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Cárdenas V, Le Gars M, Truyers C, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Struyf F, Colfer A, Bonten M, Borobia A, Reisinger EC, Kamerling IMC, Douoguih M, Sadoff J. Safety and immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S in adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2a dose-finding study. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00496-1. [PMID: 38705804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S is well-tolerated and effective in preventing moderate-to-severe disease outcomes due to COVID-19. We evaluated the impact of dose level, number of doses, and dose interval on immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of Ad26.COV2.S in adults. Anamnestic responses were also explored. METHODS This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2a study was conducted in adults aged 18-55 years and ≥ 65 years (NCT04535453). Four dose levels (1.25 × 1010, 2.5 × 1010, 5 × 1010, and 1 × 1011 viral particles [vp], single and 2-dose schedules, and dose intervals of 56 and 84 days, were assessed. Four or 6 months post-primary vaccination, Ad26.COV2.S 1.25 × 1010 vp was given to evaluate anamnestic responses. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were measured. Reactogenicity and safety were assessed in all participants. RESULTS All Ad26.COV2.S schedules induced humoral responses with evidence of a dose response relationship. A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5 × 1010 vp) induced antibody and cellular immune responses that persisted for up to at least 6 months. In the 2-dose regimens, antibody responses were higher than 1-dose regimens at comparable dose levels, and the magnitude of the immune response increased when the interval between doses was increased (84 days vs 56 days). Rapid, marked immune responses were observed in all groups after vaccine antigen exposure indicating immune memory. Durable immune responses were observed in all groups for up to at least 6 months post-antigen exposure. Strong and consistent correlations between neutralising and binding antibodies were observed CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses were similar after all regimens. Reactogenicity within 7 days post-vaccination tended to be dose-related. CONCLUSION The study supports the primary, single dose schedule with Ad26.COV2.S at 5 × 1010 vp and homologous booster vaccination after a 6 month interval. Rapid and marked responses to vaccine antigen exposure indicate induction of immune memory by 1- and 2-dose primary vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Cárdenas
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | - Alicia Colfer
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA, United States.
| | - Marc Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Services and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University and European Clinical Alliance on Infectious Diseases, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Alberto Borobia
- Rostock University Medical Center, Dept. of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Emil C Reisinger
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, La Paz University Hospital. School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ. CIBERINFECT, Spain.
| | - Ingrid M C Kamerling
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Rick AM, Laurens MB, Huang Y, Yu C, Martin TCS, Rodriguez CA, Rostad CA, Maboa RM, Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Grinsztejn B, Gray GE, Gay CL, Gilbert PB, Janes HE, Kublin JG, Huang Y, Leav B, Hirsch I, Struyf F, Dunkle LM, Neuzil KM, Corey L, Goepfert PA, Walsh SR, Follmann D, Kotloff KL. Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccination. EBioMedicine 2023; 96:104799. [PMID: 37738833 PMCID: PMC10518569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. METHODS In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7-15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. FINDINGS Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05-0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. INTERPRETATION Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. FUNDING National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Rick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Matthew B Laurens
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas C S Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carina A Rodriguez
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glenda E Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yunda Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ian Hirsch
- AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul A Goepfert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Struyf F, Hardt K, Van Rampelbergh R, Shukarev G, Inamdar A, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, van Paassen V, Anaya-Velarde L, Diba C, Ceuppens M, Cardenas V, Soff GA, Pragalos A, Sadoff J, Douoguih M. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome: A database review of clinical trial and post-marketing experience with Ad26.COV2.S. Vaccine 2023; 41:5351-5359. [PMID: 37517912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a very rare disorder described after vaccination with adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. Co-occurring thrombosis with thrombocytopenia reported after vaccination can be a proxy for identification of TTS. METHODS Descriptive database review of all cases of co-occurring (within 42 days) thrombosis with thrombocytopenia in participants in Ad26.COV2.S clinical trials or recipients of Ad26.COV2.S in real-world clinical practice. Cases were retrieved from Janssens' clinical trial and Global Medical Safety databases. RESULTS There were 34 cases of co-occurring thrombosis with thrombocytopenia in Ad26.COV2.S recipients (46 per 100,000 person-years) and 15 after placebo (75 per 100,000 person-years) in clinical trials. Among Ad26.COV2.S recipients, mean age at the time of the event was 63 years (range 25-85), 82 % were male, mean time-to-onset 112 days (range 8-339) post-last Ad26.COV2.S dose, 26 events occurred post-dose-1, and 7 within a 28-day risk window post-vaccination. Diagnostic certainty was evaluated using Brighton Collaboration, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee case definitions. One case met the highest level of diagnostic certainty for all 3 definitions. There were 355 spontaneous reports of co-occurring thrombosis with thrombocytopenia in the Global Medical Safety database, 47 % males, 85 % within 28-days after vaccination. Twenty-seven cases met the highest level of diagnostic certainty for all definitions, 21 female, 19 with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, age-range 18-68 years. Time-to-onset was 7-14 days post-vaccination in 20 cases. There were 8 fatalities. CONCLUSION TTS induced by Ad26.COV2.S is very rare. Most co-occurring thrombosis with thrombocytopenia does not constitute TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Karin Hardt
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vicky Cardenas
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Gerald A Soff
- University of Miami Health System/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Soffer Clinical Research Building, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Fong Y, McDermott AB, Benkeser D, Roels S, Stieh DJ, Vandebosch A, Le Gars M, Van Roey GA, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Castellino F, Amoa-Awua O, Basappa M, Flach B, Lin BC, Moore C, Naisan M, Naqvi M, Narpala S, O'Connell S, Mueller A, Serebryannyy L, Castro M, Wang J, Petropoulos CJ, Luedtke A, Hyrien O, Lu Y, Yu C, Borate B, van der Laan LWP, Hejazi NS, Kenny A, Carone M, Wolfe DN, Sadoff J, Gray GE, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Little SJ, Paiva de Sousa L, Maboa R, Randhawa AK, Andrasik MP, Hendriks J, Truyers C, Struyf F, Schuitemaker H, Douoguih M, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Carpp LN, Follmann D, Gilbert PB, Koup RA, Donis RO. Immune correlates analysis of the ENSEMBLE single Ad26.COV2.S dose vaccine efficacy clinical trial. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1996-2010. [PMID: 36357712 PMCID: PMC10166187 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Measuring immune correlates of disease acquisition and protection in the context of a clinical trial is a prerequisite for improved vaccine design. We analysed binding and neutralizing antibody measurements 4 weeks post vaccination as correlates of risk of moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 through 83 d post vaccination in the phase 3, double-blind placebo-controlled phase of ENSEMBLE, an international randomized efficacy trial of a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S. We also evaluated correlates of protection in the trial cohort. Of the three antibody immune markers we measured, we found most support for 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) neutralizing antibody titre as a correlate of risk and of protection. The outcome hazard ratio was 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.81; P = 0.006) per 10-fold increase in ID50; vaccine efficacy was 60% (43%, 72%) at non-quantifiable ID50 (<2.7 IU50 ml-1) and increased to 89% (78%, 96%) at ID50 = 96.3 IU50 ml-1. Comparison of the vaccine efficacy by ID50 titre curves for ENSEMBLE-US, the COVE trial of the mRNA-1273 vaccine and the COV002-UK trial of the AZD1222 vaccine supported the ID50 titre as a correlate of protection across trials and vaccine types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanne Roels
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel J Stieh
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - An Vandebosch
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Karen Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Flora Castellino
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Obrimpong Amoa-Awua
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manjula Basappa
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Moore
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mursal Naisan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Muhammed Naqvi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allen Mueller
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leo Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike Castro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alex Luedtke
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lars W P van der Laan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nima S Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avi Kenny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marco Carone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel N Wolfe
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Susan J Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Paiva de Sousa
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rebone Maboa
- Ndlovu Elandsdoorn Site, Limpopo, Dennilton, South Africa
| | - April K Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michele P Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Truyers
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
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5
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Hardt K, Vandebosch A, Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Truyers C, Lowson D, Van Dromme I, Vingerhoets J, Kamphuis T, Scheper G, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Faust SN, Spinner CD, Schuitemaker H, Van Hoof J, Douoguih M, Struyf F, Albertson TE, Sandrock C, Lee JS, Looney MR, Tapson VF, Wiysonge CS, Velarde LHA, Backenroth D, Bhushanan J, Brandenburg B, Cárdenas V, Chen B, Chen F, Chetty P, Chu PL, Cooper K, Custers J, Delanghe H, Duca A, Henrick T, Juraszek J, Nalpas C, Peeters M, Pinheiro J, Roels S, Ryser MF, Salas J, Santoro Matias S, Scheys I, Shetty P, Shukarev G, Stoddard J, Talloen W, Tran N, Vaissiere N, van Son-Palmen E, Xu J, Goecker EA, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Roychoudhury P, Takuva SG, Accini Mendoza JL, Achtyes E, Ahsan H, Alhatemi A, Allen N, Arribas JR, Bahrami G, Bailon L, Bajwa A, Baker J, Baron M, Benet S, Berdaï D, Berger P, Bertoch T, Bethune C, Bevilacqua S, Biagioni Santos MS, Binnian I, Bisnauthsing K, Boivin JM, Bollen H, Bonnet S, Borobia AM, Botelho-Nevers E, Bright P, Britten V, Brown C, Buadi A, Buntinx E, Burgess L, Bush L, Capeding MR, Carr QO, Carrasco Mas A, Catala H, Cathie K, Caudill TS, Cereto Castro F, Chau K, Chavoustie S, Chowdhury M, Chronos N, Cicconi P, Cifuentes L, Cobo SM, Collins H, Colton H, Cuaño CRG, D'Onofrio V, Dargan P, Darton T, Deane P, Del Pozo JL, Derdelinckx I, Desai A, Dever M, Díaz-Pollán B, DiBuono M, Doust M, Duncan C, Echave-Sustaeta JM, Eder F, Ellis K, Elzi S, Emmett S, Engelbrecht J, Evans M, Farah T, Felton T, Ferreira JP, Floutier C, Flume P, Ford S, Fragoso V, Freedman A, Frentiu E, Galloway C, Galtier F, Garcia Diaz J, García García I, Garcia A, Gardener Z, Gauteul P, Geller S, Gibson A, Gillet C, Girerd N, Girodet PO, Gler MT, Glover R, Go HDD, Gokani K, Gonthier D, Green C, Greenberg R, Griffin C, Grobbelaar C, Guancia A, Hakkarainen G, Harris J, Hassman M, Heimer D, Hellstrom-Louw E, Herades Y, Holroyd C, Hussen N, Isidro MGD, Jackson Y, Jain M, João Filho EC, Johnson D, Jones B, Joseph N, Jumeras A, Junquera P, Kellett-Wright J, Kennedy P, Kilgore PE, Kim K, Kimmel M, Konis G, Kutner M, Lacombe K, Launay O, Lazarus R, Lederman S, Lefebvre G, Lennon Collins K, Leroux-Roels I, Lim KWO, Lins M, Liu E, Llewelyn M, Mahomed A, Maia BP, Marín-Candon A, Martínez-Gómez X, Martinot JB, Mazzella A, McCaughan F, McCormack L, McGettigan J, Mehra P, Mejeur R, Miller V, Mills A, Molto Marhuenda J, Moodley P, Mora-Rillo M, Mothe B, Mullan D, Munro A, Myers P, Nell J, Newman Lobato Souza T, O'Halloran JA, Ochoa Mazarro MD, Oliver A, Onate Gutierrez JM, Ortega J, Oshita M, Otero Romero S, Overcash JS, Owens D, Packham A, Paiva de Sousa L, Palfreeman A, Pallares CJ, Patel R, Patel S, Pelkey L, Peluso D, Penciu F, Pinto SJ, Pounds K, Pouzar J, Pragalos A, Presti R, Price D, Qureshi E, Ramalho Madruga JV, Ramesh M, Rankin B, Razat B, Riegel Santos B, Riesenberg R, Riffer E, Roche S, Rose K, Rosellini P, Rossignol P, Safirstein B, Salazar H, Sanchez Vallejo G, Santhosh S, Seco-Meseguer E, Seep M, Sherry E, Short P, Soentjens P, Solis J, Soriano Viladomiu A, Sorli C, Spangenthal S, Spence N, Stephenson E, Strout C, Surowitz R, Taladua KM, Tellalian D, Thalamas C, Thiriphoo N, Thomas J, Thomas N, Trout G, Urroz M, Veekmans B, Veekmans L, Villalobos REM, Webster B, White A, Williams G, Williams H, Wilson B, Winston A, Wiselka M, Zervos M. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19 (ENSEMBLE2): results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:1703-1715. [PMID: 36113538 PMCID: PMC9639796 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability of effective vaccines against COVID-19, booster vaccinations are needed to maintain vaccine-induced protection against variant strains and breakthrough infections. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen) as primary vaccination plus a booster dose. METHODS ENSEMBLE2 is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial including crossover vaccination after emergency authorisation of COVID-19 vaccines. Adults aged at least 18 years without previous COVID-19 vaccination at public and private medical practices and hospitals in Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Germany, the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, the UK, and the USA were randomly assigned 1:1 via a computer algorithm to receive intramuscularly administered Ad26.COV2.S as a primary dose plus a booster dose at 2 months or two placebo injections 2 months apart. The primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against the first occurrence of molecularly confirmed moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after booster vaccination, which was assessed in participants who received two doses of vaccine or placebo, were negative for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR at baseline and on serology at baseline and day 71, had no major protocol deviations, and were at risk of COVID-19 (ie, had no PCR-positive result or discontinued the study before day 71). Safety was assessed in all participants; reactogenicity, in terms of solicited local and systemic adverse events, was assessed as a secondary endpoint in a safety subset (approximately 6000 randomly selected participants). The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04614948, and is ongoing. FINDINGS Enrolment began on Nov 16, 2020, and the primary analysis data cutoff was June 25, 2021. From 34 571 participants screened, the double-blind phase enrolled 31 300 participants, 14 492 of whom received two doses (7484 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 7008 in the placebo group) and 11 639 of whom were eligible for inclusion in the assessment of the primary endpoint (6024 in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 5615 in the placebo group). The median (IQR) follow-up post-booster vaccination was 36·0 (15·0-62·0) days. Vaccine efficacy was 75·2% (adjusted 95% CI 54·6-87·3) against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 (14 cases in the Ad26.COV2.S group and 52 cases in the placebo group). Most cases were due to the variants alpha (B.1.1.7) and mu (B.1.621); endpoints for the primary analysis accrued from Nov 16, 2020, to June 25, 2021, before the global dominance of delta (B.1.617.2) or omicron (B.1.1.529). The booster vaccine exhibited an acceptable safety profile. The overall frequencies of solicited local and systemic adverse events (evaluated in the safety subset, n=6067) were higher among vaccine recipients than placebo recipients after the primary and booster doses. The frequency of solicited adverse events in the Ad26.COV2.S group were similar following the primary and booster vaccinations (local adverse events, 1676 [55·6%] of 3015 vs 896 [57·5%] of 1559, respectively; systemic adverse events, 1764 [58·5%] of 3015 vs 821 [52·7%] of 1559, respectively). Solicited adverse events were transient and mostly grade 1-2 in severity. INTERPRETATION A homologous Ad26.COV2.S booster administered 2 months after primary single-dose vaccination in adults had an acceptable safety profile and was efficacious against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19. Studies assessing efficacy against newer variants and with longer follow-up are needed. FUNDING Janssen Research & Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hardt
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - David Lowson
- Janssen Research & Development, High Wycombe, UK
| | | | | | | | - Gert Scheper
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
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Struyf F, Sadoff J, Hardt K, Douoguih M. A plain language summary of the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and safety as a single dose and with a booster. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Summary What is this summary about? This is a summary of the results of 2 global clinical studies of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19. The ENSEMBLE study looked at the effectiveness of a single injection of the vaccine. The separate ENSEMBLE2 study looked at the effectiveness of a booster dose of the vaccine given 2 months after the first dose. In both studies, people received either the vaccine or a placebo. Vaccine effectiveness was evaluated 14 and 28 days after vaccination to allow sufficient time for generation of an immune response. What were the results? In ENSEMBLE, compared to the placebo, a single dose of the vaccine prevented: 56% of moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after vaccination 53% of moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 cases occurring at least 28 days after vaccination 75% of severe-critical COVID-19 cases occurring at least 28 days after vaccination 76% of people with COVID-19 from needing to be hospitalized for treatment 83% of COVID-19–related deaths The vaccine continued to work well for at least 6 months after a single vaccine injection. In ENSEMBLE2, compared to the placebo, a single dose of the vaccine followed by a booster dose 2 months later prevented: 75% of moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after booster vaccination 100% of severe-critical COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after booster vaccination In ENSEMBLE2, there were too few cases of COVID-19 to estimate vaccine effectiveness for preventing COVID-19–related deaths or hospitalization. ENSEMBLE2 was done during early 2021, when several COVID-19 vaccines became available by emergency use authorization. For ethical reasons, people could check whether they had received vaccine or placebo and decide whether they could be vaccinated outside of the study. This meant that the researchers could not look at the long-term effectiveness of the vaccine. In both studies, after receiving the vaccine, some people experienced pain at the injection site, headache, tiredness, muscle pain, and nausea. In most cases, these were mild and went away within a few days. Serious side effects were very rare. In ENSEMBLE, blood clots, seizures, hives, and ringing in the ears were more common in the people who got the vaccine than in those who got the placebo. These side effects were very rare. In ENSEMBLE2, bleeding, hives, and ringing in the ears were slightly more common in people who got the vaccine than those who got the placebo. In ENSEMBLE2, blood clots were more common in people who got the placebo. At the time of the study, it was not clear if these side effects were caused by the vaccine. What do the results of the study mean? The vaccine was effective at protecting against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 at 14 days after a single injection. Effectiveness was increased by a booster injection given 2 months after the first injection. You can find more detailed information and references in the original articles. Links to these articles can be found at the end of this summary. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04505722 and NCT04614948 ( ClinicalTrials.gov )
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Hardt
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Le Gars M, Hendriks J, Sadoff J, Ryser M, Struyf F, Douoguih M, Schuitemaker H. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Ad26.COV2.S: An adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:47-60. [PMID: 35689434 PMCID: PMC9349621 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since its emergence in late 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of efficacious vaccines, new variants with reduced sensitivity to vaccine-induced protection are a troubling new reality. The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is a recombinant, replication-incompetent human adenovirus type 26 vector encoding a full-length, membrane-bound severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein in a prefusion-stabilized conformation. This review discusses the immunogenicity and efficacy of Ad26.COV2.S as a single-dose primary vaccination and as a homologous or heterologous booster vaccination. Ad26.COV2.S elicits broad humoral and cellular immune responses, which are associated with protective efficacy/effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, moderate to severe/critical COVID-19, and COVID-19-related hospitalization and death, including against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. The humoral immune responses elicited by Ad26.COV2.S vaccination are durable, continue to increase for at least 2-3 months postvaccination, and involve a range of functional antibodies. Ad26.COV2.S given as a heterologous booster to mRNA vaccine-primed individuals markedly increases humoral and cellular immune responses. The use of Ad26.COV2.S as primary vaccination and as part of booster regimens is supporting the ongoing efforts to control and mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ryser
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Brandenburg B, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Vaissiere N, Heerwegh D, Truyers C, de Groot AM, Jongeneelen M, Kaszas K, Tolboom J, Scheper G, Hendriks J, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Struyf F, Van Hoof J, Douoguih M, Schuitemaker H. Durable antibody responses elicited by 1 dose of Ad26.COV2.S and substantial increase after boosting: 2 randomized clinical trials. Vaccine 2022; 40:4403-4411. [PMID: 35667914 PMCID: PMC9165876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ad26.COV2.S is a well-tolerated and effective vaccine against COVID-19. We evaluated durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies elicited by single-dose Ad26.COV2.S and the impact of boosting. METHODS In randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a and phase 2 trials, participants received single-dose Ad26.COV2.S (5 × 1010 viral particles [vp]) followed by booster doses of 5 × 1010 vp or 1.25 × 1010 vp. Neutralizing antibody levels were determined by a virus neutralization assay (VNA) approximately 8-9 months after dose 1. Binding and neutralizing antibody levels were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and pseudotyped VNA 6 months after dose 1 and 7 and 28 days after boosting. RESULTS Data were analyzed from phase 1/2a participants enrolled from 22 July-18 December 2020 (Cohort 1a, 18-55 years [y], N = 25; Cohort 2a, 18-55y, N = 17; Cohort 3, ≥65y, N = 22), and phase 2 participants from 14 to 22 September 2020 (18-55y and ≥ 65y, N = 73). Single-dose Ad26.COV2.S elicited stable neutralizing antibodies for at least 8-9 months and stable binding antibodies for at least 6 months, irrespective of age. A 5 × 1010 vp 2-month booster dose increased binding antibodies by 4.9- to 6.2-fold 14 days post-boost versus 28 days after initial immunization. A 6-month booster elicited a steep and robust 9-fold increase in binding antibody levels 7 days post-boost. A 5.0-fold increase in neutralizing antibodies was observed by 28 days post-boost for the Beta variant. A 1.25 × 1010 vp 6-month booster elicited a 3.6-fold increase in binding antibody levels at 7 days post-boost versus pre-boost, with a similar magnitude of post-boost responses in both age groups. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose Ad26.COV2.S elicited durable antibody responses for at least 8 months and elicited immune memory. Booster-elicited binding and neutralizing antibody responses were rapid and robust, even with a quarter vaccine dose, and stronger with a longer interval since primary vaccination. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04436276, NCT04535453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Scheper
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leroux-Roels I, Davis MG, Steenackers K, Essink B, Vandermeulen C, Fogarty C, Andrews CP, Kerwin E, David MP, Fissette L, Abeele CV, Collete D, de Heusch M, Salaun B, De Schrevel N, Koch J, Verheust C, Dezutter N, Struyf F, Mesaros N, Tica J, Hulstrøm V. Safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F (RSVPreF3) candidate vaccine in older adults: phase I/II randomized clinical trial. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:761-772. [PMID: 35904987 PMCID: PMC10044090 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate safety and immunogenicity of vaccine formulations against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) containing the stabilized prefusion conformation of RSV fusion protein (RSVPreF3). METHODS This phase I/II, randomized, controlled, observer-blind study enrolled 48 young adults (YA; 18-40 years) and 1005 older adults (OA; 60-80 years) between January and August 2019. Participants were randomized into equally sized groups to receive two doses of unadjuvanted (YA and OA) or AS01-adjuvanted (OA) vaccine or placebo two months apart. Vaccine safety and immunogenicity were assessed until one (YA) or 12 months (OA) after second vaccination. RESULTS The RSVPreF3 vaccines boosted humoral (RSVPreF3-specific IgG and RSV-A neutralizing antibody) responses, which increased in an antigen-concentration-dependent manner and were highest post-dose one. Compared to pre-vaccination, the geometric mean frequencies of polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells increased after each dose and were significantly higher in adjuvanted than unadjuvanted vaccinees. Post-vaccination immune responses persisted until end of follow-up. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were mostly mild-to-moderate and transient. Despite a higher observed reactogenicity of AS01-containing vaccines, no safety concerns were identified for any assessed formulation. CONCLUSIONS Based on safety and immunogenicity profiles, the AS01E-adjuvanted vaccine containing 120 μg of RSVPreF3 was selected for further clinical development. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03814590; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03814590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Davis
- Rochester Clinical Research, Rochester, NY 14609, United States
| | - Katie Steenackers
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Brandon Essink
- Meridian Clinical Research Omaha, Omaha, NE 68134, United States
| | - Corinne Vandermeulen
- Leuven University Vaccinology Center, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charles Fogarty
- Lung and Chest Medical Associates, Spartanburg Medical Research, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | | | - Edward Kerwin
- Crisor, LLC c/o Clinical Research Institute of Southern Oregon, Medford, OR 97504, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juliane Koch
- UCB Pharma GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 10, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Narcisa Mesaros
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jelena Tica
- Janssen-Cilag GmbH, Johnson & Johnson Platz 1, 41470 Neuss, Germany
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Folschweiller N, Vanden Abeele C, Chu L, Van Damme P, García-Sastre A, Krammer F, Nachbagauer R, Palese P, Solórzano A, Bi D, David MP, Friel D, Innis BL, Koch J, Mallett CP, Rouxel RN, Salaun B, Vantomme V, Verheust C, Struyf F. Reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin influenza split-virion vaccines, adjuvanted with AS01 or AS03 or non-adjuvanted: a phase 1–2 randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022; 22:1062-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Le Gars M, Sadoff J, Struyf F, Heerwegh D, Truyers C, Hendriks J, Gray G, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Schuitemaker H, Douoguih M. Impact of preexisting anti-Ad26 humoral immunity on immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:979-982. [PMID: 35429381 PMCID: PMC9047246 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This secondary analysis of the phase 3 ENSEMBLE trial (NCT04505722) assessed the impact of preexisting humoral immunity to adenovirus type 26 (Ad26) on the immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S-elicited SARS-CoV-2–specific antibody levels in 380 participants in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States. Among those vaccinated in Brazil and South Africa, 31% and 66%, respectively, had prevaccination serum-neutralizing activity against Ad26, with little preexisting immunity detected in the United States. Vaccine recipients in each country had similar post-vaccination spike-binding antibody levels, indicating that baseline immunity to Ad26 has no clear impact on vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Le Gars
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk Heerwegh
- Janssen Research and Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Carla Truyers
- Janssen Research and Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Research Council, Cape Town, 7501, South Africa
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 35294, United States
| | | | - Macaya Douoguih
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fong Y, McDermott AB, Benkeser D, Roels S, Stieh DJ, Vandebosch A, Gars ML, Van Roey GA, Houchens CR, Martins K, Jayashankar L, Castellino F, Amoa-Awua O, Basappa M, Flach B, Lin BC, Moore C, Naisan M, Naqvi M, Narpala S, O’Connell S, Mueller A, Serebryannyy L, Castro M, Wang J, Petropoulos CJ, Luedtke A, Hyrien O, Lu Y, Yu C, Borate B, van der Laan LWP, Hejazi NS, Kenny A, Carone M, Wolfe DN, Sadoff J, Gray GE, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Little SJ, de Sousa LP, Maboa R, Randhawa AK, Andrasik MP, Hendriks J, Truyers C, Struyf F, Schuitemaker H, Douoguih M, Kublin JG, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Carpp LN, Follmann D, Gilbert PB, Koup RA, Donis RO. Immune Correlates Analysis of a Single Ad26.COV2.S Dose in the ENSEMBLE COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Clinical Trial. medRxiv 2022:2022.04.06.22272763. [PMID: 35441174 PMCID: PMC9016647 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.06.22272763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anti-spike IgG binding antibody, anti-receptor binding domain IgG antibody, and pseudovirus neutralizing antibody measurements four weeks post-vaccination were assessed as correlates of risk of moderate to severe-critical COVID-19 outcomes through 83 days post-vaccination and as correlates of protection following a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine in the placebo-controlled phase of ENSEMBLE, an international, randomized efficacy trial. Each marker had evidence as a correlate of risk and of protection, with strongest evidence for 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) neutralizing antibody titer. The outcome hazard ratio was 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.29, 0.81; p=0.006) per 10-fold increase in ID50; vaccine efficacy was 60% (43, 72%) at nonquantifiable ID50 (< 2.7 IU50/ml) and rose to 89% (78, 96%) at ID50 = 96.3 IU50/ml. Comparison of the vaccine efficacy by ID50 titer curves for ENSEMBLE-US, the COVE trial of the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and the COV002-UK trial of the AZD1222 vaccine supported consistency of the ID50 titer correlate of protection across trials and vaccine types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanne Roels
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - An Vandebosch
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Karen Martins
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Flora Castellino
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Obrimpong Amoa-Awua
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manjula Basappa
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Moore
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mursal Naisan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Muhammed Naqvi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah O’Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allen Mueller
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leo Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mike Castro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alex Luedtke
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lars W. P. van der Laan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nima S. Hejazi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avi Kenny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marco Carone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel N. Wolfe
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Glenda E. Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Susan J. Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Paiva de Sousa
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rebone Maboa
- Ndlovu Elandsdoorn Site, Limpopo, Dennilton, South Africa
| | - April K. Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michele P. Andrasik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Truyers
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
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Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Truyers C, Van Dromme I, Spiessens B, Vingerhoets J, Custers J, Scheper G, Robb ML, Treanor J, Ryser MF, Barouch DH, Swann E, Marovich MA, Neuzil KM, Corey L, Stoddard J, Hardt K, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Le Gars M, Schuitemaker H, Van Hoof J, Struyf F, Douoguih M. Final Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:847-860. [PMID: 35139271 PMCID: PMC8849184 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2117608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was highly effective against severe-critical coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), hospitalization, and death in the primary phase 3 efficacy analysis. METHODS We conducted the final analysis in the double-blind phase of our multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, in which adults were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive single-dose Ad26.COV2.S (5×1010 viral particles) or placebo. The primary end points were vaccine efficacy against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days after administration and at least 28 days after administration in the per-protocol population. Safety and key secondary and exploratory end points were also assessed. RESULTS Median follow-up in this analysis was 4 months; 8940 participants had at least 6 months of follow-up. In the per-protocol population (39,185 participants), vaccine efficacy against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 at least 14 days after administration was 56.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51.3 to 60.8; 484 cases in the vaccine group vs. 1067 in the placebo group); at least 28 days after administration, vaccine efficacy was 52.9% (95% CI, 47.1 to 58.1; 433 cases in the vaccine group vs. 883 in the placebo group). Efficacy in the United States, primarily against the reference strain (B.1.D614G) and the B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant, was 69.7% (95% CI, 60.7 to 76.9); efficacy was reduced elsewhere against the P.1 (gamma), C.37 (lambda), and B.1.621 (mu) variants. Efficacy was 74.6% (95% CI, 64.7 to 82.1) against severe-critical Covid-19 (with only 4 severe-critical cases caused by the B.1.617.2 [delta] variant), 75.6% (95% CI, 54.3 to 88.0) against Covid-19 leading to medical intervention (including hospitalization), and 82.8% (95% CI, 40.5 to 96.8) against Covid-19-related death, with protection lasting 6 months or longer. Efficacy against any severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was 41.7% (95% CI, 36.3 to 46.7). Ad26.COV2.S was associated with mainly mild-to-moderate adverse events, and no new safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S provided 52.9% protection against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19. Protection varied according to variant; higher protection was observed against severe Covid-19, medical intervention, and death than against other end points and lasted for 6 months or longer. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development and others; ENSEMBLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04505722.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald Sadoff
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Glenda Gray
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - An Vandebosch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Vicky Cárdenas
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Carla Truyers
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Ilse Van Dromme
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Bart Spiessens
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Johan Vingerhoets
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Jerome Custers
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Gert Scheper
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Merlin L Robb
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - John Treanor
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Martin F Ryser
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Edith Swann
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Mary A Marovich
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Lawrence Corey
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Jeffrey Stoddard
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Karin Hardt
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Frank Struyf
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, J.C., G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); the South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., I.V.D., B.S., J.V., M.F.R., K.H., J.R.-G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (E.S., M.A.M.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.); and Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard)
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Le Gars M, Sadoff J, Jongeneelen M, Heerwegh D, Shukarev G, Truyers C, de Groot AM, Scheper G, Hendriks J, Brandenburg B, Struyf F, Van Hoof J, Douoguih M, Schuitemaker H. LB7. Ad26.COV2.S-Elicted Neutralizing Activities Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Phase 1/2a and Phase 3 Clinical Trials. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021. [PMCID: PMC8644272 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a Phase 3 trial, the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, Ad26.COV2.S, showed robust efficacy against severe–critical COVID-19 in countries where different SARS-CoV-2 variants were circulating. We evaluated Ad26.COV2.S-elicited antibody neutralizing activity against variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) in sera from participants in clinical trials following a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S. Methods Neutralizing activities of Ad26.COV2.S (given at a dose level of 5 x 1010 viral particles [vp]) against VOC were assessed by wild-type virus neutralizing (wtVNA) and pseudovirion neutralization (psVNA) assays in sera from participants in Phase 1/2a and Phase 3 clinical trials, respectively. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were determined at Days 29 and 71 after vaccination. Results In serum samples from Phase 1/2a participants (n = 6), at Day 29 after 1 dose of Ad26.COV2.S, wtVNA titers against VOC were lower than for the original strain (GMT = 573), with GMT = 65, 14, and 15 for Alpha, Beta, and Delta, respectively, representing 8.8-, 40.9-, and 37.7-fold decreases. By Day 71 after vaccination (n = 14), fold differences between the original strain (GMT = 375) and VOC (GMT = 113, 27, and 28) were smaller (3.3-, 13.9-, and 13.4-fold) than at Day 29, suggestive of B-cell maturation (Figure 1). Day 71 titers against the Delta variant were maintained for at least 8 months following a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5 x 1010 vp). In serum samples from Phase 3 participants (n = 8), psVNA titers against VOC were lower than the original strain at Day 71 after vaccination, with the lowest titers observed for the Beta variant (3.6-fold decrease vs original strain). Smaller reductions in Nab titers for VOC were observed in the psVNA assay compared to wtVNA. Figure 1. Neutralization of B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) lineages in serum samples from participants who received Ad26.COV2.S. n = 6 samples at Day 29 and n = 14 (n = 14 for Alpha and Beta; n = 6 for Delta, comprising the same 6 participants at Day 29) samples at Day 71 after vaccination with a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5 x 10^10 vp dose level) were analyzed in wild-type virus neutralization assays against the SARS-CoV-2 Victoria strain (D614, black dots), the B.1.1.7 (Alpha; green dots) the B.1.351 (Beta; blue dots), and the B.1.617.2 (Delta; purple dots) lineages. Dots represent the IC50 (inhibitory concentration) titers per participant. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) and fold decrease in neutralizing activity between the original Victoria strain and each lineage are shown. ![]()
Conclusion Ad26.COV2.S-elicited serum neutralizing activity against VOC showed an overall decrease in titers relative to the original strain that was largest for the Beta variant, even though vaccine efficacy against severe–critical COVID-19 was maintained in countries where these variants were circulating versus in countries where they were not circulating. Over time, titers against variants increased, suggesting B-cell affinity maturation leading to increasing coverage of VOC. Disclosures Mathieu Le Gars, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Jerald Sadoff, MD, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Mandy Jongeneelen, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Dirk Heerwegh, n/a, Janssen Research and Development (Employee) Georgi Shukarev, MD, Janssen (Employee) Carla Truyers, n/a, Janssen Research and Development (Employee) Anne Marit de Groot, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee) Gert Scheper, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Jenny Hendriks, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Boerries Brandenburg, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Frank Struyf, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Johan Van Hoof, n/a, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder) Macaya Douoguih, MD, MPH, Janssen (Employee) Hanneke Schuitemaker, PhD, Johnson & Johnson (Employee, Shareholder)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Le Gars
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands, 2333, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Mandy Jongeneelen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Heerwegh
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium, Beerse, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Carla Truyers
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium, Beerse, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Anne Marit de Groot
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Gert Scheper
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Boerries Brandenburg
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium, Beerse, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands, 2333, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
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Sadoff J, Struyf F, Douoguih M. A plain language summary of how well the single-dose Janssen vaccine works and how safe it is. Future Virol 2021; 16:725-739. [PMID: 34824596 PMCID: PMC8587777 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is a summary of a publication about the ENSEMBLE trial of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19, which was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in April 2021. The ENSEMBLE study started in September 2020 and is still ongoing. The study compared the effectiveness of the vaccine to a placebo in 43,783 adults from Latin America, South Africa, and the United States. Of those, 19,630 got a single dose of the vaccine. Compared to the placebo, the vaccine prevented:
66.9% of moderate to severe–critical COVID-19 cases after 14 days 66.1% of moderate to severe–critical COVID-19 cases after 28 days 85.4% of severe COVID-19 cases after 28 days 100% of people with severe COVID-19 from needing to go to hospital for treatment
None of the vaccinated participants died from COVID-19. There were 5 people who got the placebo who died from COVID-19. The vaccine was similarly effective in people from all age groups and different countries, including South Africa, where most cases were caused by the beta variant of the virus that originated there. The people in the study who got the vaccine who went on to get COVID-19 generally had milder and fewer symptoms than those who got the placebo. In most people, the vaccine started working after about 2 weeks. After receiving the vaccine, some people experienced pain at the injection site, headache, tiredness, muscle pain, and nausea. In most cases, these were mild and went away within a few days. Serious side effects were very rare. Blood clots, seizures, and tinnitus were very rare but were more common in the people who got the vaccine than in those who got the placebo. At the time of the study, it was not clear if these were caused by the vaccine or not. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT number: NCT04505722.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F Struyf
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - M Douoguih
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Beran J, Ramirez Villaescusa A, Devadiga R, Nguyen TLA, Gruselle O, Pirçon JY, Struyf F, Devaster JM. Respiratory syncytial virus acute respiratory infections in ≥ 65-year-old adults in long-term care facilities in the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 2021; 29:167-176. [PMID: 34623114 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to immunosenescence and presence of comorbidities, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease burden is a major health concern in older adults, which is expected to increase with the life expectancy rise. Data on RSV burden are scarce in older adults residing in long-term care facilities, a vulnerable population living in crowded settings. Therefore, two independent prospective studies were conducted during the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 RSV seasons to assess RSV acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in ≥ 65-year-old adults residing in long-term care facilities in the Czech Republic. METHODS RSV ARI episodes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in nasal swabs collected within 3 days of symptoms onset. The mortality and morbidity of RSV-confirmed ARIs, as well as the risk factors associated with RSV-confirmed ARIs were evaluated. RESULTS Among 1,251 participants in the 2003-2004 season (ARI surveillance between October and March), there were no RSV-positive cases in 255 ARI and 105 LRTI episodes. Among 1,280 participants in the 2004-2005 season (ARI surveillance between October and April), there were 39 and 26 RSV-positive cases in 335 ARI and 217 LRTI episodes, respectively, and RSV-positive ARI and LRTI episode incidence rates were 45.82 and 30.40 per 1,000 person-years. Among 290 RSV-negative and 39 RSV-positive ARI cases in the 2004-2005 season, 15 and 4 hospitalizations, 188 and 26 LRTIs, and 11 and 3 deaths were reported. Risk factors associated with RSV-positive ARI were female gender (odds ratio: 4.98), chronic heart failure class II (odds ratio: 2.31) and diabetes requiring insulin treatment (odds ratio: 9.82). CONCLUSIONS These studies showed that RSV was an important cause of ARI in older adults living in long-term care facilities in the 2004-2005 season, with fluctuating yearly incidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Beran
- Vaccination and Travel Medicine Centre, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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17
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Lehtinen M, Apter D, Eriksson T, Harjula K, Hokkanen M, Natunen K, Nieminen P, Paavonen J, Palmroth J, Petäjä T, Pukkala E, Vänskä S, Cheuvart B, Soila M, Bi D, Struyf F. Effectiveness of various human papillomavirus vaccination strategies: A community randomized trial in Finland. Cancer Med 2021; 10:7759-7771. [PMID: 34581025 PMCID: PMC8559511 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a community-randomized trial (NCTBLINDED) in Finland to assess gender-neutral and girls-only vaccination strategies with the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 (AS04-HPV-16/18)vaccine. METHODS Girls and boys (12-15 years) were invited. We randomized 33 communities (1:1:1 ratio): Arm A: 90% of randomly selected girls and boys received AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine and 10% received hepatitis B vaccine (HBV); Arm B: 90% of randomly selected girls received AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine, 10% of girls received HBV, and all boys received HBV; Arm C: all participants received HBV. Effectiveness measurements against prevalence of HPV-16/18 cervical infection were estimated in girls at 18.5 years. The main measures were: (1) overall effectiveness comparing Arms A or B, regardless of vaccination status, vs Arm C; (2) total effectiveness comparing AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccinated girls in pooled Arms A/B vs Arm C; (3) indirect effectiveness (herd effect) comparing girls receiving HBV or unvaccinated in Arm A vs Arm C. Co-primary objectives were overall effectiveness following gender-neutral or girls-only vaccination. RESULTS Of 80,272 adolescents invited, 34,412 were enrolled. Overall effectiveness was 23.8% (95% confidence interval: -19.0, 51.1; P = 0.232) with gender-neutral vaccination. Following girls-only vaccination, overall effectiveness was 49.6% (20.1, 68.2; P = 0.004). Total effectiveness was over 90% regardless of vaccination strategy. No herd effect was found. Immunogenicity of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine was high in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates the difficulty in conducting community randomized trials. It is not plausible that vaccinating boys would reduce overall effectiveness, and the apparent lack of herd effect was unexpected given findings from other studies. This analysis was likely confounded by several factors but confirms the vaccine's high total effectiveness as in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Lehtinen
- Department of Vaccines, National Institute for Health & Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dan Apter
- VL-Medi Clinical Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Eriksson
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katja Harjula
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hokkanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kari Natunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Nieminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Paavonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Palmroth
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Petäjä
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Simopekka Vänskä
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
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Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J, Yu J, Chang A, Gebre M, McMahan K, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Patel S, Le Gars M, de Groot AM, Heerwegh D, Struyf F, Douoguih M, van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H. Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:951-953. [PMID: 34260834 PMCID: PMC8314733 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Makda Gebre
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jinyan Liu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Johan van Hoof
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Struyf
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
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20
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Alter G, Yu J, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Borducchi EN, Tostanoski LH, McMahan K, Jacob-Dolan C, Martinez DR, Chang A, Anioke T, Lifton M, Nkolola J, Stephenson KE, Atyeo C, Shin S, Fields P, Kaplan I, Robins H, Amanat F, Krammer F, Baric RS, Le Gars M, Sadoff J, de Groot AM, Heerwegh D, Struyf F, Douoguih M, van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H, Barouch DH. Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans. Nature 2021; 596:268-272. [PMID: 34107529 PMCID: PMC8357629 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine1-3 has demonstrated clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including against the B.1.351 variant that is partially resistant to neutralizing antibodies1. However, the immunogenicity of this vaccine in humans against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern remains unclear. Here we report humoral and cellular immune responses from 20 Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated individuals from the COV1001 phase I-IIa clinical trial2 against the original SARS-CoV-2 strain WA1/2020 as well as against the B.1.1.7, CAL.20C, P.1 and B.1.351 variants of concern. Ad26.COV2.S induced median pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titres that were 5.0-fold and 3.3-fold lower against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, respectively, as compared with WA1/2020 on day 71 after vaccination. Median binding antibody titres were 2.9-fold and 2.7-fold lower against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, respectively, as compared with WA1/2020. Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, complement deposition and natural killer cell activation responses were largely preserved against the B.1.351 variant. CD8 and CD4 T cell responses, including central and effector memory responses, were comparable among the WA1/2020, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and CAL.20C variants. These data show that neutralizing antibody responses induced by Ad26.COV2.S were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, but functional non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants. These findings have implications for vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Alter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa H Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tochi Anioke
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ian Kaplan
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Fatima Amanat
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Barouch DH, Stephenson KE, Sadoff J, Yu J, Chang A, Gebre M, McMahan K, Liu J, Chandrashekar A, Patel S, Le Gars M, de Groot AM, Heerwegh D, Struyf F, Douoguih M, van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H. Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Following Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination for COVID-19. medRxiv 2021:2021.07.05.21259918. [PMID: 34268527 PMCID: PMC8282116 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.05.21259918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interim immunogenicity and efficacy data for the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine for COVID-19 have recently been reported 1-3 . We describe here the 8-month durability of humoral and cellular immune responses in 20 individuals who received one or two doses of 5Ã-10 10 vp or 10 11 vp Ad26.COV2.S and in 5 participants who received placebo 2 . We evaluated antibody and T cell responses on day 239, which was 8 months after the single-shot vaccine regimen (N=10) or 6 months after the two-shot vaccine regimen (N=10), although the present study was not powered to compare these regimens 3 . We also report neutralizing antibody responses against the parental SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 strain as well as against the SARS-CoV-2 variants D614G, B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.617.1 (kappa), B.1.617.2 (delta), P.1 (gamma), B.1.429 (epsilon), and B.1.351 (beta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Makda Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Truyers C, Fennema H, Spiessens B, Offergeld K, Scheper G, Taylor KL, Robb ML, Treanor J, Barouch DH, Stoddard J, Ryser MF, Marovich MA, Neuzil KM, Corey L, Cauwenberghs N, Tanner T, Hardt K, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Le Gars M, Schuitemaker H, Van Hoof J, Struyf F, Douoguih M. Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021. [PMID: 33882225 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2101544/suppl_file/nejmoa2101544_data-sharing.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is a recombinant, replication-incompetent human adenovirus type 26 vector encoding full-length severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein in a prefusion-stabilized conformation. METHODS In an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned adult participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5×1010 viral particles) or placebo. The primary end points were vaccine efficacy against moderate to severe-critical coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) with an onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration among participants in the per-protocol population who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS The per-protocol population included 19,630 SARS-CoV-2-negative participants who received Ad26.COV2.S and 19,691 who received placebo. Ad26.COV2.S protected against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days after administration (116 cases in the vaccine group vs. 348 in the placebo group; efficacy, 66.9%; adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI], 59.0 to 73.4) and at least 28 days after administration (66 vs. 193 cases; efficacy, 66.1%; adjusted 95% CI, 55.0 to 74.8). Vaccine efficacy was higher against severe-critical Covid-19 (76.7% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.6 to 89.1] for onset at ≥14 days and 85.4% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.2 to 96.9] for onset at ≥28 days). Despite 86 of 91 cases (94.5%) in South Africa with sequenced virus having the 20H/501Y.V2 variant, vaccine efficacy was 52.0% and 64.0% against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration, respectively, and efficacy against severe-critical Covid-19 was 73.1% and 81.7%, respectively. Reactogenicity was higher with Ad26.COV2.S than with placebo but was generally mild to moderate and transient. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the two groups. Three deaths occurred in the vaccine group (none were Covid-19-related), and 16 in the placebo group (5 were Covid-19-related). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S protected against symptomatic Covid-19 and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and was effective against severe-critical disease, including hospitalization and death. Safety appeared to be similar to that in other phase 3 trials of Covid-19 vaccines. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development and others; ENSEMBLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04505722.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald Sadoff
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Glenda Gray
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - An Vandebosch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Vicky Cárdenas
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Carla Truyers
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Hein Fennema
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Bart Spiessens
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Kim Offergeld
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Gert Scheper
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Kimberly L Taylor
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Merlin L Robb
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - John Treanor
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Jeffrey Stoddard
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Martin F Ryser
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Mary A Marovich
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Lawrence Corey
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Nancy Cauwenberghs
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Tamzin Tanner
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Karin Hardt
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Frank Struyf
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
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Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cárdenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, Truyers C, Fennema H, Spiessens B, Offergeld K, Scheper G, Taylor KL, Robb ML, Treanor J, Barouch DH, Stoddard J, Ryser MF, Marovich MA, Neuzil KM, Corey L, Cauwenberghs N, Tanner T, Hardt K, Ruiz-Guiñazú J, Le Gars M, Schuitemaker H, Van Hoof J, Struyf F, Douoguih M. Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:2187-2201. [PMID: 33882225 PMCID: PMC8220996 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1586] [Impact Index Per Article: 528.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is a recombinant, replication-incompetent human adenovirus type 26 vector encoding full-length severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein in a prefusion-stabilized conformation. METHODS In an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned adult participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5×1010 viral particles) or placebo. The primary end points were vaccine efficacy against moderate to severe-critical coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) with an onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration among participants in the per-protocol population who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS The per-protocol population included 19,630 SARS-CoV-2-negative participants who received Ad26.COV2.S and 19,691 who received placebo. Ad26.COV2.S protected against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days after administration (116 cases in the vaccine group vs. 348 in the placebo group; efficacy, 66.9%; adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI], 59.0 to 73.4) and at least 28 days after administration (66 vs. 193 cases; efficacy, 66.1%; adjusted 95% CI, 55.0 to 74.8). Vaccine efficacy was higher against severe-critical Covid-19 (76.7% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.6 to 89.1] for onset at ≥14 days and 85.4% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.2 to 96.9] for onset at ≥28 days). Despite 86 of 91 cases (94.5%) in South Africa with sequenced virus having the 20H/501Y.V2 variant, vaccine efficacy was 52.0% and 64.0% against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration, respectively, and efficacy against severe-critical Covid-19 was 73.1% and 81.7%, respectively. Reactogenicity was higher with Ad26.COV2.S than with placebo but was generally mild to moderate and transient. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the two groups. Three deaths occurred in the vaccine group (none were Covid-19-related), and 16 in the placebo group (5 were Covid-19-related). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S protected against symptomatic Covid-19 and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and was effective against severe-critical disease, including hospitalization and death. Safety appeared to be similar to that in other phase 3 trials of Covid-19 vaccines. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development and others; ENSEMBLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04505722.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald Sadoff
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Glenda Gray
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - An Vandebosch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Vicky Cárdenas
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Carla Truyers
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Hein Fennema
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Bart Spiessens
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Kim Offergeld
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Gert Scheper
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Kimberly L Taylor
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Merlin L Robb
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - John Treanor
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Jeffrey Stoddard
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Martin F Ryser
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Mary A Marovich
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Lawrence Corey
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Nancy Cauwenberghs
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Tamzin Tanner
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Karin Hardt
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Javier Ruiz-Guiñazú
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Frank Struyf
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.)
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24
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Tota JE, Struyf F, Hildesheim A, Gonzalez P, Ryser M, Herrero R, Schussler J, Karkada N, Rodriguez AC, Folschweiller N, Porras C, Schiffman M, Schiller JT, Quint W, Kreimer AR, Lehtinen M, Wheeler CM, Sampson JN. Efficacy of AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine Against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16 and 18 in Clearing Incident HPV Infections: Pooled Analysis of Data From the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial and the PATRICIA Study. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1576-1581. [PMID: 32887990 PMCID: PMC8248553 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trial data and real-world evidence suggest that the AS04-adjuvanted vaccine targeting human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) vaccine provides nearly 90% protection against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or higher irrespective of type, among women vaccinated before sexual debut. This high efficacy is not fully explained by cross-protection. Although AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccination does not affect clearance of prevalent infections, it may accelerate clearance of newly acquired infections. We pooled data from 2 large-scale randomized controlled trials to evaluate efficacy of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine against clearance of nontargeted incident infections. Results of our analysis do not suggest an effect in expediting clearance of incident infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Tota
- Divison of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Allan Hildesheim
- Divison of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula Gonzalez
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomédicas,
Fundación INCIENSA, Guanacaste, Costa
Rica
| | | | - Rolando Herrero
- Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomédicas,
Fundación INCIENSA, Guanacaste, Costa
Rica
- Section of Early Detection and Prevention, International
Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - John Schussler
- Information Management Services, Rockville,
Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Porras
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación
INCIENSA, San José, Costa
Rica
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Divison of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - John T Schiller
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk,
the Netherlands
| | - Aimée R Kreimer
- Divison of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Matti Lehtinen
- University of Tampere, School of Public
Health, Tampere, Finland
| | - Cosette M Wheeler
- Department of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico,
USA
| | - Joshua N Sampson
- Divison of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National
Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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25
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Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Shukarev G, Heerwegh D, Truyers C, de Groot AM, Stoop J, Tete S, Van Damme W, Leroux-Roels I, Berghmans PJ, Kimmel M, Van Damme P, de Hoon J, Smith W, Stephenson KE, De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, McElrath MJ, Cormier E, Scheper G, Barouch DH, Hendriks J, Struyf F, Douoguih M, Van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H. Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1824-1835. [PMID: 33440088 PMCID: PMC7821985 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2034201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacious vaccines are urgently needed to contain the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A candidate vaccine, Ad26.COV2.S, is a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding a full-length and stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS In this multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2a trial, we randomly assigned healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 55 years (cohort 1) and those 65 years of age or older (cohort 3) to receive the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine at a dose of 5×1010 viral particles (low dose) or 1×1011 viral particles (high dose) per milliliter or placebo in a single-dose or two-dose schedule. Longer-term data comparing a single-dose regimen with a two-dose regimen are being collected in cohort 2; those results are not reported here. The primary end points were the safety and reactogenicity of each dose schedule. RESULTS After the administration of the first vaccine dose in 805 participants in cohorts 1 and 3 and after the second dose in cohort 1, the most frequent solicited adverse events were fatigue, headache, myalgia, and injection-site pain. The most frequent systemic adverse event was fever. Systemic adverse events were less common in cohort 3 than in cohort 1 and in those who received the low vaccine dose than in those who received the high dose. Reactogenicity was lower after the second dose. Neutralizing-antibody titers against wild-type virus were detected in 90% or more of all participants on day 29 after the first vaccine dose (geometric mean titer [GMT], 212 to 354), regardless of vaccine dose or age group, and reached 96% by day 57 with a further increase in titers (GMT, 288 to 488) in cohort 1a. Titers remained stable until at least day 71. A second dose provided an increase in the titer by a factor of 2.6 to 2.9 (GMT, 827 to 1266). Spike-binding antibody responses were similar to neutralizing-antibody responses. On day 15, CD4+ T-cell responses were detected in 76 to 83% of the participants in cohort 1 and in 60 to 67% of those in cohort 3, with a clear skewing toward type 1 helper T cells. CD8+ T-cell responses were robust overall but lower in cohort 3. CONCLUSIONS The safety and immunogenicity profiles of Ad26.COV2.S support further development of this vaccine candidate. (Funded by Johnson & Johnson and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services; COV1001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04436276.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald Sadoff
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Dirk Heerwegh
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Carla Truyers
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Anne M de Groot
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Jeroen Stoop
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Sarah Tete
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Wim Van Damme
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Pieter-Jan Berghmans
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Murray Kimmel
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Jan de Hoon
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - William Smith
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Cormier
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Gert Scheper
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Frank Struyf
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
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Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Shukarev G, Heerwegh D, Truyers C, de Groot AM, Stoop J, Tete S, Van Damme W, Leroux-Roels I, Berghmans PJ, Kimmel M, Van Damme P, de Hoon J, Smith W, Stephenson KE, De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, McElrath MJ, Cormier E, Scheper G, Barouch DH, Hendriks J, Struyf F, Douoguih M, Van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H. Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021. [PMID: 33440088 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2034201/suppl_file/nejmoa2034201_data-sharing.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacious vaccines are urgently needed to contain the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A candidate vaccine, Ad26.COV2.S, is a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding a full-length and stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS In this multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2a trial, we randomly assigned healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 55 years (cohort 1) and those 65 years of age or older (cohort 3) to receive the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine at a dose of 5×1010 viral particles (low dose) or 1×1011 viral particles (high dose) per milliliter or placebo in a single-dose or two-dose schedule. Longer-term data comparing a single-dose regimen with a two-dose regimen are being collected in cohort 2; those results are not reported here. The primary end points were the safety and reactogenicity of each dose schedule. RESULTS After the administration of the first vaccine dose in 805 participants in cohorts 1 and 3 and after the second dose in cohort 1, the most frequent solicited adverse events were fatigue, headache, myalgia, and injection-site pain. The most frequent systemic adverse event was fever. Systemic adverse events were less common in cohort 3 than in cohort 1 and in those who received the low vaccine dose than in those who received the high dose. Reactogenicity was lower after the second dose. Neutralizing-antibody titers against wild-type virus were detected in 90% or more of all participants on day 29 after the first vaccine dose (geometric mean titer [GMT], 212 to 354), regardless of vaccine dose or age group, and reached 96% by day 57 with a further increase in titers (GMT, 288 to 488) in cohort 1a. Titers remained stable until at least day 71. A second dose provided an increase in the titer by a factor of 2.6 to 2.9 (GMT, 827 to 1266). Spike-binding antibody responses were similar to neutralizing-antibody responses. On day 15, CD4+ T-cell responses were detected in 76 to 83% of the participants in cohort 1 and in 60 to 67% of those in cohort 3, with a clear skewing toward type 1 helper T cells. CD8+ T-cell responses were robust overall but lower in cohort 3. CONCLUSIONS The safety and immunogenicity profiles of Ad26.COV2.S support further development of this vaccine candidate. (Funded by Johnson & Johnson and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services; COV1001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04436276.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald Sadoff
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Georgi Shukarev
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Dirk Heerwegh
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Carla Truyers
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Anne M de Groot
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Jeroen Stoop
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Sarah Tete
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Wim Van Damme
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Pieter-Jan Berghmans
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Murray Kimmel
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Jan de Hoon
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - William Smith
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Cormier
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Gert Scheper
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Frank Struyf
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Macaya Douoguih
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Johan Van Hoof
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.)
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Stephenson KE, Le Gars M, Sadoff J, de Groot AM, Heerwegh D, Truyers C, Atyeo C, Loos C, Chandrashekar A, McMahan K, Tostanoski LH, Yu J, Gebre MS, Jacob-Dolan C, Li Z, Patel S, Peter L, Liu J, Borducchi EN, Nkolola JP, Souza M, Tan CS, Zash R, Julg B, Nathavitharana RR, Shapiro RL, Azim AA, Alonso CD, Jaegle K, Ansel JL, Kanjilal DG, Guiney CJ, Bradshaw C, Tyler A, Makoni T, Yanosick KE, Seaman MS, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G, Struyf F, Douoguih M, Van Hoof J, Schuitemaker H, Barouch DH. Immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for COVID-19. JAMA 2021; 325:1535-1544. [PMID: 33704352 PMCID: PMC7953339 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Control of the global COVID-19 pandemic will require the development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) in humans, including the kinetics, magnitude, and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five participants were enrolled from July 29, 2020, to August 7, 2020, and the follow-up for this day 71 interim analysis was completed on October 3, 2020; follow-up to assess durability will continue for 2 years. This study was conducted at a single clinical site in Boston, Massachusetts, as part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial of Ad26.COV2.S. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to receive 1 or 2 intramuscular injections with 5 × 1010 viral particles or 1 × 1011 viral particles of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine or placebo administered on day 1 and day 57 (5 participants in each group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Humoral immune responses included binding and neutralizing antibody responses at multiple time points following immunization. Cellular immune responses included immunospot-based and intracellular cytokine staining assays to measure T-cell responses. RESULTS Twenty-five participants were randomized (median age, 42; age range, 22-52; 52% women, 44% male, 4% undifferentiated), and all completed the trial through the day 71 interim end point. Binding and neutralizing antibodies emerged rapidly by day 8 after initial immunization in 90% and 25% of vaccine recipients, respectively. By day 57, binding and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 100% of vaccine recipients after a single immunization. On day 71, the geometric mean titers of spike-specific binding antibodies were 2432 to 5729 and the geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies were 242 to 449 in the vaccinated groups. A variety of antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were induced. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In this phase 1 study, a single immunization with Ad26.COV2.S induced rapid binding and neutralization antibody responses as well as cellular immune responses. Two phase 3 clinical trials are currently underway to determine the efficacy of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04436276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Makda S. Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shivani Patel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Peter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erica N. Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph P. Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Morgana Souza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chen Sabrina Tan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Zash
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Boris Julg
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Roger L. Shapiro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed Abdul Azim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn D. Alonso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kate Jaegle
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L. Ansel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane G. Kanjilal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin J. Guiney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Connor Bradshaw
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Tyler
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tatenda Makoni
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine E. Yanosick
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston
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Hu S, Xu X, Zhu F, Hong Y, Hu Y, Zhang X, Pan Q, Zhang W, Zhang C, Yang X, Yu J, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Chen F, Zhao S, Karkada N, Tang H, Bi D, Struyf F, Zhao F. Efficacy of the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine in young Chinese women with oncogenic HPV infection at baseline: post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:955-964. [PMID: 33180670 PMCID: PMC8018349 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1829411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are efficacious against HPV infections and associated lesions in women HPV-naïve at vaccination. However, vaccine efficacy (VE) against oncogenic, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types in women infected with any other HR-HPV type at first vaccination (baseline) remains unclear. This post-hoc analysis of a phase II/III study (NCT00779766) evaluated AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) VE against HR-HPV type infection in 871 Chinese women aged 18–25 years over a 72-month follow-up period. Study participants were DNA-negative at baseline to HR-HPV type(s) considered for VE and DNA-positive to any other HR-HPV type. Initial serostatus was not considered. Baseline DNA prevalence was 14.6% for any HR-HPV type and 10.6% excluding HPV-16/18. In the total vaccinated cohort for efficacy, VE against 6-month and 12-month HPV-16/18 persistent infections (PIs) in women DNA-negative to HPV-16/18 but DNA-positive to any other HR-HPV type at baseline was 100.0% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 79.8–100.0) and 100.0% (95%CI: 47.2–100.0), respectively. VE against HPV-16/18 incident infections in women DNA-positive to one vaccine type but DNA-negative to the other one at baseline was 66.8% (95%CI: −18.9–92.5). VE against HPV-31/33/45 incident infections, in women DNA-positive to HPV-16/18 and DNA-negative to the considered HPV type at baseline was 71.0% (95%CI: 27.3–89.8). No HPV-16/18 PIs were observed in vaccinated women with non-vaccine HPV A7/A9 species cervical infection at baseline. These findings indicated that women with existing HR-HPV infection at vaccination might still benefit from the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine. However, this potential benefit needs further demonstration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangying Hu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuemei Hu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qinjing Pan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfu Zhang
- Lianshui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lianshui, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Jintan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jintan, China
| | - Jiaxi Yu
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Lianshui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lianshui, China
| | - Yejiang Zhu
- Binhai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yancheng, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Dan Bi
- GSK, Clinical Research & Development, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Frank Struyf
- GSK, Wavre, Belgium at the Time This Analysis Was Performed. Current Affiliation: Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fanghui Zhao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hu Y, Zhang X, He Y, Ma Z, Xie Y, Lu X, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Xiao H, Struyf F, Folschweiller N, Jiang J, Poncelet S, Karkada N, Jastorff A, Borys D. Long‐term persistence of immune response to the AS04‐adjuvanted HPV‐16/18 vaccine in Chinese girls aged 9‐17 years: Results from an 8‐9‐year follow‐up phase III open‐label study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 16:392-399. [PMID: 32780946 PMCID: PMC7754390 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim In 9‐17‐year‐old Chinese girls, the AS04‐adjuvanted HPV‐16/18 vaccine (AS04‐HPV‐16/18) given as three‐dose schedule induced high antibody levels, which were noninferior 1 month after the third dose to those observed in 18‐25‐year‐old Chinese women in a large efficacy study. We assessed the persistence of antibodies 8‐9 years after vaccination in the same subjects. Methods This follow‐up phase III, open‐label study (NCT03355820) included subjects who had received three doses of AS04‐HPV‐16/18 in the initial trial (NCT00996125). Serum antibody concentrations were assessed by ELISA and compared to antibody persistence observed in 18‐25‐year‐old Chinese women 6 years after first vaccination in the efficacy study (NCT00779766). Results Out of the 227 enrolled subjects, 223 were included in the per‐protocol immunogenicity analysis. Mean interval from first AS04‐HPV‐16/18 dose to blood sampling was 101.4 months (8.5 years). For antibodies against HPV‐16 and ‐18, 8.5 years after first vaccine dose all subjects remained seropositive and antibody. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) were 1236.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1121.8; 1362.4) and 535.6 (95% CI: 478.6; 599.4) ELISA Units/mL, respectively. These seropositivity rates and antibody GMCs were higher than those observed 6 years after first vaccination of 18‐25‐year‐old women. Conclusion Sustained anti‐HPV‐16 and ‐18 immune responses were observed 8‐9 years after AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccination of 9‐17 year‐old Chinese girls that were higher than the ones observed 6 years after first vaccination in Chinese adult women in whom AS04‐HPV‐16/18 efficacy against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade ≥2 was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemei Hu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jiangsu China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Yilin He
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Zhilong Ma
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Yan Xie
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Xiangbin Lu
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Yabin Xu
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Yunyu Jiang
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Taizhou City Center for Disease Control and Prevention Taizhou China
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30
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Tota JE, Struyf F, Sampson JN, Gonzalez P, Ryser M, Herrero R, Schussler J, Karkada N, Rodriguez AC, Folschweiller N, Porras C, Schiffman M, Schiller JT, Quint W, Kreimer AR, Wheeler CM, Hildesheim A. Efficacy of the AS04-Adjuvanted HPV16/18 Vaccine: Pooled Analysis of the Costa Rica Vaccine and PATRICIA Randomized Controlled Trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:818-828. [PMID: 31697384 PMCID: PMC7825474 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AS04-adjuvanted HPV16/18 (AS04-HPV16/18) vaccine provides excellent protection against targeted human papillomavirus (HPV) types and a variable degree of cross-protection against others, including types 6/11/31/33/45. High efficacy against any cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or greater (CIN3+; >90%) suggests that lower levels of protection may exist for a wide range of oncogenic HPV types, which is difficult to quantify in individual trials. Pooling individual-level data from two randomized controlled trials, we aimed to evaluate AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine efficacy against incident HPV infections and cervical abnormalities . METHODS Data were available from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (NCT00128661) and Papilloma Trial Against Cancer in Young Adults trial (NCT00122681), two large-scale, double-blind randomized controlled trials of the AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine. Primary analyses focused on disease-free women with no detectable cervicovaginal HPV at baseline. RESULTS A total of 12 550 women were included in our primary analyses (HPV arm = 6271, control arm = 6279). Incidence of 6-month persistent oncogenic and nononcogenic infections, excluding known and accepted protected types 6/11/16/18/31/33/45 (focusing on 34/35/39/40/42/43/44/51/52/53/54/56/58/59/66/68/73/70/74), was statistically significantly lower in the HPV arm than in the control arm (efficacy = 9.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7% to 17.4%). Statistically significant efficacy (P < .05) was observed for individual oncogenic types 16/18/31/33/45/52 and nononcogenic types 6/11/53/74. Efficacy against cervical abnormalities (all types) increased with severity, ranging from 27.7% (95% CI = 21.7% to 33.3%) to 58.7% (95% CI = 34.1% to 74.7%) for cytologic outcomes (low-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia lesion or greater, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia lesion or greater, respectively) and 66.0% (95% CI = 54.4% to 74.9%) to 87.8% (95% CI = 71.1% to 95.7%) for histologic outcomes (CIN2+ and CIN3+, respectively). Comparing Costa Rica Vaccine Trial and Papilloma Trial Against Cancer in Young Adults results, there was no evidence of heterogeneity, except for type 51 (efficacy = -28.6% and 20.7%, respectively; two-sided P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine provides some additional cross-protection beyond established protected types, which partially explains the high efficacy against CIN3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Tota
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Joshua N Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Paula Gonzalez
- GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | | | - Rolando Herrero
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
- Section of Early Detection and Prevention, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Porras
- Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - John T Schiller
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Aimée R Kreimer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Cosette M Wheeler
- Department of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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Rosillon D, Willame C, Tavares Da Silva F, Guignard A, Caterina S, Welby S, Struyf F. Meta-analysis of the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease following vaccination with AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2020; 29:1159-1167. [PMID: 32583515 PMCID: PMC7539912 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the risk of three autoimmune diseases ‐ autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ‐ in females following AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccination. Methods This meta‐analysis included data from 18 randomized controlled trials, one cluster‐randomized trial, two large observational retrospective cohort studies, and one case‐control study. Following vaccination, a risk window of 2 years was defined for AIT and IBD and 42 days for GBS. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using three methods: meta‐analysis inverse‐variance with continuity correction (primary analysis), pooled estimate, and beta‐binomial regression. Results In all studies apart from the case‐control study, 154 398 exposed and 1 504 322 non‐exposed subjects were included, among whom there were 141 and 1972 cases of (autoimmune) thyroiditis; 2 and 2 cases of GBS; and 43 and 401 cases of IBD, respectively. In the case‐control study, there were 97 cases of AIT and 13 of GBS; matched with 802 and 130 controls, respectively. The primary analysis OR estimates were 1.46 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22‐1.76), 11.14 (2.00‐61.92), and 1.11 (0.75‐1.66) for (autoimmune) thyroiditis, GBS, and IBD, respectively. Conclusions This meta‐analysis did not show an increased risk of IBD following vaccination with AS04‐HPV‐16/18. The 1.5‐fold increased risk of (autoimmune) thyroiditis does not allow us to conclude about a causal association. For GBS, the very low number of cases and wide 95% CIs negate any firm conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Welby
- Research and Development, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
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Folschweiller N, Teixeira J, Joshi S, Goldani LZ, Supparatpinyo K, Basu P, Chotpitayasunondh T, Chetchotisakd P, Ruxrungtham K, Roteli-Martins C, Grinsztejn B, Quintana SM, Kumarasamy N, Poongulali S, Kulkarni V, Lin L, Datta SK, Descamps D, Dodet M, Dubin G, Friel D, Hezareh M, Karkada N, Meric Camilleri D, Poncelet S, Salaun B, Tavares-da-Silva F, Thomas-Jooris F, Struyf F. Immunogenicity and safety of the AS04-HPV-16/18 and HPV-6/11/16/18 human papillomavirus vaccines in asymptomatic young women living with HIV aged 15-25 years: A phase IV randomized comparative study. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 23:100353. [PMID: 32639485 PMCID: PMC7329699 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women living with HIV (WLWH) are at higher risk of acquisition and progression of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Evidence on effect of HPV vaccination in this population is limited. METHODS This phase IV randomized controlled observer-blind study assessed immunogenicity and safety of two HPV vaccines (AS04-HPV-16/18 vs. 4vHPV) given in WLWH (stage 1) and HIV- females aged 15-25 years. Co-primary endpoints were to demonstrate, in WLWH subjects, non-inferiority (and if demonstrated, superiority) of AS04-HPV-16/18 vs. 4vHPV for HPV-16 and HPV-18 by pseudovirion-based neutralization assay (PBNA) at month 7 and safety. Non-inferiority criteria was lower limit (LL) of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the GMT ratio AS04-HPV-16/18/4vHPV above 0.5, in the according to protocol population. NCT01031069. FINDINGS Among 873 subjects recruited between 26-Oct-2010 and 14-May-2015, 546 were randomized (1:1) and received at least one vaccine dose (total vaccinated cohort, TVC): 257 were WLWH (129 AS04-HPV-16/18; 128 4vHPV) and 289 were subjects without HIV (144 AS04-HPV-16/18; 145 4vHPV). Baseline CD4 cell count in WLWH was at least 350 cells/mm3.At month 7, AS04-HPV-16/18 showed immunological superiority to 4vHPV in WLWH. Neutralizing anti-HPV-16 and HPV-18 antibody GMTs were 2·74 (95% CI: 1·83; 4·11) and 7·44 (95% CI: 4·79; 11·54) fold higher in AS04-HPV-16/18 vs. 4vHPV (LL of the GMT ratio >1 in TVC, p<0·0001), respectively. Similar results were observed by ELISA up to month 24.Solicited local and general symptoms were in line with product labels. The number of reported serious adverse events (SAEs) was balanced throughout the study. INTERPRETATION Both vaccines showed an acceptable safety profile in all subjects. Despite the absence of an immunological correlate of protection for HPV, differences in immune responses elicited by the vaccines especially for HPV-18 may translate into longer lasting or more robust protection against cervical cancer with the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine in WLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Smita Joshi
- Jehangir Clinical Development Centre and Prayas, Pune, India
| | - Luciano Z Goldani
- Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Partha Basu
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto de pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vinay Kulkarni
- Jehangir Clinical Development Centre and Prayas, Pune, India
| | - Lan Lin
- GSK, Avenue Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Gary Dubin
- GSK, Avenue Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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Chen J, Gopala K, Puthatta A, Struyf F, Rosillon D. Erratum to: Prevalence and Incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Before and After Pregnancy: Pooled Analysis of the Control Arms of Efficacy Trials of HPV-16/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa036. [PMID: 32128341 PMCID: PMC7047228 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Folschweiller N, Behre U, Dionne M, Durando P, Esposito S, Ferguson L, Ferguson M, Hillemanns P, McNeil SA, Peters K, Ramjattan B, Schwarz TF, Supparatpinyo K, Suryakirian PV, Janssens M, Moris P, Decreux A, Poncelet S, Struyf F. Long-term Cross-reactivity Against Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus Types 31 and 45 After 2- or 3-Dose Schedules of the AS04-Adjuvanted Human HPV-16/18 Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1799-1803. [PMID: 30715452 PMCID: PMC6500548 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This analysis focused on long-term cross-reactive immunogenicity against nonvaccine human papillomavirus (HPV) types 31 and 45 following 2 doses of AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine in girls aged 9-14 years or following 3 doses in women aged 15-25 years, for up to 3 years (HPV-070 study) and up to 5 years (HPV-048 study) after the first vaccination. Both schedules elicited antibodies against HPV-31 and HPV-45 up to 5 years after first dose. The antibody concentration was similar in young girls as compared to women. Specific CD4+ T-cell and B-cell responses to HPV-31 and HPV-45 at month 36 were similar across groups. Clinical trials registration: NCT01381575 and NCT00541970.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Durando
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | | | | | - Tino F Schwarz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Vaccination Centre, Klinikum Würzburg Mitte, Standort Juliusspital, Würzburg, Germany
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Lehtinen M, Apter D, Eriksson T, Harjula K, Hokkanen M, Lehtinen T, Natunen K, Damaso S, Soila M, Bi D, Struyf F. Effectiveness of the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine in reducing oropharyngeal HPV infections in young females-Results from a community-randomized trial. Int J Cancer 2019; 147:170-174. [PMID: 31736068 PMCID: PMC7318585 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied effectiveness of the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) oropharyngeal infections associated with the increase of head/neck cancers in western countries. All 38,631 resident adolescents from 1994 to 1995 birth cohorts of 33 Finnish communities were invited in this community-randomized trial (NCT00534638). During 2008-2009, 11,275 girls and 6,129 boys were enrolled in three arms of 11 communities each. In Arm A, 90% of vaccinated girls/boys, and in Arm B, 90% of vaccinated girls received AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine. Other Arm A/B and all Arm C vaccinated participants received control vaccine. All Arm A participants and Arm B female participants were blinded to vaccine allocation. Oropharyngeal samples were analyzed from 4,871 18.5-year-old females who attended follow-up visit 3-6 years postvaccination. HPV DNA prevalence was determined by SPF-10 LiPA and Multiplex type-specific PCR. Total vaccine effectiveness (VE) was defined as relative reduction of oropharyngeal HPV prevalence in pooled Arms A/B HPV-vaccinated females vs. all Arm C females. VE against oropharyngeal HPV-16/18, HPV-31/45 and HPV-31/33/45 infections were 82.4% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 47.3-94.1), 75.3% (95%CI: 12.7-93.0) and 69.9% (95% CI: 29.6-87.1), respectively. In conclusion, the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine showed effectiveness against vaccine and nonvaccine HPV-types oropharyngeal infections in adolescent females up to 6 years postvaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Lehtinen
- Department of Infections and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tiina Eriksson
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katja Harjula
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hokkanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomas Lehtinen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kari Natunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Bi D, Apter D, Eriksson T, Hokkanen M, Zima J, Damaso S, Soila M, Dubin G, Lehtinen M, Struyf F. Safety of the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine in adolescents aged 12-15 years: end-of-study results from a community-randomized study up to 6.5 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1392-1403. [PMID: 31829767 PMCID: PMC7482795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1692557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript discloses end-of-study safety data of a community-randomized controlled trial in Finland (NCT00534638), assessing the effectiveness of two vaccination strategies (gender-neutral versus females only) using the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 (AS04-HPV-16/18) vaccine. The total vaccination cohort included 32,175 adolescents aged 12–15 y at vaccination of whom 14,837 received the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine and 17,338 received the hepatitis-B virus vaccine (control). Spontaneous reporting of serious adverse events (SAEs) combined with surveillance using nation-wide health registries showed an acceptable safety profile of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine. During the study period (up to 6.5 y), the incidences (per 100,000 person-years) of reported SAEs considered as possibly related to vaccination were 39.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.3–57.7) and 39.8 (95%CI: 26.8–56.8) in the HPV and control groups, respectively. The most frequently reported new-onset autoimmune diseases (NOADs) were ulcerative colitis (incidence rates of 28.2 and 33.1 per 100,000 person-years in the HPV and control groups, respectively), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (21.9 and 37.1), Crohn’s disease (15.6 and 22.5), celiac disease (15.6 and 21.2), and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (14.1 and 15.9). Of 1,344 pregnancies reported (777 and 567 in the HPV and control groups, respectively), most resulted in elective termination (58.4% and 58.6%), birth of a live infant (32.7% and 32.3%), or in spontaneous abortion (8.0% and 7.9%). No major, registered congenital anomalies were identified. The incidence rates of NOADs and pregnancy outcomes were generally balanced between groups. No specific safety signals were identified in the population-based health registry surveillance. Plain Language Summary What is the context? ● Since first licensure in 2007 of the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine (Cervarix, GSK), large quantity of safety data has been collected and confirmed its safety profile. This study provides further unique, population-based safety data from vaccinated Finnish adolescents monitored via health registries up to 6.5 y of follow-up. What is new? ● The vaccine has shown an acceptable safety profile in girls and boys. The risk of new-onset autoimmune diseases (NOADs) was similar between the HPV vaccine group and the control group and in line with the expectations for the studied population. ● The study supports that safety surveillance via national health registries is in general more sensitive than the conventional safety reporting, notably for monitoring specific chronic diseases, e.g. autoimmune disorders. What is the impact? ● This study highlights the importance of health registries in long-term vaccination safety surveillance. The population-based safety data reported in this study further support the routine administration of the HPV vaccine to girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Apter
- Sexual Health Clinic, Family Federation of Finland , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Eriksson
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere , Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hokkanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere , Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Gary Dubin
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matti Lehtinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere , Tampere, Finland
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Chen J, Gopala K, Akarsh PK, Struyf F, Rosillon D. Prevalence and Incidence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Before and After Pregnancy: Pooled Analysis of the Control Arms of Efficacy Trials of HPV-16/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz486. [PMID: 31824976 PMCID: PMC6892569 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Data on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence around pregnancy were inconsistent. We assessed HPV prevalence before and after pregnancy, HPV incidence after pregnancy, and risk factors for HPV infection. Method Data from 15 754 women in control arms of 5 AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine efficacy trials were analyzed, including 3001 women with at least 1 pregnancy. Results of HPV deoxyribonucleic acid testing on cervical samples were available. We analyzed risk factors, including age, region, pregnancy and its outcomes, duration from pregnancy resolution to collection of first postresolution cervical sample, previous HPV infection, cigarette smoking, and number of sexual partners with Cox regression. Results Prevalence of high-risk oncogenic (hr)-HPV types was similar before and after pregnancy (20.8% vs 19.8%). Incidence of hr-HPV was 40.1 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.4–64.2) at 0–3 months, 266.7 (95% CI, 217.4–323.7) at 3–6 months, and 95.7 (95% CI, 83.9–108.7) at >6 months after pregnancy. Risk factors associated with HPV infection after pregnancy are previous HPV infection, elective abortion, and younger age at pregnancy resolution. Conclusions Pregnancy could not be confirmed as a risk factor for HPV infection in this population despite an increased incidence detected 3–6 months after pregnancy resolution. Most women remained HPV negative after pregnancy. Clinical Trial Registration NCT001226810 (HPV-008 trial), NCT00294047 (HPV-015 trial), NCT00316693 and NCT00929526 (HPV-032/063 trials), and NCT00779766 (HPV-039 trial).
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Wheeler CM, Struyf F. VIVIANE study of HPV vaccination - Authors' reply. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:1282-1283. [PMID: 31782389 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosette Marie Wheeler
- Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Schwarz TF, Huang LM, Valencia A, Panzer F, Chiu CH, Decreux A, Poncelet S, Karkada N, Folschweiller N, Lin L, Dubin G, Struyf F. A ten-year study of immunogenicity and safety of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine in adolescent girls aged 10-14 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1970-1979. [PMID: 31268383 PMCID: PMC6746471 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1625644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed long-term immunogenicity and safety following 3 doses of AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine in females 10–14 years old. Girls included in the immunogenicity subset in the primary controlled, observer-blinded, randomized study (NCT00196924) who received 3 doses were invited for a 10-year follow-up (NCT00316706 and NCT00877877). Serum antibody responses against HPV-16/18 (vaccine types) and HPV-31/45 (non-vaccine types) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using type-specific VLP as coating antigens. Serious adverse events (SAEs) and pregnancy information were recorded. At Month (M) 120, all subjects (N = 418, according-to-protocol immunogenicity cohort) were seropositive for anti-HPV-16/18 antibodies. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were 1589.9 ELISA Units [EU]/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1459.8–1731.6) for anti-HPV-16 and 597.2 EU/mL (95% CI: 541.7–658.5) for anti-HPV-18 in subjects seronegative at baseline for the type analyzed. Post hoc mathematical modeling predicted a durability ≥50 years for anti-HPV-16 and anti-HPV-18. For the non-vaccine humoral type response, all initially seronegative subjects had seroconverted at M7, with anti-HPV-31 GMT of 2030.5 EU/mL (95% CI: 1766.2–2334.4) and anti-HPV-45 GMT of 2300.8 EU/mL (95% CI: 2036.8–2599.0). At M120, 87.7% and 85.1% remained seropositive for anti-HPV-31 with GMT of 242.9 EU/mL (95% CI: 201.4–293.0) and anti-HPV-45 with GMT of 204.7 EU/mL (95% CI: 170.0–246.6). During the 10-year follow-up, no SAEs or abnormal pregnancy outcomes were causally related to vaccination. Three doses of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine induced high and sustained antibody response against HPV-16,18,31 and 45 in girls aged 10–14 years during the 10-year follow-up, with an acceptable long-term safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino F Schwarz
- a Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Vaccination Centre, Klinikum Würzburg Mitte, Standort Juliusspital , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Li-Min Huang
- b Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Alejandra Valencia
- c Department of Pediatrics, Fundación de Santa Fe de Bogotá , Bogota , Colombia
| | - Falko Panzer
- d Practice for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- e Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Lan Lin
- f GSK , Wavre/Rixensart , Belgium
| | - Gary Dubin
- g GSK , King of Prussia , PA , USA.,h Takeda Pharmaceuticals , Glattpark-Opfikon, Zurich , Switzerland
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Zhu FC, Hu SY, Hong Y, Hu YM, Zhang X, Zhang YJ, Pan QJ, Zhang WH, Zhao FH, Zhang CF, Yang X, Yu JX, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Chen F, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang C, Bi J, Xue S, Shen L, Zhang YS, He Y, Tang H, Karkada N, Suryakiran P, Bi D, Struyf F. Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine in Chinese women aged 18-25 years: End-of-study results from a phase II/III, randomised, controlled trial. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6195-6211. [PMID: 31305011 PMCID: PMC6797633 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a major public health concern in China. We report the end‐of‐study results of a phase II/III trial to assess the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the AS04‐human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16/18 vaccine in Chinese women aged 18‐25 years followed for up to 72 months after first vaccination. Results of approximately 57 months following first vaccination have been previously reported. Methods Healthy 18‐25‐year‐old women (N = 6051) were randomized (1:1) to receive three doses of AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine or Al(OH)3 (control) at Months 0‐1‐6. Vaccine efficacy against HPV‐16/18 infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cross‐protective vaccine efficacy against infections and lesions associated with nonvaccine oncogenic HPV types, immunogenicity, and safety were assessed. Efficacy was assessed in the according‐to‐protocol efficacy (ATP‐E) cohort (vaccine N = 2888; control N = 2892), total vaccinated cohort for efficacy (TVC‐E; vaccine N = 2987; control N = 2985) and TVC‐naïve (vaccine N = 1660; control N = 1587). Results In initially HPV‐16/18 seronegative/DNA‐negative women, vaccine efficacy against HPV‐16/18‐associated CIN grade 2 or worse was 87.3% (95% CI: 5.5, 99.7) in the ATP‐E, 88.7% (95% CI: 18.5, 99.7) in the TVC‐E, and 100% (95% CI: 17.9, 100) in the TVC‐naïve. Cross‐protective efficacy against incident infection with HPV‐31, HPV‐33 and HPV‐45 was 59.6% (95% CI: 39.4, 73.5), 42.7% (95% CI: 15.6, 61.6), and 54.8% (95% CI: 19.3, 75.6), respectively (ATP‐E). At Month 72, >95% of initially seronegative women who received HPV vaccine in the ATP cohort for immunogenicity (N = 664) remained seropositive for anti‐HPV‐16/18 antibodies; anti‐HPV‐16 and anti‐HPV‐18 geometric mean titers were 678.1 EU/mL (95% CI: 552.9, 831.5) and 343.7 EU/mL (95% CI: 291.9, 404.8), respectively. Serious adverse events were infrequent (1.9% vaccine group [N = 3026]; 2.7% control group [N = 3025]). Three and zero women died in the control group and the vaccine group respectively. New onset autoimmune disease was reported in two women in the vaccine group and two in the control group. Conclusions This is the first large‐scale randomized clinical trial of HPV vaccination in China. High and sustained vaccine efficacy against HPV‐16/18‐associated infection and cervical lesions was demonstrated up to Month 72. The vaccine had an acceptable safety profile. Combined with screening, prophylactic HPV vaccination could potentially reduce the high burden of HPV infection and cervical cancer in China. Trial registration NCT00779766.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Cai Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Shang-Ying Hu
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Mei Hu
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ju Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin-Jing Pan
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Hui Zhao
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Zhang
- Lianshui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lianshui, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Jintan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jintan, China
| | - Jia-Xi Yu
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Lianshui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lianshui, China
| | - Yejiang Zhu
- Binhai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yancheng, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Cancer Center - Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Jintan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jintan, China
| | - Jun Bi
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shiyin Xue
- Lianshui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lianshui, China
| | - Lingling Shen
- Xuzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Shu Zhang
- Binhai Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yancheng, China
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Rosillon D, Baril L, Del Rosario-Raymundo MR, Wheeler CM, Skinner SR, Garland SM, Salmeron J, Lazcano-Ponce E, Vallejos CS, Stoney T, Ter Harmsel B, Lim TYK, Quek SC, Minkina G, McNeil SA, Bouchard C, Fong KL, Money D, Ilancheran A, Savicheva A, Cruickshank M, Chatterjee A, Fiander A, Martens M, Bozonnat MC, Struyf F, Dubin G, Castellsagué X. Risk of newly detected infections and cervical abnormalities in adult women seropositive or seronegative for naturally acquired HPV-16/18 antibodies. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4938-4953. [PMID: 31273942 PMCID: PMC6712465 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 account for ~70% of invasive cervical cancers but the degree of protection from naturally acquired anti-HPV antibodies is uncertain. We examined the risk of HPV infections as defined by HPV DNA detection and cervical abnormalities among women >25 years in the Human Papilloma VIrus Vaccine Immunogenicity ANd Efficacy trial's (VIVIANE, NCT00294047) control arm. METHODS Serum anti-HPV-16/18 antibodies were determined at baseline and every 12 months in baseline DNA-negative women (N = 2687 for HPV-16 and 2705 for HPV-18) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from blood samples. HPV infections were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) every 6-months, and cervical abnormalities were confirmed by cytology every 12 months. Data were collected over a 7-year period. The association between the risk of type-specific infection and cervical abnormalities and serostatus was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Risk of newly detected HPV-16-associated 6-month persistent infections (PI) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.56 [95%CI:0.32; 0.99]) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US+) (HR = 0.28 [0.12; 0.67]) were significantly lower in baseline seropositive vs baseline seronegative women. HPV-16-associated incident infections (HR = 0.81 [0.56; 1.16]) and 12-month PI (HR = 0.53 [0.24; 1.16]) showed the same trend. A similar trend of lower risk was observed in HPV-18-seropositive vs -seronegative women (HR = 0.95 [0.59; 1.51] for IIs, HR = 0.43 [0.16; 1.13] for 6-month PIs, HR = 0.31 [0.07; 1.36] for 12-month PIs, and HR = 0.61 [0.23; 1.61] for ASC-US+). CONCLUSIONS Naturally acquired anti-HPV-16 antibodies were associated with a decreased risk of subsequent infection and cervical abnormalities in women >25 years. This possible protection was lower than that previously reported in 15- to 25-year-old women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan Rachel Skinner
- Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne Marie Garland
- The Royal Women's Hospital, The Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Tanya Stoney
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bram Ter Harmsel
- Department of Gynecology, Roosevelt Kliniek, Leiden, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Swee Chong Quek
- ASC Clinic for Women, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | - Shelly Ann McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Celine Bouchard
- Clinique de Recherche en Santé des Femmes, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Kah Leng Fong
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Deborah Money
- The Women's Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arunachalam Ilancheran
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Alevtina Savicheva
- Laboratory of Microbiology, DO Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margaret Cruickshank
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aberdeen Maternity Hospital, NHS Grampian, Scotland, UK
| | - Archana Chatterjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine/Sanford Children's Specialty Clinic, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Alison Fiander
- Leading Safe Choices Programme, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
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42
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Navarro-Ledesma S, Struyf F, Falla D, Luque-Suarez A. Non-traumatic chronic shoulder pain is not associated with changes in rotator cuff interval tendon thickness. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 63:147-152. [PMID: 30897462 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the thickness of the rotator interval tendons is different when comparing both symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides in people with chronic shoulder pain, and to those free of pain. Furthermore, to calculate the level of association between the rotator interval tendon thicknesses and perceived shoulder pain-function. DESIGN A cross-sectional, observational study. METHOD The supraspinatus, subscapularis and biceps brachii tendon thickness of sixty two patients with chronic shoulder pain were determined from standardized ultrasonography measures performed on both shoulders, whereas only the dominant arm was measured for the control subjects. FINDINGS Supraspinatus, subscapularis and biceps brachii tendon thickness was comparable between sides in the symptomatic group and was also comparable between the symptomatic and asymptomatic participants. In addition, the correlation between the tendon thickness and shoulder pain-function was non-significant. INTERPRETATIONS Tendon thickness was unaltered in people with chronic shoulder pain. These findings do not rule out the possibility that other changes in the tendon are present such as changes in the elastic properties and cell population and this should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Granada, Melilla, Querol Street, 5, 52004 Melilla, Spain; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Spain.
| | - F Struyf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A Luque-Suarez
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Spain
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43
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Leung TF, Liu APY, Lim FS, Thollot F, Oh HML, Lee BW, Rombo L, Tan NC, Rouzier R, De Simoni S, Suryakiran P, Hezareh M, Thomas F, Folschweiller N, Struyf F. Comparative immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine and 4vHPV vaccine administered according to two- or three-dose schedules in girls aged 9-14 years: Results to month 36 from a randomized trial. Vaccine 2017; 36:98-106. [PMID: 29174109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This observer-blind study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01462357) compared the immunogenicity and safety of two doses (2D) of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine (2D of AS04-HPV-16/18) vs. two or three doses of the 4vHPV vaccine [2D or 3D of 4vHPV] in 1075 healthy girls aged 9-14 years. Girls were randomized (1:1:1) to receive 2D of AS04-HPV-16/18 at months (M) 0, 6 (N = 359), 2D of 4vHPV at M0, 6 (N = 358) or 3D of 4vHPV at M0, 2, 6 (N = 358). 351, 339 and 346 girls, respectively, returned for the concluding visit at M36. Superiority was demonstrated at M7 and M12; comparison of the immune response to both vaccine antigens was made between 2D of AS04-HPV-16/18 and 2D or 3D of 4vHPV at subsequent time points in the according-to-protocol immunogenicity cohort (ATP-I; N = 958 at M36) and the total vaccinated cohort (TVC: N = 1036 at M36). HPV-16/18-specific T-cell- and B-cell-mediated immune responses and safety were also investigated. At M36, anti-HPV-16/18 ELISA responses in the 2D AS04-HPV-16/18 group remained superior to those of the 2D and 3D 4vHPV groups. In the M36 TVC, geometric mean titers were 2.78-fold (HPV-16) and 6.84-fold (HPV-18) higher for 2D of AS04-HPV-16/18 vs. 2D of 4vHPV and 2.3-fold (HPV-16) and 4.14-fold (HPV-18) higher vs. 3D of 4vHPV. Results were confirmed by vaccine pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay. Numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells and B cells appeared similar across groups. Safety was in line with the known safety profiles of both vaccines. In conclusion, superior HPV-16/18 antibody responses were elicited by 2D of the AS04-HPV-16/18 compared with 2D or 3D of the 4vHPV vaccine in girls aged 9-14 years. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT0146235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Anthony Pak-Yin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fong Seng Lim
- National Healthcare Group Polyclinics and National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Franck Thollot
- Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA), Essey Les Nancy, France
| | - Helen May Lin Oh
- Division of Infectious Disease, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre and National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lars Rombo
- Centre for Clinical Research, Sormland County Council, Uppsala University and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ngiap Chuan Tan
- SingHealth Polyclinics and DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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44
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Schwarz TF, Galaj A, Spaczynski M, Wysocki J, Kaufmann AM, Poncelet S, Suryakiran PV, Folschweiller N, Thomas F, Lin L, Struyf F. Ten-year immune persistence and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in females vaccinated at 15-55 years of age. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2723-2731. [PMID: 28984053 PMCID: PMC5673947 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Women remain at risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection for most of their lives. The duration of protection against HPV‐16/18 from prophylactic vaccination remains unknown. We investigated the 10‐year immune response and long‐term safety profile of the HPV‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine (AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine) in females aged between 15 and 55 years at first vaccination. Females who received primary vaccination with three doses of AS04‐HPV‐16/18 vaccine in the primary phase‐III study (NCT00196937) were invited to attend annual evaluations for long‐term immunogenicity and safety. Anti‐HPV‐16/18 antibodies in serum and cervico‐vaginal secretions (CVS) were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded throughout the follow‐up period. Seropositivity rates for anti‐HPV‐16 remained high (≥96.3%) in all age groups 10 years after first vaccination. It was found that 99.2% of 15–25‐year olds remained seropositive for anti‐HPV‐18 compared to 93.7% and 83.8% of 26–45‐year olds and 45–55‐year olds, respectively. Geometric mean titers (GMT) remained above natural infection levels in all age groups. Anti‐HPV‐16 and anti‐HPV‐18 titers were at least 5.3‐fold and 3.1‐fold higher than titers observed after natural infection, respectively, and were predicted to persist above natural infection levels for ≥30 years in all age groups. At Year 10, anti‐HPV‐16/18 antibody titers in subjects aged 15–25 years remained above plateau levels observed in previous studies. Correlation coefficients for antibody titers in serum and CVS were 0.64 (anti‐HPV‐16) and 0.38 (anti‐HPV‐18). This study concluded that vaccinated females aged 15–55 years elicited sustained immunogenicity with an acceptable safety profile up to 10 years after primary vaccination, suggesting long‐term protection against HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino F Schwarz
- Central Laboratory and Vaccination Centre, Klinikum Würzburg Mitte, Standort Juliusspital, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Marek Spaczynski
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Jacek Wysocki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Kuppens K, Hans G, Roussel N, Struyf F, Fransen E, Cras P, Van Wilgen CP, Nijs J. Sensory processing and central pain modulation in patients with chronic shoulder pain: A case-control study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1183-1192. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kuppens
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Departments of Human Physiology and Physiotherapy; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Pain in Motion Research Group
| | - G. Hans
- Pain Center; University Hospital Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - N. Roussel
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - F. Struyf
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - E. Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - P. Cras
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - C. P. Van Wilgen
- Departments of Human Physiology and Physiotherapy; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Pain in Motion Research Group
- Transcare, Transdisciplinairy Painmanagement Centre; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Nijs
- Departments of Human Physiology and Physiotherapy; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
- Pain in Motion Research Group
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Brussels; Brussels Belgium
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46
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Lehtinen M, Eriksson T, Apter D, Hokkanen M, Natunen K, Paavonen J, Pukkala E, Angelo MG, Zima J, David MP, Datta S, Bi D, Struyf F, Dubin G. Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in adolescents aged 12-15 years: Interim analysis of a large community-randomized controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:3177-3185. [PMID: 27841725 PMCID: PMC5215585 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1183847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This community-randomized controlled trial was initiated to assess the overall and herd effects of 2 different human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization strategies in over 80,000 girls and boys aged 12–15 y in 33 communities in Finland (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00534638). Overall, 14,838 adolescents received HPV-16/18 vaccine (2,440 boys and 12,398 girls) and 17,338 received hepatitis-B virus (HBV) vaccine (9,221 boys and 8,117 girls). In an interim analysis, vaccine safety was assessed by active monitoring and surveillance via health registry linkage. Active monitoring showed that the HPV-16/18 vaccine has acceptable safety and reactogenicity in boys. In all study participants, the observed incidences (per 100,000 person-years) of serious adverse events (SAEs) possibly related to vaccination were 54.3 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 34.0–82.1) in the HPV-16/18 group and 64.0 (95% CI: 43.2–91.3) in the HBV group. During the follow-up period for this interim analysis, the most common new-onset autoimmune diseases (NOADs; with incidence rate ≥15 per 100,000) in any group based on hospital discharge registry (HILMO) download were ulcerative colitis, juvenile arthritis, celiac disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Crohn's disease. No increased NOAD incidences were observed in HPV-16/18 vaccine recipients compared to HBV vaccine recipients. In both the SAE possibly related- and HILMO-analyses, a lower incidence of IDDM was observed in HPV-16/18 vaccinees compared to HBV vaccinees (relative risks, 0.26 [95% CI: 0.03–1.24] and 0.16 [95% CI: 0.03–0.55], respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Apter
- b Family Federation of Finland , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Bi
- d GSK Vaccines , Wavre , Belgium
| | | | - Gary Dubin
- e GSK Vaccines , King of Prussia , PA , USA
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Huang LM, Puthanakit T, Cheng-Hsun C, Ren-Bin T, Schwarz T, Pellegrino A, Esposito S, Frenette L, McNeil S, Durando P, Rheault P, Giaquinto C, Horn M, Petry KU, Peters K, Azhar T, Hillemanns P, De Simoni S, Friel D, Pemmaraju S, Hezareh M, Thomas F, Descamps D, Folschweiller N, Struyf F. Sustained Immunogenicity of 2-dose Human Papillomavirus 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted Vaccine Schedules in Girls Aged 9-14 Years: A Randomized Trial. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1711-1719. [PMID: 28591778 PMCID: PMC5853959 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. We previously reported the noninferiority 1 month after the last dose of 2-dose human papillomavirus 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted (AS04-HPV-16/18) vaccine schedules at months 0 and 6 (2D_M0,6) and months 0 and 12 (2D_M0,12) in girls aged 9–14 years compared with a 3-dose schedule at months 0, 1, and 6 (3D_M0,1,6) in women aged 15–25 years. Here, we report the results at study end (month 36 [M36]). Methods. Girls were randomized 1:1 and received 2 vaccine doses either 6 months (2D_M0,6) or 12 months apart (2D_M0,12); women received 3 doses at months 0, 1, and 6 (3D_M0,1,6). Endpoints included noninferiority of HPV-16/18 antibodies for 2D_M0,6 versus 3D_M0,1,6; 2D_M0,12 versus 3D_M0,1,6; and 2D_M0,12 versus 2D_M0,6; and assessment of neutralizing antibodies, T cells, B cells, and safety. Results. At M36, the 2D_M0,6 and 2D_M0,12 schedules remained noninferior to the 3D_M0,1,6 schedule in terms of seroconversion rates and 3D/2D geometric mean titers for anti-HPV-16 and anti-HPV-18. All schedules elicited sustained immune responses up to M36. Conclusions. Both 2-dose schedules in young girls remained noninferior to the 3-dose schedule in women up to study conclusion at M36. The AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine administered as a 2-dose schedule was immunogenic and well tolerated in young girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | - Thanyawee Puthanakit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, and Research Unit in Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Chiu Cheng-Hsun
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Tang Ren-Bin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tino Schwarz
- Central Laboratory and Vaccination Centre, Klinikum Würzburg Mitte, Standort Juliusspital, Würzburg
| | - Angelo Pellegrino
- Department Distretto di Dronero, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Cuneo 1, Cuneo
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' GrandaOspedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | | | - Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Capital Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax
| | - Paolo Durando
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa
| | | | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Karl Ulrich Petry
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg
| | - Klaus Peters
- Facharzt für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Hamburg
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Lehtinen M, Lagheden C, Luostarinen T, Eriksson T, Apter D, Harjula K, Kuortti M, Natunen K, Palmroth J, Petäjä T, Pukkala E, Siitari-Mattila M, Struyf F, Nieminen P, Paavonen J, Dubin G, Dillner J. Ten-year follow-up of human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against the most stringent cervical neoplasia end-point-registry-based follow-up of three cohorts from randomized trials. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015867. [PMID: 28821519 PMCID: PMC5629648 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to long lag time between infection/cancer diagnoses human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs will deliver vaccine efficacy (VE) estimates against cancer end-points late. Cancer registry follow-up of population-based, randomised trial cohorts of vaccinated and unvaccinated women was undertaken for the estimation of VE against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade three and invasive cancer (CIN3+). METHODS We report interim results with 98 561 person years of Finnish Cancer Registry -based follow-up of individually and/or cluster randomised cohorts of HPV-16/18 vaccinated and unvaccinated adolescent women enrolled in June 2003/2005, and between May 2004 and April 2005, respectively. The cohorts comprised 15 627 18- to 19-year-old unvaccinated women (NCT01393470), and 2 401 and 64 16- to 17-year-old HPV-16/18 vaccinated women participating the PATRICIA (NCT00122681) and HPV-012 (NCT00169494) trials, respectively. The age-aligned passive follow-up started 6 months after the clinical trials' end. RESULTS During the follow-up of 4.5 to 10 years post enrolment we identified 75 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) and 4 cases of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in the unvaccinated cohort, and 4 CIN3 cases in the HPV-16/18 vaccinated women. Diagnostic blocks were available for HPV typing from 87% of the cases. CIN3+ lesions were detectable in 54 cases. HPV16 was found in 26 of 50 unvaccinated CIN3+ cases, and in 3 CIN3+ cases in the HPV-16/18 vaccinated women. The latter were all baseline positive for cervical HPV16 DNA. Baseline data was not available for the unvaccinated women. Intention-to-treat VE against any CIN3+ was 66% (95% CI 8, 88). CONCLUSIONS Ten years post vaccination the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine shows continued efficacy against CIN3+ irrespectively of HPV type. Vaccine efficacy was not observed in baseline HPV16 DNA positive subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01393470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Lehtinen
- University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Lagheden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tapio Luostarinen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gary Dubin
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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49
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Navarro-Ledesma S, Struyf F, Labajos-Manzanares MT, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Luque-Suarez A. Is coracohumeral distance associated with pain-function, and shoulder range of movement, in chronic anterior shoulder pain? BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:136. [PMID: 28376749 PMCID: PMC5379620 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to assess the intrarater reliability of coracohumeral distance; (ii) to investigate the level of association between coracohumeral distance measured by ultrasonography, and pain-disability and shoulder range of movement, in patients suffering from chronic anterior shoulder pain. METHODS An observational, cross sectional study was carried out. A convenience sample comprised of 87 patients with chronic anterior shoulder pain was assessed from 3 primary care centres. Main outcomes as pain and function were measured through the shoulder pain and disability index. Furthermore, shoulder range of movement-free of pain in shoulder elevation, as well as coracohumeral distance at both 0 and 60 degrees, were collected. RESULTS Absence of any correlation was found between coracohumeral distance and shoulder pain and disability index at both 0 and 60 degrees of shoulder elevation. Furthermore, absence of any correlation was found between coracohumeral distance measurements and active shoulder range of movement -free of pain. CONCLUSIONS There was poor association between coracohumeral distance and shoulder pain and function, as well as with shoulder range of movement, in patients with chronic anterior shoulder pain. Hence, clinicians should consider, not only increasing this space, but also other possibilities in their therapies, when patients with anterior shoulder pain are treated. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12614000144617 . Registered: 1st March 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Departament of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - F Struyf
- Departament of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - M Fernandez-Sanchez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - A Luque-Suarez
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
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Tota JE, Struyf F, Merikukka M, Gonzalez P, Kreimer AR, Bi D, Castellsagué X, de Carvalho NS, Garland SM, Harper DM, Karkada N, Peters K, Pope WAJ, Porras C, Quint W, Rodriguez AC, Schiffman M, Schussler J, Skinner SR, Teixeira JC, Wheeler CM, Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Lehtinen M. Evaluation of Type Replacement Following HPV16/18 Vaccination: Pooled Analysis of Two Randomized Trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:2938662. [PMID: 28132019 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current HPV vaccines do not protect against all oncogenic HPV types. Following vaccination, type replacement may occur, especially if different HPV types competitively interact during natural infection. Because of their common route of transmission, it is difficult to assess type interactions in observational studies. Our aim was to evaluate type replacement in the setting of HPV vaccine randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods Data were pooled from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (CVT; NCT00128661) and PATRICIA trial (NCT001226810)-two large-scale, double-blind RCTs of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine-to compare cumulative incidence of nonprotected HPV infections across trial arms after four years. Negative rate difference estimates (rate in control minus vaccine arm) were interpreted as evidence of replacement if the associated 95% confidence interval excluded zero. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results After applying relevant exclusion criteria, 21 596 women were included in our analysis (HPV arm = 10 750; control arm = 10 846). Incidence rates (per 1000 infection-years) were lower in the HPV arm than in the control arm for grouped nonprotected oncogenic types (rate difference = 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9 to 2.3) and oncogenic/nononcogenic types (rate difference = 0.2, 95% CI = -0.3 to 0.7). Focusing on individual HPV types separately, no deleterious effect was observed. In contrast, a statistically significant protective effect (positive rate difference and 95% CI excluded zero) was observed against oncogenic HPV types 35, 52, 58, and 68/73, as well as nononcogenic types 6 and 70. Conclusion HPV type replacement does not occur among vaccinated individuals within four years and is unlikely to occur in vaccinated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Tota
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Frank Struyf
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Marko Merikukka
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Paula Gonzalez
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Aimée R Kreimer
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Dan Bi
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Xavier Castellsagué
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Newton S de Carvalho
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Diane M Harper
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Naveen Karkada
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Klaus Peters
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Willy A J Pope
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Carolina Porras
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Wim Quint
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Ana Cecilia Rodriguez
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Mark Schiffman
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - John Schussler
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - S Rachel Skinner
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Júlio Cesar Teixeira
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Cosette M Wheeler
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Rolando Herrero
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
| | - Matti Lehtinen
- Affiliations of authors: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD (JET, ARK, MS, AH); GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium (FS, DB); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland (MM); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (PG); Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain (XC); Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Paraná, Infectious Diseases in Gynecology and Obstetrics Sector/Clinics Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil (NSdC); Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (SMG); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville, Australia (SMG); Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH (DMH); GSK Vaccines, Bangalore, India (NK); Berner Heerweg 157, Hamburg, Germany (KP); Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital KU Leuven Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium (WAJP); Proyecto Epidemiológico Guanacaste, Fundación INCIENSA, San José, Costa Rica (CP, ACR, RH); DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands (WQ); Information Management Systems, Rockville, MD (JS); Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, and Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia (SRS); Department of Gynecology, Oncology Division-CAISM, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil (JCT); University of Tampere, School of Public Health, Tampere, Finland (ML)
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