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Galbo-Thomma LK, Epperly PM, Blough BE, Landavazo A, Saldaña SJ, Carroll FI, Czoty PW. Cognitive-enhancing effects of acetylcholine receptor agonists in group-housed cynomolgus monkeys who drink ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023:JPET-AR-2023-001854. [PMID: 38135508 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive impairments that are often observed in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) partially contribute to the extremely low rates of treatment initiation and adherence. Brain acetylcholine receptors (AChR) mediate and modulate cognitive and reward-related behavior and their distribution can be altered by long-term heavy drinking. Therefore, AChRs are promising pharmacotherapeutic targets for treating the cognitive symptoms of AUD. In the present study, the pro-cognitive efficacy of two AChR agonists, xanomeline and varenicline, were evaluated in group-housed monkeys who self-administered ethanol for more than one year. The muscarinic AChR antagonist scopolamine was used to disrupt performance of a serial stimulus discrimination and reversal (SDR) task designed to probe cognitive flexibility, defined as the ability to modify a previously learned behavior in response to a change in reinforcement contingencies. The ability of xanomeline and varenicline to remediate the disruptive effects of scopolamine was compared between dominant and subordinate monkeys, with lighter and heavier drinking histories, respectively. We hypothesized that subordinate monkeys would be more sensitive to all three drugs. Scopolamine dose-dependently impaired performance on the serial SDR task in all monkeys at doses lower than those that produced non-specific impairments (e.g, sedation); its potency did not differ between dominant and subordinate monkeys. However, both AChR agonists were effective in remediating the scopolamine-induced deficit in subordinate monkeys, but not in dominant monkeys. These findings suggest xanomeline and varenicline may be effective for enhancing cognitive flexibility in individuals with a history of heavy drinking. Significance Statement Pro-cognitive effects of two acetylcholine (Ach) receptor agonists were assessed in group-housed monkeys who had several years' experience drinking ethanol. The muscarinic ACh receptor agonist xanomeline and the nicotinic ACh receptor agonist varenicline reversed a cognitive deficit induced by the muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist scopolamine. However, this effect was observed only in lower-ranking (subordinate) monkeys and not higher-ranking (dominant monkeys). Results suggest that ACh agonists may effectively remediate alcohol-induced cognitive deficits in a subpopulation of those with alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip M Epperly
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, United States
| | | | - Santiago J Saldaña
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Emeritis, Research Triangle Institute, United States
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
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2
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Baird TR, Karin KN, Marsh SA, Carroll FI, Medina-Contreras JML, Negus SS, Eltit JM. Rate of onset of dopamine transporter inhibitors assessed with intracranial self-stimulation and in vivo dopamine photometry in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:969-981. [PMID: 36802016 PMCID: PMC10466267 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug self-administration and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) are two preclinical behavioral procedures used to predict abuse potential of drugs, and abuse-related drug effects in both procedures are thought to depend on increased mesolimbic dopamine (DA) signaling. Drug self-administration and ICSS yield concordant metrics of abuse potential across a diverse range of drug mechanisms of action. The "rate of onset," defined as the velocity with which a drug produces its effect once administered, has also been implicated as a determinant of abuse-related drug effects in self-administration procedures, but this variable has not been systematically examined in ICSS. Accordingly, this study compared ICSS effects produced in rats by three DA transporter inhibitors that have different rates of onset (fastest to slowest: cocaine, WIN-35428, RTI-31) and that produced progressively weaker metrics of abuse potential in a drug self-administration procedure in rhesus monkeys. Additionally, in vivo photometry using the fluorescent DA sensor dLight1.1 targeted to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was used to assess the time course of extracellular DA levels as a neurochemical correlate of behavioral effects. All three compounds produced ICSS facilitation and increased DA levels assessed by dLight. In both procedures, the rank order of onset rate was cocaine > WIN-35428 > RTI-31; however, in contrast to monkey drug self-administration results, maximum effects did not differ across compounds. These results provide additional evidence that drug-induced increases in DA drive ICSS facilitation in rats and illustrate the utility of both ICSS and photometry to evaluate the time course and magnitude of abuse-related drug effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson R Baird
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Kimberly N Karin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Samuel A Marsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - J M L Medina-Contreras
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, 3-038H, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jose M Eltit
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, 3-038H, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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Akinola LS, Bagdas D, Alkhlaif Y, Jackson A, Gurdap CO, Rahimpour E, Carroll FI, Papke RL, Damaj MI. Pharmacological characterization of 5-iodo-A-85380, a β2-selective nicotinic receptor agonist, in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1280-1293. [PMID: 36321267 PMCID: PMC9817006 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221132214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of their implications in several pathological conditions, α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are potential targets for the treatment of nicotine dependence, pain, and many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, they exist in various subtypes, and finding selective tools to investigate them has proved challenging. The nicotinic receptor agonist, 5-iodo-A-85380 (5IA), has helped in delineating the function of β2-containing subtypes in vitro; however, much is still unknown about its behavioral effects. Furthermore, its effectiveness on α6-containing subtypes is limited. AIMS To investigate the effects of 5IA on nociception (formalin, hot-plate, and tail-flick tests), locomotion, hypothermia, and conditioned reward after acute and repeated administration, and to examine the potential role of β2 and α6 nAChR subunits in these effects. Lastly, its selectivity for expressed low sensitivity (LS) and high sensitivity (HS) α4β2 receptors is investigated. RESULTS 5IA dose-dependently induced hypothermia, locomotion suppression, conditioned place preference, and antinociception (only in the formalin test but not in the hot-plate or tail-flick tests). Furthermore, these effects were mediated by β2 but not α6 nicotinic subunits. Finally, we show that 5-iodo-A-85380 potently activates both stoichiometries of α4β2 nAChRs with differential efficacies, being a full agonist on HS α4(2)β2(3) nAChRs, and a partial agonist on LS α4(3)β2(2) nAChRs and α6-containing subtypes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois S Akinola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University, USA
| | - Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University, USA
| | - Cenk O Gurdap
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Elnaz Rahimpour
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale University, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
- Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
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4
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McCullough KM, Katrinli S, Hartmann J, Lori A, Klengel C, Missig G, Klengel T, Langford NA, Newman EL, Anderson KJ, Smith AK, Carroll FI, Ressler KJ, Carlezon WA. Blood levels of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) provide an index of exposure to traumatic stress in mice and humans. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:423. [PMID: 36192377 PMCID: PMC9530209 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress triggers biological changes throughout the body. Accumulating evidence indicates that alterations in immune system function are associated with the development of stress-associated illnesses such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, increasing interest in identifying immune markers that provide insight into mental health. Recombination events during T-cell receptor rearrangement and T-cell maturation in the thymus produce circular DNA fragments called T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) that can be utilized as indicators of thymic function and numbers of newly emigrating T-cells. Given data suggesting that stress affects thymus function, we examined whether blood levels of TRECs might serve as a quantitative peripheral index of cumulative stress exposure and its physiological correlates. We hypothesized that chronic stress exposure would compromise thymus function and produce corresponding decreases in levels of TRECs. In male mice, exposure to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) produced thymic involution, adrenal hypertrophy, and decreased levels of TRECs in blood. Extending these studies to humans revealed robust inverse correlations between levels of circulating TRECs and childhood emotional and physical abuse. Cell-type specific analyses also revealed associations between TREC levels and blood cell composition, as well as cell-type specific methylation changes in CD4T + and CD8T + cells. Additionally, TREC levels correlated with epigenetic age acceleration, a common biomarker of stress exposure. Our findings demonstrate alignment between findings in mice and humans and suggest that blood-borne TRECs are a translationally-relevant biomarker that correlates with, and provides insight into, the cumulative physiological and immune-related impacts of stress exposure in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. McCullough
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Seyma Katrinli
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jakob Hartmann
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Claudia Klengel
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Galen Missig
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Nicole A. Langford
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Emily L. Newman
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Kasey J. Anderson
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- grid.62562.350000000100301493Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- grid.240206.20000 0000 8795 072XBasic Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA USA
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Bueno RV, Davis S, Dawson A, Ondachi PW, Carroll FI, Hunter WN. Interactions between 2′-fluoro-(carbamoylpyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine analogues and acetylcholine-binding protein inform on potent antagonist activity against nicotinic receptors. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:353-362. [PMID: 35234149 PMCID: PMC8900824 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of a series of epibatidine derivatives to acetylcholine-binding protein was investigated using biolayer interferometry. The structures of three complexes inform discussion on the biological implications for interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, which are important targets for control of pain. Low-nanomolar binding constants were recorded for a series of six 2′-fluoro-(carbamoylpyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine analogues with acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP). The crystal structures of three complexes with AChBP reveal details of molecular recognition in the orthosteric binding site and imply how the other three ligands bind. Comparisons exploiting AChBP as a surrogate for α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) suggest that the key interactions are conserved. The ligands interact with the same residues as the archetypal nAChR agonist nicotine yet display greater affinity, thereby rationalizing their in vivo activity as potent antagonists of nicotine-induced antinociception. An oxyanion-binding site is formed on the periphery of the AChBP orthosteric site by Lys42, Asp94, Glu170 and Glu210. These residues are highly conserved in the human α4, β2 and α7 nAChR sequences. However, specific sequence differences are discussed that could contribute to nAChR subtype selectivity and in addition may represent a point of allosteric modulation. The ability to engage with this peripheral site may explain, in part, the function of a subset of ligands to act as agonists of α7 nAChR.
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6
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Missig G, Fritsch EL, Mehta N, Damon ME, Jarrell EM, Bartlett AA, Carroll FI, Carlezon WA. Blockade of kappa-opioid receptors amplifies microglia-mediated inflammatory responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 212:173301. [PMID: 34826432 PMCID: PMC8748402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of depressive and anxiety disorders, stimulating interest in the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists. Research on KOR function has tended to focus on KOR-expressing neurons and pathways such as the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. However, KORs are also expressed on non-neuronal cells including microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain. The effects of KOR antagonists on microglia are not understood despite the potential contributions of these cells to overall responsiveness to this class of drugs. Previous work in vitro suggests that KOR activation suppresses proinflammatory signaling mediated by immune cells including microglia. Here, we examined how KOR antagonism affects microglia function in vivo, together with its effects on physiological and behavioral responses to an immune challenge. Pretreatment with the prototypical KOR antagonist JDTic potentiates levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in blood following administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an immune-activating agent, without triggering effects on its own. Using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACs), we found that KOR antagonism potentiates LPS-induced cytokine expression within microglia. This effect is accompanied by potentiation of LPS-induced hyperthermia, although reductions in body weight and locomotion were not affected. Histological analyses confirm that LPS produces visible changes in microglia morphology consistent with activation, but this effect is not altered by KOR antagonism. Considering that inflammation is increasingly implicated in depressive and anxiety disorders, these findings raise the possibility that KOR antagonist actions on microglia may detract from actions on neurons that contribute to their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen Missig
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Emma L. Fritsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Niyati Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Miles E. Damon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Erica M. Jarrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - Andrew A. Bartlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park NC, 27709, USA
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, 02478, USA
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7
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de Moura FB, Barkin CE, Blough BE, Ivy Carroll F, Mello NK, Kohut SJ. Effects of chronic treatment with bupropion on self-administration of nicotine + cocaine mixtures in nonhuman primates. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:517-526. [PMID: 31789555 PMCID: PMC8601553 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic health problems associated with long-term nicotine use are the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. The use of tobacco products is 3-4 times greater among individuals with cocaine use disorder than that observed in the general population. This may reflect the propensity of nicotine to augment the reinforcing effects of cocaine. However, the mechanism of action of nicotine differs from that of cocaine, which presents a significant challenge for the development of pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the management of nicotine + cocaine polydrug abuse. Bupropion, an FDA-approved smoking cessation aid, has pharmacological actions at both monoamine transporters and nicotinic receptors, suggesting that it may be effective at decreasing nicotine + cocaine coabuse. Here, rhesus monkeys (n = 4) responded for food pellets and, separately, intravenous injections of nicotine, cocaine, or nicotine + cocaine mixtures under a second-order FR2(VR16:S) schedule of reinforcement during 7- to 10-day continuous treatment with saline or bupropion (1.0 and 1.8 mg/kg/hr). Results show that bupropion treatment dose-dependently decreased self-administration of nicotine combined with a low dose of cocaine (0.0032 mg/kg/inj); however, when the dose of cocaine in the mixture was higher (i.e., 0.01 mg/kg/inj), bupropion attenuated self-administration in only a subset of subjects. The effective dosage of bupropion increased responding for cocaine alone, nicotine alone, and for saline injections and significantly increased measures of daily activity. The apparent stimulant-like effects of bupropion at the dosage required to decrease cocaine + nicotine self-administration does not support its clinical use for the management of nicotine + cocaine polydrug abuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando B. de Moura
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Claire E. Barkin
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Bruce E. Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 12194, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 12194, USA
| | - Nancy K. Mello
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Stephen J. Kohut
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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8
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Corrie LW, Stokes C, Wilkerson JL, Carroll FI, McMahon LR, Papke RL. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Accessory Subunits Determine the Activity Profile of Epibatidine Derivatives. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:328-342. [PMID: 32690626 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epibatidine is a potent analgetic agent with very high affinity for brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). We determined the activity profiles of three epibatidine derivatives, RTI-36, RTI-76, and RTI-102, which have affinity for brain nAChR equivalent to that of epibatidine but reduced analgetic activity. RNAs coding for nAChR monomeric subunits and/or concatamers were injected into Xenopus oocytes to obtain receptors of defined subunit composition and stoichiometry. The epibatidine analogs produced protracted activation of high sensitivity (HS) α4- and α2-containing receptors with the stoichiometry of 2alpha:3beta subunits but not low sensitivity (LS) receptors with the reverse ratio of alpha and beta subunits. Although not strongly activated by the epibatidine analogs, LS α4- and α2-containing receptors were potently desensitized by the epibatidine analogs. In general, the responses of α4(2)β2(2)α5 and β3α4β2α6β2 receptors were similar to those of the HS α4β2 receptors. RTI-36, the analog closest in structure to epibatidine, was the most efficacious of the three compounds, also effectively activating α7 and α3β4 receptors, albeit with lower potency and less desensitizing effect. Although not the most efficacious agonist, RTI-76 was the most potent desensitizer of α4- and α2-containing receptors. RTI-102, a strong partial agonist for HS α4β2 receptors, was effectively an antagonist for LS α4β2 receptors. Our results highlight the importance of subunit stoichiometry and the presence or absence of specific accessory subunits for determining the activity of these drugs on brain nAChR, affecting the interpretation of in vivo studies since in most cases these structural details are not known. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Epibatidine and related compounds are potent ligands for the high-affinity nicotine receptors of the brain, which are therapeutic targets and mediators of nicotine addiction. Far from being a homogeneous population, these receptors are diverse in subunit composition and vary in subunit stoichiometry. We show the importance of these structural details for drug activity profiles, which present a challenge for the interpretation of in vivo experiments since conventional methods, such as in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, cannot illuminate these details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wenchi Corrie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine (L.W.C., C.S., R.L.P.) and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, (J.L.W., L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina (F.I.C.)
| | - Clare Stokes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine (L.W.C., C.S., R.L.P.) and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, (J.L.W., L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina (F.I.C.)
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine (L.W.C., C.S., R.L.P.) and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, (J.L.W., L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina (F.I.C.)
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine (L.W.C., C.S., R.L.P.) and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, (J.L.W., L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina (F.I.C.)
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine (L.W.C., C.S., R.L.P.) and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, (J.L.W., L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina (F.I.C.)
| | - Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine (L.W.C., C.S., R.L.P.) and Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, (J.L.W., L.R.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina (F.I.C.)
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9
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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective (II). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:48-77. [PMID: 32396701 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - P Anantha Reddy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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10
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Che T, English J, Krumm BE, Kim K, Pardon E, Olsen RHJ, Wang S, Zhang S, Diberto JF, Sciaky N, Carroll FI, Steyaert J, Wacker D, Roth BL. Nanobody-enabled monitoring of kappa opioid receptor states. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32123179 PMCID: PMC7052193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that GPCRs rapidly interconvert between multiple states although our ability to interrogate, monitor and visualize them is limited by a relative lack of suitable tools. We previously reported two nanobodies (Nb39 and Nb6) that stabilize distinct ligand- and efficacy-delimited conformations of the kappa opioid receptor. Here, we demonstrate via X-ray crystallography a nanobody-targeted allosteric binding site by which Nb6 stabilizes a ligand-dependent inactive state. As Nb39 stabilizes an active-like state, we show how these two state-dependent nanobodies can provide real-time reporting of ligand stabilized states in cells in situ. Significantly, we demonstrate that chimeric GPCRs can be created with engineered nanobody binding sites to report ligand-stabilized states. Our results provide both insights regarding potential mechanisms for allosterically modulating KOR with nanobodies and a tool for reporting the real-time, in situ dynamic range of GPCR activity.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Site
- Binding Sites
- Biosensing Techniques
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dynorphins/chemistry
- Dynorphins/pharmacology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Luminescent Measurements/methods
- Piperazines/chemistry
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Conformation
- Pyrrolidines/chemistry
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/chemistry
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Justin English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Diberto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Noah Sciaky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Daniel Wacker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Page S, Mavrikaki MM, Lintz T, Puttick D, Roberts E, Rosen H, Carroll FI, Carlezon WA, Chartoff EH. Behavioral Pharmacology of Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:735-745. [PMID: 31613314 PMCID: PMC7145521 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New treatments for stress-related disorders including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder are greatly needed. Kappa opioid receptors are expressed in the central nervous system, including areas implicated in analgesia and affective state. Although kappa opioid receptor agonists share the antinociceptive effects of mu opioid receptor agonists, they also tend to produce negative affective states. In contrast, selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists have antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects, stimulating interest in their therapeutic potential. The prototypical kappa opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., norBNI, JDTic) have an exceptionally long duration of action that complicates their use in humans, particularly in tests to establish safety. This study was designed to test dose- and time-course effects of novel kappa opioid receptor antagonists with the goal of identifying short-acting lead compounds for future medication development. METHODS We screened 2 novel, highly selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists (CYM-52220 and CYM-52288) with oral efficacy in the warm water tail flick assay in rats to determine initial dose and time course effects. For comparison, we tested existing kappa opioid receptor antagonists JDTic and LY-2456302 (also known as CERC-501 or JNJ-67953964). RESULTS In the tail flick assay, the rank order of duration of action for the antagonists was LY-2456302 < CYM-52288 < CYM-52220 << JDTic. Furthermore, LY-2456302 blocked the depressive (anhedonia-producing) effects of the kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488 in the intracranial self-stimulation paradigm, albeit at a higher dose than that needed for analgesic blockade in the tail flick assay. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that structurally diverse kappa opioid receptor antagonists can have short-acting effects and that LY-2456302 reduces anhedonia as measured in the intracranial self-stimulation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Page
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Maria M Mavrikaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Tania Lintz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Daniel Puttick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Elena H Chartoff
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC,Correspondence: Dr E. H. Chartoff, PhD, McLean Hospital, MRC 218, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 ()
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12
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Baruffaldi F, Raleigh MD, King SJ, Roslawski MJ, Birnbaum AK, Hassler C, Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Winston S, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Formulation and Characterization of Conjugate Vaccines to Reduce Opioid Use Disorders Suitable for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2364-2375. [PMID: 31018096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on formulating conjugate vaccines targeting oxycodone and heroin for technology transfer, good manufacturing practice (GMP), and clinical evaluation. Lead vaccines used the highly immunogenic carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), which poses formulation problems because of its size. To address this barrier to translation, an oxycodone-based hapten conjugated to GMP-grade subunit KLH (OXY-sKLH) and adsorbed on alum adjuvant was studied with regard to carbodiimide coupling reaction time, buffer composition, purification methods for conjugates, conjugate size, state of aggregation, and protein/alum ratio. Vaccine formulations were screened for post-immunization antibody levels and efficacy in reducing oxycodone distribution to the brain in rats. While larger conjugates were more immunogenic, their size prevented characterization of the haptenation ratio by standard analytical methods and sterilization by filtration. To address this issue, conjugation chemistry and vaccine formulation were optimized for maximal efficacy, and conjugate size was measured by dynamic light scattering prior to adsorption to alum. An analogous heroin vaccine (M-sKLH) was also optimized for conjugation chemistry, formulated in alum, and characterized for potency against heroin in rats. Finally, this study found that the efficacy of OXY-sKLH was preserved when co-administered with M-sKLH, supporting the proof of concept for a bivalent vaccine formulation targeting both heroin and oxycodone. This study suggests methods for addressing the unique formulation and characterization challenges posed by conjugating small molecules to sKLH while preserving vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baruffaldi
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M D Raleigh
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - S J King
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M J Roslawski
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - A K Birnbaum
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - C Hassler
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - F I Carroll
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S P Runyon
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S Winston
- Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting , 4475 Laguna Place #215 , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - P R Pentel
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M Pravetoni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
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13
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Stewart A, Davis GL, Gresch PJ, Katamish RM, Peart R, Rabil MJ, Gowrishankar R, Carroll FI, Hahn MK, Blakely RD. Serotonin transporter inhibition and 5-HT 2C receptor activation drive loss of cocaine-induced locomotor activation in DAT Val559 mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:994-1006. [PMID: 30578419 PMCID: PMC6462012 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling dysfunction is believed to contribute to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The rare DA transporter (DAT) coding substitution Ala559Val found in subjects with ADHD, bipolar disorder and autism, promotes anomalous DA efflux in vitro and, in DAT Val559 mice, leads to increased reactivity to imminent handling, waiting impulsivity, and enhanced motivation for reward. Here, we report that, in contrast to amphetamine and methylphenidate, which induce significant locomotor activation, cocaine administration to these mice elicits no locomotor effects, despite retention of conditioned place preference (CPP). Additionally, cocaine fails to elevate extracellular DA. Given that amphetamine and methylphenidate, unlike cocaine, lack high-affinity interactions with the serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT), we hypothesized that the lack of cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in DAT Val559 mice arises from SERT blockade and augmented 5-HT signaling relative to cocaine actions on wildtype animals. Consistent with this idea, the SERT blocker fluoxetine abolished methylphenidate-induced locomotor activity in DAT Val559 mice, mimicking the effects seen with cocaine. Additionally, a cocaine analog (RTI-113) with greater selectivity for DAT over SERT retains locomotor activation in DAT Val559 mice. Furthermore, genetic elimination of high-affinity cocaine interactions at SERT in DAT Val559 mice, or specific inhibition of 5-HT2C receptors in these animals, restored cocaine-induced locomotion, but did not restore cocaine-induced elevations of extracellular DA. Our findings reveal a significant serotonergic plasticity arising in the DAT Val559 model that involves enhanced 5-HT2C signaling, acting independently of striatal DA release, capable of suppressing the activity of cocaine-sensitive motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Stewart
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Gwynne L. Davis
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Paul J. Gresch
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA ,0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fBrain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Rania M. Katamish
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Rodeania Peart
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fWilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Maximilian J. Rabil
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,0000 0001 2264 7217grid.152326.1International Scholars Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- 0000000100301493grid.62562.35Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Maureen K. Hahn
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA ,0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fBrain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
| | - Randy D. Blakely
- 0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fDepartment of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA ,0000 0004 0635 0263grid.255951.fBrain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL USA
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14
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Lewin AH, Brieaddy L, Deschamps JR, Imler GH, Mascarella SW, Reddy PA, Carroll FI. Synthesis and Characterization of the Selective, Reversible PKC β Inhibitor (9 S)-9-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-6,7,10,11-tetrahydro-9 H,18 H-5,21:12,17-dimethenodibenzo[ e,k]pyrrolo[3,4- h][1,4,13]oxadiazacyclohexadecine-18,20(19 H)-dione, Ruboxistaurin (LY333531). ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:246-251. [PMID: 30156829 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The demonstrated role of PKCβ in mediating amphetamine-stimulated dopamine efflux, which regulates amphetamine-induced dopamine transporter trafficking and activity, has promoted the research use of the selective, reversible PKCβ inhibitor (9 S)-9-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-6,7,10,11-tetrahydro-9 H,18 H-5,21:12,17-dimethenodibenzo[ e,k]pyrrolo[3,4- h][1,4,13]oxadiazacyclohexadecine-18,20(19 H)-dione, ruboxistaurin. Despite the interest in development of ruboxistaurin as the mesylate monohydrate (Arxxant) for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and nephoropathy, several crucial details in physicochemical characterization were erroneous or missing. This report describes the synthesis and full characterization of ruboxistaurin free base (as a monohydrate), including X-ray crystallography to confirm the absolute configuration, and of the mesylate salt, isolated as a hydrate containing 1.5 mol of water per mole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita H. Lewin
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Larry Brieaddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Laboratory for Biosensors and Biomaterials, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Laboratory for Biosensors and Biomaterials, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - P. Anantha Reddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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15
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Bagdas D, AlSharari S, Roni MA, Campbell VC, Muldoon PP, Carroll FI, Damaj MI. Blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor enhances the responsiveness to bupropion in the mouse forced swim test. Behav Brain Res 2018; 360:262-269. [PMID: 30552947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to investigate the role of α4, α5, α6 or β2 nAChR subunits in the antidepressant-like effect of bupropion. Adult male mice were treated with subcutaneous acute doses of bupropion (3 and 10 mg/kg) 30 min before the forced swim test (FST) in α4, α5, α6, or β2 nAChR subunit knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, the effects of β2* antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE, 3 mg/kg) on antidepressant-like effects of bupropion in C57BL/6 J mice were assessed. Our results showed that baseline immobility and climbing time did not differ between KO and corresponding WT mice except for β2 KO. Bupropion significantly decreased immobility time and increased climbing time in the α4, α6 and β2 nAChR KO mice in comparison to WT littermates, indicating that lack of these nAChR subunits enhanced antidepressant effects of bupropion. On the contrary, the α5 nAChR subunit deletion did not alter the FST behavior in the bupropion-treated mice. Not only in the transgenic mice, bupropion also showed antidepressant-like effects in the WT mice. In addition, DHβE pretreatment before bupropion administration resulted in decreased immobility time and increased climbing time. Taken together, the present study provides evidence on the involvement of α4*, α6*, and β2* (* indicates possible presence of other subunits) nAChRs in the antidepressant-like effects of bupropion in the FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Shakir AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monzurul A Roni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
| | - Vera C Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, VA, 23668, USA
| | - Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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16
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Ondachi PW, Kormos CM, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Carroll FI. Potent and Selective Tetrahydroisoquinoline Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists of Lead Compound (3 R)-7-Hydroxy- N-[(1 S)-2-methyl-1-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxamide (PDTic). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7525-7545. [PMID: 30117738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Past studies have shown that it has been difficult to discover and develop potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists, particularly compounds having potential for clinical development. In this study, we present a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of a recently discovered new class of tetrahydroisoquinoline κ opioid receptor antagonists which led to (3 R)-7-hydroxy- N-{(1 S)-2-methyl-1-[(-4-methylpiperidine-1-yl)methyl]propyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxamide (12) (4-Me-PDTic). Compound 12 had a Ke = 0.37 nM in a [35S]GTPγS binding assay and was 645- and >8100-fold selective for the κ relative to the μ and δ opioid receptors, respectively. Calculated log BB and CNS (central nervous system) multiparameter optimization (MPO) and low molecular weight values all predict that 12 will penetrate the brain, and pharmacokinetic studies in rats show that 12 does indeed penetrate the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline W Ondachi
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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17
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Kormos CM, Ondachi PW, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Carroll FI. Potent and Selective Tetrahydroisoquinoline Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists of Lead Compound (3 R)- N-[1 R)-1-(Cyclohexylmethyl)-2-methylpropyl]-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxamide (CDTic). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7546-7559. [PMID: 30032602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal pharmacological studies suggest that potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists have potential as pharmacotherapies targeting depression, anxiety, and substance abuse (opiates, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine). We recently reported lead compound 1 as a new class of κ opioid receptor antagonists with only one basic amine group. Analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro opioid receptor antagonist properties using a [35S]GTPγS binding assay. All analogues were pure opioid receptor antagonists with no agonist activity. Compounds 1, 8, 9, 13, and 14 ( Ke values 0.058-0.64 nM) are highly potent and highly selective for the κ relative to the μ and δ opioid receptors. Favorable calculated physiochemical properties were confirmed in rat PK studies, demonstrating brain penetration for selected compounds 1, 9, and 13. High κ opioid receptor potency and selectivity and highly favorable calculated physiochemical and PK properties for brain penetration suggest these compounds should be considered for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Pauline W Ondachi
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
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Carroll FI, Kosten TR, Buda JJ, Wang L, Walters BB. A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Demonstrating the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single, Escalating Oral Doses of RTI-336. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:712. [PMID: 30042675 PMCID: PMC6048956 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preclinical and clinical data suggest that a compound which binds potently to and inhibits the dopamine transporter, but with a slower onset and offset rate than cocaine and with less abuse potential and psychomotor stimulant activity, could be a useful adjunct in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Methods: We assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral single doses (0.3, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 20 mg) of such an analog, RTI-336, in a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial in healthy adult males. Pre-dose and post-dose safety assessments included physical examinations (including neurological examination); orthostatic vital signs; 6-lead continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) telemetry monitoring pre-dose to 8 h post-dose; 12-lead ECGs; clinical chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis; mini mental status examinations; and adverse events. RTI-336 PK was assessed in plasma and urine. Results: 22 participants were enrolled. RTI-336 was well-tolerated up to the maximum evaluated dose of 20 mg. PK analyses demonstrated good absorption with peak plasma maximum concentrations (Cmax) occurring around 4 h post-dose and consistent half-lives of around 17 h for the 6, 12, and 20 mg doses. Plasma drug exposure and Cmax increased in proportion to dose. Only 0.02% of RTI-336 excreted was unchanged in urine. Active metabolites UC-M5, UC-M8, and UC-M2 were measurable in plasma and urine, with plasma Cmax of UC-M5 and UC-M8 exceeding that of RTI-336. Three AE possibly were related to RTI-336 and resolved with discontinuation; the one serious AE was unrelated to RTI-336. 2 participants had transient and mild serum total bilirubin elevations (<1.5× upper limit of normal) at day 3 post-dose which resolved by day 8 post-dose. Conclusion: All doses including the highest (20 mg) showed excellent safety and tolerability, and further studies in humans are warranted. Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00808119.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Immunology & Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Buda
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Bagdas D, Alkhlaif Y, Jackson A, Carroll FI, Ditre JW, Damaj MI. New insights on the effects of varenicline on nicotine reward, withdrawal and hyperalgesia in mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:72-79. [PMID: 29860196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Varenicline, a partial agonist for α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and a full agonist for α3β4 and α7 nAChRs, is approved for smoking cessation treatment. Although, partial agonism at α4β2* nAChRs is believed to be the mechanism underlying the effects of varenicline on nicotine reward, the contribution of other nicotinic subtypes to varenicline's effects on nicotine reward is currently unknown. Therefore, we examined the role of α5 and α7 nAChR subunits in the effects of varenicline on nicotine reward using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test in mice. Moreover, the effects of varenicline on nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia and aversion are unknown. We also examined the reversal of nicotine withdrawal in mouse models of dependence by varenicline. Varenicline dose-dependently blocked the development and expression of nicotine reward in the CPP test. The blockade of nicotine reward by varenicline (0.1 mg/kg) was preserved in α7 knockout mice but reduced in α5 knockout mice. Administration of varenicline at high dose of 2.5 mg/kg resulted in a place aversion that was dependent on α5 nAChRs but not β2 nAChRs. Furthermore, varenicline (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) reversed nicotine withdrawal signs such as hyperalgesia and somatic signs and withdrawal-induced aversion in a dose-related manner. Our results indicate that the α5 nAChR subunit plays a role in the effects of varenicline on nicotine reward in mice. Moreover, the mediation of α5 nAChRs, but not β2 nAChRs are probably needed for aversive properties of varenicline at high dose. Varenicline was also shown to reduce several nicotine withdrawal signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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20
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Perrey D, Zhang D, Nguyen T, Carroll FI, Ko MC, Zhang Y. Synthesis of Enantiopure PZM21, A Novel Biased Agonist of the Mu-Opioid Receptor. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:4006-4012. [PMID: 32831629 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PZM21 (1) was recently reported as a biased agonist of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) with improved antinociceptive effects but reduced side effects than traditional opioid-based analgesics. The original synthesis of PZM21 with the desired (S,S) configuration required the separation of diastereomeric mixture in the final step using chiral HPLC. We have designed a concise synthesis of 1 in the enantiomeric pure form starting with commercially available L-alanine and via a chiral aziridine as a key intermediate. The final product 1 as the (S,S) diastereomer was obtained in 7 steps in 22.5% yield from L-alanine. This synthetic strategy could be readily applied to the development of PZM21 analogs at the thiophenyl position.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perrey
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Dehui Zhang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mei-Chuan Ko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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21
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Uhari-Väänänen J, Raasmaja A, Bäckström P, Oinio V, Carroll FI, Airavaara M, Kiianmaa K, Piepponen P. The κ-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic decreases ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1581-1591. [PMID: 29492614 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies suggest that the κ-opioidergic system becomes overactivated as ethanol use disorders develop. Nalmefene, a currently approved treatment for ethanol use disorders, may also elicit some of its main effects via the κ-opioidergic system. However, the exact role of κ-opioid receptors on regulating ethanol intake and contribution to the development of ethanol addiction remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of accumbal κ-opioid receptors in controlling ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring Alko Alcohol (AA) rats. METHODS Microinfusions of the long-acting and selective κ-opioid receptor antagonist JDTic (1-15 μg/site) were administered bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens shell of AA rats voluntarily consuming 10% ethanol solution in the intermittent, time-restricted two-bottle choice access paradigm. JDTic (10 mg/kg) was also administered subcutaneously. Both the acute and long-term effects of the treatment on ethanol intake were examined. As a reference, nor-BNI (3 μg/site) was administered intra-accumbally. RESULTS Systemically administered JDTic decreased ethanol intake significantly 2 days and showed a similar trend 4 days after administration. Furthermore, intra-accumbally administered JDTic showed a weak decreasing effect on ethanol intake long-term but had no acute effects. Intra-accumbal administration of nor-BNI tended to decrease ethanol intake. CONCLUSIONS The results provide further evidence that κ-opioid receptors play a role in controlling ethanol intake and that accumbal κ-opioid receptors participate in the modulation of the reinforcing effects of ethanol. Furthermore, the results suggest that κ-opioid receptor antagonists may be a valuable adjunct in the pharmacotherapy of ethanol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uhari-Väänänen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Atso Raasmaja
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Bäckström
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Oinio
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- RTI International, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalervo Kiianmaa
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petteri Piepponen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Bagdas D, Meade JA, Alkhlaif Y, Muldoon PP, Carroll FI, Damaj MI. Effect of nicotine and alpha-7 nicotinic modulators on visceral pain-induced conditioned place aversion in mice. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:10.1002/ejp.1231. [PMID: 29633429 PMCID: PMC6179949 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical assays of affective and sensorial aspects of nociception play a key role in research on both the neurobiology of pain and the development of novel analgesics. Therefore, we investigated the effects of nicotine and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulators in the negative affective and sensory components of visceral pain in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Intraperitoneal acetic acid (AA) administration resulted in a robust stretching behaviour and conditioned place aversion (CPA) in mice. We observed a dose-dependent reduction in AA-induced stretching and CPA by the nonselective nAChRs agonist nicotine. Mecamylamine, a nonselective nAChRs agonist, was able to block its effects; however, hexamethonium, a peripherally restricted nonselective nicotinic antagonist, was able to block nicotine's effect on stretching behaviour but not on CPA. In addition, systemic administration of α7 nAChR full agonists PHA543613 and PNU282987 was failed to block stretching and CPA behaviour induced by AA. However, the α7 nAChR-positive allosteric modulator PNU120596 blocked AA-induced CPA in a dose-dependent manner without reducing stretching behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed that while nonselective nAChR activation induces antinociceptive properties on the sensorial and affective signs of visceral pain in mice, α7 nAChRS activation has no effect on these responses. In addition, nonselective nAChR activation-induced antinociceptive effect on stretching behaviour was mediated by central and peripheral mechanisms. However, the effect of nonselective nAChR activation on CPA was mediated centrally. Furthermore, our data suggest a pivotal role of allosteric modulation of α7 nAChRS in the negative affective, but not sensory, component of visceral pain. SIGNIFICANCE The present results suggest that allosteric modulation of α7 nAChR may provide new strategies in affective aspects of nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
- The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Julie A. Meade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Yasmin Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - Pretal P. Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613
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23
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Lewin AH, Fix SE, Zhong D, Mayer LD, Burgess JP, Mascarella SW, Reddy PA, Seltzman HH, Carroll FI. Caged Naloxone: Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability of 3- O-(4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl Naloxone (CNV-NLX). ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:563-567. [PMID: 29154536 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The photolabile analogue of the broad-spectrum opioid antagonist naloxone, 3- O-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl naloxone (also referred to as "caged naloxone", 3- O-(α-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl)naloxone, CNV-NLX), has been found to be a valuable biochemical probe. While the synthesis of CNV-NLX is simple, its characterization is complicated by the fact that it is produced as a mixture of α R,5 R,9 R,13 S,14 S and α S,5 R,9 R,13 S,14 S diastereomers. Using long-range and heteronuclear NMR correlations, the 1H NMR and 13C NMR resonances of both diastereomers have been fully assigned, confirming the structures. Monitoring of solutions of CNV-NLX in saline buffer, in methanol, and in DMSO has shown CNV-NLX to be stable for over a week under fluorescent laboratory lights at room temperature. Exposure of such solutions to λ 365 nm from a hand-held UV lamp led to the formation of naloxone and CNV-related breakdown products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita H. Lewin
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Scott E. Fix
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Desong Zhong
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Louise D. Mayer
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jason P. Burgess
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - P. Anantha Reddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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24
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Raleigh MD, Laudenbach M, Baruffaldi F, Peterson SJ, Roslawski MJ, Birnbaum AK, Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Winston S, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Opioid Dose- and Route-Dependent Efficacy of Oxycodone and Heroin Vaccines in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018. [PMID: 29535156 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heroin and oxycodone abuse occurs over a wide range of drug doses and by various routes of administration characterized by differing rates of drug absorption. The current study addressed the efficacy of a heroin vaccine [morphine hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (M-KLH)] or oxycodone vaccine [oxycodone hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (OXY-KLH)] for reducing drug distribution to brain after intravenous heroin or oxycodone, or subcutaneous oxycodone. Rats immunized with M-KLH or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) control received an intravenous bolus dose of 0.26 or 2.6 mg/kg heroin. Vaccination with M-KLH increased retention of heroin and its active metabolites 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine in plasma compared with KLH controls, and reduced total opioid (heroin + 6-AM + morphine) distribution to brain but only at the lower heroin dose. Immunization also protected against respiratory depression at the lower heroin dose. Rats immunized with OXY-KLH or KLH control received 0.22 or 2.2 mg/kg oxycodone intravenously, the molar equivalent of the heroin doses. Immunization with OXY-KLH significantly reduced oxycodone distribution to brain after either oxycodone dose, although the magnitude of effect of immunization at the higher oxycodone dose was small (12%). By contrast, vaccination with OXY-KLH was more effective when oxycodone was administered subcutaneously rather than intravenously, reducing oxycodone distribution to brain by 44% after an oxycodone dose of 2.3 mg/kg. Vaccination also reduced oxycodone-induced antinociception. These data suggest that the efficacy of OXY-KLH and M-KLH opioid vaccines is highly dependent upon opioid dose and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Raleigh
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Federico Baruffaldi
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Samantha J Peterson
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michaela J Roslawski
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Angela K Birnbaum
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott Winston
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul R Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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25
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Laman-Maharg A, Williams AV, Zufelt MD, Minie VA, Ramos-Maciel S, Hao R, Ordoñes Sanchez E, Copeland T, Silverman JL, Leigh A, Snyder R, Carroll FI, Fennell TR, Trainor BC. Sex Differences in the Effects of a Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist in the Forced Swim Test. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:93. [PMID: 29491835 PMCID: PMC5817081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists could be a useful class of therapeutics for treating depression and anxiety. However, the overwhelming majority of preclinical investigations examining the behavioral effects of KOR antagonists have been in male rodents. Here, we examined the effects of the long-acting KOR antagonist nor-binaltophimine (norBNI) on immobility in the forced swim test in males and females of two different rodent species (C57Bl/6J and California mice). Consistent with previous reports, norBNI (10 mg/kg) decreased immobility in the forced swim test for male C57Bl/6J and California mice. Surprisingly, dose-response studies in female C57Bl/6J and California mice showed that norBNI did not reduce immobility. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed that metabolism and brain concentrations of norBNI were similar in male and female C57Bl/6J. In the nucleus accumbens of male but not female C57Bl/6J, norBNI increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK), a putative mechanism for norBNI action. However, no differences in pJNK were observed in male or female California mice. Together, these results suggest that immobility in the forced swim test is less dependent on endogenous KOR signaling in female rodents and highlight the importance of examining the effects of possible therapeutic agents in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Laman-Maharg
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexia V Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mikaela D Zufelt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa A Minie
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Rebecca Hao
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Tiffany Copeland
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Angelina Leigh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rodney Snyder
- Research Triangle Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Brian C Trainor
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Che T, Majumdar S, Zaidi SA, Ondachi P, McCorvy JD, Wang S, Mosier PD, Uprety R, Vardy E, Krumm BE, Han GW, Lee MY, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Huang XP, Strachan RT, Tribo AR, Pasternak GW, Carroll FI, Stevens RC, Cherezov V, Katritch V, Wacker D, Roth BL. Structure of the Nanobody-Stabilized Active State of the Kappa Opioid Receptor. Cell 2018; 172:55-67.e15. [PMID: 29307491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOP) mediates the actions of opioids with hallucinogenic, dysphoric, and analgesic activities. The design of KOP analgesics devoid of hallucinatory and dysphoric effects has been hindered by an incomplete structural and mechanistic understanding of KOP agonist actions. Here, we provide a crystal structure of human KOP in complex with the potent epoxymorphinan opioid agonist MP1104 and an active-state-stabilizing nanobody. Comparisons between inactive- and active-state opioid receptor structures reveal substantial conformational changes in the binding pocket and intracellular and extracellular regions. Extensive structural analysis and experimental validation illuminate key residues that propagate larger-scale structural rearrangements and transducer binding that, collectively, elucidate the structural determinants of KOP pharmacology, function, and biased signaling. These molecular insights promise to accelerate the structure-guided design of safer and more effective κ-opioid receptor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susruta Majumdar
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Pauline Ondachi
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philip D Mosier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonweath University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rajendra Uprety
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eyal Vardy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian E Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ming-Yue Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Institute of Natural Resources and Environmental Audits, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China
| | - Els Pardon
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ryan T Strachan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra R Tribo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gavril W Pasternak
- Molecular Pharmacology Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daniel Wacker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Lazenka ML, Moerke MJ, Townsend EA, Freeman KB, Carroll FI, Negus SS. Dissociable effects of the kappa opioid receptor agonist nalfurafine on pain/itch-stimulated and pain/itch-depressed behaviors in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:203-213. [PMID: 29063139 PMCID: PMC5750069 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nalfurafine is a G protein signaling-biased kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist approved in Japan for second-line treatment of uremic pruritus. Neither nalfurafine nor any other KOR agonist is currently approved anywhere for treatment of pain, but recent evidence suggests that G protein signaling-biased KOR agonists may have promise as candidate analgesics/antipruritics with reduced side effects compared to nonbiased or ß-arrestin-signaling-biased KOR agonists. OBJECTIVES This study compared nalfurafine effects in rats using assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior used previously to evaluate other candidate analgesics. Nalfurafine effects were also examined in complementary assays of itch-stimulated and itch-depressed behavior. METHODS Intraperitoneal lactic acid (IP acid) and intradermal serotonin (ID 5HT) served as noxious and pruritic stimuli, respectively, in male Sprague Dawley rats to stimulate stretching (IP acid) or scratching (ID 5HT) or to depress positively reinforced operant responding in an assay of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS; both stimuli). RESULTS Nalfurafine was equipotent to decrease IP acid-stimulated stretching and ID 5HT-stimulated scratching; however, doses of nalfurafine that decreased these pain/itch-stimulated behaviors also decreased control ICSS performance. Moreover, nalfurafine failed to alleviate either IP acid- or ID 5HT-induced depression of ICSS. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nalfurafine-induced decreases in pain/itch-stimulated behaviors may reflect nonselective decreases in motivated behavior rather than analgesia or antipruritus against the noxious and pruritic stimuli used here. This conclusion agrees with the absence of clinical data for nalfurafine analgesia and the weak clinical data for nalfurafine antipruritus. Nalfurafine bias for G protein signaling may not be sufficient for clinically safe and reliable analgesia or antipruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Lazenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Megan J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - E Andrew Townsend
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kevin B Freeman
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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AlSharari SD, Bagdas D, Akbarali HI, Lichtman PA, Raborn ES, Cabral GA, Carroll FI, McGee EA, Damaj MI. Sex Differences and Drug Dose Influence the Role of the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in the Mouse Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:460-468. [PMID: 27639096 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play an important role in vagus nerve-based cholinergic anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to assess the role of α7 nAChRs in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in male and female mouse. We first compared disease activity and pathogenesis of colitis in α7 knockout and wild-type mice. We then evaluated the effect of several α7 direct and indirect agonists on the severity of disease in the DSS-induced colitis. Methods Male and female adult mice were administered 2.5% DSS solution freely in the drinking water for 7 consecutive days and the colitis severity (disease activity index) was evaluated as well as colon length, colon histology, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha colonic levels. Results Male, but not female, α7 knockout mice displayed a significantly increased colitis severity and higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels as compared with their littermate wild-type mice. Moreover, pretreatment with selective α7 ligands PHA-543613, choline, and PNU-120596 decreased colitis severity in male but not female mice. The anti-colitis effects of these α7 compounds dissipated when administered at higher doses. Conclusions Our results suggest the presence of a α7-dependent anti-colitis endogenous tone in male mice. Finally, our results show for the first time that female mice are less sensitive to the anti-colitis activity of α7 agonists. Ovarian hormones may play a key role in the sex difference effect of α7 nAChRs modulation of colitis in the mouse. Implications Our collective results suggest that targeting α7 nAChRs could represent a viable therapeutic approach for intestinal inflammation diseases such as ulcerative colitis with the consideration of sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir D AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.,Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Patraic A Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Erinn S Raborn
- Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Guy A Cabral
- Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Elizabeth A McGee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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29
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Kormos CM, Ondachi PW, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Simple Tetrahydroisoquinolines Are Potent and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:742-745. [PMID: 28740609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists have been derived from the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of pure opioid receptor antagonists. In order to determine if the 3-hydroxyphenyl and/or the piperidine amino groups are required for obtaining the pure opioid antagonists, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-2-methyl-1-(piperidine-1-ylmethyl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiosquinoline-3-carboxamide (1), which does not have a 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) group, and (3R)-N-(1R)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-methylpropyl]-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxamide (2), which does not have a 4-hydroxylphenyl or a piperidine amino group, were synthesized and evaluated for their [35S]GTPγS binding properties at the μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors. Surprisingly compound 1 remained a pure opioid antagonist with a Ke = 6.80 nM at the κ opioid receptor and is 21- and 441-fold selective for the κ receptor relative to the μ and δ opioid receptors, respectively. Even more unexpected and novel is the finding that 2 has a Ke = 0.14 nM at κ and is 1730- and 4570-fold selective for κ relative to the μ and δ opioid receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Pauline W. Ondachi
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott P. Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - James B. Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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30
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Ray C, Soderblom EJ, Bai Y, Carroll FI, Caron MG, Barak LS. Probing the Allosteric Role of the α5 Subunit of α3β4α5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors by Functionally Selective Modulators and Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:702-714. [PMID: 28045487 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors regulate the nicotine dependence encountered with cigarette smoking, and this has stimulated a search for drugs binding the responsible receptor subtypes. Studies link a gene cluster encoding for α3β4α5-D398N nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to lung cancer risk as well as link a second mutation in this cluster to an increased risk for nicotine dependence. However, there are currently no recognized drugs for discriminating α3β4α5 signaling. In this study, we describe the development of homogeneous HEK-293 cell clones of α3β4 and α3β4α5 receptors appropriate for drug screening and characterizing biochemical and pharmacological properties of incorporated α5 subunits. Clones were assessed for plasma membrane expression of the individual receptor subunits by mass spectrometry and immunochemistry, and their calcium flux was measured in the presence of a library of kinase inhibitors and a focused library of acetylcholine receptor ligands. We demonstrated an incorporation of two α3 subunits in approximately 98% of plasma membrane receptor pentamers, indicating a 2/3 subunit expression ratio of α3 to β4 alone or to coexpressed β4 and α5. With prolonged nicotine exposure, the plasma membrane expression of receptors with and without incorporated α5 increased. Whereas α5 subunit expression decreased the cell calcium response to nicotine and reduced plasma membrane receptor number, it partially protected receptors from nicotine mediated desensitization. Hit compounds from both libraries suggest the α5 and α5-D398N subunits allosterically modify the behavior of nicotine at the parent α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These studies identify pharmacological tools from two distinct classes of drugs, antagonists and modifiers that are α5 and α5-D398N subtype selective that provide a means to characterize the role of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster in smoking and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Departments
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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31
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Owens SM, Pollard GT, Howard JL, Fennell TR, Snyder RW, Carroll FI. Pharmacodynamic Relationships between Duration of Action of JDTic-like Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonists and Their Brain and Plasma Pharmacokinetics in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1737-1745. [PMID: 27700049 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
JDTic is a potent and selective κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist that reverses U50,488-induced diuresis in rats. It partitions into brain with a duration of action lasting for weeks. In a search for KOR antagonists that do not accumulate in the brain, we compared single doses of five methylated JDTic analogs (RTI-97, -194, -212, -240, and -241) for reversal of U50,488 diuresis and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. All six compounds showed potent and selective KOR antagonism in a [35S]GTPγS binding assay. Plasma half-lives ranged from 24 to 41 h and brain half-lives from 24 to 76 h. JDTic and RTI-194 showed increasing brain to plasma ratios over time, indicating increasing partitioning into brain and a longer duration of action for reversal of diuresis than did RTI-97. RTI-240 did not show significant brain accumulation. RTI-212 showed no substantive difference between brain and plasma levels and was inactive against diuresis. RTI-241, with a lower brain to plasma ratio than JDTic and RTI-194, formed JDTic as a metabolite, which still reduced diuresis after 9 weeks. The fact that the duration of action was correlated with the brain to blood plasma ratios and area under the concentration-time curves suggests that PK properties could help to predict safety and acceptable duration of action for KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Michael Owens
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College
of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Gerald T. Pollard
- Howard Associates, LLC, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - James L. Howard
- Howard Associates, LLC, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rodney W. Snyder
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, 3040
East Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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Donahue RJ, Venkataraman A, Carroll FI, Meloni EG, Carlezon WA. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Disrupts Motivation, Social Interaction, and Attention in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:955-964. [PMID: 26229039 PMCID: PMC4684793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe or prolonged stress can trigger psychiatric illnesses including mood and anxiety disorders. Recent work indicates that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays an important role in regulating stress effects. In rodents, exogenous PACAP administration can produce persistent elevations in the acoustic startle response, which may reflect anxiety-like signs including hypervigilance. We investigated whether PACAP causes acute or persistent alterations in behaviors that reflect other core features of mood and anxiety disorders (motivation, social interaction, and attention). METHODS Using male Sprague Dawley rats, we examined if PACAP (.25-1.0 µg, intracerebroventricular infusion) affects motivation as measured in the intracranial self-stimulation test. We also examined if PACAP alters interactions with a conspecific in the social interaction test. Finally, we examined if PACAP affects performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which quantifies attention and error processing. RESULTS Dose-dependent disruptions in motivation, social interaction, and attention were produced by PACAP, as reflected by increases in reward thresholds, decreases in social behaviors, and decreases in correct responses and alterations in posterror accuracy. Behavior normalized quickly in the intracranial self-stimulation and 5-choice serial reaction time task tests but remained dysregulated in the social interaction test. Effects on attention were attenuated by the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist antalarmin but not the κ opioid receptor antagonist JDTic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PACAP affects numerous domains often dysregulated in mood and anxiety disorders, but that individual signs depend on brain substrates that are at least partially independent. This work may help to devise therapeutics that mitigate specific signs of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Donahue
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Archana Venkataraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Edward G Meloni
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
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Cunningham CS, Moerke MJ, Javors MA, Carroll FI, McMahon LR. Attenuated nicotine-like effects of varenicline but not other nicotinic ACh receptor agonists in monkeys receiving nicotine daily. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3454-3466. [PMID: 27667659 PMCID: PMC5120155 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic treatment can differentially impact the effects of pharmacologically related drugs that differ in receptor selectivity and efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The impact of daily nicotine treatment on the effects of nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) agonists was examined in two groups of rhesus monkeys discriminating nicotine (1.78 mg·kg-1 base weight) from saline. One group received additional nicotine treatment post-session (1.78 mg·kg-1 administered five times daily, each dose 2 h apart; i.e. Daily group), and the second group did not (Intermittent group). KEY RESULTS Daily repeated nicotine treatment produced a time-related increase in saliva cotinine. There was no significant difference in the ED50 values of the nicotine discriminative stimulus between the Daily and Intermittent group. Mecamylamine antagonized the effects of nicotine, whereas dihydro-β-erythroidine did not. Midazolam produced 0% nicotine-lever responding. The nAChR agonists epibatidine, RTI-36, cytisine and varenicline produced >96% nicotine-lever responding in the Intermittent group. The respective maximum effects in the Daily group were 100, 72, 59 and 28%, which shows that the ability of varenicline to produce nicotine-like responding was selectively decreased in the Daily as compared with the Intermittent group. When combined with nicotine, both varenicline and cytisine increased the potency of nicotine to produce discriminative stimulus effects. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Nicotine treatment has a greater impact on the sensitivity to the effects of varenicline as compared with some other nAChR agonists. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that varenicline differs from nicotine in its selectivity for multiple nAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Megan J Moerke
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin A Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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34
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Slater CA, Jackson A, Muldoon PP, Dawson A, O'Brien M, Soll LG, Abdullah R, Carroll FI, Tapper AR, Miles MF, Banks ML, Bettinger JC, Damaj IM. Nicotine Enhances the Hypnotic and Hypothermic Effects of Alcohol in the Mouse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:62-72. [PMID: 26727524 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine abuse are 2 leading causes of preventable mortality in the world, but little is known about the pharmacological mechanisms mediating co-abuse. Few studies have examined the interaction of the acute effects of EtOH and nicotine. Here, we examine the effects of nicotine administration on the duration of EtOH-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) and characterize the nature of their pharmacological interactions in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS We assessed the effects of EtOH and nicotine and the nature of their interaction in the LORR test using isobolographic analysis after acute injection in C57BL/6J male mice. Next, we examined the importance of receptor efficacy using nicotinic partial agonists varenicline and sazetidine. We evaluated the involvement of major nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes using nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and nicotinic α4- and α7-knockout mice. The selectivity of nicotine's actions on EtOH-induced LORR was examined by testing nicotine's effects on the hypnotic properties of ketamine and pentobarbital. We also assessed the development of tolerance after repeated nicotine exposure. Last, we assessed whether the effects of nicotine on EtOH-induced LORR extend to hypothermia and EtOH intake in the drinking in the dark (DID) paradigm. RESULTS We found that acute nicotine injection enhances EtOH's hypnotic effects in a synergistic manner and that receptor efficacy plays an important role in this interaction. Furthermore, tolerance developed to the enhancement of EtOH's hypnotic effects by nicotine after repeated exposure of the drug. α4* and α7 nAChRs seem to play an important role in nicotine-EtOH interaction in the LORR test. In addition, the magnitude of EtOH-induced LORR enhancement by nicotine was more pronounced in C57BL/6J than DBA/2J mice. Furthermore, acute nicotine enhanced ketamine and pentobarbital hypnotic effects in the mouse. Finally, nicotine enhanced EtOH-induced hypothermia but decreased EtOH intake in the DID test. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that nicotine synergistically enhances EtOH-induced LORR in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Slater
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anton Dawson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Lindsey G Soll
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Rehab Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andrew R Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Michael F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Imad M Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Runyon SP, Kormos CM, Gichinga MG, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Deschamps JR, Imler GH, Carroll FI. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Structurally Rigid Analogues of 4-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)piperidine Opioid Receptor Antagonists. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10383-10391. [PMID: 27462910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain additional information concerning the active conformation of the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (1) class of opioid receptor antagonists, procedures were developed for the synthesis of structurally rigid N-substituted-6-(3-hydroxyphenyl)3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and 3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes. Evaluation of the conformationally constrained series in a [35S]GTPγS assay showed that structural rigid compounds having the 3-hydroxyphenyl group locked in the piperidine equatorial orientation had potencies equal to or better than similar compounds having more flexible structures similar to 1. The studies of the rigid compounds also suggested that the 3-methyl group present in compound 1 type antagonists may not be necessary for their pure opioid antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 455 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | | | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute , P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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Ondachi PW, Castro AH, Luetje CW, Wageman CR, Marks MJ, Damaj MI, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Synthesis, Nicotinic Acetylcholine Binding, and in Vitro and in Vivo Pharmacological Properties of 2'-Fluoro-(carbamoylpyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1004-12. [PMID: 27166021 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis, nAChR in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of 2'-fluoro-(carbamoylpyridinyl)deschloroepibatidine analogues (5, 6a,b, and 7a,b), which are analogues of our lead structure epibatidine. All of the analogues had subnanomolar binding affinity for α4β2*-nAChRs, and all were potent antagonists of α4β2-nAChRs in an in vitro functional assay. Analogues 6a,b were also highly selective for α4β2- relative to α3β4- and α7-nAChRs. Surprisingly, all of the analogues were exceptionally potent antagonists of nicotine-induced antinociception in the mouse tail-flick test, relative to standard nAChR antagonists such as DHβE. 2'-Fluoro-(4-carbamoyl-3-pyridinyl)deschloroepitabidine (6a) displayed an attractive combination of properties, including subnanomolar binding affinity (Ki = 0.07 nM), submicromolar inhibition of α4β2-nAChRs in the functional assay (IC50 = 0.46 μM) with a high degree of selectivity for α4β2- relative to the α3β4/α7-nAChRs (54-/348-fold, respectively), potent inhibition of [(3)H]dopamine release mediated by α4β2*- and α6β2*-nAChRs in a synaptosomal preparation (IC50 = 21 and 32 nM, respectively), and an AD50 of 0.007 μg/kg as an antagonist of nicotine induced antinociception in the mouse tail-flick test which is 64 250 times more potent than DHβE. These data suggest that compound 6a will be highly useful as a pharmacological tool for studying nAChRs and merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline W. Ondachi
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ana H. Castro
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
| | - Charles W. Luetje
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
| | | | | | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department
of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, P.O. Box 980615, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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37
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Kormos CM, Gichinga MG, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of JDTic analogs to examine the significance of replacement of the 3-hydroxyphenyl group with pyridine or thiophene bioisosteres. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3842-8. [PMID: 27364611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potent and selective KOR antagonist JDTic was derived from the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of pure opioid antagonists. In previous studies we reported that compounds that did not have a hydroxyl on the 3-hydroxyphenyl group and did not have methyl groups at the 3- and 4-position of the piperidine ring were still potent and selective KOR antagonists. In this study we report JDTic analogs 2, 3a-b, 4a-b, and 5, where the 3-hydroxyphenyl ring has been replaced by a 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl or 3-thienyl group and do not have the 3-methyl or 3,4-dimethyl groups, remain potent and selective KOR antagonists. Of these, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-(1S)-2-methyl-[4-methyl-4-pyridine-3-yl-carboxamide (3b) had the best overall binding potency and selectivity in a [(35)S]GTPγS functional assay, with a Ke=0.18nM at the KOR and 273- and 16,700-fold selectivity for the KOR relative to the MOR and DOR, respectively. Calculated physiochemical properties for 3b suggest that it will cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States.
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38
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Alajaji M, Lazenka MF, Kota D, Wise LE, Younis RM, Carroll FI, Levine A, Selley DE, Sim-Selley LJ, Damaj MI. Early adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life cocaine reward in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:308-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Freitas K, Carroll FI, Negus SS. Comparison of effects produced by nicotine and the α4β2-selective agonist 5-I-A-85380 on intracranial self-stimulation in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:65-75. [PMID: 26461167 PMCID: PMC4821675 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is one type of preclinical procedure for research on pharmacological mechanisms that mediate abuse potential of drugs acting at various targets, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This study compared effects of the nonselective nAChR agonist nicotine (0.032-1.0 mg/kg) and the α4β2-selective nAChR agonist 5-I-A-85380 (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) on ICSS in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were implanted with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus and trained to respond under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for a range of brain stimulation frequencies (158-56 Hz). A broad range of 5-I-A-85380 doses produced an abuse-related increase (or "facilitation") of low ICSS rates maintained by low brain-stimulation frequencies, and this effect was blocked by both the nonselective nAChR antagonist mecamylamine and the selective α4β2 antagonist dihyrdo-β-erythroidine (DHβE). Conversely, nicotine produced weaker ICSS facilitation across a narrower range of doses, and higher nicotine doses decreased high rates of ICSS maintained by high brain-stimulation frequencies. The rate-decreasing effects of a high nicotine dose were blocked by mecamylamine but not DHβE. Chronic nicotine treatment produced selective tolerance to rate-decreasing effects of nicotine but did not alter ICSS rate-increasing effects of nicotine. These results suggest that α4β2 receptors are sufficient to mediate abuse-related rate-increasing effects of nAChR agonists in this ICSS procedure. Conversely, nicotine effects at non-α4β2 nAChRs appear to oppose and limit abuse-related effects mediated by α4β2 receptors, although tolerance can develop to these non-α4β2 effects. Selective α4β2 agonists may have higher abuse potential than nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelen Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
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40
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Freitas KC, Carroll FI, Negus SS. Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists in assays of acute pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 355:341-50. [PMID: 26359313 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) constitute one drug class being evaluated as candidate analgesics. Previous preclinical studies have implicated α4β2 and α7 nAChRs as potential mediators of the antinociceptive effects of (–)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate (nicotine) and other nAChR agonists; however, these studies have relied exclusively on measures of pain-stimulated behavior, which can be defined as behaviors that increase in frequency, rate, or intensity after presentation of a noxious stimulus. Pain is also associated with depression of many behaviors, and drug effects can differ in assays of pain-stimulated versus pain-depressed behavior. Accordingly, this study compared the effects of nicotine, the selective α4/6β2 agonist 5-(123I)iodo-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine (5-I-A-85380), and the selective α7 agonist N-(3R)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl-4-chlorobenzamide in assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal injection of dilute lactic acid served as an acute noxious stimulus to either stimulate a stretching response or depress the operant responding, which is maintained by electrical brain stimulation in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. Nicotine produced a dose-dependent, time-dependent, and mecamylamine-reversible blockade of both acid-stimulated stretching and acid-induced depression of ICSS. 5-I-A-85380 also blocked both acid-stimulated stretching and acid-induced depression of ICSS, whereas N-(3R)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)oct-3-yl-4-chlorobenzamide produced no effect in either procedure. Both nicotine and 5-I-A-85380 were ≥10-fold more potent in blocking the acid-induced depression of ICSS than in blocking the acid-induced stimulation of stretching. These results suggest that stimulation of α4β2 and/or α6β2 nAChRs may be especially effective to alleviate the signs of pain-related behavioral depression in rats; however, nonselective behavioral effects may contribute to apparent antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelen C Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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41
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Chang SD, Brieaddy LE, Harvey JD, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA, Decker AM, McElhinny CJ, Zhong D, Peterson EE, Navarro HA, Bruchas MR, Carroll FI. Novel Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of NOP Receptor Agonist 8-[(1S,3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-Hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (Ro 64-6198). ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1956-64. [PMID: 26367173 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) receptor is a widely expressed GPCR involved in the modulation of pain, anxiety, and motor behaviors. Dissecting the functional properties of this receptor is limited by the lack of systemically active ligands that are brain permeant. The small molecule NOP receptor-selective, full agonist 8-[(1S,3aS)-2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (Ro 64-6198) hydrochloride is an active, brain penetrant ligand, but its difficult and cost-prohibitive synthesis limits its widespread use and availability for animal studies. Here, we detail a more efficient and convenient method of synthesis, and use both in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assays to fully characterize this ligand. Specifically, we characterize the pharmacodynamics of Ro 64-6198 in cAMP and G-protein coupling in vitro and examine, for the first time, the effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and Ro 64-6198 in arrestin recruitment assays. Further, we examine the effects of Ro 64-6198 on analgesia, anxiety, and locomotor responses in vivo. This new synthesis and pharmacological characterization provide additional insights into the useful, systemically active, NOP receptor agonist Ro 64-6198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Chang
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Lawrence E. Brieaddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Joseph D. Harvey
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Anita H. Lewin
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Herbert H. Seltzman
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - P. Anantha Reddy
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M. Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Charles J. McElhinny
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Desong Zhong
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Elisha E. Peterson
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, and Department of Anatomy
and Neurobiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
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Bagdas D, Muldoon PP, AlSharari S, Carroll FI, Negus SS, Damaj MI. Expression and pharmacological modulation of visceral pain-induced conditioned place aversion in mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 102:236-43. [PMID: 26639043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pain encompasses both a sensory as well as an affective dimension and these are differentially processed in the brain and periphery. It is therefore important to develop animal models to reflect the non-reflexive assays in pain. In this study, we compared effects of the mu opioid receptor agonist morphine, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen and the kappa receptor opioid agonist U50,488H and antagonist JDTic on acetic acid-induced stretching and acetic acid-induced aversion in the condition place aversion (CPA) test in male ICR mice. Intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid (0.32-1%) was equipotent in stimulating stretching and CPA. Ketoprofen, morphine and U50,488H all inhibited the acid-induced stretching. Ketoprofen and morphine also blocked the acid-induced CPA but U50,488H failed to do so. The reversal ability of ketoprofen and morphine on acid-induced CPA is unique to pain-stimulated place aversion since these drugs failed to reduce non-noxious LiCl-induced CPA. Overall, this study characterized and validated a preclinical mouse model of pain-related aversive behavior that can be used to assess genetic and biological mechanisms of pain as well as improving the predictive validity of preclinical studies on candidate analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
| | - Pretal P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Shakir AlSharari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
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Carroll FI, Gichinga MG, Kormos CM, Maitra R, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Mascarella SW, Decker AM, Navarro HA. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of JDTic analogs to examine the significance of the 3- and 4-methyl substituents. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6379-88. [PMID: 26342544 PMCID: PMC4582009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and discovery of JDTic as a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist used the N-substituted trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine pharmacophore as the lead structure. In order to determine if the 3-methyl or 4-methyl groups were necessary in JDTic and JDTic analogs for antagonistic activity, compounds 4a-c, and 4d-f which have either the 3-methyl or both the 3- and 4-methyl groups removed, respectively, from JDTic and analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro opioid receptor antagonist activities using a [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay. Other ADME properties were also assessed for selected compounds. These studies demonstrated that neither the 3-methyl or 3,4-dimethyl groups present in JDTic and analogs are required to produce potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States.
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Rangan Maitra
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - James B Thomas
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Ann M Decker
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
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Laudenbach M, Tucker AM, Runyon SP, Carroll FI, Pravetoni M. The frequency of early-activated hapten-specific B cell subsets predicts the efficacy of vaccines for nicotine dependence. Vaccine 2015; 33:6332-9. [PMID: 26409811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines for nicotine addiction show pre-clinical efficacy. Yet, clinical evaluation of the first-generation nicotine vaccines did not meet expectations because only a subset of immunized subjects achieved effective serum antibody levels. Recent studies suggest that vaccine design affects B cell activation, and that the frequency of the hapten-specific B cell subsets contributes to vaccine efficacy against drugs of abuse. To extend this hypothesis to nicotine immunogens, we synthesized a novel hapten containing a carboxymethylureido group at the 2-position of the nicotine structure (2CMUNic) and compared its efficacy to the previously characterized 6CMUNic hapten. Haptens were conjugated to the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) carrier protein, and evaluated for efficacy against nicotine in mice using the clinically approved alum adjuvant. Using a novel fluorescent antigen-based magnetic enrichment strategy paired with multicolor flow cytometry analysis, polyclonal hapten-specific B cell subsets were measured in mice immunized with either 6CMUNic-KLH or 2CMUNic-KLH. The 6CMUNic-KLH showed significantly greater efficacy than 2CMUNic-KLH on nicotine distribution to serum and to the brain. The 6CMUNic-KLH elicited higher anti-nicotine serum antibody titers, and greater expansion of hapten-specific B cells than 2CMUNic-KLH. Within the splenic polyclonal B cell population, a higher number of hapten-specific IgM(high) and germinal centre B cells predicted greater vaccine efficacy against nicotine distribution. These early pre-clinical findings suggest that hapten structure affects activation of B cells, and that variations in the frequency of early-activated hapten-specific B cell subsets underlie individual differences in vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laudenbach
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA
| | - A M Tucker
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA
| | - S P Runyon
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - F I Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - M Pravetoni
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA; University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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45
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Ondachi PW, Ye Z, Castro AH, Luetje CW, Damaj MI, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Synthesis, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology properties of 3'-(substituted pyridinyl)-deschloroepibatidine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5693-701. [PMID: 26233800 PMCID: PMC4554999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years we have synthesized and studied the in vitro and in vivo nAChR pharmacological properties of epibatidine (4) analogs. In this study we report the synthesis, nAChR in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of 3'-(substituted pyridinyl)-deschloroepibatidine analogs (5a-e and 6a-e). All of the analogs had high binding affinity for α4β2(∗)-nAChRs. Several of the analogs were potent antagonists of α4β2-nAChRs in in vitro efficacy tests and were potent antagonists of nicotine-induced antinociception in the mouse tail-flick test. Compound 6b had a Ki = 0.13 nM in the binding assay, 25- and 46-fold selectivity for the α4β2(∗)-nAChR relative to the α3β4- and α7-nAChR, respectively, in the in vitro efficacy test and an AD50 = 0.13 μg/kg in the tail-flick test. Combined with favorable calculated physiochemical properties compared to varenicline, our findings suggest that 6b should be considered for development as a potential pharmacotherapy for treating nicotine addiction and other CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline W Ondachi
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Zhuo Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - Ana H Castro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - Charles W Luetje
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, PO Box 980615, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - Hernán A Navarro
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States.
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Malcolm E, Carroll FI, Blough B, Damaj MI, Shoaib M. Examination of the metabolite hydroxybupropion in the reinforcing and aversive stimulus effects of nicotine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2763-71. [PMID: 25761841 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies with bupropion in rodent models of nicotine dependence have generated equivocal findings with regard to translating the clinical efficacy of the antidepressant as a smoking cessation agent. OBJECTIVE Given that rats are poor metabolizers of bupropion, the present experiments examined (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion, the major active metabolite, on the positive reinforcing and aversive stimulus properties of nicotine in rats. METHODS In male hooded Lister rats, (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion (1.0-10.0 mg/kg IP) was tested on intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/inf) self-administration behaviour for three sessions (n = 8), and in another experiment, the same doses of (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion were tested in a conditioned taste aversion procedure to assess the aversive stimulus properties of nicotine, a function implicated in the regulation of nicotine intake. RESULTS (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion attenuated nicotine intake in a manner similar to that produced by mecamylamine pretreatment (1.0 mg/kg SC). This effect on nicotine-taking was specific since these doses had no effect on responding maintained by sucrose presented orally (200 μl of 5 % w/v). (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg IP) pretreatment failed to modify the aversive effects produced by a small dose of nicotine (0.1 mg/kg SC). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate this metabolite to specifically modify the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine without affecting its aversive motivational effects. We propose that the clinical efficacy of bupropion may be due to a combination of effects produced by bupropion and/or its active metabolite (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion involving the inhibition of reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline in reward centres of the brain and the noncompetitive antagonism of neuronal nicotinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Malcolm
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK
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Chang SD, Mascarella SW, Spangler SM, Gurevich VV, Navarro HA, Carroll FI, Bruchas MR. Quantitative Signaling and Structure-Activity Analyses Demonstrate Functional Selectivity at the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:502-11. [PMID: 26134494 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies that consolidate selective ligands, quantitative comparisons of G protein versus arrestin-2/3 coupling, together with structure-activity relationship models for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems are less commonly employed. Here we examine biased signaling at the nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid receptor (NOPR), the most recently identified member of the opioid receptor family. Using real-time, live-cell assays, we identified the signaling profiles of several NOPR-selective ligands in upstream GPCR signaling (G protein and arrestin pathways) to determine their relative transduction coefficients and signaling bias. Complementing this analysis, we designed novel ligands on the basis of NOPR antagonist J-113,397 [(±)-1-[(3R*,4R*)-1-(cyclooctylmethyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one] to explore structure-activity relationships. Our study shows that NOPR is capable of biased signaling, and further, the NOPR selective ligands MCOPPB [1-[1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-(3R)-3-piperidinyl-1H-benzimidazole trihydrochloride] and NNC 63-0532 [8-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-acetic acid, methyl ester] are G protein-biased agonists. Additionally, minor structural modification of J-113,397 can dramatically shift signaling from antagonist to partial agonist activity. We explore these findings with in silico modeling of binding poses. This work is the first to demonstrate functional selectivity and identification of biased ligands at the nociceptin opioid receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Chang
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
| | - Skylar M Spangler
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
| | - Hernan A Navarro
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Psychiatry (S.D.C.), Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division (S.D.C., S.M.S., M.R.B.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (M.R.B.), Washington University Pain Center (M.R.B.), Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Program in Neuroscience (S.M.S., M.R.B.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; RTI International (S.W.M., H.A.N., F.I.C.), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (V.V.G.)
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Carroll FI, Navarro HA, Mascarella SW, Castro AH, Luetje CW, Wageman CR, Marks MJ, Jackson A, Damaj MI. In vitro and in vivo neuronal nicotinic receptor properties of (+)- and (-)-pyrido[3,4]homotropane [(+)- and (-)-PHT]: (+)-PHT is a potent and selective full agonist at α6β2 containing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:920-6. [PMID: 25891987 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrido[3,4]homotropane (PHT) is a conformationally rigid, high affinity analogue of nicotine. (+)-PHT was previously shown to be 266 times more potent than (-)-PHT for inhibition of [(3)H]epibatidine binding to nAChRs but had no antinociceptive activity in mouse tail-flick or hot-plate tests and was not a nicotinic antagonist even when administered intrathecally. While (-)-PHT had no agonist activity, it was a potent, nicotinic antagonist in the test. Here, electrophysiological studies with rat nAChRs show (+)-PHT to be a low efficacy partial agonist selective for α4β2-nAChRs, relative to α3β4-nAChRs (15-fold) and α7-nAChRs (45-fold). (-)-PHT was an antagonist with selectivity for α3β4, relative to α4β2- (3-fold) and α7- (11-fold) nAChRs. In [(3)H]DA release studies in mice, (+)-PHT was 10-fold more potent than (-)-PHT at α4β2*-nAChRs and 30-fold more potent at α6β2*-nAChRs. Studies using α5KO mice suggested that much of the activity at α4β2*-nAChRs is mediated by the α4β2α5-nAChR subtype. In conditioned place preference studies, (-)-PHT was more potent than (+)-PHT in blocking nicotine reward. Off-target screens showed (+)- and (-)-PHT to be highly selective for nAChRs. The high potency, full agonism of (+)- and (-)-PHT at α6*-nAChR contrasts with the partial agonism observed for α4*-nAChR, making these ligands intriguing probes for learning more about the pharmacophores for various nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - S. Wayne Mascarella
- Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Ana H. Castro
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
| | - Charles W. Luetje
- Department
of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
| | - Charles R. Wageman
- Institute
for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael J. Marks
- Institute
for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, P.O. Box 980615, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, United States
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department
of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, P.O. Box 980615, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, United States
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Jackson KJ, Jackson A, Carroll FI, Damaj MI. Effects of orally-bioavailable short-acting kappa opioid receptor-selective antagonist LY2456302 on nicotine withdrawal in mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:270-4. [PMID: 26044637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling has been implicated in mediating behavioral and biochemical effects associated with drug dependence. The most commonly used KOR antagonists, norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) and (3R)-7-Hydroxy-N{(1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinoline-carboxamide (JDTic), have provided a wealth of information in this area; however, the delayed onset and long-lasting effects of these antagonists complicate experimental design and interpretation of results, and make them less than ideal for clinical studies. Initial studies with the recently developed KOR antagonist, LY2456302, show that the compound is a short acting, high-affinity, selective KOR antagonist with therapeutic potential for mood disorders and ethanol use in animal models, and is well tolerated in humans. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LY2456302 in alleviating the nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Mice were chronically treated with nicotine for 14 days and physical and affective nicotine withdrawal signs were measured using a spontaneous nicotine withdrawal model and conditioned place aversion (CPA) following pre-treatment with LY2456302, administered orally. Vehicle treated nicotine withdrawn mice displayed significant anxiety-related behavior, somatic signs, hyperalgesia, and CPA. Similar to previous studies with norBNI and JDTic, LY2456302 alleviated the nicotine withdrawal syndrome, as evidenced by decreased expression of nicotine withdrawal induced anxiety-related behavior, somatic signs, and CPA, and increased hotplate latency in nicotine withdrawn mice following pre-treatment. Given the current results, and with its favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, LY2456302 may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of multiple aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia J Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Suite 390A, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Broad St., MMRB, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Broad St., MMRB, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Hambuchen MD, Carroll FI, Rüedi-Bettschen D, Hendrickson HP, Hennings LJ, Blough BE, Brieaddy LE, Pidaparthi RR, Owens SM. Combining Active Immunization with Monoclonal Antibody Therapy To Facilitate Early Initiation of a Long-Acting Anti-Methamphetamine Antibody Response. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4665-77. [PMID: 25973614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that an anti-METH mAb could be used in combination with a METH-conjugate vaccine (MCV) to safely improve the overall quality and magnitude of the anti-METH immune response. The benefits would include immediate onset of action (from the mAb), timely increases in the immune responses (from the combined therapy) and duration of antibody response that could last for months (from the MCV). A novel METH-like hapten (METH-SSOO9) was synthesized and then conjugated to immunocyanin monomers of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (IC(KLH)) to create the MCV ICKLH-SOO9. The vaccine, in combination with previously discovered anti-METH mAb7F9, was then tested in rats for safety and potential efficacy. The combination antibody therapy allowed safe achievement of an early high anti-METH antibody response, which persisted throughout the study. Indeed, even after 4 months the METH vaccine antibodies still had the capacity to significantly reduce METH brain concentrations resulting from a 0.56 mg/kg METH dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hambuchen
- †Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- ‡Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Daniela Rüedi-Bettschen
- †Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Howard P Hendrickson
- §Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Leah J Hennings
- ∥Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Bruce E Blough
- ‡Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lawrence E Brieaddy
- ‡Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - S Michael Owens
- †Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
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