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Mugo-Kamiri L, Imungi JK, Njue L, Diiro G, Ombura FLO, Akutse KS, Chrysantus TM, Khamis FM, Subramanian S. Vendors' handling practices of edible long-horned grasshoppers ( Ruspolia differens) products and implications on microbial safety. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1385433. [PMID: 38770022 PMCID: PMC11102984 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Edible grasshopper, Ruspolia ruspolia, has nutritional and cherished cultural and economic importance to people from diverse cultures, particularly in over 20 African countries. It is consumed at home or commercially traded as sautéed, deep-fried, or boiled products. However, there is limited information on the hygiene practices of the vendors and the implications on the microbial safety of the final product. This research aimed at assessing the food safety knowledge, handling practices and shelf life of edible long-horned grasshopper products among vendors and the microbial safety of ready-to-eat products sold in 12 different markets in Uganda. Samples of raw, deep-fried and boiled grasshoppers were randomly collected from 74 vendors (62% street and 38% market vendors) and subjected to microbial analysis. Over 85% of the vendors surveyed had no public health food handler's certificate and >95% had limited post-harvest handling knowledge. Total aerobic bacteria (7.30-10.49 Log10 cfu/g), Enterobacteriaceae (5.53-8.56 Log10 cfu/g), yeasts and molds (4.96-6.01 Log10 cfu/g) total counts were significantly high and above the acceptable Codex Alimentarius Commission and Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) limits for ready-to-eat food products. Eight key pathogenic bacteria responsible for foodborne diseases were detected and these isolates were characterized as Bacillus cereus, Hafnia alvei, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. xylosus, S. scuiri, S. haemolyticus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Findings from this study highlight the urgent need to create local and national food safety policies for the edible grasshopper "nsenene" subsector to regulate and guide street and market vending along the value chain, to prevent the transmission of foodborne diseases to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Mugo-Kamiri
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Food Science Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jasper K. Imungi
- Department of Food Science Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Njue
- Department of Food Science Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gracious Diiro
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tanga M. Chrysantus
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
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Ochieng TA, Akutse KS, Ajene IJ, Kilalo DC, Muiru M, Khamis FM. Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis and selected plant extracts for sustainable management of Phthorimaea absoluta. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9299. [PMID: 38653843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthorimaea absoluta is a global constraint to tomato production and can cause up to 100% yield loss. Farmers heavily rely on synthetic pesticides to manage this pest. However, these pesticides are detrimental to human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, exploring eco-friendly, sustainable Integrated Pest Management approaches, including biopesticides as potential alternatives, is of paramount importance. In this context, the present study (i) evaluated the efficacy of 10 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates, neem, garlic, and fenugreek; (ii) assessed the interactions between the most potent plant extracts and B. thuringiensis isolates, and (iii) evaluated the gut microbial diversity due to the treatments for the development of novel formulations against P. absoluta. Neem recorded the highest mortality of 93.79 ± 3.12% with an LT50 value of 1.21 ± 0.24 days, Bt HD263 induced 91.3 ± 3.68% mortality with LT50 of 2.63 ± 0.11 days, compared to both Bt 43 and fenugreek that caused < 50% mortality. Larval mortality was further enhanced to 99 ± 1.04% when Bt HD263 and neem were combined. Furthermore, the microbiome analyses showed that Klebsiella, Escherichia and Enterobacter had the highest abundance in all treatments with Klebsiella being the most abundant. In addition, a shift in the abundance of the bacterial genera due to the treatments was observed. Our findings showed that neem, garlic, and Bt HD263 could effectively control P. absoluta and be integrated into IPM programs after validation by field efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Ochieng
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Inusa J Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dora C Kilalo
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maina Muiru
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Karanu SW, Ajene IJ, Lelmen EK, Ong'onge MA, Akutse KS, Khamis FM. Biochemistry and transcriptomic analyses of Phthorimaea absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) response to insecticides. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7931. [PMID: 38575641 PMCID: PMC10995152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthorimaea absoluta is an invasive solanaceous plant pest with highly devastating effects on tomato plant. Heavy reliance on insecticide use to tackle the pest has been linked to insecticide resistance selection in P. absoluta populations. To underline insights on P. absoluta insecticide resistance mechanisms to diamides and avermectins, we evaluated the transcriptomic profile of parental (field-collected) and F8 (lab-reared) populations. Furthermore, to screen for the presence of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance, we assessed the gene expression levels of acetylcholinesterase (ace1) and para-type voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSG) genes in the F1 to F8 lab-reared progeny of diamide and avermectin exposed P. absoluta field-collected populations. The VGSG gene showed up-regulation in 12.5% and down-regulation in 87.5% of the screened populations, while ace1 gene showed up-regulation in 37.5% and down-regulation in 62.5% of the screened populations. Gene ontology of the differentially expressed genes from both parental and eighth generations of diamide-sprayed P. absoluta populations revealed three genes involved in the metabolic detoxification of diamides in P. absoluta. Therefore, our study showed that the detoxification enzymes found could be responsible for P. absoluta diamide-based resistance, while behavioural resistance, which is stimulus-dependent, could be attributed to P. absoluta avermectin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha W Karanu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Inusa J Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah K Lelmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | | | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Mwando NL, Khamis FM, Ndlela S, Meyhöfer R, Ombura FLO, Wamalwa M, Subramanian S, Mohamed SA. Comparative transcriptome analysis of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta in response to high and low-temperature treatments. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2024; 50:101199. [PMID: 38330807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta, is a major quarantine pest native to Africa. Physical postharvest phytosanitary measures such as cold and heat treatments are championed to control its spread to new regions. However, the molecular changes that T. leucotreta undergoes as it attempts to adjust to its surroundings during the treatments and withstand the extreme temperatures remain largely unknown. The current study employs RNA-seq using the next-generation Illumina HiSeq platform to produce transcriptome profiles for differential gene expression analysis of T. leucotreta larvae under thermal stress. The transcriptome assembly analysis revealed 226,067 transcripts, clustering into 127,018 unigenes. In comparison to the 25 °C treated group, 874, 91, 159, and 754 individual differentially expressed genes (DEGs) co-regulated at -10, 0, 40, and 50 °C, respectively were discovered. Annotation of the DEGs by gene ontology (GO) revealed several genes, previously implicated in low and high-temperature stresses, including heat shock proteins, cytochrome P450, cuticle proteins, odorant binding proteins, and immune system genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) classification analysis revealed that substantive DEGs were those involved in metabolic pathways such as thiamine, purine, folate, and glycerolipid metabolism pathways. The RT-qPCR validation of several significantly up- and down-regulated DEGs showed congruence between RNA-seq and qPCR data. This baseline study lays a foundation for future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying T. leucotreta's cold/heat tolerance by providing a thorough differential gene expression analysis that has identified multiple genes that may be associated with the insect's ability to withstand cold and heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L Mwando
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Sect. Phytomedicine - Applied Entomology, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shepard Ndlela
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rainer Meyhöfer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Sect. Phytomedicine - Applied Entomology, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fidelis L O Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, icipe, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ouma LO, Muthomi JW, Kimenju JW, Beesigamukama D, Subramanian S, Khamis FM, Tanga CM. Occurrence and management of two emerging soil-dwelling pests ravaging cabbage and onions in Kenya. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18975. [PMID: 37923765 PMCID: PMC10624810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cabbage and Onion production in sub-Saharan Africa face numerous pest constraints that needs to be overcome to feed the rapidly growing population. This study aimed to establish the occurrence, incidence, and severity of soil-dwelling pests of cabbage and onions, and current management practices in five Counties of Kenya. Our findings revealed that most farmers grew hybrid vegetables on a small scale, which were highly dominated by various pest species (Delia platura, Maladera sp., and Agriotes sp. for cabbage and Atherigona orientalis and Urophorus humeralis for onion. The occurrence, incidence and severity of the various pest species on both crops varied considerably. Over 95% of the farmers relied on synthetic insecticides, which were applied weekly or bimonthly with limited success. Our findings demonstrate that invasive and polyphagous A. orientalis and D. platura were the most devastating pests of onion and cabbage without effective control options. Therefore, effective, sustainable, and affordable management strategies are required to control the spread of these pests to other crops in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Ouma
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053 - 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - James W Muthomi
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053 - 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - John W Kimenju
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053 - 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Kinyungu SW, Agbessenou A, Subramanian S, Khamis FM, Akutse KS. One stone for two birds: Endophytic fungi promote maize seedlings growth and negatively impact the life history parameters of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1253305. [PMID: 37900958 PMCID: PMC10600476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1253305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, is a voracious pest of cereals native to the Americas and which invaded Africa in 2016. Chemical control is the main management option, which however remains ineffective and unsustainable. Fungal endophytes are increasingly used as alternative for the management of insect pests of economic importance. This study assessed the potential of eight endophytic fungal isolates to colonize maize plant and their ability to promote seedlings growth through seed and foliar inoculations, as well as their suppressive effects on FAW. Fungal colonization rates of different plant parts by the endophytes varied as per the inoculation methods. Beauveria bassiana ICIPE 279 colonized more than 60% of all the seedling parts while B. bassiana G1LU3 only colonized stem (25%) and leaf (5%) tissues through foliar inoculation. Trichoderma atroviride F2S21, T. asperellum M2RT4, T. harzianum F2R41, Trichoderma sp. F2L41, Hypocrea lixii F3ST1 and Fusarium proliferatum F2S51 successfully colonized all the plant parts and therefore were selected and further evaluated through seed inoculation for their endophytic persistence, effect on plant growth, and pathogenicity to Spodoptera frugiperda immature and adult stages. Weekly assessment showed varied effect of the endophytes on maize plant growth parameters compared to the control. During the first week, percentage colonization of the plant parts ranges between 90%-100%, 65%-100%, and 60%-100%, in the roots, stems, and leaves, respectively for all the five tested isolates. However, the colonization pattern/rates significantly decreased over time for H. lixii F3ST1 in the stems and leaves, and for T. harzianum F2R41 in the leaves and for T. asperellum M2RT4 in the roots. In addition, T. harzianum F2R41 outperformed all the other isolates in boosting the plant height, whereas H. lixii F3ST1 and T. asperellum M2RT4 outperformed all the other isolates in increasing the wet and dry shoots weight. Furthermore, the number of egg masses laid on endophytically-colonized maize plants varied among the treatments. Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 and H. lixii F3ST1 endophytically-colonized maize plants significantly reduced the number of egg masses and the defoliation/feeding rates of the pest compared to the control. Additionally, T. harzianum F2R41 had the highest negative impact on the pupation and adult emergence of S. frugiperda with a female-biased sex ratio. Our findings indicate that T. asperellum M2RT4, T. harzianum F2R41, and H. lixii F3ST1 hold a potential to be developed as endophytic-fungal-based biopesticides for sustainable management of S. frugiperda and as plant growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon W. Kinyungu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ayaovi Agbessenou
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Dossenheim, Germany
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Mbuta DM, Khamis FM, Sokame BM, Ng’ong’a F, Akutse KS. Household perception and infestation dynamics of bedbugs among residential communities and its potential distribution in Africa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19900. [PMID: 36400831 PMCID: PMC9674637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedbugs have experienced an extraordinary upsurge in the recent past across the world. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the community perception of the pest outbreaks, the population dynamics, and dispersal patterns under different habitat systems. A survey was conducted within communities in nine counties in Kenya, where geographical coordinates of the sites of bedbug presence were recorded and maximum entropy distribution modelling (MaxEnt) was used to map and predict the potentially suitable habitat, while system thinking and system dynamics approach with Vensim PLE 8.0.9 software was applied to implement bedbug infestation dynamics. Our results indicated that majority of the respondents had ample knowledge on bedbugs and were concerned about the physico-psychologic and socio-economic health effects. Spatial distribution analysis showed regions in Kenya with optimal to suitable for bedbug occurrence in the whole country, and similar results were found at continental level across Africa. Furthermore, infestation dynamics results showed a rapid mobility of bedbug from one house to another. In terms of management strategies, the models showed that the combination of chemical with other control methods was considerably much more effective compared to the use of chemical approach only, appointing integrated pest management strategy as a better intervention approach in controlling the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M. Mbuta
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.411943.a0000 0000 9146 7108Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bonoukpoè M. Sokame
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Florence Ng’ong’a
- grid.411943.a0000 0000 9146 7108Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ndotono EW, Khamis FM, Bargul JL, Tanga CM. Gut microbiota shift in layer pullets fed on black soldier fly larvae-based feeds towards enhancing healthy gut microbial community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16714. [PMID: 36202892 PMCID: PMC9537291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, most gut microbiota-related studies have focused on broilers due to their diverse microbial communities compared to that of layer chicken. However, in Africa few studies have been undertaken despite the increasing benefits to the poultry industry. The utilization of Insect-Based diets to improve the gastrointestinal function and gut health in poultry is increasingly gaining global attention. Here, we evaluated the potential roles of commercial black soldier fly larvae-based feeds (BSFLF) in reshaping the abundance, composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of layer chickens using high throughput Oxford nanopore Minion sequencing of the full length bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Two hundred and fifty ISA Brown layer chicks were reared in pens for a period of 20 weeks. The layer pullets were allotted 5 dietary treatments that were formulated as follows: control diet (T1): 100% FM + 0% BSFL, T2: 25% BSFL + 75% FM; T3: 50% BSFL + 50% FM; T4: 75% BSFL + 25% FM, and T5: 100% BSFL + 0% FM. Sampling was done from the eight major regions including oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, duodenum, ileum, large intestines and ceca. Out of the 400,064 classified reads analyzed, the most dominant phyla identified across the feed treatments were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The diet treatment with 100% inclusion levels of BSFL showed the highest intra-species alpha diversity and richness according to Chao1 and Shannon index. Intra-species beta diversity assessment revealed that the diet types significantly influenced the abundance of the microbiota, but differences between most abundant taxa were similar. There was increase in abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Enterococcus) with increased inclusion levels of BSFLF in layer pullets diets. Across the different gut segments, Lactobacillus dominated all the eight regions and the ceca was the most diverse segment. Our findings unravel complex gut microbial shift in laying hen fed BSFLF and therefore underpins the potential roles of beneficial bacteria as promising prebiotics and probiotics in reshaping of the gut microbiota to maintain good gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W Ndotono
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joel L Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
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Paradza VM, Khamis FM, Yusuf AA, Subramanian S, Akutse KS. Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae and ( E)-2-hexenal combination using autodissemination technology for the management of the adult greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Front Insect Sci 2022; 2:991336. [PMID: 38646071 PMCID: PMC11027017 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.991336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of an autodissemination technique in controlling adult whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato, Solunum lycopersicum was investigated with previously identified potent fungal isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 18, ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69 under screenhouse or semi-field conditions. The autodissemination device was inoculated with dry conidia of the M. anisopliae isolates, while control insects were exposed to a fungus-free device. Sampling for conidia uptake, conidial viability and persistence, and insect mortality was done at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 days post-exposure, and collected insects were monitored for mortality over ten days. Overall, mortality was higher in insects exposed to ICIPE 18 (62.8%) and ICIPE 69 (61.8%) than in those exposed to ICIPE 62 (42.6%), with median lethal times, (LT50) ranging between 6.73-8.54 days. The control group recorded the lowest mortality rates (18.9%). A general linear reduction in conidial viability with exposure time was observed, although this was more pronounced with M. anisopliae ICIPE 62. Insects exposed to M. anisopliae ICIPE 69 also recorded the highest conidia uptake, hence selected for further evaluation with a T. vaporariorum attractant volatile organic compound, (E)-2-hexenal. The volatile inhibited fungal germination in laboratory compatibility tests, therefore, spatial separation of M. anisopliae ICIPE 69 and (E)-2-hexenal in the autodissemination device was conducted. The inhibitory effects of the volatile were significantly reduced by spatial separation at a distance of 5 cm between the fungus and the volatile, which was found to be more suitable and chosen for the subsequent experiments. Results showed that (E)-2-hexenal did not influence conidia uptake by the insects, while fungal viability and the subsequent mortality variations were more related to duration of exposure. The fungus-volatile compatibility demonstrated with spatial separation provides a basis for the optimisation of the volatile formulation to achieve better T. vaporariorum suppression with an excellent autodissemination efficiency when used in the management of whiteflies under screenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai M. Paradza
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Gwokyalya R, Herren JK, Weldon CW, Khamis FM, Ndlela S, Mohamed SA. Differential immune responses in new and old fruit fly-parasitoid associations: Implications for their management. Front Physiol 2022; 13:945370. [PMID: 36091407 PMCID: PMC9458847 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.945370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), are major fruit-infesting tephritids across sub-Saharan Africa. Biological control of these pests using parasitic wasps has been widely adopted but with varying levels of success. Most studies investigating host-parasitoid models have focused on functional and evolutionary aspects leaving a knowledge gap about the physiological mechanisms underpinning the efficacy of parasitoids as biocontrol agents of tephritids. To better understand these physiological mechanisms, we investigated changes in the cellular immune responses of C. cosyra and B. dorsalis when exposed to the parasitic wasps, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmaed) and Psyttalia cosyrae (Wilkinson). We found that B. dorsalis was more resistant to parasitisation, had a higher hemocyte count, and encapsulated more parasitoid eggs compared to C. cosyra, achieving up to 100% encapsulation when exposed to P. cosyrae. Exposing B. dorsalis to either parasitoid species induced the formation of a rare cell type, the giant multinucleated hemocyte, which was not observed in C. cosyra. Furthermore, compared to P. cosyrae-parasitized larvae, those of both host species parasitized by D. longicaudata had lower encapsulation rates, hemocyte counts and spreading abilities and yielded a higher number of parasitoid progeny with the highest parasitoid emergence (72.13%) recorded in C. cosyra. These results demonstrate that cellular immune responses are central to host-parasitoid interaction in tephritid fruit flies and further suggest that D. longicaudata presents greater potential as a biocontrol agent of B. dorsalis and C. cosyra in horticultural cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehemah Gwokyalya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Rehemah Gwokyalya, , ; Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed,
| | - Jeremy K. Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher W. Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shepard Ndlela
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Rehemah Gwokyalya, , ; Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed,
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11
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Ndotono EW, Khamis FM, Bargul JL, Tanga CM. Insights into the Gut Microbial Communities of Broiler Chicken Fed Black Soldier Fly Larvae- Desmodium-Based Meal as a Dietary Protein Source. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1351. [PMID: 35889070 PMCID: PMC9319420 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of insect-based diets to improve gastrointestinal function and gut health in poultry is gaining global attention as a promising feed additive. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal inclusion level of the full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and Desmodium intortum (DI) in broiler chicken diets and to evaluate their impact on the microbial community in the gut. The bacterial communities were characterized using Oxford nanopore sequencing of the full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Four dietary treatments, T1 (25% DI + 75% BSFL), T2 (50% DI + 50% BSFL), T3 (75% DI + 25% BSFL) and T4 (100% fishmeal + 0% DI + BSFL), were fed to the broiler chickens for a period of 42 days. Out of the 395,034 classified reads analyzed, the most predominant phyla identified across all the four dietary treatments were Firmicutes (94%), Bacteroidetes (3%), and Proteobacteria (2%). The T1 diet showed the highest alpha diversity and richness according to the Chao1 and Shannon indices. Beta diversity assessment revealed a significant influence of diet on the abundance of the microbiome. There was an increase in beneficial lactic acid bacteria with increasing inclusion of BSFL in the diets. Our findings strongly support the inclusion of BSFL into poultry diet as a promising protein source to reshape the gut microbiota for improved gut health, immune response, and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Ndotono
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Joel L. Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kiambu P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (E.W.N.); (J.L.B.); (C.M.T.)
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12
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Agbessenou A, Akutse KS, Yusuf AA, Khamis FM. The Endophyte Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 Induces the Systemic Release of Methyl Salicylate and ( Z)-jasmone in Tomato Plant Affecting Host Location and Herbivory of Tuta absoluta. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:860309. [PMID: 35449888 PMCID: PMC9016226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of endophytic fungi has dramatically increased plant performance through the enhancement of plant protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. We previously demonstrated that the endophytic fungus Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 improves tomato defenses against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta through the reduction of oviposition, leafmining, pupation, and adult emergence. However, the underlying mechanism by which the presence of this endophytic fungus within tomato host plant affects T. absoluta host selection and life-history traits is unknown. We tested the behavioral responses of T. absoluta in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and found that females preferred non-inoculated tomato plants against those inoculated by endophytes. Additionally, T. absoluta females were not attracted to non-inoculated infested nor to inoculated-infested tomato plants. Chemical analysis revealed the emission of methyl salicylate in inoculated tomato plant and an increase in the amounts of monoterpenes emitted from non-inoculated infested plants. Additionally, we found that upon herbivory, T. asperellum M2RT4 modulates tomato plant chemistry through the production of (Z)-jasmone thus activating both salicylic and jasmonic acid defense pathways. Further, T. absoluta females were attracted to monoterpernes including α-pinene, 2-carene, and β-phellandrene but repelled by methyl salicylate. Methyl salicylate could therefore be considered as a good semiochemical-based candidate for sustainable T. absoluta management using a "push-pull" approach. However, in dose-response bioassays, females of T. absoluta did not show any preference to the four component-blend (α-pinene, 2-carene, β-phellandrene, and methyl salicylate). (Z)-jasmone-treated tomato leaflets significantly reduced the leafmining activity of the pest at the concentration of 10 ng/μL and causing the highest larval mortality rate (83%) with the shortest LT50 (1.73 days) 7 days post-treatment. T. asperellum M2RT4 effect on herbivore performance was then (Z)-jasmone-mediated. These findings expand our understanding of how the endophytic fungus T. asperellum M2RT4 could mediate chemical interactions between T. absoluta and its host plant which are potentially important for development of environmentally friendly T. absoluta management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaovi Agbessenou
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Maiyo NC, Khamis FM, Okoth MW, Abong GO, Subramanian S, Egonyu JP, Xavier C, Ekesi S, Omuse ER, Nakimbugwe D, Ssepuuya G, Ghemoh CJ, Tanga CM. Nutritional Quality of Four Novel Porridge Products Blended with Edible Cricket (Scapsipedus icipe) Meal for Food. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071047. [PMID: 35407134 PMCID: PMC8998076 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no data exist on the utilization of the newly described cricket species (Scapsipedus icipe) meal as additive in food products, though they have high protein (57%) with 88% total digestibility as well as a variety of essential amino acids. This article presents the first report on the effects of processing techniques and the inclusion of cricket meal (CM) on the nutrient and antinutrient properties of four porridge products compared to a popularly consumed commercial porridge flour (CPF). Porridge enriched with CM had significantly higher protein (2-folds), crude fat (3.4–4-folds), and energy (1.1–1.2-folds) levels than the CPF. Fermented cereal porridge fortified with CM had all three types of omega-3 fatty acids compared to the others. The vitamin content across the different porridge products varied considerably. Germinated cereal porridge with CM had significantly higher iron content (19.5 mg/100 g). Zinc levels ranged from 3.1–3.7 mg/100 g across the various treatments. Total flavonoid content varied significantly in the different porridge products. The phytic acid degradation in germinated and fermented porridge products with CM was 67% and 33%, respectively. Thus, the fortification of porridge products with cricket and indigenous vegetable grain powder could be considered an appropriate preventive approach against malnutrition and to reduce incidences in many low-and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly C. Maiyo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.W.O.); (G.O.A.)
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
| | - Michael W. Okoth
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.W.O.); (G.O.A.)
| | - George O. Abong
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (M.W.O.); (G.O.A.)
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
| | - James P. Egonyu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
| | - Cheseto Xavier
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
| | - Evanson R. Omuse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (D.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Geoffrey Ssepuuya
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (D.N.); (G.S.)
| | - Changeh J. Ghemoh
- Centre for African Bio-Entrepreneurship (CABE), P.O. Box 25535, Nairobi 00603, Kenya;
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (N.C.M.); (F.M.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.E.); (C.X.); (S.E.); (E.R.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +254-702-729-931
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Scolari F, Khamis FM, Pérez-Staples D. Editorial: Novel Insights Into Female Post-Mating Physiology in Insects. Front Physiol 2022; 13:877222. [PMID: 35431979 PMCID: PMC9006981 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.877222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM) - CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Scolari
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Diana Pérez-Staples
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Diana Pérez-Staples
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15
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Leonard A, Egonyu JP, Tanga CM, Kyamanywa S, Ekesi S, Khamis FM, Subramanian S. Host Plant-Based Artificial Diets Enhance Development, Survival and Fecundity of the Edible Long-Horned Grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). J Insect Sci 2022; 22:8. [PMID: 35349685 PMCID: PMC8963679 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wild swarms of the long-horned grasshoppers Ruspolia differens (Serville) which are widely harvested for consumption and sale in Africa are seasonal and unsustainable, hence the need for innovative ways of artificially producing the insects. We investigated the development, survival, and reproduction of R. differens in the laboratory on diets mixed with host plants [Digitaria gayana Kunth, Cynodon dactylon (L.) and Megathyrsus maximus Jacq (Poales: Poaceae); Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asterales: Asteraceae)] identified from guts of their wild conspecifics with a view to developing a suitable diet for artificial mass rearing of the edible insect. A standard diet comprising ground black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Startiomyidae) larvae, soybean flour, maize flour, vitamin premix, and ground bones was tested for rearing R. differens as a control against the same ingredients incorporated with individual powders of the different host plants. Whereas R. differens developed more slowly in the diet mixed with D. gayana than in the control diet; its development was faster in the diet mixed with C. dactylon. Mortalities of R. differens in host plant-based diets were 42.5-52.5%, far lower than in the control diet with 71% mortality. The insects raised on the diet mixed with M. maximus laid approximately twice more eggs compared to R. differens fecundities from the rest of the diets. However, inclusion of host plants in the diets had no detectable influence on R. differens adult weight and longevity. These findings support inclusion of specific host plants in artificial diets used for mass rearing of R. differens to enhance its survival, development, and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonce Leonard
- Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Crops, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI)-Ukiriguru, P.O. Box.1433, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - James P Egonyu
- Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kyamanywa
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Environmental Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Sajwani FH, Amer AM, Khamis FM, AlShamsi SR. Prevalence of major blood group antigens in blood donors at a main donation center in United Arab Emirates. Immunohematology 2021; 37:171-177. [PMID: 34964319 DOI: 10.21307/immunohematology-2021-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion is a common practice in hospitals. In many diseases, transfusion of red blood cells can be a life-saving measure. Knowing the blood group phenotypes of the donors in any population is important to improve health care services and to better serve patients. We aimed to determine the blood group phenotypes of the regular donors visiting the main blood donation center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 500 regular blood donors were included, and blood group antigens were tested using serologic methods. Major blood group systems included in this testing were ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, and P1PK. The most prevalent ABO/D blood type was group O, D+ (29.6%), with the most prevalent phenotype in the Rh blood group system reported as R1r (34.4%). In the Kell system, the K-k+ phenotype was reported in 92.4 percent of individuals tested. The rare Duffy null phenotype, Fy(a-b-), was reported in 11.0 percent of the cohort. Most donors (99.0%) were Lu(b+). In the Lewis system, the phenotype Le(a-b+) was seen in 61.8 percent of the donors. MNS system phenotypes were comparable to the reports from Saudi Arabia and India, with M+N+S-s+ being the most prevalent (21.2%). The prevalence of many major blood group phenotypes in the UAE blood donor population showed similarities to results from populations in neighboring countries, but other phenotype prevalences were unique to this population. This finding can be used to build a blood group registry for the local population that can better serve hospitals' transfusion requirements. Blood transfusion is a common practice in hospitals. In many diseases, transfusion of red blood cells can be a life-saving measure. Knowing the blood group phenotypes of the donors in any population is important to improve health care services and to better serve patients. We aimed to determine the blood group phenotypes of the regular donors visiting the main blood donation center in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A total of 500 regular blood donors were included, and blood group antigens were tested using serologic methods. Major blood group systems included in this testing were ABO, Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, and P1PK. The most prevalent ABO/D blood type was group O, D+ (29.6%), with the most prevalent phenotype in the Rh blood group system reported as R1r (34.4%). In the Kell system, the K–k+ phenotype was reported in 92.4 percent of individuals tested. The rare Duffy null phenotype, Fy(a–b–), was reported in 11.0 percent of the cohort. Most donors (99.0%) were Lu(b+). In the Lewis system, the phenotype Le(a–b+) was seen in 61.8 percent of the donors. MNS system phenotypes were comparable to the reports from Saudi Arabia and India, with M+N+S–s+ being the most prevalent (21.2%). The prevalence of many major blood group phenotypes in the UAE blood donor population showed similarities to results from populations in neighboring countries, but other phenotype prevalences were unique to this population. This finding can be used to build a blood group registry for the local population that can better serve hospitals’ transfusion requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Sajwani
- Medical Director, Sharjah Blood Transfusion and Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Prevention , PO Box 27055, Sharjah , UAE
| | - A M Amer
- Sharjah Blood Transfusion and Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Prevention , Sharjah , UAE
| | - F M Khamis
- Higher Diploma, Sharjah Blood Transfusion and Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Prevention , Sharjah , UAE
| | - S R AlShamsi
- Sharjah Blood Transfusion and Research Centre, Ministry of Health and Prevention , Sharjah , UAE
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Agbessenou A, Akutse KS, Yusuf AA, Wekesa SW, Khamis FM. Temperature-dependent modelling and spatial prediction reveal suitable geographical areas for deployment of two Metarhizium anisopliae isolates for Tuta absoluta management. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23346. [PMID: 34857835 PMCID: PMC8639720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuta absoluta is one of the most devastating pests of Solanaceae crops in Africa. We previously demonstrated the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates ICIPE 18, ICIPE 20 and ICIPE 665 against adult T. absoluta. However, adequate strain selection and accurate spatial prediction are fundamental to optimize their efficacy and formulations before field deployment. This study therefore assessed the thermotolerance, conidial yield and virulence (between 15 and 35 °C) of these potent isolates. Over 90% of conidia germinated at 20, 25 and 30 °C while no germination occurred at 15 °C. Growth of the three isolates occurred at all temperatures, but was slower at 15, 33 and 35 °C as compared to 20, 25 and 30 °C. Optimum temperatures for mycelial growth and spore production were 30 and 25 °C, respectively. Furthermore, ICIPE 18 produced higher amount of spores than ICIPE 20 and ICIPE 665. The highest mortality occurred at 30 °C for all the three isolates, while the LT50 values of ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 20 were significantly lower at 25 and 30 °C compared to those of ICIPE 665. Subsequently, several nonlinear equations were fitted to the mortality data to model the virulence of ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 20 against adult T. absoluta using the Entomopathogenic Fungi Application (EPFA) software. Spatial prediction revealed suitable locations for ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 20 deployment against T. absoluta in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Our findings suggest that ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 20 could be considered as effective candidate biopesticides for an improved T. absoluta management based on temperature and location-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaovi Agbessenou
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Abdullahi A Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.,Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sospeter W Wekesa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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18
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Paradza VM, Khamis FM, Yusuf AA, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Akutse KS. Endophytic Colonisation of Solanum lycopersicum and Phaseolus vulgaris by Fungal Endophytes Promotes Seedlings Growth and Hampers the Reproductive Traits, Development, and Survival of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:771534. [PMID: 34868170 PMCID: PMC8640138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.771534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the scope of mitigating the negative impacts of pesticide use and managing greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum sustainably, 16 endophytic fungal isolates from five different genera (Beauveria, Trichoderma, Hypocrea, Bionectria, and Fusarium) were screened for their ability to colonise two preferred host plant species, namely, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), through seed inoculation. Seven and nine isolates were endophytic to P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum, respectively, where significant differences in the endophytic colonisation rates were observed among the fungal isolates in P. vulgaris and its plant parts, with a significant interaction between the isolates and plant parts in S. lycopersicum. Hypocrea lixii F3ST1, Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4, Trichoderma atroviride F5S21, and T. harzianum KF2R41 successfully colonised all the plant parts of both hosts and therefore were selected and further evaluated for their endophytic persistence, effect on plant growth, and pathogenicity to T. vaporariorum adults and F1 progeny. The four endophytes remained in both host plants for the 5-week assessment with varied colonisation rates related to the strong interaction with the time, isolates, and plant parts in both hosts. The effect of the same endophytes on the different host growth parameters varied in P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum, with T. asperellum M2RT4 not boosting the growth in both host plants while T. atroviride F5S21 resulted in enhanced shoot biomass in S. lycopersicum. T. atroviride F5S21 and T. harzianum KF2R41 inoculated S. lycopersicum plants and H. lixii F3ST1, T. asperellum M2RT4, and T. harzianum KF2R41 inoculated P. vulgaris plants had significantly lower oviposition, while nymph development in both hosts was significantly prolonged in all the endophytically-colonised plants. The endophytes H. lixii F3ST1 and T. asperellum M2RT4 significantly reduced the longevity/survival of the exposed T. vaporariorum adults and the progeny in both S. lycopersicum and P. vulgaris. The findings demonstrate the attributes of the various endophytes in host plant growth promotion as well as their effects on the life-history parameters of T. vaporariorum and could consequently be developed as potential endophytic fungal-based biopesticides for the sustainable management of the pest in S. lycopersicum and P. vulgaris cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai M. Paradza
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Paradza VM, Khamis FM, Yusuf AA, Subramanian S, Akutse KS. Virulence and horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae by the adults of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the efficacy of oil formulations against its nymphs. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08277. [PMID: 34765790 PMCID: PMC8571502 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of dry conidia and fungal suspensions of 16 entomopathogenic fungal isolates (10 Metarhizium anisopliae and six Beauveria bassiana) was evaluated against adults and second instar nymphs of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum respectively. All the tested isolates were pathogenic to T. vaporariorum and caused mortality of 45-93% against the adults and 24-89% against the nymphs. However, M. anisopliae strains showed higher virulence to both developmental stages as compared to B. bassiana strains. The three most virulent isolates that caused high mortalities in adults were M. anisopliae ICIPE 18, ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69, with cumulative mortalities of 82, 91 and 93%, and median lethal times (LT50) of 5.20, 5.05 and 4.78 days, respectively. These isolates were further assessed for spore acquisition and retention by the adult insects at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure to dry conidia spores. There was no significant difference among isolates on their acquisition by the insects, although the effect of time on the number of spores retained by each insect was significant. For M. anisopliae ICIPE 62 and ICIPE 69, spore number was significantly higher immediately after exposure at 0 h than at 24, 48 and 72 h, whereas for M. anisopliae ICIPE 18, the spore number remained constant for all the days. The infected "donor" insects were able to horizontally transmit the acquired spores to uninfected "recipient" insects causing high mortality rates in both donor and recipient groups. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 7, ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 62 were the most virulent isolates against the nymphs in aqueous formulation during the first screening with >80% mortality. However, in 2% (v/v) oil formulations at 1 × 108 conidia/ml, canola formulated ICIPE 62, ICIPE 18 and olive formulated ICIPE 18 were the most effective, resulting in 87.8, 88.1 and 99.4% nymphal mortalities respectively and with lower LT50. Oil formulations significantly enhanced the efficacy and virulence of the isolates against the nymphs compared to aqueous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vongai M. Paradza
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Scolari F, Khamis FM, Pérez-Staples D. Beyond Sperm and Male Accessory Gland Proteins: Exploring Insect Reproductive Metabolomes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:729440. [PMID: 34690804 PMCID: PMC8529219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.729440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect seminal fluid, the non-sperm component of the ejaculate, comprises a variegated set of molecules, including, but not limited to, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, salts, hormones, nucleic acids, and vitamins. The identity and functional role of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) have been widely investigated, in multiple species. However, most of the other small molecules in insect ejaculates remain uncharacterized. Metabolomics is currently adopted to deepen our understanding of complex biological processes and in the last 15years has been applied to answer different physiological questions. Technological advances in high-throughput methods for metabolite identification such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are now coupled to an expanded bioinformatics toolbox for large-scale data analysis. These improvements allow for the processing of smaller-sized samples and for the identification of hundreds to thousands of metabolites, not only in Drosophila melanogaster but also in disease vectors, animal, and agricultural pests. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that adopted metabolomics-based approaches in insects, with a particular focus on the reproductive tract (RT) of both sexes and the ejaculate. Progress in the field of metabolomics will contribute not only to achieve a deeper understanding of the composition of insect ejaculates and how they are affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, but also to provide increasingly powerful tools to decipher the identity and molecular interactions between males and females during and after mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGM)-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia, Italy
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Diana Pérez-Staples
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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21
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Shumo M, Khamis FM, Ombura FL, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Schlüter OK, van Huis A, Borgemeister C. A Molecular Survey of Bacterial Species in the Guts of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687103. [PMID: 34630342 PMCID: PMC8493336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the expansion of livestock and fisheries production is severely constrained due to the increasing costs and ecological footprint of feed constituents. The utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) as an alternative protein ingredient to fishmeal and soybean in animal feed has been widely documented. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) used are known to voraciously feed and grow in contaminated organic wastes. Thus, several concerns about their safety for inclusion into animal feed remain largely unaddressed. This study evaluated both culture-dependent sequence-based and 16S rDNA amplification analysis to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with BSFL fed on chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The bacteria species from the CM and KW were also isolated and investigated. Results from the culture-dependent isolation strategies revealed that Providencia sp. was the most dominant bacterial species detected from the guts of BSFL reared on CM and KW. Morganella sp. and Brevibacterium sp. were detected in CM, while Staphylococcus sp. and Bordetella sp. were specific to KW. However, metagenomic studies showed that Providencia and Bordetella were the dominant genera observed in BSFL gut and processed waste substrates. Pseudomonas and Comamonas were recorded in the raw waste substrates. The diversity of bacterial genera recorded from the fresh rearing substrates was significantly higher compared to the diversity observed in the gut of the BSFL and BSF frass (leftovers of the rearing substrates). These findings demonstrate that the presence and abundance of microbiota in BSFL and their associated waste vary considerably. However, the presence of clinically pathogenic strains of bacteria in the gut of BSFL fed both substrates highlight the biosafety risk of potential vertical transmission that might occur, if appropriate pre-and-postharvest measures are not enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shumo
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Hermetia Baruth GmbH, Insect Technology Center (ITC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis Levi Ombura
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- IPM Department, The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
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Ruíz-Rivero O, Garcia-Lor A, Rojas-Panadero B, Franco JC, Khamis FM, Kruger K, Cifuentes D, Bielza P, Tena A, Urbaneja A, Pérez-Hedo M. Insights into the origin of the invasive populations of Trioza erytreae in Europe using microsatellite markers and mtDNA barcoding approaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18651. [PMID: 34545138 PMCID: PMC8452619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae is one of the major threats to citrus industry as the vector of the incurable disease known as huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening. The psyllid invaded the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula 6 years ago. The invasion alarmed citrus growers in the Mediterranean basin, the largest citrus producing area in Europe, which is still free of HLB. Before our study, no research had been carried out on the genetic diversity of T. erytreae populations that have invaded the Iberian Peninsula and the archipelagos of the Macaronesia (Madeira and the Canary Islands). In this study, combining microsatellites markers and mtDNA barcoding analysis, we characterize the genetic diversity, structure and maternal relationship of these new invasive populations of T. erytreae and those from Africa. Our results suggest that the outbreaks of T. erytreae in the Iberian Peninsula may have derived from the Canary Islands. The populations of T. erytreae that invaded Macaronesia and the Iberian Peninsula are likely to have originated from southern Africa. We anticipate our results to be a starting point for tracking the spread of this invasive pest outside of Africa and to be important for optimizing contingency and eradication plans in newly invaded and free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ruíz-Rivero
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andrés Garcia-Lor
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Rojas-Panadero
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Carlos Franco
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kerstin Kruger
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Dina Cifuentes
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Cartagena, Spain
| | - Pablo Bielza
- Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Tena
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, CV-315 Km 10.7, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Kinyanjui G, Khamis FM, Ombura FLO, Kenya EU, Ekesi S, Mohamed SA. Distribution, abundance and natural enemies of the invasive tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Kenya. Bull Entomol Res 2021; 111:1-16. [PMID: 33998427 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has become a serious menace to sustainable production of tomato in Kenya. A survey was conducted between April 2015 and June 2016 to determine its distribution, abundance, infestation, and damage levels on tomato, and associated natural enemies. Trap counts of T. absoluta moths were recorded in all surveyed 29 counties, which indicated its nationwide distribution irrespective of altitude. Tuta absoluta was present in both open fields and greenhouses. The highest moth/trap/day was 115.38 ± 15.90. Highest leaf infestation was 92.22% and the highest number of mines and larvae per leaf were 3.71 ± 0.28 and 2.16 ± 0.45, respectively. Trap captures in terms of moth/trap/day were linearly and positively related to leaf infestations in open fields (R2 = 0.81) and greenhouses (R2 = 0.61). Highest fruits' infestation and damage were 60.00 and 59.61%, respectively, while the highest number of mines per fruit was 7.50 ± 0.50. Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) and Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) were identified as predators of T. absoluta larvae. Nine species of larval parasitoids were recovered from infested foliage, with a combined parasitism of 7.26 ± 0.65%. Hockeria species was the most dominant (31.25%) and accounted for 12.88 ± 1.47% parasitism. Two species of larval parasitoids, Hockeria and Necremnus were obtained from sentinel plants with an average parasitism of 1.13 ± 0.25. The overall abundance and parasitism rates of recovered natural enemies were low to effectively control the field populations of T. absoluta. These findings form the basis of researching and developing effective and sustainable management strategies for the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kinyanjui
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - F M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F L O Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E U Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, P.O. Box 6-60100, Embu, Kenya
| | - S Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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24
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Khamis FM, Ombura FLO, Ajene IJ, Akutse KS, Subramanian S, Mohamed SA, Dubois T, Tanga CM, Ekesi S. Mitogenomic analysis of diversity of key whitefly pests in Kenya and its implication to their sustainable management. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6348. [PMID: 33737698 PMCID: PMC7973771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are devastating agricultural pests of economic importance vectoring pathogenic plant viruses. Knowledge on their diversity and distribution in Kenya is scanty, limiting development of effective sustainable management strategies. The present study is aimed at identifying whitefly pest species present in Kenya across different agroecological zones and establish predictive models for the most abundant species in Africa. Whiteflies were sampled in Kenya from key crops known to be severely infested and identified using 16S rRNA markers and complete mitochondrial genomes. Four whitefly species were identified: Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Bemisia afer and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, the latter being the most dominant species across all the agroecology. The assembly of complete mitogenomes and comparative analysis of all 13 protein coding genes confirmed the identities of the four species. Furthermore, prediction spatial models indicated high climatic suitability of T. vaporariorum in Africa, Europe, Central America, parts of Southern America, parts of Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Consequently, our findings provide information to guide biosecurity agencies on protocols to be adopted for precise identification of pest whitefly species in Kenya to serve as an early warning tool against T. vaporariorum invasion into unaffected areas and guide appropriate decision-making on their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathiya M. Khamis
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis L. O. Ombura
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Inusa J. Ajene
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira A. Mohamed
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Dubois
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- grid.419326.b0000 0004 1794 5158Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Tanga CM, Waweru JW, Tola YH, Onyoni AA, Khamis FM, Ekesi S, Paredes JC. Organic Waste Substrates Induce Important Shifts in Gut Microbiota of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L.): Coexistence of Conserved, Variable, and Potential Pathogenic Microbes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:635881. [PMID: 33643270 PMCID: PMC7907179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustainable utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) for recycling organic waste into nutrient-rich biomass, such as high-quality protein additive, is gaining momentum, and its microbiota is thought to play important roles in these processes. Several studies have characterized the BSF gut microbiota in different substrates and locations; nonetheless, in-depth knowledge on community stability, consistency of member associations, pathogenic associations, and microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions remains largely elusive. In this study, we characterized the bacterial and fungal communities of BSF larval gut across four untreated substrates (brewers' spent grain, kitchen food waste, poultry manure, and rabbit manure) using 16S and ITS2 amplicon sequencing. Results demonstrated that substrate impacted larval weight gain from 30 to 100% gain differences among diets and induced an important microbial shift in the gut of BSF larvae: fungal communities were highly substrate dependent with Pichia being the only prevalent genus across 96% of the samples; bacterial communities also varied across diets; nonetheless, we observed six conserved bacterial members in 99.9% of our samples, namely, Dysgonomonas, Morganella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Actinomyces, and Providencia. Among these, Enterococcus was highly correlated with other genera including Morganella and Providencia. Additionally, we showed that diets such as rabbit manure induced a dysbiosis with higher loads of the pathogenic bacteria Campylobacter. Together, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis of bacterial and fungal communities of BSF gut across untreated substrates and highlights conserved members, potential pathogens, and their interactions. This information will contribute to the establishment of safety measures for future processing of BSF larval meals and the creation of legislation to regulate their use in animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Yosef Hamba Tola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Abel Anyega Onyoni
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juan C Paredes
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
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Mang'era CM, Khamis FM, Awuoche EO, Hassanali A, Ombura FLO, Mireji PO. Transcriptomic response of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquito larvae to Curry tree (Murraya koenigii) phytochemicals. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:1. [PMID: 33388087 PMCID: PMC7777392 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect growth regulators (IGRs) can control insect vector populations by disrupting growth and development in juvenile stages of the vectors. We previously identified and described the curry tree (Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng) phytochemical leaf extract composition (neplanocin A, 3-(1-naphthyl)-L-alanine, lumiflavine, terezine C, agelaspongin and murrayazolinol), which disrupted growth and development in Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquito larvae by inducing morphogenetic abnormalities, reducing locomotion and delaying pupation in the mosquito. Here, we attempted to establish the transcriptional process in the larvae that underpins these phenotypes in the mosquito. METHODS We first exposed third-fourth instar larvae of the mosquito to the leaf extract and consequently the inherent phytochemicals (and corresponding non-exposed controls) in two independent biological replicates. We collected the larvae for our experiments sampled 24 h before peak pupation, which was 7 and 18 days post-exposure for controls and exposed larvae, respectively. The differences in duration to peak pupation were due to extract-induced growth delay in the larvae. The two study groups (exposed vs control) were consequently not age-matched. We then sequentially (i) isolated RNA (whole larvae) from each replicate treatment, (ii) sequenced the RNA on Illumina HiSeq platform, (iii) performed differential bioinformatics analyses between libraries (exposed vs control) and (iv) independently validated the transcriptome expression profiles through RT-qPCR. RESULTS Our analyses revealed significant induction of transcripts predominantly associated with hard cuticular proteins, juvenile hormone esterases, immunity and detoxification in the larvae samples exposed to the extract relative to the non-exposed control samples. Our analysis also revealed alteration of pathways functionally associated with putrescine metabolism and structural constituents of the cuticle in the extract-exposed larvae relative to the non-exposed control, putatively linked to the exoskeleton and immune response in the larvae. The extract-exposed larvae also appeared to have suppressed pathways functionally associated with molting, cell division and growth in the larvae. However, given the age mismatch between the extract-exposed and non-exposed larvae, we can attribute the modulation of innate immune, detoxification, cuticular and associated transcripts and pathways we observed to effects of age differences among the larvae samples (exposed vs control) and to exposures of the larvae to the extract. CONCLUSIONS The exposure treatment appears to disrupt cuticular development, immune response and oxidative stress pathways in Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae. These pathways can potentially be targeted in development of more efficacious curry tree phytochemical-based IGRs against An. gambiae s.s mosquito larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence M Mang'era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, PO Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, PO Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erick O Awuoche
- Department of Biological Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, PO Box 972-60200, Meru, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, PO Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis Levi Odhiambo Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute-Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, PO Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.
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Beesigamukama D, Mochoge B, Korir NK, K M Fiaboe K, Nakimbugwe D, Khamis FM, Subramanian S, Wangu MM, Dubois T, Ekesi S, Tanga CM. Low-cost technology for recycling agro-industrial waste into nutrient-rich organic fertilizer using black soldier fly. Waste Manag 2021; 119:183-194. [PMID: 33068885 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to recycle organic waste using black soldier fly (BSF) larvae into high-quality alternative protein ingredients in animal feeds and organic fertilizers have gained momentum worldwide. However, there is limited information on waste manipulation to increase nutrient retention for enhanced larval performance and frass fertilizer quality. In the present study, brewer's spent grain with a carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 11 (control) was amended with sawdust to obtain substrates with C/N ratios of 15, 20, 25 and 30. The effects of substrate C/N ratios on BSF larval yield, waste degradation, biomass conversion efficiency, compost maturity and nutrient levels of frass fertilizer were evaluated. Substrates amended with sawdust did not significantly affect waste degradation efficiency and biomass conversion rates of BSF larvae. The wet and dried larval yields were significantly higher for substrates with C/N ratio of 15 compared to the other amended substrates. An amended substrate with C/N ratio of 15 enhanced nutrients uptake by BSF larvae, and increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus retention in frass compost by 21 and 15%, respectively. Compost maturation time was shortened to five weeks, as indicated by the stable C/N ratios and high seed germination indices. This study has demonstrated that the amendment of the substrate with sawdust to C/N ratio of 15 could generate compost with desirable nutrients for use as high-quality fertilizer for organic farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Crop Production and Management, Busitema University P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Benson Mochoge
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas K Korir
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), B.P. 2008 (Messa), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition & Bioengineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Musyoka M Wangu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Dubois
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Leonard A, Egonyu JP, Tanga CM, Kyamanywa S, Tonnang HZE, Azrag AGA, Khamis FM, Ekesi S, Subramanian S. Predicting the current and future distribution of the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) using temperature-dependent phenology models. J Therm Biol 2020; 95:102786. [PMID: 33454030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is widely distributed and consumed in sub-Saharan Africa. Efficient mass rearing of the edible grasshopper is critical to ensure their sustainable supply for food and nutritional security. Hence, we investigated the effect of temperature on development, survival and reproduction of R. differens under six constant (15, 20, 25, 30, 32 and 35 °C) and fluctuating temperatures. Using Insect Life Cycle Modeling software we fitted, linear and non-linear models to R. differens development, mortality, longevity, and fecundity. The best-fitted functions were compiled for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which was stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. We used the process-based climatic phenology models, and applied establishment risk index (ERI) and generation index (GI) in a geographic information system to map the potential distribution of R. differens under current and future climates. At optimum temperatures of 30-32 °C, egg incubation period was 14-15 days and the developmental time was shortest at 52.5-58 days. Lowest nymphal mortality (3.4-13%) and the highest female fecundity was obtained at 25-30 °C. The optimum temperature for the reproduction ranged between 27 and 30 °C. Most simulated lifetable parameters were at their maximum at 28 °C. Predictive models showed that countries in the East, Central, West, Southern and the Horn of Africa were suitable for establishment of R. differens under current climate scenarios (2000). However, by 2050, climatically suitable areas for the establishment of R. differens were predicted to shrink in the West, Southern and the Horn of Africa than its current distribution. We predict up to three generations per year for R. differens in sub-Saharan Africa under current scenarios which can increase to 4 under future scenarios. The optimum rearing temperatures identified can guide optimization of mass rearing of R. differens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonce Leonard
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7063, Kampala, Uganda; Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI)-Ukiriguru, P.O. Box 1433, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - James P Egonyu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kyamanywa
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7063, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henri Z E Tonnang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdelmutalab G A Azrag
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Ajene I, Khamis FM, Pietersen G, van Asch B. Author Correction: Mitochondrial genetic variation reveals phylogeographic structure and cryptic diversity in Trioza erytreae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20204. [PMID: 33188268 PMCID: PMC7666135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inusa Ajene
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, 810001, Zaria, Nigeria.,International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Barbara van Asch
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Leonard A, Khamis FM, Egonyu JP, Kyamanywa S, Ekesi S, Tanga CM, Copeland RS, Subramanian S. Identification of Edible Short- and Long-Horned Grasshoppers and Their Host Plants in East Africa. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:2150-2162. [PMID: 33063829 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information on the edible grasshoppers and their host plants in East Africa. This study adopted morphological and molecular analysis to identify edible grasshoppers in Kenya and Uganda. The associated host plants were identified through molecular analysis of the gut contents of the grasshoppers. The cytochrome b and 16s gene primers were used for grasshopper DNA analysis; while matK gene primers were used for plant DNA analysis. All long-horned grasshoppers sampled were identified as Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae); whereas short-horned grasshoppers were identified as Acanthacris ruficornis (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (L.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Host plants of A. ruficornis were Achyranthes aspera (L.), Centella virgata L.f. Drude, Digitaria gayana (Kunth), Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz and Pavon, and Triumfetta pilosa Roth; whereas those of C. tatarica were Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC and Teramnus uncinatus (L.) SW. Host plants of R. differens were Ageratum conyzoides (L.), Citrus depressa Hayata, Cynodon dactylon (L.), D. gayana, Eragrostis mexicana Hornem, Eucalyptus saligna SM., Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich., Persicaria nepalensis (L.), and Sorghum halepense (L.). Information on the host plants of edible grasshoppers can help in the development of their mass rearing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonce Leonard
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI)-Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James P Egonyu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kyamanywa
- Department of Agricultural Production, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Robert S Copeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
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Akutse KS, Khamis FM, Ambele FC, Kimemia JW, Ekesi S, Subramanian S. Combining insect pathogenic fungi and a pheromone trap for sustainable management of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107477. [PMID: 33053399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a key invasive pest of maize and other crops in Africa. Entomopathogenic fungi play an important role in regulating the immature stages of this invasive pest as opposed to synthetic pesticides that are hazardous to human, environment and biodiversity. To tackle the adult stage of the pest (the moth) and to improve on the application strategy of the fungal-based biopesticides, this study evaluated the effect of various entomopathogenic fungi isolates on S. frugiperda moths. Twenty-two isolates (16 Metarhizium anisopliae and 6 Beauveria bassiana) were screened in the laboratory to assess their pathogenicity and virulence against S. frugiperda moths. The compatibility of the most pathogenic isolates with S. frugiperda pheromone FALLTRACT lure, the horizontal transmission of the inoculum among S. frugiperda moths, and the effect on oviposition were also determined under laboratory conditions. All 22 fungal isolates screened were pathogenic to the moths, but the mortality varied significantly among the isolates (P < 0.0001) seven days post-treatment. Beauveria bassiana ICIPE 621 and M. anisopliae ICIPE 7 outperformed all the other isolates by causing 100% mortality of the moths with the lowest LT50 values of 3.6 ± 0.1 and 3.9 ± 0.0 days, respectively. Both isolates were also found compatible with FALLTRACT lure, as the lure had no effect on the conidial germination in the laboratory. Male and female moths were able to horizontally transmit conidia of both fungal isolates to untreated moths, causing high mortality of S. frugiperda in 'donor' and 'recipient' groups. In addition, the oviposition, hatchability of eggs and longevity of larvae were significantly affected on the fungal infected females. Although single moths still retained high conidial numbers 72 h post-inoculation, the number of conidia decreased with time. These results suggest that ICIPE 7 and ICIPE 621 could be used in combination with S. frugiperda pheromone in an autodissemination approach to suppress S. frugiperda population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felicitas C Ambele
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Food Security and Safety, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Jane W Kimemia
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Beesigamukama D, Mochoge B, Korir NK, Fiaboe KKM, Nakimbugwe D, Khamis FM, Subramanian S, Dubois T, Musyoka MW, Ekesi S, Kelemu S, Tanga CM. Exploring Black Soldier Fly Frass as Novel Fertilizer for Improved Growth, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize Under Field Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:574592. [PMID: 33072150 PMCID: PMC7539147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is increasingly gaining momentum worldwide as organic fertilizer. However, research on its performance on crop production remains largely unknown. Here, we evaluate the comparative performance of BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) on maize (H513) production. Both fertilizers were applied at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 t ha-1, and 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1. Mineral fertilizer (urea) was also applied at 0, 30, 60 and 100 kg N ha-1 to establish the N fertilizer equivalence (NFE) of the organic fertilizers. Maize grown in plots treated with BSFFF had the tallest plants and highest chlorophyll concentrations. Plots treated with 7.5 t ha-1 of BSFFF had 14% higher grain yields than plots treated with a similar rate of SAFI. There was a 27% and 7% increase in grain yields in plots treated with 100 kg N ha-1 of BSFFF compared to those treated with equivalent rates of SAFI and urea fertilizers, respectively. Application of BSFFF at 7.5 t ha-1 significantly increased N uptake by up to 23% compared to the equivalent rate of SAFI. Likewise, application of BSFFF at 100 kg N ha-1 increased maize N uptake by 76% and 29% compared to SAFI and urea, respectively. Maize treated with BSFFF at 2.5 t ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 had higher nitrogen recovery efficiencies compared to equivalent rates of SAFI. The agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) of maize treated with 2.5 t ha-1 of BSFFF was 2.4 times higher than the value achieved using an equivalent rate of SAFI. Also, the AEN of maize grown using 30 kg N ha-1 was 27% and 116% higher than the values obtained using equivalent rates of SAFI and urea fertilizers, respectively. The NFE of BSFFF (108%) was 2.5 times higher than that of SAFI. Application rates of 2.5 t ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 of BSFFF were found to be effective in improving maize yield, while double rates of SAFI were required. Our findings demonstrate that BSFFF is a promising and sustainable alternative to commercial fertilizers for increased maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Crop Production and Management, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Benson Mochoge
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas K. Korir
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition & Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Thomas Dubois
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martha W. Musyoka
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Beesigamukama D, Mochoge B, Korir NK, Fiaboe KKM, Nakimbugwe D, Khamis FM, Dubois T, Subramanian S, Wangu MM, Ekesi S, Tanga CM. Biochar and gypsum amendment of agro-industrial waste for enhanced black soldier fly larval biomass and quality frass fertilizer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238154. [PMID: 32853236 PMCID: PMC7451663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens L.) is one of the most efficient bio-waste recyclers. Although, waste substrate amendments with biochar or gypsum during composting process are known to enhance nutrient retention, their impact on agro-industrial waste have not been documented. Hence, this study focuses on a comparative effect of agro-industrial waste amended with biochar and gypsum on BSF larval performance, waste degradation, and nitrogen (N) and potassium retention in frass fertilizer. Brewery spent grain was amended with biochar or gypsum at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% to determine the most effective rates of inclusion. Amending feedstock with 20% biochar significantly increased wet (89%) and dried (86%) larval yields than the control (unamended feedstock). However, amendment with 15% gypsum caused decrease in wet (34%) and dried (30%) larval yields but conserved the highest amount of N in frass. Furthermore, the inclusion of 20% biochar recorded the highest frass fertilizer yield and gave a 21% increase in N retention in frass fertilizer, while biomass conversion rate was increased by 195% compared to the control. Feedstock amendment with 5% biochar had the highest waste degradation efficiency. Potassium content in frass fertilizer was also significantly enhanced with biochar amendment. At maturity, frass compost with more than 10% inclusion rate of biochar had the highest cabbage seed germination indices (>100%). The findings of this study revealed that initial composting of biochar amended feedstocks using BSF larvae can significantly shorten compost maturity time to 5 weeks with enhanced nutrient recycling compared to the conventional composting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Crop Production and Management, Busitema University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail: , (DB); (CMT)
| | - Benson Mochoge
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas K. Korir
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition & Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Dubois
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Musyoka M. Wangu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: , (DB); (CMT)
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Khamis FM, Ombura FLO, Akutse KS, Subramanian S, Mohamed SA, Fiaboe KKM, Saijuntha W, Van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Dubois T, Ekesi S, Tanga CM. Insights in the Global Genetics and Gut Microbiome of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens: Implications for Animal Feed Safety Control. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1538. [PMID: 32774330 PMCID: PMC7381391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens L. for recycling organic waste into high-quality protein and fat biomass for animal feeds has gained momentum worldwide. However, information on the genetic diversity and environmental implications on safety of the larvae is limited. This study delineates genetic variability and unravels gut microbiome complex of wild-collected and domesticated BSF populations from six continents using mitochondrial COI gene and 16S metagenomics. All sequences generated from the study linked to H. illucens accessions KM967419.1, FJ794355.1, FJ794361.1, FJ794367.1, KC192965.1, and KY817115.1 from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences generated from the study and rooted by GenBank accessions of Hermetia albitarsis Fabricius and Hermetia sexmaculata Macquart separated all samples into three branches, with H. illucens and H. sexmaculata being closely related. Genetic distances between H. illucens samples from the study and GenBank accessions of H. illucens ranged between 0.0091 and 0.0407 while H. sexmaculata and H. albitarsis samples clearly separated from all H. illucens by distances of 0.1745 and 0.1903, respectively. Genetic distance matrix was used to generate a principal coordinate plot that further confirmed the phylogenetic clustering. Haplotype network map demonstrated that Australia, United States 1 (Rhode Island), United States 2 (Colorado), Kenya, and China shared a haplotype, while Uganda shared a haplotype with GenBank accession KC192965 BSF from United States. All other samples analyzed had individual haplotypes. Out of 481,695 reads analyzed from 16S metagenomics, four bacterial families (Enterobactereaceae, Dysgonomonadaceae, Wohlfahrtiimonadaceae, and Enterococcaceae) were most abundant in the BSF samples. Alpha-diversity, as assessed by Shannon index, showed that the Kenyan and Thailand populations had the highest and lowest microbe diversity, respectively; while microbial diversity assessed through Bray Curtis distance showed United States 3 (Maysville) and Netherlands populations to be the most dissimilar. Our findings on genetic diversity revealed slight phylogeographic variation between BSF populations across the globe. The 16S data depicted larval gut bacterial families with economically important genera that might pose health risks to both animals and humans. This study recommends pre-treatment of feedstocks and postharvest measures of the harvested BSF larvae to minimize risk of pathogen contamination along the insect-based feed value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis L. O. Ombura
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira A. Mohamed
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Integrated Pest Management, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Weerachai Saijuntha
- Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute (WRBRI), Biodiversity and Conservation Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Joop J. A. Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dubois
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ajene IJ, Khamis FM, van Asch B, Pietersen G, Rasowo BA, Ombura FL, Wairimu AW, Akutse KS, Sétamou M, Mohamed S, Ekesi S. Microbiome diversity in Diaphorina citri populations from Kenya and Tanzania shows links to China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235348. [PMID: 32589643 PMCID: PMC7319306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is a key pest of Citrus spp. worldwide, as it acts as a vector for “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las)”, the bacterial pathogen associated with the destructive Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Recent detection of D. citri in Africa and reports of Las-associated HLB in Ethiopia suggest that the citrus industry on the continent is under imminent threat. Endosymbionts and gut bacteria play key roles in the biology of arthropods, especially with regards to vector-pathogen interactions and resistance to antibiotics. Thus, we aim to profile the bacterial genera and to identify antibiotic resistance genes within the microbiome of different populations worldwide of D. citri. The metagenome of D. citri was sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore full-length 16S metagenomics protocol, and the “What’s in my pot” (WIMP) analysis pipeline. Microbial diversity within and between D. citri populations was assessed, and antibiotic resistance genes were identified using the WIMP-ARMA workflow. The most abundant genera were key endosymbionts of D. citri (“Candidatus Carsonella”, “Candidatus Profftella”, and Wolbachia). The Shannon diversity index showed that D. citri from Tanzania had the highest diversity of bacterial genera (1.92), and D. citri from China had the lowest (1.34). The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity showed that China and Kenya represented the most diverged populations, while the populations from Kenya and Tanzania were the least diverged. The WIMP-ARMA analyses generated 48 CARD genes from 13 bacterial species in each of the populations. Spectinomycin resistance genes were the most frequently found, with an average of 65.98% in all the populations. These findings add to the knowledge on the diversity of the African D. citri populations and the probable introduction source of the psyllid in these African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inusa J. Ajene
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara van Asch
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Brenda A. Rasowo
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis L. Ombura
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne W. Wairimu
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A&M University, Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samira Mohamed
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Idriss GEA, du Plessis H, Khamis FM, Ekesi S, Tanga CM, Mohamed SA. Host Range and Effects of Plant Species on Preference and Fitness of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1279-1289. [PMID: 32016416 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most devastating pests of tomato in both open field and greenhouse production settings that significantly reduce yield and quality of the fruit. Being a new invasive pest, information on the pest bio-ecology, including host-rage and effects of plant species on its various fitness traits are virtually lacking. This study involved a field survey to establish the realized host range and laboratory experiments to evaluate the preference for, and fitness effects of T. absoluta on different plant species. In the field, T. absoluta was recovered from only four solanaceous plant species: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (S. melongena L.), black nightshade (S. nigrum L.), and gubbain (S. dubium Fr.). In choice and no-choice tests, tomato was the most preferred host of T. absoluta having the highest number of eggs deposited, followed by black nightshade, French bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., and chilli pepper Capsicum frutescens. Larvae developed quickest on tomato followed by black nightshade and French bean. The percentage survival to adulthood was significantly higher on tomato, compared to survival on black nightshade and French bean. Rearing of T. absoluta on tomato or black nightshade had no significant effect on pupal mass and length as well as adult size for both sexes. Fecundity and longevity, as well as oviposition preference of T. absoluta, were not affected by rearing on different plants. These findings confirm the oligophagous nature of the pest with high preference to tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal E A Idriss
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ajene IJ, Khamis FM, van Asch B, Pietersen G, Seid N, Rwomushana I, Ombura FLO, Momanyi G, Finyange P, Rasowo BA, Tanga CM, Mohammed S, Ekesi S. Distribution of Candidatus Liberibacter species in Eastern Africa, and the First Report of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Kenya. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3919. [PMID: 32127552 PMCID: PMC7054587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a serious disease of Citrus sp. worldwide. In Africa and the Mascarene Islands, a similar disease is known as African citrus greening (ACG) and is associated with the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (Laf). In recent years, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) associated with the severe HLB has been reported in Ethiopia. Thus, we aimed to identify the Liberibacter species affecting citrus, the associated vectors in Eastern Africa and their ecological distribution. We assessed the presence of generic Liberibacter in symptomatic leaf samples by quantitative PCR. Subsequently, we sequenced the 50 S ribosomal protein L10 (rplJ) gene region in samples positive for Liberibacters and identified the species by comparison with public sequence data using phylogenetic reconstruction and genetic distances. We detected generic Liberibacter in 26%, 21% and 66% of plants tested from Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively. The rplJ sequences revealed the most prevalent Liberibacters in Uganda and Ethiopia were LafCl (22%) and Las (17%), respectively. We detected Las in Kenya for the first time from three sites in the coastal region. Finally, we modelled the potential habitat suitability of Las in Eastern Africa using MaxEnt. The projection showed large areas of suitability for the pathogen in the three countries surveyed. Moreover, the potential distribution in Eastern Africa covered important citrus-producing parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, and included regions where the disease has not been reported. These findings will guide in the development of an integrated pest management strategy to ACG/HLB management in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inusa J Ajene
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Barbara van Asch
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Pietersen
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Pole Finyange
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Matuga, Kenya
| | - Brenda A Rasowo
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Samira Mohammed
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Khamis FM, Mireji PO, Ombura FLO, Malacrida AR, Awuoche EO, Rono M, Mohamed SA, Tanga CM, Ekesi S. Species-specific transcriptional profiles of the gut and gut microbiome of Ceratitis quilicii and Ceratitis rosa sensu stricto. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18355. [PMID: 31798006 PMCID: PMC6892911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly species, Ceratitis rosa sensu stricto and Ceratitis quilicii, are sibling species restricted to the lowland and highland regions, respectively. Until recently, these sibling species were considered as allopatric populations of C. rosa with distinct bionomics. We used deep Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology on intact guts of individuals from the two sibling species to compare their transcriptional profiles and simultaneously understand gut microbiome and host molecular processes and identify distinguishing genetic differences between the two species. Since the genomes of both species had not been published previously, the transcriptomes were assembled de novo into transcripts. Microbe-specific transcript orthologs were separated from the assembly by filtering searches of the transcripts against microbe databases using OrthoMCL. We then used differential expression analysis of host-specific transcripts (i.e. those remaining after the microbe-specific transcripts had been removed) and microbe-specific transcripts from the two-sibling species to identify defining species-specific transcripts that were present in only one fruit fly species or the other, but not in both. In C. quilicii females, bacterial transcripts of Pectobacterium spp., Enterobacterium buttiauxella, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella variicola were upregulated compared to the C. rosa s.s. females. Comparison of expression levels of the host transcripts revealed a heavier investment by C. quilicii (compared with C. rosa s.s.) in: immunity; energy production; cell proliferation; insecticide resistance; reproduction and proliferation; and redox reactions that are usually associated with responses to stress and degradation of fruit metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.,Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 428, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis L O Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna R Malacrida
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Universita degli Studi di Pavia, Corso Strada Nuova, 65, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erick O Awuoche
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.,Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972, Meru, Kenya
| | - Martin Rono
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 428, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rasowo BA, Khamis FM, Mohamed SA, Ajene IJ, Aidoo OF, Ombura L, Sétamou M, Ekesi S, Borgemeister C. African Citrus Greening Disease in East Africa: Incidence, Severity, and Distribution Patterns. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:2389-2397. [PMID: 31219591 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
African citrus greening disease (ACGD) is considered as one of the major diseases of citrus threatening citrus production in East Africa. Our study aimed for the first time to assess the incidence, severity, and distribution patterns of ACGD in Kenya and Tanzania. In total, 105 citrus orchards were assessed in 13 regions representing low, mid, and high altitude areas. In each backyard and orchard, trees were randomly selected and rated for visual ACGD symptoms; then leaves and insect samples collected for analysis of 'Candidatus Liberibacter africanus' (CLaf), the presumptive causal agent of ACGD. Endpoint PCR, sequencing, and molecular phylogenetic tools were employed to confirm the identity of potential circulating pathogens. Incidence and severity of ACGD varied significantly among the different regions. Both Trioza erytreae (Del Guerico) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) and the invasive Asian citrus psyllid vector Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae) were found to co-occur in upper and lower midland regions. Molecular characterization identified 'Candidatus Liberibacter africanus spp. Clausenae' (CLafCl) as the main causal agent of ACGD in most of the citrus plants and insect samples. No instances of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus infection were found. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding and management of ACGD by employing stringent and early disease detection tools to curb the spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Rasowo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - F M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - I J Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - O F Aidoo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - L Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M Sétamou
- Texas A&M University, Kingsville Citrus Centre, Weslaco, TX
| | - S Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - C Borgemeister
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Gichuhi J, Khamis FM, Van den Berg J, Ekesi S, Herren JK. Unexpected Diversity of Wolbachia Associated with Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa. Insects 2019; 10:E155. [PMID: 31159272 PMCID: PMC6627279 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important pest of fruit-bearing plants in many countries worldwide. In Africa, this pest has spread rapidly and has become widely established since the first invasion report in 2003. Wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont that can significantly influence aspects of the biology and, in particular, the reproduction of its host. In this study, we screened B. dorsalis specimens collected from several locations in Africa between 2005 and 2017 for Wolbachia using a PCR-based assay to target the Wolbachia surface protein wsp. Of the 357 individuals tested, 10 were positive for Wolbachia using the wsp assay. We identified four strains of Wolbachia infecting two B. dorsalis mitochondrial haplotypes. We found no strict association between the infecting strain and host haplotype, with one strain being present in two different host haplotypes. All the detected strains belonged to Super Group B Wolbachia and did not match any strains reported previously in B. dorsalis in Asia. These findings indicate that diverse Wolbachia infections are present in invasive populations of B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gichuhi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jeremy K Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Henry Wellcome Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Kinyanjui G, Khamis FM, Ombura FLO, Kenya EU, Ekesi S, Mohamed SA. Infestation Levels and Molecular Identification Based on Mitochondrial COI Barcode Region of Five Invasive Gelechiidae Pest Species in Kenya. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:872-882. [PMID: 30476129 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasive Gelechiidae pest species, namely Tuta absoluta, Phthorimaea operculella, Aproaerema simplixella, Sitotroga cerealella, and Pectinophora gossypiella are among the major constraints hampering agricultural economy in Kenya. Infestation levels were determined on respective host crops sampled from different localities and P. operculella recorded the highest infestation of 68.00 ± 4.92% on stored potato. Aproaerema simplixella and T. absoluta accounted for 61.33 ± 5.35% and 51.56 ± 5.22% maximal infestation on groundnuts and tomato leaves, respectively. Stored maize was significantly infested by S. cerealella (54.33 ± 5.31%) while no infestation was observed on the freshly harvested grains. Infestation on open bolls by P. gossypiella was relatively low (6.11 ± 3.46%) compared to Anatrachyntis simplex (45.67 ± 7.84%) that emerged as the key pest of cotton. The species were discriminated based on sequence similarities, evolutionary divergences, and phylogenetic analyses. A 658-bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was obtained from 302 specimens. Generally, genetic variations were low within and between Gelechiid populations, with an average of 0.02% and all intraspecific divergences were less than 2% except for S. cerealella. The Gelechiids data set generated eight Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), five of which were concordant and three belonging to S. cerealella were singleton. All species were separated into distinct clusters on a maximum likelihood tree. Data on infestation levels will be useful in defining the pest status of these Gelechiids in Kenya. DNA barcoding is also presented as a valuable tool to complement traditional taxonomy for rapid and accurate identification of these species of agronomic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kinyanjui
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - F M Khamis
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F L O Ombura
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E U Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - S Ekesi
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S A Mohamed
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
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Magara HJO, Tanga CM, Ayieko MA, Hugel S, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Salifu D, Niassy S, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KKM, Roos N, Ekesi S. Performance of Newly Described Native Edible Cricket Scapsipedus icipe (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) on Various Diets of Relevance for Farming. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:653-664. [PMID: 30657915 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new native edible cricket species, Scapsipedus icipe Hugel and Tanga, has been described in Kenya for the first time. However, there is lack of information on suitable diets and their effects on the developmental time, survival, weight gain, body length, growth index, preoviposition, oviposition, postoviposition, fecundity, egg eclosion period, adult emergence, and longevity of this species, which are prerequisite for large-scale production. In this study, six diets (wheat bran, soybean, fish offal, pumpkin leaf, carrot, and maize meals) selected to vary in protein, carbohydrate, and fat content were evaluated. The developmental time and survival rate of the different life stages varied considerably on the various diets, with the shortest development and highest survival rate recorded when fed wheat bran diet. Preoviposition duration was significantly longer on maize and carrot diets (>10 d) compared with that recorded on the other diets (<8 d). Body weight and body length were significantly influenced by the different diets tested. Females of S. icipe fed on protein-rich diets (fish offal, soybean, and wheat bran) had significantly higher lifetime fecundity and fertility. Female-biased sex ratio was recorded on wheat bran and soybean diets, whereas male-biased sex ratio was recorded on maize and carrot diets. Our findings reveal that the impact of diet quality on the biological fitness parameters of S. icipe and the implication of the results are discussed in light of effective mass rearing of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henlay J O Magara
- School of Agriculture and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monica A Ayieko
- School of Agriculture and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Sylvain Hugel
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Shumo M, Khamis FM, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, van Huis A, Borgemeister C. Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 30832335 PMCID: PMC6466135 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as well as high feed costs, prevent the livestock sector from meeting the increasing demand in a sustainable manner. Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrient content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic byproducts are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Although efficient in waste management and in feed production, BSF larvae are very sensitive to the external environment such as temperature and rearing medium. Therefore, we studied the effect of temperature and substrate type, i.e., brewers' spent grain (SG) and cow dung (CD), on the development and survival of BSF larvae. Both organic substrates were readily available in Nairobi, Kenya, the location of the experiments. In our experiment, 100 3⁻5-day-old BSF larvae were placed into containers that contained either SG or CD and further treated at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The duration of larval development was recorded, and the prepupae were removed, weighed, and placed individually in separate, labeled, 35-mL plastic cups filled with moist sawdust. After emergence, 10 2-day-old adults (5 males and 5 females) from every replica per substrate were transferred into a cage (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to mate for 24 h at their respective temperatures. The laid egg batches were collected and counted, and the adult flies' longevity was recorded. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure. BSF larvae reared on SG developed faster than those reared on CD; the former also favored higher temperatures for their larval development and emergence into adults. The optimum range was 25⁻30 °C. With increasing temperatures, the longevity of adult BSF decreased, while the fecundity of females increased. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available SG waste streams in the urban environments of Kenya to produce BSF larvae-derived livestock feed within a short duration of time and at relatively high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shumo
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- IPM Department, The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), B.P. 2008 (Messa), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Plant Health Unit, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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Aidoo OF, Tanga CM, Paris TM, Allan SA, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Sétamou M, Borgemeister C, Ekesi S. Size and shape analysis of Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae), vector of citrus huanglongbing disease. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:760-771. [PMID: 30123987 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most devastating pests of citrus with a well-known role as a vector of the phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) associated with huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Although the pest can successfully develop and reproduce on non-citrus host plants, there is no documented information on the geometric morphometry of ACT. We determine the effect of host plants on ACT morphometry under controlled laboratory conditions using traditional and geometric analysis. RESULTS ACT reared on C. limon and Citroncirus spp. was significantly larger than when reared on the other host plant species. ACT reared on C. anisata and C. tangelo was consistently smaller than that reared on M. koenigii and C. sinensis. Based on warped outline drawings, ACT reared on Citroncirus spp. and Murraya koenigii had narrower wings than when reared on C. anisata, C. limon, and C. sinensis with slightly broader wing patterns. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that host plant species affect morphometric variation in ACT, which might have a direct impact on fitness parameters of the pest as well as its potential for dispersion. Wing shape and size appear to be useful in separating populations of ACT into different groups. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owusu F Aidoo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomson M Paris
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Sandra A Allan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A & M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | | | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Mang'era CM, Hassanali A, Khamis FM, Rono MK, Lwande W, Mbogo C, Mireji PO. Growth-disrupting Murraya koenigii leaf extracts on Anopheles gambiae larvae and identification of associated candidate bioactive constituents. Acta Trop 2019; 190:304-311. [PMID: 30529445 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based constituents have been proposed as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of mosquito vectors of malaria. In this study, we first screened the effects of methanolic leaf extracts of curry tree (Murraya koenigii) growing in tropical (Mombasa, Malindi) and semi-arid (Kibwezi, and Makindu) ecological zones of Kenya on third instar An. gambiae s.s. larvae. Extracts of the plant from the semi-arid region, and particularly from Kibwezi, led to high mortality of the larvae. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of the leaves of the plants from Kibwezi was then undertaken and the most active fraction (20 fold more potent than the crude extract) was then analyzed by Liquid chromatography quadruple time of flight coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-QtoF-MS) and a number of constituents were identified, including a major alkaloid constituent, Neplanocin A (5). Exposure of the third instar larvae to a sub-lethal dose (4.43 ppm) of this fraction over 7-day periods induced gross morphogenetic abnormalities in the larvae, with reduced locomotion, and delayed pupation. Moreover, the few adults that emerged from some pupae failed to fly from the water surface, unlike in the untreated control group. These results demonstrate subtle growth-disrupting effects of the phytochemical blend from M. koenigii leaves on aquatic stages An. gambiae mosquito. The study lays down some useful groundwork for the downstream development of phytochemical blends that can be evaluated for integration into eco-friendly control of An. gambiae vector population targeting the often overlooked but important immature stages of the malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Maikuri Mang'era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, PO Box, 536 - 20115, Egerton, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, PO Box, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, PO Box, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Martin K Rono
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box, 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Wilber Lwande
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box, 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box, 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya; Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, PO Box, 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.
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Chia SY, Tanga CM, Osuga IM, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Salifu D, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KK, Niassy S, van Loon JJ, Dicke M, Ekesi S. Effects of waste stream combinations from brewing industry on performance of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5885. [PMID: 30519507 PMCID: PMC6272031 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been a rapidly growing demand for readily accessible substrates for mass production of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens Linnaeus. Beer production results in various by-products that typically end up in uncontrolled dumpsites constituting pollution problems, which merits urgent attention. The present study investigated whether the 12 formulated diets composed of brewers' spent grains (BSGs), brewers' yeast and cane molasses can serve as substrate for H. illucens production. METHODS Four different BSGs were selected and formulated into 12 diets, aiming at varying protein and net energy levels. The diets were offered to newly hatched (∼1 h old) H. illucens larvae and the influence on developmental duration, survival, wet weight, pre-oviposition time, fecundity, and longevity were compared. RESULTS Developmental duration of the larvae (16-21 days) and pre-pupae (8-11 days) differed significantly across the different diets. The developmental duration of the pupae (8.7-9.1 days) was not affected by diet. The larval (86-99.2%), pre-pupal (71-95%), and pupal (65-91%) survival rates varied significantly between flies reared on the different diets. The pre-oviposition time was similar for flies provided with water (7-11 days) and 10% sugar solution (8-14 days) or across the different diets. The mean fecundity per female ranged from 324-787 eggs and did not differ between females provided with water or sugar solution. However, the number of eggs laid per female varied significantly across the different diets when provided with water. The longevity of starved H. illucens adults was significantly lower (5 days) compared to those provided with water (11-14 days) or sugar solution (14-15 days). DISCUSSION The implications of these findings as part of a quality control procedure for commercial production of high-quality H. illucens larvae as an alternative protein ingredient in livestock and aquaculture feed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaphan Y. Chia
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac M. Osuga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samira A. Mohamed
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K.M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joop J.A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Kariithi HM, Meki IK, Schneider DI, De Vooght L, Khamis FM, Geiger A, Demirbaş-Uzel G, Vlak JM, iNCE IA, Kelm S, Njiokou F, Wamwiri FN, Malele II, Weiss BL, Abd-Alla AMM. Enhancing vector refractoriness to trypanosome infection: achievements, challenges and perspectives. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:179. [PMID: 30470182 PMCID: PMC6251094 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the absence of effective prophylactic vaccines and drugs against African trypanosomosis, control of this group of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases depends the control of the tsetse fly vector. When applied in an area-wide insect pest management approach, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is effective in eliminating single tsetse species from isolated populations. The need to enhance the effectiveness of SIT led to the concept of investigating tsetse-trypanosome interactions by a consortium of researchers in a five-year (2013-2018) Coordinated Research Project (CRP) organized by the Joint Division of FAO/IAEA. The goal of this CRP was to elucidate tsetse-symbiome-pathogen molecular interactions to improve SIT and SIT-compatible interventions for trypanosomoses control by enhancing vector refractoriness. This would allow extension of SIT into areas with potential disease transmission. This paper highlights the CRP's major achievements and discusses the science-based perspectives for successful mitigation or eradication of African trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guler Demirbaş-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - ikbal Agah iNCE
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sorge Kelm
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, 34752, Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology & Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florence N Wamwiri
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, BP 812 Cameroon
| | - Imna I Malele
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Molecular Department, Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Majani Mapana, Off Korogwe Road, Box, 1026 Tanga, Tanzania
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Wamiti LG, Khamis FM, Abd-Alla AMM, Ombura FLO, Akutse KS, Subramanian S, Odiwuor SO, Ochieng SJ, Ekesi S, Maniania NK. Metarhizium anisopliae infection reduces Trypanosoma congolense reproduction in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and its ability to acquire or transmit the parasite. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:142. [PMID: 30470175 PMCID: PMC6251101 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse fly-borne trypanosomiasis remains a significant problem in Africa despite years of interventions and research. The need for new strategies to control and possibly eliminate trypanosomiasis cannot be over-emphasized. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) infect their hosts through the cuticle and proliferate within the body of the host causing death in about 3–14 days depending on the concentration. During the infection process, EPF can reduce blood feeding abilities in hematophagous arthropods such as mosquitoes, tsetse flies and ticks, which may subsequently impact the development and transmission of parasites. Here, we report on the effects of infection of tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) by the EPF, Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 30 wild-type strain (WT) and green fluorescent protein-transformed strain (GZP-1) on the ability of the flies to harbor and transmit the parasite, Trypanosoma congolense. Results Teneral flies were fed T. congolense-infected blood for 2 h and then infected using velvet carpet fabric impregnated with conidia covered inside a cylindrical plastic tube for 12 h. Control flies were fed with T. congolense-infected blood but not exposed to the fungal treatment via the carpet fabric inside a cylindrical plastic tube. Insects were dissected at 2, 3, 5 and 7 days post-fungal exposure and the density of parasites quantified. Parasite load decreased from 8.7 × 107 at day 2 to between 8.3 × 104 and 1.3 × 105 T. congolense ml− 1 at day 3 post-fungal exposure in fungus-treated (WT and GZP-1) fly groups. When T. congolense-infected flies were exposed to either fungal strain, they did not transmit the parasite to mice whereas control treatment flies remained capable of parasite transmission. Furthermore, M. anisopliae-inoculated flies which fed on T. congolense-infected mice were not able to acquire the parasites at 4 days post-fungal exposure while parasite acquisition was observed in the control treatment during the same period. Conclusions Infection of the vector G. f. fuscipes by the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae negatively affected the multiplication of the parasite T. congolense in the fly and reduced the vectorial capacity to acquire or transmit the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G Wamiti
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 324-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstraße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fidelis L O Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Shem J Ochieng
- Medical Physiology Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nguya K Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Chia SY, Tanga CM, Khamis FM, Mohamed SA, Salifu D, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KKM, Niassy S, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Ekesi S. Threshold temperatures and thermal requirements of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Implications for mass production. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206097. [PMID: 30383771 PMCID: PMC6211680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to recycle organic wastes using black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens into high-nutrient biomass that constitutes a sustainable fat (biodiesel) and high-quality protein ingredient in animal feeds have recently gained momentum worldwide. However, there is little information on the most suitable rearing conditions for growth, development and survivorship of these flies, which is a prerequisite for mass production technologies. We evaluated the physiological requirements for growth and reproduction of H. illucens on two diets [spent grains supplemented with brewers’ yeast (D1) and un-supplemented (D2)]. Development rates at nine constant temperatures (10–42°C) were fitted to temperature-dependent linear and non-linear day-degree models. Thereafter, life history table parameters were determined within a range of favourable temperatures. The thermal maximum (TM) estimates for larval, pre-pupal and pupal development using non-linear model ranged between 37.2 ± 0.3 and 44.0 ± 2.3°C. The non-linear and linear day-degree model estimations of lower developmental temperature threshold for larvae were 11.7 ± 0.9 and 12.3 ± 1.4°C for D1, and 10.4 ± 1.7 and 11.7 ± 3.0°C for D2, respectively. The estimated thermal constant of immature life stages development of BSF was higher for the larval stage (250±25 DD for D1 and 333±51 for D2) than the other stages evaluated. Final larval wet weight was higher on D1 compared to D2. The population growth rate was most favourable at 30-degree celsius (°C) with higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm = 0.127 for D1 and 0.122 for D2) and shorter doubling time (5.5 days for D1 and 5.7 days for D2) compared to the other temperatures. These results are valuable for the optimization of commercial mass rearing procedures of BSF under various environmental conditions and prediction of population dynamics patterns using computer simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaphan Yong Chia
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samira A. Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Tanga CM, Magara HJO, Ayieko MA, Copeland RS, Khamis FM, Mohamed SA, Ombura FLO, Niassy S, Subramanian S, Fiaboe KKM, Roos N, Ekesi S, Hugel S. A new edible cricket species from Africa of the genus Scapsipedus. Zootaxa 2018; 4486:393-392. [PMID: 30313752 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new cricket of the genus Scapsipedus is described from Kenya. The distribution, acoustic behavior, including call and courtship song, mitochondrial sequences, and data on the biology of that new species are given. This edible cricket is a very promising species for mass production for food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya.
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