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Singh T, Poterba T, Curtis D, Akil H, Al Eissa M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bigdeli TB, Breen G, Bromet EJ, Buckley PF, Bunney WE, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley WF, Chapman SB, Chen WJ, Churchhouse C, Craddock N, Cusick CM, DeLisi L, Dodge S, Escamilla MA, Eskelinen S, Fanous AH, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Francioli L, Gabriel SB, Gage D, Gagliano Taliun SA, Ganna A, Genovese G, Glahn DC, Grove J, Hall MH, Hämäläinen E, Heyne HO, Holi M, Hougaard DM, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Hwu HG, Kahn RS, Kang HM, Karczewski KJ, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Lee FS, Lehrer DS, Lescai F, Malaspina D, Marder SR, McCarroll SA, McIntosh AM, Medeiros H, Milani L, Morley CP, Morris DW, Mortensen PB, Myers RM, Nordentoft M, O'Brien NL, Olivares AM, Ongur D, Ouwehand WH, Palmer DS, Paunio T, Quested D, Rapaport MH, Rees E, Rollins B, Satterstrom FK, Schatzberg A, Scolnick E, Scott LJ, Sharp SI, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sobell JL, Solomonson M, Stahl EA, Stevens CR, Suvisaari J, Tiao G, Watson SJ, Watts NA, Blackwood DH, Børglum AD, Cohen BM, Corvin AP, Esko T, Freimer NB, Glatt SJ, Hultman CM, McQuillin A, Palotie A, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pulver AE, St Clair D, Tsuang MT, Vawter MP, Walters JT, Werge TM, Ophoff RA, Sullivan PF, Owen MJ, Boehnke M, O'Donovan MC, Neale BM, Daly MJ. Rare coding variants in ten genes confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:509-516. [PMID: 35396579 PMCID: PMC9805802 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare coding variation has historically provided the most direct connections between gene function and disease pathogenesis. By meta-analysing the whole exomes of 24,248 schizophrenia cases and 97,322 controls, we implicate ultra-rare coding variants (URVs) in 10 genes as conferring substantial risk for schizophrenia (odds ratios of 3-50, P < 2.14 × 10-6) and 32 genes at a false discovery rate of <5%. These genes have the greatest expression in central nervous system neurons and have diverse molecular functions that include the formation, structure and function of the synapse. The associations of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor subunit GRIN2A and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptor subunit GRIA3 provide support for dysfunction of the glutamatergic system as a mechanistic hypothesis in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We observe an overlap of rare variant risk among schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders1, epilepsy and severe neurodevelopmental disorders2, although different mutation types are implicated in some shared genes. Most genes described here, however, are not implicated in neurodevelopment. We demonstrate that genes prioritized from common variant analyses of schizophrenia are enriched in rare variant risk3, suggesting that common and rare genetic risk factors converge at least partially on the same underlying pathogenic biological processes. Even after excluding significantly associated genes, schizophrenia cases still carry a substantial excess of URVs, which indicates that more risk genes await discovery using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarjinder Singh
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Timothy Poterba
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Huda Akil
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William E Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad B Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline M Cusick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lynn DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sheila Dodge
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Saana Eskelinen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Laurent Francioli
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Genomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Gagliano Taliun
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montréal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hua Hall
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Eija Hämäläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Holi
- Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- MIRECC, JP Peters VA Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Francesco Lescai
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Department of Family Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niamh L O'Brien
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Maria Olivares
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Duncan S Palmer
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mark H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elliott Rees
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brandi Rollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F Kyle Satterstrom
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Schatzberg
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sally I Sharp
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Solomonson
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine R Stevens
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Grace Tiao
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas A Watts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Aarno Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ann E Pulver
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James T Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas M Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Bigdeli TB, Genovese G, Georgakopoulos P, Meyers JL, Peterson RE, Iyegbe CO, Medeiros H, Valderrama J, Achtyes ED, Kotov R, Stahl EA, Abbott C, Azevedo MH, Belliveau RA, Bevilacqua E, Bromet EJ, Byerley W, Carvalho CB, Chapman SB, DeLisi LE, Dumont AL, O’Dushlaine C, Evgrafov OV, Fochtmann LJ, Gage D, Kennedy JL, Kinkead B, Macedo A, Moran JL, Morley CP, Dewan MJ, Nemesh J, Perkins DO, Purcell SM, Rakofsky JJ, Scolnick EM, Sklar BM, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Sullivan PF, Macciardi F, Marder SR, Gur RC, Gur RE, Braff DL, Nicolini H, Escamilla MA, Vawter MP, Sobell JL, Malaspina D, Lehrer DS, Buckley PF, Rapaport MH, Knowles JA, Fanous AH, Pato MT, McCarroll SA, Pato CN. Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2455-2467. [PMID: 31591465 PMCID: PMC7515843 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10-52), Latino (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10-58), and European individuals (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10-113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B. Bigdeli
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Giulio Genovese
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Penelope Georgakopoulos
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Conrad O. Iyegbe
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Medeiros
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Jorge Valderrama
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Eric D. Achtyes
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Cherry Health and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA
| | - Colony Abbott
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Maria Helena Azevedo
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PT Portugal
| | - Richard A. Belliveau
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | | | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - William Byerley
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Celia Barreto Carvalho
- grid.7338.f0000 0001 2096 9474Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Sinéad B. Chapman
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ashley L. Dumont
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Colm O’Dushlaine
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Oleg V. Evgrafov
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Laura J. Fochtmann
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Diane Gage
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - James L. Kennedy
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Neurogenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Becky Kinkead
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Antonio Macedo
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PT Portugal
| | - Jennifer L. Moran
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Christopher P. Morley
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Mantosh J. Dewan
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - James Nemesh
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Rakofsky
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Edward M. Scolnick
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Brooke M. Sklar
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Patrick F. Sullivan
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.465198.7Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE Sweden
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Stephen R. Marder
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David L. Braff
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.410371.00000 0004 0419 2708VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Escamilla
- grid.416992.10000 0001 2179 3554Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Janet L. Sobell
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics & Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY USA
| | - Douglas S. Lehrer
- grid.268333.f0000 0004 1936 7937Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Peter F. Buckley
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Mark H. Rapaport
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - James A. Knowles
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | | | - Ayman H. Fanous
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Michele T. Pato
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA ,grid.262863.b0000 0001 0693 2202Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
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3
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Alliey-Rodriguez N, Grey TA, Shafee R, Asif H, Lutz O, Bolo NR, Padmanabhan J, Tandon N, Klinger M, Reis K, Spring J, Coppes L, Zeng V, Hegde RR, Hoang DT, Bannai D, Nawaz U, Henson P, Liu S, Gage D, McCarroll S, Bishop JR, Hill S, Reilly JL, Lencer R, Clementz BA, Buckley P, Glahn DC, Meda SA, Narayanan B, Pearlson G, Keshavan MS, Ivleva EI, Tamminga C, Sweeney JA, Curtis D, Badner JA, Keedy S, Rapoport J, Liu C, Gershon ES. NRXN1 is associated with enlargement of the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles in psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:230. [PMID: 31530798 PMCID: PMC6748921 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective, and Bipolar disorders share behavioral and phenomenological traits, intermediate phenotypes, and some associated genetic loci with pleiotropic effects. Volumetric abnormalities in brain structures are among the intermediate phenotypes consistently reported associated with these disorders. In order to examine the genetic underpinnings of these structural brain modifications, we performed genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) on 60 quantitative structural brain MRI phenotypes in a sample of 777 subjects (483 cases and 294 controls pooled together). Genotyping was performed with the Illumina PsychChip microarray, followed by imputation to the 1000 genomes multiethnic reference panel. Enlargement of the Temporal Horns of Lateral Ventricles (THLV) is associated with an intronic SNP of the gene NRXN1 (rs12467877, P = 6.76E-10), which accounts for 4.5% of the variance in size. Enlarged THLV is associated with psychosis in this sample, and with reduction of the hippocampus and enlargement of the choroid plexus and caudate. Eight other suggestively significant associations (P < 5.5E-8) were identified with THLV and 5 other brain structures. Although rare deletions of NRXN1 have been previously associated with psychosis, this is the first report of a common SNP variant of NRXN1 associated with enlargement of the THLV in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA.
| | - Tamar A. Grey
- 0000 0001 2341 2786grid.116068.8Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Rebecca Shafee
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Huma Asif
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Olivia Lutz
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA
| | - Nicolas R. Bolo
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA
| | - Madeline Klinger
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Katherine Reis
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Jonathan Spring
- University of Chicago Laboratory for Advanced Computing, Chicago, USA
| | - Lucas Coppes
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Victor Zeng
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Rachal R. Hegde
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Dung T. Hoang
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Deepthi Bannai
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Uzma Nawaz
- 0000 0004 1936 7558grid.189504.1Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Philip Henson
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Siyuan Liu
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dChild Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Diane Gage
- grid.66859.34Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Bishop
- 0000000419368657grid.17635.36University of Minnesota, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Scot Hill
- 0000 0004 0388 7807grid.262641.5Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, USA
| | - James L. Reilly
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Rebekka Lencer
- 0000 0001 2172 9288grid.5949.1University of Muenster, Munster, Germany
| | - Brett A. Clementz
- 0000 0000 9564 9822grid.264978.6Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Peter Buckley
- 0000 0004 0458 8737grid.224260.0Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Yale University Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, New Haven, USA
| | - Shashwath A. Meda
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Yale University Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, New Haven, USA
| | - Balaji Narayanan
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Yale University Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, New Haven, USA
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- 0000000419368710grid.47100.32Yale University Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, New Haven, USA
| | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cHarvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, USA
| | - Elena I. Ivleva
- 0000 0000 9482 7121grid.267313.2University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, USA
| | - Carol Tamminga
- 0000 0000 9482 7121grid.267313.2University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, USA
| | - John A. Sweeney
- 0000 0000 9482 7121grid.267313.2University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, USA
| | - David Curtis
- 0000 0001 2171 1133grid.4868.2University College London and Centre for Psychiatry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Judith A. Badner
- 0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cRush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sarah Keedy
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Judith Rapoport
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dChild Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5SUNY Upstate Medical University, Binghamton, USA
| | - Elliot S. Gershon
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Chicago, USA ,University of Chicago, Department of Human Genetics, Chicago, USA
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4
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Stahl EA, Breen G, Forstner AJ, McQuillin A, Ripke S, Trubetskoy V, Mattheisen M, Wang Y, Coleman JRI, Gaspar HA, de Leeuw CA, Steinberg S, Pavlides JMW, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Pers TH, Holmans PA, Richards AL, Abbott L, Agerbo E, Akil H, Albani D, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Als TD, Anjorin A, Antilla V, Awasthi S, Badner JA, Bækvad-Hansen M, Barchas JD, Bass N, Bauer M, Belliveau R, Bergen SE, Pedersen CB, Bøen E, Boks MP, Boocock J, Budde M, Bunney W, Burmeister M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Byerley W, Casas M, Cerrato F, Cervantes P, Chambert K, Charney AW, Chen D, Churchhouse C, Clarke TK, Coryell W, Craig DW, Cruceanu C, Curtis D, Czerski PM, Dale AM, de Jong S, Degenhardt F, Del-Favero J, DePaulo JR, Djurovic S, Dobbyn AL, Dumont A, Elvsåshagen T, Escott-Price V, Fan CC, Fischer SB, Flickinger M, Foroud TM, Forty L, Frank J, Fraser C, Freimer NB, Frisén L, Gade K, Gage D, Garnham J, Giambartolomei C, Pedersen MG, Goldstein J, Gordon SD, Gordon-Smith K, Green EK, Green MJ, Greenwood TA, Grove J, Guan W, Guzman-Parra J, Hamshere ML, Hautzinger M, Heilbronner U, Herms S, Hipolito M, Hoffmann P, Holland D, Huckins L, Jamain S, Johnson JS, Juréus A, Kandaswamy R, Karlsson R, Kennedy JL, Kittel-Schneider S, Knowles JA, Kogevinas M, Koller AC, Kupka R, Lavebratt C, Lawrence J, Lawson WB, Leber M, Lee PH, Levy SE, Li JZ, Liu C, Lucae S, Maaser A, MacIntyre DJ, Mahon PB, Maier W, Martinsson L, McCarroll S, McGuffin P, McInnis MG, McKay JD, Medeiros H, Medland SE, Meng F, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris DW, Mühleisen TW, Mullins N, Nguyen H, Nievergelt CM, Adolfsson AN, Nwulia EA, O'Donovan C, Loohuis LMO, Ori APS, Oruc L, Ösby U, Perlis RH, Perry A, Pfennig A, Potash JB, Purcell SM, Regeer EJ, Reif A, Reinbold CS, Rice JP, Rivas F, Rivera M, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Ryu E, Sánchez-Mora C, Schatzberg AF, Scheftner WA, Schork NJ, Shannon Weickert C, Shehktman T, Shilling PD, Sigurdsson E, Slaney C, Smeland OB, Sobell JL, Søholm Hansen C, Spijker AT, St Clair D, Steffens M, Strauss JS, Streit F, Strohmaier J, Szelinger S, Thompson RC, Thorgeirsson TE, Treutlein J, Vedder H, Wang W, Watson SJ, Weickert TW, Witt SH, Xi S, Xu W, Young AH, Zandi P, Zhang P, Zöllner S, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Alda M, Backlund L, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Berrettini WH, Biernacka JM, Blackwood DHR, Boehnke M, Børglum AD, Corvin A, Craddock N, Daly MJ, Dannlowski U, Esko T, Etain B, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gershon ES, Gill M, Goes F, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Hougaard DM, Hultman CM, Jones I, Jones LA, Kahn RS, Kirov G, Landén M, Leboyer M, Lewis CM, Li QS, Lissowska J, Martin NG, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, Melle I, Metspalu A, Mitchell PB, Morken G, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Myers RM, Neale BM, Nimgaonkar V, Nordentoft M, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Oedegaard KJ, Owen MJ, Paciga SA, Pato C, Pato MT, Posthuma D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Rietschel M, Rouleau GA, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Serretti A, Smoller JW, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Stordal E, Sullivan PF, Turecki G, Vaaler AE, Vieta E, Vincent JB, Werge T, Nurnberger JI, Wray NR, Di Florio A, Edenberg HJ, Cichon S, Ophoff RA, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, Kelsoe J, Sklar P. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 2019; 51:793-803. [PMID: 31043756 PMCID: PMC6956732 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P < 1 × 10-4 in an additional 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. Eight of the 19 variants that were genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) in the discovery GWAS were not genome-wide significant in the combined analysis, consistent with small effect sizes and limited power but also with genetic heterogeneity. In the combined analysis, 30 loci were genome-wide significant, including 20 newly identified loci. The significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels, neurotransmitter transporters and synaptic components. Pathway analysis revealed nine significantly enriched gene sets, including regulation of insulin secretion and endocannabinoid signaling. Bipolar I disorder is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia, driven by psychosis, whereas bipolar II disorder is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Ripke
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Héléna A Gaspar
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tune H Pers
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Holmans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Alexander L Richards
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Liam Abbott
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Department of Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, UK
| | - Verneri Antilla
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith A Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jack D Barchas
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco P Boks
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James Boocock
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - William Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute and Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miquel Casas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felecia Cerrato
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pablo Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danfeng Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire Churchhouse
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - William Coryell
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - David Curtis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simone de Jong
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Unit, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Raymond DePaulo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amanda L Dobbyn
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Dumont
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sascha B Fischer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Flickinger
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liz Forty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Fraser
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise Frisén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Gade
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diane Gage
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie Garnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Claudia Giambartolomei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Giørtz Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaqueline Goldstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Elaine K Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Weihua Guan
- Biostatistics, University of Minnesota System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - José Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Hipolito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Holland
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Huckins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Inserm U955, Créteil, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica S Johnson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radhika Kandaswamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James A Knowles
- Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Anna C Koller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph Kupka
- Psychiatry, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Psychiatry, VU Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Department of, rth East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, UK
| | - William B Lawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Markus Leber
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geropsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anna Maaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Donald J MacIntyre
- Mental Health, NHS 24, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela B Mahon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lina Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steve McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Discipline of Biochemistry, Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG) Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research/Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Evaristus A Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Loes M Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anil P S Ori
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilijana Oruc
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Urban Ösby
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Perry
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaun M Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eline J Regeer
- Outpatient Clinic for Bipolar Disorder, Altrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatyana Shehktman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Claire Slaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christine Søholm Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David St Clair
- Institute for Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - John S Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Vedder
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatrisches Zentrum Nordbaden, Wiesloch, Germany
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Xi
- Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan H Young
- Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lena Backlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mark J Daly
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Kirov
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR BRC for Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iSEQ, Center for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Human Genetics and Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d´Hebron Research Institut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eystein Stordal
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Namsos, Namsos, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sankt Olavs Hospital Universitetssykehuset i Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Onatario, Canada
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arianna Di Florio
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, England
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Saxena R, Voight BF, Lyssenko V, Burtt NP, de Bakker PIW, Chen H, Roix JJ, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Daly MJ, Hughes TE, Groop L, Altshuler D, Almgren P, Florez JC, Meyer J, Ardlie K, Bengtsson Boström K, Isomaa B, Lettre G, Lindblad U, Lyon HN, Melander O, Newton-Cheh C, Nilsson P, Orho-Melander M, Råstam L, Speliotes EK, Taskinen MR, Tuomi T, Guiducci C, Berglund A, Carlson J, Gianniny L, Hackett R, Hall L, Holmkvist J, Laurila E, Sjögren M, Sterner M, Surti A, Svensson M, Svensson M, Tewhey R, Blumenstiel B, Parkin M, Defelice M, Barry R, Brodeur W, Camarata J, Chia N, Fava M, Gibbons J, Handsaker B, Healy C, Nguyen K, Gates C, Sougnez C, Gage D, Nizzari M, Gabriel SB, Chirn GW, Ma Q, Parikh H, Richardson D, Ricke D, Purcell S. Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. Science 2007; 316:1331-6. [PMID: 17463246 DOI: 10.1126/science.1142358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2085] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New strategies for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) require improved insight into disease etiology. We analyzed 386,731 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1464 patients with T2D and 1467 matched controls, each characterized for measures of glucose metabolism, lipids, obesity, and blood pressure. With collaborators (FUSION and WTCCC/UKT2D), we identified and confirmed three loci associated with T2D-in a noncoding region near CDKN2A and CDKN2B, in an intron of IGF2BP2, and an intron of CDKAL1-and replicated associations near HHEX and in SLC30A8 found by a recent whole-genome association study. We identified and confirmed association of a SNP in an intron of glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) with serum triglycerides. The discovery of associated variants in unsuspected genes and outside coding regions illustrates the ability of genome-wide association studies to provide potentially important clues to the pathogenesis of common diseases.
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6
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Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, Kamal M, Clamp M, Chang JL, Kulbokas EJ, Zody MC, Mauceli E, Xie X, Breen M, Wayne RK, Ostrander EA, Ponting CP, Galibert F, Smith DR, DeJong PJ, Kirkness E, Alvarez P, Biagi T, Brockman W, Butler J, Chin CW, Cook A, Cuff J, Daly MJ, DeCaprio D, Gnerre S, Grabherr M, Kellis M, Kleber M, Bardeleben C, Goodstadt L, Heger A, Hitte C, Kim L, Koepfli KP, Parker HG, Pollinger JP, Searle SMJ, Sutter NB, Thomas R, Webber C, Baldwin J, Abebe A, Abouelleil A, Aftuck L, Ait-Zahra M, Aldredge T, Allen N, An P, Anderson S, Antoine C, Arachchi H, Aslam A, Ayotte L, Bachantsang P, Barry A, Bayul T, Benamara M, Berlin A, Bessette D, Blitshteyn B, Bloom T, Blye J, Boguslavskiy L, Bonnet C, Boukhgalter B, Brown A, Cahill P, Calixte N, Camarata J, Cheshatsang Y, Chu J, Citroen M, Collymore A, Cooke P, Dawoe T, Daza R, Decktor K, DeGray S, Dhargay N, Dooley K, Dooley K, Dorje P, Dorjee K, Dorris L, Duffey N, Dupes A, Egbiremolen O, Elong R, Falk J, Farina A, Faro S, Ferguson D, Ferreira P, Fisher S, FitzGerald M, Foley K, Foley C, Franke A, Friedrich D, Gage D, Garber M, Gearin G, Giannoukos G, Goode T, Goyette A, Graham J, Grandbois E, Gyaltsen K, Hafez N, Hagopian D, Hagos B, Hall J, Healy C, Hegarty R, Honan T, Horn A, Houde N, Hughes L, Hunnicutt L, Husby M, Jester B, Jones C, Kamat A, Kanga B, Kells C, Khazanovich D, Kieu AC, Kisner P, Kumar M, Lance K, Landers T, Lara M, Lee W, Leger JP, Lennon N, Leuper L, LeVine S, Liu J, Liu X, Lokyitsang Y, Lokyitsang T, Lui A, Macdonald J, Major J, Marabella R, Maru K, Matthews C, McDonough S, Mehta T, Meldrim J, Melnikov A, Meneus L, Mihalev A, Mihova T, Miller K, Mittelman R, Mlenga V, Mulrain L, Munson G, Navidi A, Naylor J, Nguyen T, Nguyen N, Nguyen C, Nguyen T, Nicol R, Norbu N, Norbu C, Novod N, Nyima T, Olandt P, O'Neill B, O'Neill K, Osman S, Oyono L, Patti C, Perrin D, Phunkhang P, Pierre F, Priest M, Rachupka A, Raghuraman S, Rameau R, Ray V, Raymond C, Rege F, Rise C, Rogers J, Rogov P, Sahalie J, Settipalli S, Sharpe T, Shea T, Sheehan M, Sherpa N, Shi J, Shih D, Sloan J, Smith C, Sparrow T, Stalker J, Stange-Thomann N, Stavropoulos S, Stone C, Stone S, Sykes S, Tchuinga P, Tenzing P, Tesfaye S, Thoulutsang D, Thoulutsang Y, Topham K, Topping I, Tsamla T, Vassiliev H, Venkataraman V, Vo A, Wangchuk T, Wangdi T, Weiand M, Wilkinson J, Wilson A, Yadav S, Yang S, Yang X, Young G, Yu Q, Zainoun J, Zembek L, Zimmer A, Lander ES. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 2005; 438:803-19. [PMID: 16341006 DOI: 10.1038/nature04338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1680] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a high-quality draft genome sequence of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), together with a dense map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across breeds. The dog is of particular interest because it provides important evolutionary information and because existing breeds show great phenotypic diversity for morphological, physiological and behavioural traits. We use sequence comparison with the primate and rodent lineages to shed light on the structure and evolution of genomes and genes. Notably, the majority of the most highly conserved non-coding sequences in mammalian genomes are clustered near a small subset of genes with important roles in development. Analysis of SNPs reveals long-range haplotypes across the entire dog genome, and defines the nature of genetic diversity within and across breeds. The current SNP map now makes it possible for genome-wide association studies to identify genes responsible for diseases and traits, with important consequences for human and companion animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 320 Charles Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.
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7
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Waterston RH, Lindblad-Toh K, Birney E, Rogers J, Abril JF, Agarwal P, Agarwala R, Ainscough R, Alexandersson M, An P, Antonarakis SE, Attwood J, Baertsch R, Bailey J, Barlow K, Beck S, Berry E, Birren B, Bloom T, Bork P, Botcherby M, Bray N, Brent MR, Brown DG, Brown SD, Bult C, Burton J, Butler J, Campbell RD, Carninci P, Cawley S, Chiaromonte F, Chinwalla AT, Church DM, Clamp M, Clee C, Collins FS, Cook LL, Copley RR, Coulson A, Couronne O, Cuff J, Curwen V, Cutts T, Daly M, David R, Davies J, Delehaunty KD, Deri J, Dermitzakis ET, Dewey C, Dickens NJ, Diekhans M, Dodge S, Dubchak I, Dunn DM, Eddy SR, Elnitski L, Emes RD, Eswara P, Eyras E, Felsenfeld A, Fewell GA, Flicek P, Foley K, Frankel WN, Fulton LA, Fulton RS, Furey TS, Gage D, Gibbs RA, Glusman G, Gnerre S, Goldman N, Goodstadt L, Grafham D, Graves TA, Green ED, Gregory S, Guigó R, Guyer M, Hardison RC, Haussler D, Hayashizaki Y, Hillier LW, Hinrichs A, Hlavina W, Holzer T, Hsu F, Hua A, Hubbard T, Hunt A, Jackson I, Jaffe DB, Johnson LS, Jones M, Jones TA, Joy A, Kamal M, Karlsson EK, Karolchik D, Kasprzyk A, Kawai J, Keibler E, Kells C, Kent WJ, Kirby A, Kolbe DL, Korf I, Kucherlapati RS, Kulbokas EJ, Kulp D, Landers T, Leger JP, Leonard S, Letunic I, Levine R, Li J, Li M, Lloyd C, Lucas S, Ma B, Maglott DR, Mardis ER, Matthews L, Mauceli E, Mayer JH, McCarthy M, McCombie WR, McLaren S, McLay K, McPherson JD, Meldrim J, Meredith B, Mesirov JP, Miller W, Miner TL, Mongin E, Montgomery KT, Morgan M, Mott R, Mullikin JC, Muzny DM, Nash WE, Nelson JO, Nhan MN, Nicol R, Ning Z, Nusbaum C, O'Connor MJ, Okazaki Y, Oliver K, Overton-Larty E, Pachter L, Parra G, Pepin KH, Peterson J, Pevzner P, Plumb R, Pohl CS, Poliakov A, Ponce TC, Ponting CP, Potter S, Quail M, Reymond A, Roe BA, Roskin KM, Rubin EM, Rust AG, Santos R, Sapojnikov V, Schultz B, Schultz J, Schwartz MS, Schwartz S, Scott C, Seaman S, Searle S, Sharpe T, Sheridan A, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Singer JB, Slater G, Smit A, Smith DR, Spencer B, Stabenau A, Stange-Thomann N, Sugnet C, Suyama M, Tesler G, Thompson J, Torrents D, Trevaskis E, Tromp J, Ucla C, Ureta-Vidal A, Vinson JP, Von Niederhausern AC, Wade CM, Wall M, Weber RJ, Weiss RB, Wendl MC, West AP, Wetterstrand K, Wheeler R, Whelan S, Wierzbowski J, Willey D, Williams S, Wilson RK, Winter E, Worley KC, Wyman D, Yang S, Yang SP, Zdobnov EM, Zody MC, Lander ES. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002; 420:520-62. [PMID: 12466850 DOI: 10.1038/nature01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4791] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the mouse genome is a key informational tool for understanding the contents of the human genome and a key experimental tool for biomedical research. Here, we report the results of an international collaboration to produce a high-quality draft sequence of the mouse genome. We also present an initial comparative analysis of the mouse and human genomes, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the two sequences. We discuss topics including the analysis of the evolutionary forces shaping the size, structure and sequence of the genomes; the conservation of large-scale synteny across most of the genomes; the much lower extent of sequence orthology covering less than half of the genomes; the proportions of the genomes under selection; the number of protein-coding genes; the expansion of gene families related to reproduction and immunity; the evolution of proteins; and the identification of intraspecies polymorphism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Composition
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- CpG Islands/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes/genetics
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genome
- Genome, Human
- Genomics
- Humans
- Mice/classification
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Mutagenesis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Proteome/genetics
- Pseudogenes/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Selection, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sex Chromosomes/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Synteny
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8
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Gage D. Choosing the right partner. J Clin Orthod 2001; 35:365-8. [PMID: 11494939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Gage
- Business Mediation Associates, 1301 20th St. N.W., Suite 603, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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9
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Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann Y, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowki J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:860-921. [PMID: 11237011 DOI: 10.1038/35057062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14509] [Impact Index Per Article: 630.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lander
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Muropeptide composition of peptidoglycan isolated from isogenic vancomycin-resistant and sensitive Enterococcus faecium strains was analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with amino acid and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analyses. Peptidoglycan of the sensitive and resistant strains was the same and was composed of tri- and tetrapeptides stem peptide subunits with or without aspartate or asparagine substitutions on the epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue. Thus, the synthesis of lactate-terminating peptidoglycan precursors in vancomycin-resistant E. faecium did not affect the chemical composition of peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L de Jonge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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11
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Abstract
An aerobic thermophile has been isolated from an alpha-pinene enrichment culture. The isolate, which was designated BR425, has been tentatively identified as Bacillus pallidus using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and organism morphology. Monophasic and biphasic incubations of BR425 cells with alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and limonene yielded a number of oxidized monoterpene metabolites with carveol as a common metabolite. A pinene degradation pathway with carveol and carvone as central metabolic intermediates is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Savithiry
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University East Lansing 48824, USA
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12
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Emerson J, Gage D. A primer for nurse managers in managing those messy fluctuations in volume and intensity. Aspens Advis Nurse Exec 1999; 14:9-12. [PMID: 10085804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Emerson
- St. Alexius Medical Center, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA
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13
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Jones MZ, Alroy J, Boyer PJ, Cavanagh KT, Johnson K, Gage D, Vorro J, Render JA, Common RS, Leedle RA, Lowrie C, Sharp P, Liour SS, Levene B, Hoard H, Lucas R, Hopwood JJ. Caprine mucopolysaccharidosis-IIID: clinical, biochemical, morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57:148-57. [PMID: 9600207 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199802000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several animal models have been developed for the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by lysosomal hydrolase deficiencies that disrupt the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Among the MPS, the MPS-III (Sanfilippo) syndromes lacked an animal counterpart until recently. In this investigation of caprine MPS-IIID, the clinical, biochemical, morphological, and immunohistochemical studies revealed severe and mild phenotypes like those observed in human MPS III syndromes. Both forms of caprine MPS IIID result from a nonsense mutation and consequent deficiency of lysosomal N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase (G6S) activity and are associated with tissue storage and urinary excretion of heparan sulfate (HS). Using special stains, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy, secondary lysosomes filled with GAG were identified in most tissues from affected goats. Primary neuronal accumulation of HS and the secondary storage of gangliosides were observed in the central nervous system (CNS) of these animals. In addition, morphological changes in the CNS such as neuritic expansions and other neuronal alterations that may have functional significance were also seen. The spectrum of lesions was greater in the severe form of caprine MPS IIID and included mild cartilaginous, bony, and corneal lesions. The more pronounced neurological deficits in the severe form were partly related to a greater extent of CNS dysmyelination. These findings demonstrate that caprine MPS IIID is a suitable animal model for the investigation of therapeutic strategies for MPS III syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jones
- Department of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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14
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Matheson GK, Knowles A, Guthrie D, Gage D, Weinzapfel D, Blackbourne J. Actions of serotonergic agents on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the rat. Gen Pharmacol 1997; 29:823-8. [PMID: 9347333 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of ipsapirone, nefazodone, tiaspirone, BMS-20661, buspirone and gepirone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were studied. These drugs were selected because they have serontonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor-binding capability and have the potential for therapeutic activity in the treatment of major affective or anxiety disorders or both. 2. Plasma corticosterone level was used as the end point for determining the effect of each drug on the HPA axis. Each drug increased the plasma corticosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. The ED50 values were 0.8 mg/kg for BMS-20661, 3.5 mg/kg for gepirone, 3.9 mg/kg for buspirone, 5.3 mg/ kg for tiaspirone, 10.5 mg/kg for ipsapirone and 73.5 mg/kg for nefazodone. Ipsapirone and buspirone were more efficacious than the other four drugs. 3. The effect of a 10-mg/kg (35 mg/kg for nefazodone) test dose of each drug reached a peak between 30 min and 1 hr, and plasma corticosterone levels generally returned to control levels after 2 hr. 4. When the drugs were given 30 min before decapitation, in conjunction with a rotatory stress, BMS-20661 significantly inhibited the stress-induced rise, whereas ipsapirone and gepirone caused a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels. However, when the drugs were given 2 hr before decapitation, nefazodone caused a significant decrease, whereas ipsapirone, BMS-20661 and gepirone produced significant increases in HPA axis activity. An 0800 hr dose of 0.1 mg/kg of dexamethasone suppressed the 1500 hr HPA activity by 73.1%. The 0.1-mg/kg dose of dexamethasone significantly reduced the drug-activated HPA axis activity of all of the drugs from their saline-control levels. The rank order, from least to greatest inhibitory effect, produced by this dexamethasone treatment on the drug-control levels was gepirone (-42.6%), tiaspirone (-48.9%), buspirone (-56.1%), nefazodone (-68.5%), insapirone (-70.0%), and BMS-20661 (-74.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Matheson
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Neurobiology Laboratory, Evansville 47712, USA.
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15
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Matheson GK, Knowles A, Gage D, Michel C, Guthrie D, Bauer C, Blackbourne J, Weinzapfel D. Modification of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity by serotonergic agents in the rat. Pharmacology 1997; 55:59-65. [PMID: 9323305 DOI: 10.1159/000139513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tandospirone, enciprazine, gepirone, buspirone (5-HT1A agents) and carvotroline (5-HT2) on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity (HPA) activity were studied. These drugs increased the plasma corticosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. Their ED50 values were 3.8, 31.8, 3.1, 3.4 and 7.0 mg/kg, respectively. Drug effects peaked between 30 min and 1 h, and plasma corticosterone levels returned to control levels after 2 h. When the drugs were given in conjunction with a rotatory stress, gepirone and enciprazine increased and carvotroline decreased plasma corticosterone levels. Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) pretreatment reduced drug-activated HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Matheson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Evansville 44712, USA.
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16
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Abstract
To establish a model system for the study of ganglioside metabolism of the human brain tumor, medulloblastoma, we have chemically characterized the gangliosides of the Daoy cell line. These cells contain a high concentration of gangliosides (143 +/- 13 nmol LBSA/10(8) cells). The major species have been structurally confirmed to be GM2 (65.9%), GM3 (13.0%), and GD1a (10.3%). Isolation of individual gangliosides homogeneous in both carbohydrate and ceramide moieties by reversed-phase HPLC and analysis by negative-ion fast atom bombardment collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry have allowed us to unequivocally characterize ceramide structures. In the case of GM2, 10 major ceramide subspecies were identified: d18:1-hC16:0, d18:1-C16:0, d18:0-C16:0, d18:1-C18:0, d18:1-C20:0, d18:1-C22:0, d18:2-C24:1, d18:1-C23:1, d18:1-C24:1, and d18:1-C24:0. Taken together with previous studies, these findings in buman medulloblastoma cells support the view that high expression and marked heterogeneity of ceramide structure are general characteristics of tumor gangliosides, molecules which are shed by the tumor cells and which are biologically active in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chang
- Glycobiology Program, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Mukhopadhyay R, Dey S, Xu N, Gage D, Lightbody J, Ouellette M, Rosen BP. Trypanothione overproduction and resistance to antimonials and arsenicals in Leishmania. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:10383-7. [PMID: 8816809 PMCID: PMC38393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania resistant to arsenicals and antimonials extrude arsenite. Previous results of arsenite uptake into plasma membrane-enriched vesicles suggested that the transported species is a thiol adduct of arsenite. In this paper, we demonstrate that promastigotes of arsenite-resistant Leishmania tarentolae have increased levels of intracellular thiols. High-pressure liquid chromatography of the total thiols showed that a single peak of material was elevated almost 40-fold. The major species in this peak was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry as N1,N8-bis-(glutathionyl)spermidine (trypanothione). The trypanothione adduct of arsenite was effectively transported by the As-thiol pump. No difference in pump activity was observed in wild type and mutants. A model for drug resistance is proposed in which Sb(V)/As(V)-containing compounds, including the antileishmanial drug Pentostam, are reduced intracellularly to Sb(III)/As(III), conjugated to trypanothione, and extruded by the As-thiol pump. The rate-limiting step in resistance is proposed to be formation of the metalloid-thiol pump substrates, so that increased synthesis of trypanothione produces resistance. Increased synthesis of the substrate rather than an increase in the number of pump molecules is a novel mechanism for drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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18
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de Jonge BL, Chang YS, Xu N, Gage D. Effect of exogenous glycine on peptidoglycan composition and resistance in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1498-503. [PMID: 8726026 PMCID: PMC163356 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.6.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly homogeneously methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain was grown in the presence of various concentrations of exogenous glycine. Increasing concentrations of glycine in the medium resulted in a decrease in methicillin resistance and the appearance of a heterogeneous resistance phenotype. Parallel to the gradual changes in resistance was an alteration in the muropeptide composition of peptidoglycan. Increasing concentrations of glycine in the medium resulted in peptidoglycan in which muropeptides with a D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus were replaced with D-alanyl-glycine-terminating muropeptides. The disappearance of D-alanyl-D-alanine-terminating muropeptides in peptidoglycan and the concomitant decrease in resistance indicate a central role for D-alanyl-D-alanine-terminating precursors in methicillin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L de Jonge
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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19
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Abstract
Shedding of neuroblastoma gangliosides is positively correlated with tumour progression in patients with neuroblastoma. In assessing the biological activity of these ganglioside molecules, we recently found that total human neuroblastoma gangliosides inhibit cellular immune responses. Here, we have studied the major neuroblastoma ganglioside, GD2. GD2 was purified by high performance liquid chromatography and structurally characterized by mass spectrometry. Immunoregulatory effects of GD2 in vivo were then determined in an established murine model. GD2 significantly downregulated the local cellular immune response to an allogeneic cell challenge; the usual increase in mass of the lymph node draining the injection site was reduced by 88%, from 1.52 to 0.19 mg (control versus GD2-treated mice; p < 0.01). In parallel, lymphocyte recovery from each node was also reduced from 2.4 to 1.2 x 10(6) cells, and lymphocyte DNA synthesis was reduced to half of the control level. These results show that certain shed tumour gangliosides, such as GD2, function as intercellular signalling molecules, downregulate the cellular immune response, and may thereby enhance tumour formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Center for Cancer and Transplantation Biology, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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20
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Abstract
The muropeptide compositions of isogenic vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible Enterococcus faecalis strains were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with amino acid analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Peptidoglycan of the susceptible strain contained pentapeptides as stem peptides, whereas peptidoglycan of the isogenic resistant strain was composed of muropeptides with tetrapeptide stem peptides. Despite the synthesis of lactate-terminating peptidoglycan precursors, no lactate-containing muropeptides were detected in peptidoglycan of the resistant strain. These findings indicate that either lactate-terminating precursors are not incorporated into peptidoglycan of the resistant strain or that the lactate residues are removed from peptidoglycan during synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L de Jonge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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21
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Abstract
A comparative evaluation of various biomaterials for their resistance to bacterial colonization and encrustation in infected urine is an important area in urological biomaterials research. This article describes an in vitro dynamic perfusion system that allows four reactors containing 24 1-in. catheter samples (6 per reactor) to be simultaneously perfused at a constant flow rate by synthetic urine. A common urease-producing urinary pathogen, Proteus mirabilis, was maintained at a level of 10(6) colony-forming units/mL for 7 days in the dynamic perfusion reactors. The pH and bacterial population were monitored every 24 h and the percentage of encrustation on latex and hydrogel-coated commercial catheter materials gave reproducible results in three different runs, 15.2 +/- 3.65% and 13.8 +/- 2.58%, respectively. A major issue of inlet clogging due to ascending bacteria or ammonia has been rectified using a dismountable inlet assembly. An incubator coupled with a cooling system allowed accurate temperature maintenance of 37 degrees C in all four reactors. Results from scanning electron microscopy of some latex samples are also presented.
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22
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Kerner J, Zaluzec E, Gage D, Bieber LL. Characterization of the malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTo) of a rat heart mitochondrial particle. Evidence that the catalytic unit is CPTi. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:8209-19. [PMID: 8132545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A post 30,000 x g particulate fraction was isolated from rat heart. This mixed membrane fraction is enriched in a carnitine palmitoyltransferase which is sensitive to both malonyl-CoA and etomoxiryl-CoA at concentrations that inhibit the malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTo/CPT-I) of intact mitochondria. Tritiated etomoxiryl-CoA labels two proteins with the same molecular weight as the labeled proteins from rat heart mitochondria. Malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase in the particulate fraction is stable to freeze-thawing, and the activity is not latent. These data show that the carnitine palmitoyltransferase associated with this particle is CPTo/CPT-I. Positive Western blots were obtained, with the particle using anti-CPTi/CPT-II at a molecular weight identical with the CPT1/CPT-II purified from rat heart mitochondria. Catalytic activity was purified to near homogeneity in approximately 40% yield. The purified protein has a molecular weight identical with CPTi/CPT-II, it cross-reacts with antibody against CPTi/CPT-II, it is not inhibited by malonyl-CoA or etomoxiryl-CoA, and mass spectral analyses of the tryptic peptides give the same molecular masses as CPTi/CPT-II, and, when mixed with equal amounts of CPTi/CPT-II, one uniform spot is found by two-dimensional electrophoresis. These data indicate that the catalytic subunit of CPTo/CPT-I is the same as CPTi/CPT-II. The average inhibition of the CPT of frozen-thawed particles is 71% by 50 nM etomoxiryl-CoA and 62% by 50 nM malonyl-CoA. The inhibitor sensitivity, but not the catalytic activity, is lost by solubilization in 1% Triton X-114; removal of Triton X-114 using Extracti-Gel D restores etomoxiryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA sensitivity (both 50 nM) of CPT to an average of 77 and 48%, respectively. Consistent with previous reports, these results show that CPTo/CPT-I is NOT inactivated by detergents, rather detergents both desensitize it to malonyl-CoA and alter its Vmax. These data show the assumption that CPTo/CPT-I is inactivated by detergents is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kerner
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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23
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Kerner J, Zaluzec E, Gage D, Bieber L. Characterization of the malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTo) of a rat heart mitochondrial particle. Evidence that the catalytic unit is CPTi. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Ornelas-Soares A, de Lencastre H, de Jonge B, Gage D, Chang YS, Tomasz A. The peptidoglycan composition of a Staphylococcus aureus mutant selected for reduced methicillin resistance. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:26268-72. [PMID: 8253748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan of a Tn551 mutant of Staphylococcus aureus (RUSA208) selected for reduced methicillin resistance was analyzed by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RUSA208 is a member of a cluster of Tn551 mutants located on fragment A of SmaI digests but is distinct from the femA and femB class of mutants. The peptidoglycan of RUSA208 contained normal parental muropeptides but in diminished amounts only. The major muropeptides of RUSA208 were new components eluting with somewhat longer retention times from the column. Amino acid analysis of these new muropeptides showed identical compositions to the corresponding peaks in the parental strain, but mass spectrometry revealed increased molecular weights by the following mass units: 1 (in monomers), 1 or 2 (in dimers), and 2 or 3 (in trimers). These observations suggest that in RUSA208 the mutational block may be in the amidation of the stem peptide glutamate residues, resulting in the replacement of isoglutamine with free glutamic acid in one or more of the cell wall stem peptides.
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25
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Abstract
Ganglioside biosynthesis and subsequent shedding are a potential mechanism contributing to tumor cell escape from the host immune response. As a first step in identifying active molecular species, structural characterization and quantification of the purified individual cellular and shed gangliosides of YAC-1 murine lymphoma cells were undertaken. These studies uncovered three striking changes in ganglioside metabolism in cells passaged in vivo, compared with cells cultured in vitro. (i) Marked inhibition of GalNAcGM1b synthesis: GM1b was present in an equal proportion to its biosynthetic product GalNAcGM1b in vitro, but was present in a 6-fold higher concentration in vivo. (ii) Marked inhibition of NeuGc synthesis: NeuGc, present in vitro in an up to 7-fold higher concentration than its biosynthetic precursor NeuAc, was decreased in relative concentration in vivo (1:1). (iii) Selectivity of shedding: ganglioside shedding in vitro was generalized with respect to both carbohydrate structure and ceramide structure (mainly d18:1-C24:1 and d18:1-C16:0), while in vivo, there was selective shedding of gangliosides containing NeuGc and the shorter chain fatty acid. The reduced synthesis of NeuGc and of GalNAcGM1b in vivo, and the selective shedding of more polar ganglioside species, also in vivo, show that the extracellular environment can markedly affect cellular ganglioside metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Center for Cancer and Transplantation Biology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
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26
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Geliebter A, Melton PM, McCray RS, Gallagher DR, Gage D, Hashim SA. Gastric capacity, gastric emptying, and test-meal intake in normal and bulimic women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56:656-61. [PMID: 1414964 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/56.4.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the stomach in regulating appetite in bulimia nervosa was examined. Subjects were nine normal and nine bulimic women of similar age, height, and weight. Gastric capacity was estimated by filling a balloon in the stomach. The mean stomach capacity of bulimic subjects was significantly larger than that of normal subjects, as revealed by the larger balloon volume tolerated (P less than 0.01) and by the larger volume needed to produce a 5 cm H2O increase in intragastric pressure (P = 0.07). The intake of a liquid meal was also significantly larger for the bulimic subjects. Gastric-emptying rate of a liquid meal was significantly delayed in the bulimic subjects during the initial 5-15 min. In all subjects, test-meal intake correlated significantly with gastric capacity (r = 0.53). In the bulimic subjects, self-reported binge intake (J) also correlated significantly with gastric capacity (r = 0.75). Binge eating in bulimic subjects may enlarge gastric capacity, which could then promote even larger binges through positive feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geliebter
- Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY 10025
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27
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de Jonge BL, Chang YS, Gage D, Tomasz A. Peptidoglycan composition of a highly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. The role of penicillin binding protein 2A. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:11248-54. [PMID: 1597460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contain an extra penicillin binding protein (PBP) 2A in addition to four PBPs present in all staphylococcal strains. This extra PBP is thought to be a transpeptidase essential for the continued cell wall synthesis and growth in the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. As an approach of testing this hypothesis we compared the muropeptide composition of cell walls of a highly methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain containing PBP2A and its isogenic Tn551 derivative with reduced methicillin resistance, which contained no PBP2A because of the insertional inactivation of the PBP2A gene. Purified cell walls were hydrolyzed into muropeptides which were subsequently resolved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by chemical and mass spectrometric analysis. The peptidoglycan composition of the two strains were identical. Both peptidoglycans were highly cross-linked mainly through pentaglycine cross-bridges, although other, chemically distinct peptide cross-bridges were also present including mono-, tri-, and tetraglycine; alanine; and alanyl-tetraglycine. Our experiments provided no experimental data for a unique transpeptidase activity associated with PBP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L de Jonge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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28
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de Jonge BL, Chang YS, Gage D, Tomasz A. Peptidoglycan composition in heterogeneous Tn551 mutants of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:11255-9. [PMID: 1317861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown that Tn551 inactivation of two chromosomal (so-called auxiliary) loci other than the mec gene result in a dramatic reduction of methicillin resistance and decreased cell wall turnover and autolytic capacity in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain (de Jonge, B. L. M., de Lencastre, H., and Tomasz, A. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 173, 1105-1110). To understand the mechanistic basis of these phenomena we have examined the status of the autolytic enzymes and the muropeptide composition of peptidoglycan using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral analyses. While no differences could be detected in the number of autolytic hydrolases, the mutants showed major changes in peptidoglycan composition. Nine prominent muropeptides of the parental strain each carrying a pentaglycyl substituent were missing from the cell wall of one group of mutants. The second mutant lacked four parental muropeptides which were composed of the unsubstituted disaccharide pentapeptide and its alanyl-tetraglycine derivative. The auxiliary genes are genetic determinants involved with the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan precursors, the presence of which in the cell wall may be needed for optimal cell wall turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L de Jonge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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29
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de Jonge B, Chang Y, Gage D, Tomasz A. Peptidoglycan composition in heterogeneous Tn551 mutants of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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30
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de Jonge B, Chang Y, Gage D, Tomasz A. Peptidoglycan composition of a highly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. The role of penicillin binding protein 2A. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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31
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Geliebter A, Melton PM, McCray RS, Gage D, Heymsfield SB, Abiri M, Hashim SA. Clinical trial of silicone-rubber gastric balloon to treat obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 1991; 15:259-66. [PMID: 2071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to test the efficacy and safety of a 300 ml silicone-rubber gastric balloon for weight reduction. Eighty-six obese subjects were distributed into four groups: (1) gastric balloon only, (2) gastric balloon and prescribed 1000 kcal/day (239 kJ) diet, (3) 1000 kcal/day diet only, and (4) no treatment. The intervention period was 3 months. The balloon only group lost 3.2 kg +/- 0.9 (s.e.), the balloon and diet group lost 5.1 +/- 1.0 kg, the diet group lost 6.9 +/- 1.4 kg and the control group gained 0.6 +/- 0.5 kg. The three intervention groups each lost significantly more weight than the control group. The diet only group lost significantly more weight than the balloon only group. Body densitometry showed that the treatment groups lost a significant amount of body fat. Gastroscopy revealed three ulcers and two superficial erosions at balloon removal. The gastric balloons were well tolerated despite gastric spasms and nausea which abated after the initial 24-48 hours. Gastric capacity was determined in a subset of 19 subjects from the two balloon groups before the intervention by distending the stomach with a balloon and calculating the volume required to produce an increase in intragastric pressure of 5 cm H2O. Subjects with a smaller gastric capacity lost more weight with the balloon than subjects with a large capacity (r = 0.45, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that for improved efficacy, balloon volume may need to be larger than 300 ml or adjusted to the individual's gastric capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geliebter
- Department of Medicine, St Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025
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32
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Tuomanen E, Lindquist S, Sande S, Galleni M, Light K, Gage D, Normark S. Coordinate regulation of beta-lactamase induction and peptidoglycan composition by the amp operon. Science 1991; 251:201-4. [PMID: 1987637 DOI: 10.1126/science.1987637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The amp operon, which is located on the Escherichia coli chromosome, modulates the induction of plasmid-borne beta-lactamase genes by extracellular beta-lactam antibiotics. This suggests that the gene products AmpD and AmpE may function in the transduction of external signals. beta-Lactam antibiotics are analogs of cell wall components that can be released during cell wall morphogenesis of enterobacteria. The amp operon was studied to determine its importance in signal transduction during cell wall morphogenesis. The peptidoglycan compositions of amp mutants were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. When a chromosomal or plasmid-borne copy of ampD was present, the amount of pentapeptide-containing muropeptides in the cell wall increased upon addition of the cell wall constituent diaminopimelic acid to the growth medium. These results suggest that beta-lactamase induction and modulation of the composition of the cell wall share elements of a regulatory circuit that involves AmpD. Escherichia coli requires AmpD to respond to extracellular signaling amino acids, such as diaminopimelic acid, and this signal transduction system may regulate peptidoglycan composition in response to cell wall turnover products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tuomanen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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Abstract
To determine its efficacy and safety in treating obesity, a silicone-rubber balloon was passed into the stomach of 10 nondieting, obese subjects. In a counterbalanced sequence, the balloon was inflated with 400 mL for 1 mo and deflated for 1 mo. Lower intakes of solid and liquid test meals (NS), significantly slower gastric emptying, and concomitant changes in glucose, insulin, glucagon, and cholecystokinin concentrations consistent with slower emptying resulted during balloon inflation. After balloon inflation, one small gastric ulcer developed, which subsequently healed. Significant weight loss occurred during the second and third week of the inflation period (F[1,9] = 5.0, p less than 0.05). However, the weight loss was small and the significant effect did not continue through the fourth week.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geliebter
- Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY 10025
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Faustman EM, Kirby Z, Gage D, Varnum M. In vitro developmental toxicity of five direct-acting alkylating agents in rodent embryos: structure-activity patterns. Teratology 1989; 40:199-210. [PMID: 2595598 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Five direct-acting alkylating agents were examined qualitatively and quantitatively for their ability to produce developmental toxicity in rodent postimplantation embryos. These agents were structurally related and were capable of donating either a methyl (methylnitrosourea, MNU; methylnitronitrosoguanidine, MNNG; methyl methanesulfonate, MMS) or ethyl (ethylnitrosourea, ENU; ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS) group to nucleophiles. These agents' reactivities were known to differ. In day 10 rat embryos in vitro a single, 2-hour exposure was shown to be sufficient to elicit dose-dependent increases in embryo lethality and malformations. Qualitatively, the patterns of embryo malformations reported in treated embryos paralleled those observed in in vivo studies, especially in regard to adverse effects on central nervous system and craniofacial systems. Quantitatively, the order of potency of these agents in vitro was: MNNG greater than MNU greater than ENU greater than MMS greater than EMS. In vivo studies reported a different order of potency. In vitro, methylating agents were consistently more potent than ethylating agents. Other chemical properties such as nucleophilic reactivity or half-life under physiological conditions could not explain observed potency relationships. Future investigation of other chemical properties of these agents such as specific alkylation and carbamylation reactivities may expand these initial structure-activity observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Faustman
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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35
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Ladisch S, Sweeley CC, Becker H, Gage D. Aberrant fatty acyl alpha-hydroxylation in human neuroblastoma tumor gangliosides. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:12097-105. [PMID: 2745431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of ganglioside structure characterize the neoplastic state, and aberrant glycosylation has been implicated as underlying many new tumor ganglioside structures. However, variations in ceramide structure can also result in novel tumor gangliosides. To address systematically this aspect of ganglioside metabolism, we have initiated a study of the structures of the ceramide species of an oligosaccharide-homogeneous human tumor-derived ganglioside, GM2. The ganglioside was isolated from neuroblastoma tissue and purified by normal-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Marked ceramide heterogeneity was observed; 18 individual ceramide species of neuroblastoma GM2 were separated by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography and collected. Their structures were determined by a combination of negative- and positive-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry of the underivatized gangliosides. The striking finding was the detection of alpha-hydroxylation of a significant fraction of each of the major fatty acid species (16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:1); alpha-hydroxylated species quantitatively represented almost one-fifth of the total tumor GM2 species. Fatty acyl hydroxylation was also detected in the ceramide of several other human tumor gangliosides. In contrast, as previously known, fatty acyl hydroxylation was not detected in the normal human brain gangliosides GM3, GM2, and GM1. We propose that aberrant fatty acid alpha-hydroxylation is a novel and sometimes quantitatively significant characteristic of human tumor ganglioside metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ladisch
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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36
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Tuomanen E, Schwartz J, Sande S, Light K, Gage D. Unusual composition of peptidoglycan in Bordetella pertussis. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:11093-8. [PMID: 2544584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the peptidoglycan of Bordetella pertussis and the nature of its turnover products was determined by a new combination of analytical techniques: high performance liquid chromatography of an enzymatic peptidoglycan hydrolysate and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and fast atom bombardment collision-activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. Sixteen major components of the peptidoglycan were purified, and assignment of complete or partial chemical structures was achieved for nine and seven species, respectively. At this level of resolution, a previously unrecognized heterogeneity of monomeric (five new species; nine total) and dimeric species (five new species; five total) was detected. No species containing diaminopimelyl-diaminopimelic acid cross-links or lysyl-arginine substitutions were found. Previous estimates of total cross-linkage and average chain length were revised downward to 32% and 21 disaccharide residues, respectively. Detection of a chemically novel species, a disaccharide octapeptide monomer, in both the peptidoglycan hydrolysate and culture supernatant fluid, suggests that an N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine amidase acts on the intact peptidoglycan of Bordetella and participates in cell wall turnover. Five peptidoglycan turnover products were identified in the supernatant fluid of late logarithmic phase cultures, including the 1,6-anhydro monomeric species known as tracheal cytotoxin. Peptidoglycan turnover was detected at a low rate of approximately 10%/generation, a value sufficient to account for the generation of all tracheal cytotoxin found in culture supernatant fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tuomanen
- Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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37
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Sweeley CC, Hollingsworth R, Gage D, Ikekita M, Moriya H. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS): analysis of complex carbohydrate chains of tissue kallikreins. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 247A:533-8. [PMID: 2603819 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9543-4_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular ions and fragment ions of underivatized and permethylated oligosaccharides derived from human urinary kallikrein and some model glycoproteins gave information about the sugar composition and arrangement of sugars. These ions were conveniently created by FAB-MS in a JEOL JMS-HX110 high field high resolution mass spectrometer. Glycoprotein samples were digested with N-glycanase and the asparagine(Asn)-linked oligosaccharides were separated from polypeptides by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The mixture of oligosaccharides was converted to the reduced p-aminobenzoic ethyl ester (ABEE) derivative and the components separated by HPLC on an ion-exchange (AX-10) column. Individual components were analyzed by negative FAB-MS using glycerol as a matrix. Permethylated oligosaccharides were also analyzed by positive FAB-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Sweeley
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of gastric distension on spontaneous meal intake. A balloon was inserted into the stomach of four lean and four obese subjects before consumption of a lunch meal. On different days the balloon was filled with 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mL water in a random sequence. As balloon volume increased, food intake decreased, with a balloon volume of greater than or equal to 400 mL significantly reducing intake (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between lean and obese subjects. Because gastric emptying rate was not significantly slowed by a volume of 800 mL, between emptying was probably not a factor in inducing satiety. Discomfort was probably also not a factor because it was experienced by only two lean subjects at 800 mL. Most likely gastric distension itself triggered satiety signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geliebter
- Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025
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40
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Abstract
The effect of the anxiolytic agents, buspirone and diazepam, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), indicated by changes in the concentration of corticosterone (CS) in plasma, were studied 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hr after administration of the drug (i.p.). Samples of plasma were collected in the mid-morning (0930-1130 hr) when activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat and control levels of corticosterone were low and were repeated in the afternoon (1400-1600 hr) when activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-arenal axis and levels of corticosterone were higher. At small doses (1 mg/kg) buspirone had a greater facilitating effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis than did diazepam. In addition, buspirone had a greater maximum facilitatory effect (477%) on levels of corticosterone than diazepam (345%). However, buspirone (ED50 = 8.6 mumol/kg) and diazepam (ED50 = 8.7 mumol/kg) were equipotent. Administration of 1 mg/kg of buspirone in the morning increased the combined 1/2 and 1 hr circulating levels of corticosterone 75% above control levels. Diazepam, at 1 mg/kg, did not produce any significant changes in levels of corticosterone. Large doses (10 mg/kg) of buspirone increased morning levels of corticosterone by 328% and diazepam increased levels of corticosterone by 265%. During the afternoon small doses of buspirone or diazepam did not significantly alter levels of corticosterone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Matheson
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Indiana University School of Medicine, Evansville 47722
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Robillard GT, Pas HH, Gage D, Elferink MG. The redox state and the phosphorylation state of the mannitol-specific carrier of the E. coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. Mol Cell Biochem 1988; 82:113-8. [PMID: 3141776 DOI: 10.1007/bf00242525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments in identifying the activity-linked cysteine as one of the phosphorylation sites on the mannitol-specific EII of the E. coli phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent mannitol transport system. Two phosphorylation sites have been identified, one being the HPr/P-HPr exchange site, the other being the mannitol/mannitol-P exchange site. The activity-linked cysteine and the second phosphorylation site are located in the same 14 residue peptide. Phosphorylation of the second site and phosphoryl group transfer to mannitol do not occur as long as the activity-linked cysteine is oxidized or alkylated. A kinetic scheme has been developed which accounts for the relationships between the redox state, the phosphorylation state and the activity of the carrier. Kinetics of the individual reactions determine whether the enzyme cycles through an oxidized/reduced state during a cycle of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Robillard
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Abstract
A less invasive method than gastric reduction surgery for treating obesity was tested by inserting balloons into the stomachs of obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on a high fat diet. After 4 months, the rats weighed an average of 750 g or 23% more than rats on a chow diet. Balloons were then passed orally into the stomach, inflated with 10 ml of water, and detached from the inflating tube. Eight rats had inflated balloons; six rats had no balloons. The balloons, which could be palpated, remained inflated for 12 to 49 days with a mean of 25 days. During the period of inflation, rats with balloons consumed significantly less food (p less than 0.001) relative to rats without balloons. Gastric emptying rate was significantly slowed (p less than 0.0025) in rats with inflated balloons compared to rats with balloons that had deflated and rats with no balloons. Histology of the stomachs that held inflated balloons did not reveal pathology.
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Abstract
To test a less invasive method than gastric surgery for treating obesity, balloons were nonsurgically inserted in the stomachs of adult rats (mean wt = 537 g) for 8 wk. One group received balloons that were inflated with 7 ml of water, a second group had balloons inserted that were deflated, and a third group had no balloons inserted. Rats with inflated balloons ingested 27% less food (P less than 0.0005) during the 8 wk and weighted 16% less (P less than 0.05) at the end of this period than rats with deflated balloons or no balloons. Their food intake was significantly depressed through the 7th wk. The stomachs of the rats with inflated balloons were significantly heavier than the others with a thicker muscularis externa. Body composition was not significantly different among groups. A chronic intragastric balloon significantly reduced food intake and body weight.
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Gage D, Goldfrank L. The prisoner's health needs: a special component of paramedic education. Emerg Med Serv 1986; 15:45-9. [PMID: 10277292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Geliebter A, Heshka S, Gage D, Hashim SA. Effect of beef fat on plasma lipid and lipoprotein values. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43:639-42. [PMID: 3962914 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/43.4.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Gage D, Goldfrank L. Prisoner health care. Urban Health 1985; 14:26-8. [PMID: 10272101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
From New York City's Bellevue Hospital comes this discussion of difficulties in dealing with a prisoner/patient population. Authors Gage and Goldfrank discuss staff bias, prisoner/patient security, and difficulties in maintaining on-going health care in a "less than optimal system." While prison health is beyond the realm of work for a relatively small number of physicians, the size of the U.S. prison population makes it a significant part of health care in the United States.
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Gage D, Bernard RD. Dextrothyroxine. N Y State J Med 1972; 72:1559. [PMID: 4504212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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