthing affect infection maintenance within populations. Our study objective is to understand how viral and host traits lead to population level infection persistence when the infection can be fatal. We collected data on African fruit bats and a rabies-related virus, Lagos bat virus (LBV), including through captive studies. We incorporate these data into a mechanistic model of LBV transmission to determine how host traits, including MDA and seasonal birthing, and viral traits, such as incubation periods, interact to allow fatal viruses to persist within bat populations. Captive bat studies supported MDA presence estimated from field data. Captive bat infection-derived antibody decayed more slowly than MDA, and while faster than estimates from the field, supports field data that suggest antibody persistence may be lifelong. Unobserved parameters were estimated by particle filtering and suggest only a small proportion of bats die of disease. Pathogen persistence in the population is sensitive to this proportion, along with MDA duration and incubation period. Our analyses suggest MDA produced bats and prolonged virus incubation periods allow viral maintenance in adverse conditions, such as a lethal pathogen or strongly seasonal resource availability for the pathogen in the form of seasonally pulsed birthing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory (EpiLab), Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Angela D. Luis
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, Montana, United States of America
| | - Olivier Restif
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate S. Baker
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Clint Leach
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew A. Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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49
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Bloomfield SJ, Benschop J, Biggs PJ, Marshall JC, Hayman DTS, Carter PE, Midwinter AC, Mather AE, French NP. Genomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT160 Associated with a 14-Year Outbreak, New Zealand, 1998-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:906-913. [PMID: 28516864 PMCID: PMC5443446 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.161934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 1998-2012, an extended outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive type 160 (DT160) affected >3,000 humans and killed wild birds in New Zealand. However, the relationship between DT160 within these 2 host groups and the origin of the outbreak are unknown. Whole-genome sequencing was used to compare 109 Salmonella Typhimurium DT160 isolates from sources throughout New Zealand. We provide evidence that DT160 was introduced into New Zealand around 1997 and rapidly propagated throughout the country, becoming more genetically diverse over time. The genetic heterogeneity was evenly distributed across multiple predicted functional protein groups, and we found no evidence of host group differentiation between isolates collected from human, poultry, bovid, and wild bird sources, indicating ongoing transmission between these host groups. Our findings demonstrate how a comparative genomic approach can be used to gain insight into outbreaks, disease transmission, and the evolution of a multihost pathogen after a probable point-source introduction.
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50
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Peel AJ, Baker KS, Hayman DTS, Broder CC, Cunningham AA, Fooks AR, Garnier R, Wood JLN, Restif O. Support for viral persistence in bats from age-specific serology and models of maternal immunity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3859. [PMID: 29497106 PMCID: PMC5832774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporally-localised prediction of virus emergence from wildlife requires focused studies on the ecology and immunology of reservoir hosts in their native habitat. Reliable predictions from mathematical models remain difficult in most systems due to a dearth of appropriate empirical data. Our goal was to study the circulation and immune dynamics of zoonotic viruses in bat populations and investigate the effects of maternally-derived and acquired immunity on viral persistence. Using rare age-specific serological data from wild-caught Eidolon helvum fruit bats as a case study, we estimated viral transmission parameters for a stochastic infection model. We estimated mean durations of around 6 months for maternally-derived immunity to Lagos bat virus and African henipavirus, whereas acquired immunity was long-lasting (Lagos bat virus: mean 12 years, henipavirus: mean 4 years). In the presence of a seasonal birth pulse, the effect of maternally-derived immunity on virus persistence within modelled bat populations was highly dependent on transmission characteristics. To explain previous reports of viral persistence within small natural and captive E. helvum populations, we hypothesise that some bats must experience prolonged infectious periods or within-host latency. By further elucidating plausible mechanisms of virus persistence in bat populations, we contribute to guidance of future field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Peel
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - Kate S Baker
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David T S Hayman
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4799, USA
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Romain Garnier
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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