Disability among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, Istanbul: Results from a population-based survey

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of disability among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli district, Istanbul and compare people with and without disabilities in terms of demographic and socio-economic characteristics.

Methods

Using the municipality refugee database as the sampling frame, 80 clusters of 50 people (aged 2+ years) were selected using probability proportionate to size sampling of clusters and random selection of households within clusters. Disability assessment included: i) self-reported difficulties in functioning (using the Washington Group Short Set-Enhanced tool and Child Functioning Modules), ii) Rapid Assessment of Musculoskeletal Impairment and iii) screening for symptoms of common mental disorders for children aged 8–17.

Results

The overall prevalence of disability was 24.7% (95% CI 22.1–27.4), when including people self-reporting a lot of difficulty/cannot do in at least functional domain (15%, 95% CI 13.1–17.2), moderate/severe MSI (8.7%, 95% CI 7.6–9.9), and/or symptomatic anxiety, depression and PTSD among children 8–17 (21.0%, 95% CI 18.2–23.9). Men with disabilities were significantly less likely to be in paid work compared to their peers without disabilities (aOR 0.3 95% CI 0.2–0.5). Overall 60% of households included at least one person with a disability. Households with at least one person with a disability had a significantly higher dependency ratio, lower proportion of working-age adults in paid work, and were more likely to be female headed and in receipt of social protection schemes (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Disability is common among Syrian refugees in Sultanbeyli. People with disabilities in this setting experience greater vulnerability to poverty and exclusion from work, highlighting an urgent need for inclusive services, programmes and policies that are developed and implemented in partnership with people with disabilities.

POS0576 EFFECTS OF ACUTE EXERCISE ON SERUM BDNF LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background:

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrofic factor that may show healing, survival-promoting and protective effects on neurons in central and peripheral nervous system. The effect of physical exercise on serum BDNF is unclear. Also, BDNF level was found significantly lower in rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients with depression.

Objectives:

Aim of this study is to investigate the variation of BDNF levels following acute exercise and potential correlation between BDNF levels and depression.

Methods:

This study included 44 RA patients and 44 age and sex matched healthy controls (HC). Aerobic exercise was performed to all participants for a single session. The intervention was performed on a treadmill and included 5 minutes of warm-up, 20 minutes of walking exercise reaching at 60- 80% of Maximal heart rate and 5 minutes of cool-down. Depression and anxiety levels were evaluated with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Blood samples from all subjects were taken and centrifuged before and immediately after the exercise intervention.

Results:

Serum BDNF levels (both baseline and post-exercise) were similar in the RA and HC group (Table 1). Although after aerobic exercise serum BDNF levels were significantly decreased in both RA and HC groups (Wilcoxon Rank P < 0.05) ΔBDNF levels was significantly higher in the RA group than HC group. Serum BDNF level was increased in 30.2% of healthy subjects and 4.5% of RA patients (P = 0.002). On the other hand, BDI, HADS depression and HADS anxiety indices were correlated significantly with ΔBDNF levels in the RA group (p<0.05) but not in HC group.

Conclusion:

A single bout of exercise may be effective on serum BDNF levels in patients with RA and healthy subjects. However, psychological comorbidities affect the amelioration of BDNF level, in RA. The long-term effect of alterations on BDF level is candidate to evaluate by prospective studies.

Table 1.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics in the study groups

RA (n=44)HC (n=44)PMean age, years46.8±10.343.4±6.40.071*Females, n (%)32 (72.7)31 (70.5)0.813**Active smokers, n (%)12 (27.3)10 (22.7)0.622**BMI, kg/m226.8±4.625.6±2.40.127*HADS Depression10.2±3.92.2±2.1<0.001*HADS Anxiety10.4±4.12.4±2.1<0.001*BDI17.9±8.13.7±4.1<0.001*BDNF (baseline), pg/ml798.9±381.1688.7±469.90.069***BDNF (post-exercise), pg/ml469.5±193.5509.9±380.40.593***ΔBDNF, pg/ml329.5±258.4211.1±302.60.047***BDNF increased, n (%)2 (4.5)13 (30.2)0.002**

RA; rheumatoid arthritis, HC; healthy control, BMI; body mass index, HADS; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, BDI; Beck Depression Inventory, BDNF; brain derived neurotrophic factor

*Student’s t test, **Chi square test and ***Mann Whitney U test

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Musculoskeletal impairment among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, Turkey: prevalence, cause, diagnosis and need for related services and assistive products

Background

Epidemiological data on musculoskeletal impairment (MSI) and related service and assistive product (AP) needs for displaced populations are lacking. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, aetiology, and specific MSI diagnosis and the need for related services and APs among Syrian refugees living in Sultanbeyli, a district in Istanbul, Turkey.

Methods

A population-based survey used probability proportionate to size and compact segment sampling to select 80 clusters (‘street’) of 50 individuals (aged 2+), for total sample size of approximately 4000 participants. An updated version of the Rapid Assessment of MSI tool (RAM) was used to screen all participants using six questions. Any participant who screened positive underwent a standardised examination by a physiotherapist to assess the presence, aetiology, severity and specific diagnosis of MSI and an assessment of need for related services and APs.

Results

The all-age prevalence of MSI was 12.2% (95% CI 10.8–13.7) and this increased significantly with age to 43.8% in people 50 and older. Over half (51%) of MSI was classified as moderate, 30% as mild and 19% as severe. The war in Syria was identified as the direct cause for 8% of people with MSI. The majority (56%) of MSI diagnoses were acquired non-traumatic causes. There was high unmet need for rehabilitation services; for example, 83% of people with MSI could benefit from physiotherapy but were not receiving this service. Overall, 19% of people with MSI had an unmet need for at least one AP. Apart from availability of walking sticks/canes, coverage was low with less than half the people with MSI who needed APs and services had received them. The most common reasons for not seeking services and APs were ‘need not felt’, lack of service availability and of awareness of services, and financial barriers.

Conclusions

MSI is common among the Syrian refugee population living in Sultanbeyli District, particularly older adults, however less than half have been able to access relevant services and APs. These findings can inform the planning of health services for migrant populations, including the essential integration of rehabilitation and APs, and increase access to these vital services.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13031-021-00362-9.

Prevalence of common mental disorders among Syrian refugee children and adolescents in Sultanbeyli district, Istanbul: results of a population-based survey

AIMS

Research demonstrates elevated levels of common mental disorders among Syrian refugees, but the majority of studies have, to date, focused on adult populations. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Syrian children and adolescents living in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul, Turkey.

METHODS

A population-based survey among Syrian children and adolescents aged 8-17 years living in Sultanbeyli district was conducted in 2019, as part of an all-age survey of disability. 80 clusters of 50 participants (all-ages) were selected from the local municipality's refugee registration database using probability proportionate to size sampling. Children aged 8-17 years were assessed for symptoms of common mental disorders using the Child Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES-8) and abbreviated versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED).

RESULTS

Of the 852 participants, 23.7% (95% CI 19.9-27.2) screened positive for symptomatic depression, PTSD and anxiety. The prevalence estimates for depression, PTSD and anxiety were 12.5% (95% CI 9.8-15.6), 11.5% (95% CI 9.1-14.4) and 9.2% (95% CI 6.8-12.1), respectively. Depression and PTSD were significantly more common in older adolescents, whilst anxiety and PTSD were significantly more common in girls. Depression was more common in children from poorer households and those who had received no education. Children coming from larger households were less likely to show symptoms of PTSD.

CONCLUSIONS

Syrian refugee children and adolescents are vulnerable to common mental disorders, and culturally appropriate prevention and intervention support are needed for this population.

Effects of Complement Regulators and Chemokine Receptors in Type 2 Diabetes

CD55 and CD59 are complement regulatory proteins suggested to be related with progression of diabetes and its complications. The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) are chemokine proteins. We aimed to investigate the relation of CD55 and CD59 expression levels and polymorphisms of SDF-1 and CXCR-4 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. Seventy-five T2DM patients and 73 controls were enrolled. Expression levels of CD55 and CD59 were measured by FACS Calibur; qRT-PCR was used to determine SDF-1 and CXCR-4 gene polymorphisms. CD55 and CD59 expressions in patients with nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease were significantly lower than controls. Frequency of CXCR-4 T allele carrying was high in patients and created 1.6 fold risk for the disease (p = .07). CXCR-4 a allele carriers had decreased nephropathy; although there was no statistical significance in carrying CXCR-4 T allele, presence of nephropathy was approximately 2 times higher (p = .254). The nephropathy risk increased 10-fold in CXCR-4 TT genotype carriers (p = .02). All SDF-1 CC genotype carriers had retinopathy, so, it was considered that the CC genotype was effective in retinopathy development (p = .031). For the presence of cardiovascular disease, significant difference was observed for SDF-1 genotypes. Increased cardiovascular risk of 5- and 1.9-fold in SDF-1 T (p = .007) and CXCR-4 T (p = .216) allele carriers, respectively, was observed. We suggest that CD55 and CD59 protein levels and SDF-1 and CXCR-4 have predictive importance in process, complications and tendency of T2DM.

Increased serum leptin levels are associated with metabolic syndrome and carotid intima media thickness in premenopausal systemic lupus erythematosus patients without clinical atherosclerotic vascular events

Aim To assess subclinical atherosclerosis and the role of inflammatory mediators, vascular endothelial cell activation markers and adipocytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods We studied 66 premenopausal female SLE patients (20 with MetS) and 28 female healthy controls (HCs) without history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Subclinical atherosclerosis was screened by measuring carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Serum levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble E-selectin, leptin and visfatin were measured. Results The mean age of MetS⁺SLE, MetS^- and HC were 38.3 ± 6.7, 32.7 ± 9.3 and 29.9 ± 5.6 years, respectively. The mean disease duration, SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics damage index) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index scores were 74.8 ± 54.9 months, 0.16 ± 0.48 and 1.18 ± 1.5, respectively, and were similar between MetS⁺and MetS^- SLE patients. CIMT values were higher in both MetS⁺ and MetS^- SLE patients than HCs ( p < 0.001). sICAM-1 and erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels were higher in both MetS⁺ and MetS^- SLE patients than HCs ( p < 0.001; p = 0.002, p = 0.001). The SLE MetS⁺ group had higher CIMT values than SLE MetS^- (right: p = 0.003; left: p = 0.025). Leptin levels and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) scores were significantly higher in SLE MetS⁺ than SLE MetS^- ( p = 0.018; p = 0.04). Leptin and CRP levels and body mass index, SLICC and HOMA scores were correlated with CIMT values (right: p = 0.03, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.026 and p < 0.001, and left: p = 0.028, p = 0.03, p = 0.003, p = 0.002 and p = 0.025). Conclusions In premenopausal women with SLE without a history of CVD, CIMT values were increased and related to MetS. Leptin was increased in patients with MetS and correlated with CIMT values.

[The treatment of female urinary incontinence]

Urinary incontinence isn't a fatality anymore. This pathology, which handicaps a large majority of the female population, should be treated in a global approach of the pelvic floor pathologies. Up to 25% of women over 65 years will suffer from urinary incontinence but age is not a discriminating factor in the appearance of this pathology. Comportemental and physiotherapeutical treatments are primordial. In case of lack of good results, surgery may offer good results in urinary incontinence and pharmacological treatment for urge urinary incontinence. In this text, the most common treatment options will be discussed.

Evaluation of nutrient equivalency of microbial phytase in hens in late lay given maize-soybean or distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diets

1. An experiment was conducted with 360 Lohmann LSL-Classic White Leghorn layers (64 weeks old) to evaluate the effects of supplementation of microbial phytase on production, egg quality, bone, selected manure parameters and feed costs. 2. Experimental diets were formulated as follows: (1) maize-soybean (CS), (2) CS+300 units of phytase (FTU)/kg diet which was formulated to recoup only calcium and available phosphorus equivalency for phytase (CS+PHYCa+P), (3) CS+300 FTU/kg diet which was formulated to recoup total nutrient equivalency for phytase (CS+PHYtotal), (4) CS+100 g/kg distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), (5) DDGS+300 FTU/kg diet which was formulated to recoup only calcium and available phosphorus equivalency for phytase (DDGS+PHYCa+P), or (6) DDGS+300 FTU/kg diet which was formulated to recoup total nutrient equivalency for phytase (DDGS+PHYtotal). 3. Each dietary treatment was assigned to 4 replicate groups with 3 cages and 5 hens per cage. The hens were provided with feed and water ad libitum. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. 4. CS+PHYCa+P, CS+PHYtotal, DDGS+PHYCa+P and DDGS+PHYtotal diets supplemented with phytase provided similar percentage egg production, egg weight, egg mass, exterior egg quality, initial and final body weight compared with phytase-free diets. 5. However, supplementation of phytase to the experimental diets and calculation of the total nutrient equivalency for enzyme caused increased feed intake and decreased feed conversion ratio and Haugh unit. 6. No differences in manure dry matter, crude ash, total nitrogen, tibia crude ash, calcium and phosphorus contents were found among the experimental diets. On the other hand, manure total phosphorus content was significantly decreased in the DDGS diet and diets supplemented with phytase in comparison to the CS diet. 7. It was concluded that the addition of microbial phytase to the CS-based diets or diets with DDGS of hens in late lay and using Ca and available P equivalency of enzyme in feed; formulation may provide an economic benefit and decrease the amount of phytate P excretion in the manure without compromising production and egg quality parameters.

Effect of oral administration of kefir on serum proinflammatory cytokines on 5-FU induced oral mucositis in patients with colorectal cancer

In order to investigate the effect of kefir consumption on mucositis induced by 5-FU based chemotherapy (CT), we monitored the systemic immune response by measurement of the serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and we evaluated the anti-microbial effect of kefir with an agar diffusion method. Forty patients with colorectal cancer were included in this randomized prospective study. On the first 5 days of each CT cycle, the study group received oral lavage with kefir and then swallowed 250 ml of kefir while control group received oral lavage with 0.09% NaCl twice a day. Before and after every cycle of CT, the oral mucosa was assessed. Serum proinflammatory cytokine levels were evaluated before the initiation and after the third and the sixth cycle. Kefir was administered in 99 out of 205 courses. Mucositis developed in 27.3% of the courses given with kefir administration and in 21.7% of the courses given with 0.9% NaCl oral rinses. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). When we compared the serum proinflammatory cytokine levels of the two groups at the baseline and following the third and the sixth cycles, we again found no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Kefir consumption at the mentioned doses made no statistically significant effect on serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and on the incidence of mucositis development in cancer patients. Under in vitro conditions, kefir inhibits only Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Open intramedullary Kirschner wire versus screw and plate fixation for unstable forearm fractures in children

PURPOSE

To compare the outcomes of intramedullary Kirschner wire versus screw and plate fixation for unstable forearm fractures in children aged older than 10 years.

METHODS

Records of 32 children aged 10 to 15 (mean, 12) years with displaced fractures of the radius and ulna were retrospectively reviewed. 17 boys and 4 girls underwent intramedullary Kirschner wiring, whereas 10 boys and one girl underwent plating. All patients had been initially treated with closed reduction and casting. Indications for surgical intervention were fractures with angulation of >10 degrees and total displacement. Patients were followed up for a mean of 24 (range, 13-40) months. Angulation and range of movements of the elbow, wrist, and forearm, as well as clinical and cosmetic results were compared.

RESULTS

Both treatments achieved excellent clinical outcomes, but intramedullary Kirschner wiring resulted in better cosmesis, shorter operating times, easier hardware removal, and lower implant costs.

CONCLUSION

Intramedullary Kirschner wiring is a better option than plating for the treatment of unstable forearm fractures in older children.

Effect of acute maximal exercise on lymphocyte subgroups in type 1 diabetes

The essential therapy of diabetes mellitus includes medical nutrition therapy (MNT), exercise and medical therapy. Exercise, besides its metabolic effects, has positive influence on the immune system, but some forms of exercise may cause trauma for muscle and skeletal systems, they may also support negative effects on the immune system. Nineteen type 1 diabetic patients (mean age 22.1 +/- 2.8 yrs), followed by Diabetes Outpatient Clinic and twenty age matched male control subjects were included into the study, to demonstrate the effects of maximal, acute exercise on the immune system. The exercise test was performed according to Bruce protocol on treadmill. In diabetic subjects, increased CD19 and CD23 expressions were observed before exercise. In both groups (diabetic/control) CD3, CD4 expressions and CD4/CD8 ratio were decreased following the exercise, however expression of natural killer (NK) cells increased. Compared to type 1 diabetic patients healthy subjects had longer acute exercise that caused the increased level of CD8 expression, however type 1 diabetic patients did not show any difference. These results indicate that submaximal aerobic exercise might be recommended for type 1 diabetics without any complications because of its positive reflection on metabolic control and no negative effects on the immune system.

The value of plain X-rays in predicting TFCC injury after distal radial fractures

In this prospective study, the plain X-rays and MRI scans of 60 patients with intraarticular distal radius fractures were examined in random order. MRI evaluation revealed that 27 of the 60 patients (45%) had triangular fibrocartilage lesions. No correlation was found between triangular fibrocartilage injury and the Melone classification system, the presence of an ulnar styloid fracture, comminution of the articular surface of the distal radius, >20 degrees dorsal angulation of the distal radius or subluxation/dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint on the plain X-rays. When Frykman Type VI and VIII fractures were compared with all the other Frykman subtypes, a significant difference in the incidence of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears was observed. We conclude that triangular fibrocartilage injury should be considered with all distal radial fractures, especially the Frykman Types VI and VIII.

Intracytoplasmic cytokine levels and neutrophil functions in early clinical stage of type 1 diabetes

Studies indicate that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and their cytokines play a critical role in different clinical stages of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Disturbances of oxidative burst and phagocytic activities in neutrophils of diabetic patients compared to uncontrolled disease support the importance of neutrophil functions in the treatment and follow up of diabetic patients. This study is designed in order to investigate Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles and neutrophil functions in early clinical stage of T1D. Patients diagnosed as T1D but not yet under insulin therapy (Group 1; n=15) and T1D patients with disease duration of <3 months (Group 2; n=20) were compared to healthy subjects (Group 3; n=15). All subjects with T1D were positive for islet cell antibody (ICA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA), their fasting glucose levels were >126 mg/dl and A1(c) levels were >8. Intracytoplasmic interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels of isolated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and neutrophil functions were determined by flow cytometry. Intracellular TNF-alpha level of CD4(+) T lymphocytes was significantly decreased in Group 1 compared to Group 2 and healthy subjects. In contrast, TNF-alpha in CD8(+) T lymphocytes was higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2. Increased TNF-alpha content of CD8(+) T lymphocytes was also obtained in Groups 1 and 2 compared to healthy subjects. Increased TNF-alpha secretion of CD8(+) T cells might reflect the role of CD8(+) T cells in beta cell destruction. Similar to cytokine content, phagocytic and oxidative burst activities in Group 1 were significantly lower compared to Group 2 and healthy subjects. Impaired neutrophil functions could be recovered by the treatment of the disease.

Treatment of premature menopause in breast cancer patients

Premature menopause occurs frequently in breast cancer patients (BC), but there are no specific data about its management. Although hormone therapy (HT) is very efficient in relieving menopausal symptoms, the prescription of this type of drug is still not indicated for BC patients, since in one randomized study (of two existing) an increased rate of new breast cancer (BC) occurrence in HT users was reported. The efficacy of other medications, such as serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, clonidine, veralipride, gabapentin, is much lower than that of HT. The efficacy of black cohosh and phyto-oestrogens remains to be proven. The safety of medications other than HT has not been established either in BC patients. There is a need for randomised trials assessing the safety of these drugs. In the meantime, patients should be informed about the absence of safety data. Prevention and treatment of urogenital atrophy is achieved by using vaginal moistures and weak oestrogen topical preparations. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is achieved by a healthy life style, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake and if necessary biphosphonate therapy.

Organ specific autoantibodies in preclinical and early clinical type 1 diabetes in Turkey

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) patients (G1; n=73) and first degree relatives with islet cell antibody (ICA) values of >or=10 JDF u twice or >or=20 JDF u one and loss of FPIR (G2; n=18) were screened for two other autoantibodies, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and for other organ-specific autoantibodies, anti-gastric parietal cell (anti-PCA) and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) as well. The two control groups consisted of healthy subjects (G3; n:55 and G4; n:13). In G1, positivity of ICA, GADA, IAA, anti-TPO and anti-PCA were 63%, 75.1%, 27.4%, 17.8% and 8.2%, respectively. In G2, positivity for GADA, IAA, anti-TPO and anti-PCA were 55.6%, 11.1%, 16.7% and 11.1%, respectively. None of the anti-TPO or anti-PCA positive cases had clinical or laboratory thyroid disease or pernicious anemia. Other organ specific antibodies, in case they accompany GADAand/or IAA in high risk individuals, result in higher risk for T1D. Moreover, this condition may indicate future potential for developing thyrogastric autoimmune diseases. In conclusion; autoantibodies are markers for autoimmune destruction in T1D, and for identification of subjects at risk for disease. Even at the time of diagnosis of T1D, screening for thyrogastric autoimmunity might be recommended for early detection of the relevant diseases.

The effects of chronic aerobic and anaerobic exercises n lymphocyte subgroups

Exercise is the strongest stress to which the body is ever exposed. The body responds to this stress through a set of physiological changes in its metabolic, hormonal and immunological systems. In this study, responses of the immune system to the long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercises have been investigated. Twenty-four sedentary male university students and officers participated in this study. Subjects were divided into two groups, each consisting of twelve people. Group-1 (age: 25.67 +/- 3.79 years, height: 174.83 +/- 5.15 cm, body mass: 72.17 +/- 8.05 kg) and Group-2 (age: 24.83 +/- 2.89 years, height: 175.3 +/- 6.68 cm, body mass: 70.67 +/- 6.15 kg). After physical examinations of the two groups, resting ECG, respiratory function tests and metabolic tests with the use of the breath by breath method were completed, and anerobic heart rates at the threshold level were determined. The first group was subjected to exercise using Monark ergometry cycles at a heart rate 10% below the threshold level for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, 30 min a day. The second group exercised at a heart rate 10% above the threshold level for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, 20 min a day. Heart rates were checked with the Polar Test during exercises. Pre-exercise (Ep) venous blood samples were taken from each group before their 1st and 24th exercises. Hb (gr), Hct (%), erythrocyte (x10(6)/microl), leukocyte (x10(6)/microl), leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil %) and thrombocyte (x10(6)/microl) values were determined. CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD56 values were determined by Flow Cytometry method using monoclonal antibodies. The chronic effects of exercise were examined through a comparison of Ep blood samples at the 1st exercise with Ep blood samples at the 24th exercise. While the increase in the total leukocyte number was significant (p<0.05) in the first group, increase in the second group was found to be non-significant. When percentiles of leukocyte subpopulations were taken into consideration, changes in the first and second group were found to be non-significant. When lymphocyte subgroups were examined; in the first group a decrease in CD3 and CD4 percentiles to 7% and 12%, respectively (p<0.05) and a 65% increase (p<0.01) in the CD56 value were observed. In the second group a decrease in CD3 and CD4 percentiles to 13% and 17%, respectively (p<0.05) and a 73% increase (p<0.01) in the CD56 value were observed. The Sample-t Test and The Wilcoxon Test were used for statistical analysis.

Peritransplant and long-term secretion of interleukin-1beta in cyclosporine treated syngeneic rats allografted with islets of langerhans

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is one of the proinflammatory cytokines that may mediate primary nonfunction of islets of Langerhans, limiting the success of allogeneic transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess differences between the secretion of IL-1beta as well as glycemia in peri- and long-term periods of intraportal islet allo-transplantation with or without cyclosporine (CyA) immunosuppression. Inbred Wistar albino rats were transplanted intraportally with rat islets isolated by collagenase digestion. The two recipient groups (6 rats/group) were: group 1, control, islet transplantation (ITX) without any treatment and group 2, CyA-treated via the femoral muscle on days -1, 0, +1, and +2. Serum IL-1beta (pg/mL) levels were measured by ELISA on days 0 (pre-ITX), +1, +2, and +195. Tail vein blood was used to evaluate glycemia (mg/dL). No major differences were observed in IL-1beta secretion on days 0, +1, or +195 between the groups. Immunosuppressive treatment produced significantly lower secretion in group 2 (P < .002) on day +2. Significantly greater secretions were detected at days +195, +1, and +195 compared to days 0, +2, and +2, respectively (P < .002; P < .008; P < .002). Positive correlations were observed between IL-1beta levels on days +1 and +2 (r = 0.845, P < .034). The mean values in groups 1 and 2 on days 0, +1, and +2 were 140.6 +/- 4.62 vs 119.1 +/- 12.12, 73.1 +/- 19.59 vs 88.3 +/- 14.08, 106.5 +/- 13.79 vs 92.5 +/- 15.8, respectively. No animal in group 1 displayed glycemia while three group 2 animals did at day +195. However, a negative correlation was found between IL-1beta on day 0 and glycemia on day +195 (r = -0.999, P < .026). Our results suggest that IL-1beta secretion, which is detrimental for islet engraftment, decreases at peritransplant day +2, but is upregulated during long-term graft survival both in controls and in CyA-treated recipients.

Different natural killer (NK) receptor expression and immunoglobulin E (IgE) regulation by NK1 and NK2 cells

Many studies concerning the role of T cells and cytokines in allergy have been performed, but little is known about the role of natural killer (NK) cells. Accordingly, the expression of co-stimulatory, inhibitory and apoptosis receptors, cytokine profiles and their effect on immunoglobulin isotypes were investigated in polyallergic atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with hyper immunoglobulin E (IgE) and healthy individuals. AD patients showed significantly decreased peripheral blood NK cells compared to healthy individuals. Freshly isolated NK cells of polyallergic patients spontaneously released higher amounts of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and interferon (IFN)-gamma compared to healthy individuals. NK cells were differentiated to NK1 cells by IL-12 and neutralizing anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and to NK2 cells by IL-4 and neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAb. Following IL-12 stimulation, NK cells produced increased levels of IFN-gamma and decreased IL-4. In contrast, stimulation of NK cells with IL-4 inhibited IFN-gamma, but increased IL-13, production. The effect of NK cell subsets on IgE regulation was examined in co-cultures of in vitro differentiated NK cells with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or B cells. NK1 cells significantly inhibited IL-4- and soluble CD40-ligand-stimulated IgE production; however, NK2 cells did not have any effect. The inhibitory effect of NK1 cells on IgE production was blocked by neutralization of IFN-gamma. Except for CD40, NK cell subsets showed different expression of killer-inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules between the polyallergic and healthy subjects. These results indicate that human NK cells show differences in numbers, surface receptor and cytokine phenotypes and functional properties in AD.

Effect of human somatotropin hormone on cultured rat islets

Because growth hormone (GH) improves the insulin secretion capacity of isolated human fetal islets in vitro, we sought to show that it positively influences isolated rat islets. Islets isolated from Wistar albino rats by a modified automated system were cultured in media containing 87% RPMI 1640, 10% FCS, 2% antibiotic-antimycotic, and 1% L-glutamine for 12 +/- 2 days. The cultured islets were divided into two groups: growth hormone negative (Group I) and growth hormone positive (Group II). On the 5th day we observed a decrease in the islet cell counts in both groups (Group I 28% versus Group II 45%). On the 10th day, the decrease continued in the GH-negative group (59%), while the count remained stable in the GH-positive group. The viability of rat islets was determined by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) plus propidium iodide (PI) staining. In comparison to the peripheral green, central orange-red staining pattern of Group I islets upon fluorescent microscopy, Group II showed more compact islets. Cultured islets seemed to be brighter than those without GH in the cultured islets. In conclusion, we observed that 2 weeks of incubation in the presence of GH acts positively on cultured rat islets for both their amount and their viability.

A modified automated method for isolation of viable pancreatic islets in laboratory animals

To achieve successful islet transplantation, a high viability is required. For this reason an automated method including two chambers: one for islets isolation and one for recirculation and collection was developed. Recently, we produced a modified version of this work by building a similar system of glass where marbles were not used for disaggregation, and the pancreatic tissue had to be disrupted mechanically before the digestion phase. By using the reconfigured system, we obtained 260 +/- 20 islets from each Wistar albino rat (weighing 220 to 240 g) pancreas. Islets were observed at 35 minutes after the start of perfusion (closed circuit) and the optimum time to stop the isolation determined to be 40 minutes based upon islets viability. Although the present system is configured for islet isolation from small laboratory animals (rat, mouse), we have also obtained thousands of islets at 25 minutes after treatment of a 0.5-g piece of pig pancreas. Compared to the time-consuming manual method usually used for islet isolation from small laboratory animals, the new technique is economic, easy to use, and does not reduce islets viability.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced interleukin-12 did not additionally improve clinical and immunologic parameters in asthmatic children treated with sublingual immunotherapy

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an adjuvant to specific sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) on the cytokine profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and clinical outcome.

METHODS

Thirty-two children with asthma and rhinitis allergic to house dust mite (HDM) with negative purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test response were enrolled. After a run-in period of 8 weeks, patients were randomized to receive either SLIT only (n=16) or one dose of BCG immunization before initiation of SLIT (n=16) with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus)+D. farinea 50/50 extract. PPD-negative asthmatics (n=5) allergic to HDM receiving inhaled therapy only were included for comparison of cytokine levels in PBMC cultures. Efficacy was assessed both at the end of run-in and 6 months of treatment periods with criteria including symptom, medication and quality-of-life (QoL) scores, IgE levels, lung function, provocation concentration (PC20), eosinophil count and skin prick tests. IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IFN-gamma levels were determined in antigen specifically and polyclonally stimulated PBMC cultures.

RESULTS

Both treatment groups showed significant improvement at the end of 6 months for asthma and rhinitis scores and QoL, number of asthma attacks, amount of beta2-agonists, inhaled and intranasal steroids, blood eosinophil counts and PC20. Interestingly, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated IL-12 and D. pteronyssinus-stimulated IFN-gamma in PBMC were significantly higher in the treatment groups than controls. In addition, IL-12 levels in response to D. pteronyssinus and PHA stimulation were significantly higher in the SLIT+BCG group than the SLIT alone group and controls.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that successful SLIT is parallel to increased IFN-gamma production by PBMC. Although simultaneous BCG vaccination enhanced IL-12 production, it did not additionally improve the clinical outcome.

Response in DNA ploidy of hepatocytes to tamoxifen and/or melatonin in vivo

Tamoxifen is known to induce hepatocarcinogenesis in experimental animals and reversible chronic liver diseases in humans. Melatonin has been recently introduced as an oncostatic agent, especially for hormone-dependent tumors. This study was designed in order to investigate whether melatonin has an effect onthe tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity. Wistar albino rats were injected tamoxifen citrate intraperitoneally in three different doses (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg bw for 26 days; and 45 mg/kg bw for three days). Another group of animals were treated with melatonin once a week in addition to daily tamoxifen injections, whereas the third group received melatonin only. The control animals were injected an equal volume of diluent at corresponding intervals. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and the livers were prepared for the flow cytometric DNA analysis. DNA histograms were analyzed using the multicycle program. In experimental groups, all animals had aneuploid cell population. The difference in the diploid/ aneuploid ratio of each experimental group as compared to the control group according to Fischer's exact test was found to be highly significant (p < 0.002 MEL vs control; and p < 0.0001 for both TAM vs control and MEL+TAM vs control). Among the tamoxifen-injected animals, the proportion of multiploidy to aneuploid cell population was 17, similar to those treated solely with melatonin. Although the melatonin plus tamoxifen group had higher multiploidy percentage (38%), the difference was not statistically significant as compared to the tamoxifen (or melatonin) groups. No significant difference was noted between the animals which were treated with three different doses of tamoxifen. S-phase fraction percentage was significantly different in melatonin- and melatonin plus tamoxifen-injected animals with regard to controls, the degree of significancy being < 0.05 for both. According to our data, tamoxifen injections induced DNA aneuploidy, but did not stimulate proliferation in the liver as estimated by S-phase fraction. Melatonin, whether alone or in combination with tamoxifen, stimulated cell proliferation and produced aneuploidy.

Natural killer cell activity in multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND

Multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDRTB), a major problem in developing countries, may result from either insufficiency of host cellular immune response or mycobacterial mechanisms which has been more intensively investigated so far.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to investigate natural killer cell activity (NKA) and T lymphocyte subsets in HIV- patients with secondary MDRTB.

METHODS

20 male patients with MDRTB (mean age 38 +/- 8 years), 15 nonresistant tuberculosis male patients (NRTB) (mean age 36 +/- 11 years) and 12 healthy male controls (mean age 35 +/- 8 years) were included. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, CD11b+ and CD16+56+ cells were measured by flow-cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). NKA was evaluated using the anticandidal index method.

RESULTS

The mean tuberculin response was higher in MDRTB and NRTB patients compared to controls (15.4 +/- 3.8, 15.1 +/- 3.3 and 10.9 +/- 2.8 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between PPD response and PBL subsets or NKA. The percentages of both CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly lower in MDRTB (62.4 +/- 12.1 and 33.9 +/- 9.0%) compared to NRTB (70.8 +/- 7.5 and 42.9 +/- 8.6%; p < 0.05). Patients with MDRTB had significantly lower NKA compared to NRTB and controls (30.9 +/- 11.3, 49.7 +/- 15.5 and 40.0 +/- 8.5%, respectively; p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

This reduction in NKA may suggest a role for impaired NK function in the pathogenesis of MDRTB in HIV- patients.

Sustained release of mitomycin-C from poly(DL-lactide) /poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) films

Mitomycin-C (MMC)-loaded poly(DL-lactide) (PLA)/poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) films which have different drug loading capacities and thicknesses were prepared by a solvent-evaporation technique. Degradation and release studies were conducted at 37 degrees C in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline. The results showed that both the rate and the percentage of released MMC increased as the glycolide content in the copolymer increased from 10 to 30% (w/w) and the drug load increased from 0.5 to 2 mg MMC per 300 mg of polymer. In contrast, they decreased depending upon increasing film thickness from 80 to 300 microm and polymer molecular weight. It was found that the drug release mechanism is diffusion-controlled according to a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.

Beneficial effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on neuropathy in diabetic rats

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is therapeutically effective in experimental and clinical spinal injury. The effects of TRH on diabetic neuropathy are not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrophysiological effects of TRH in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. Three groups of rats were studied, non-diabetic control (n = 10), diabetic controls (n = 8), and TRH treated diabetic rats (n = 9). Administration of TRH or saline and electrophysiological measurements were performed 4 weeks after induction of diabetes. TRH was given intraperitoneally in a dose of 600 microg (3 ml). Nerve conduction velocity (NCV), measured in caudal nerve, and N1 latency of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were measured 75 min after injection of TRH or serum saline. SEP latencies were 28.1 +/- 0.6, 29.4 +/- 0.8, 27.8 +/- 1.1 ms, in normal, diabetic and diabetic TRH-treated groups, and NCV values were 28.1 +/- 0.8, 23.8 +/- 0.4, and 27.9 +/- 0.7 m/s respectively. NCV was significantly reduced in the diabetic group compared to normals (P < 0.05). but then improved by TRH treatment (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that TRH has an acute effect on peripheral neuropathy in experimental streptozotocin diabetes in the rat.

The effects of flumazenil on two way active avoidance and locomotor activity in diazepam-treated rats

The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of chronic flumazenil treatment alone and simultaneously with diazepam on acquisition performance in an active-avoidance task and on locomotor activity in rats. Flumazenil (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and diazepam (0,5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally to rats before each daily training session for 5 days. The baseline of avoidance performance was set to approximately 50% and responses were expressed as acquisition rate. Locomotor activity of the rats was simultaneously recorded but only following the first training session. Diazepam decreased acquisition rate between the dose range used. Flumazenil had no effect on the acquisition rate of naive rats but reversed low dose diazepam-induced learning and memory impairment. Diazepam induced locomotor depression within the same dose range that decreased acquisition rate. Flumazenil had no effect on locomotor activity, but reversed the locomotor depressant effect of diazepam. The striking contradiction with previous data that flumazenil has no effect on learning-memory processing is discussed.

Analgesic effects of amlodipine and its interaction with morphine and ketorolac-induced analgesia

1. The antinociceptive effects of amlodipine, administered subcutaneously (s.c.), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) and intrathecally (i.t.) were examined with the acetic acid writhing and tail-flick tests in mice. Amlodipine was also tested in combination with morphine and ketorolac. Isobolographic analyses were used to define the nature of functional interactions between amlodipine and morphine or ketorolac. 2. The s.c. (0.1, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg), i.c.v. (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/mice) and i.t. (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/mice) administration of amlodipine exhibited a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the writhing test but had no effect on the tail-flick latency. Isobolographic analyses revealed an additive interaction between amlodipine and morphine or ketorolac in the writhing test. 3. These results suggest that amlodipine induces antinociception and increases antinociceptive action of morphine and ketorolac, possibly through a decrease in cellular calcium availability.

Interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, interleukin-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor levels in human amniotic fluid at term

Cytokines contribute to the maintenance of successful pregnancy and have also been implicated in the initiation of labour. This study has examined those cytokines which may be involved in normal term parturition. IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL-8 and GM-CSF levels were measured by ELISA in samples of amniotic fluid, peripheral and uterine venous blood plasma, and umbilical artery blood plasma from non-labouring women undergoing elective caesarean section at term and from women in spontaneous labour. IFN-gamma and IL-6 were detected only in amniotic fluid and not in blood plasma samples, unlike IL-8 which was found in all amniotic fluid and plasma samples from both labouring and non-labouring women; GM-CSF was undetectable in all samples examined. Levels of IL-6 were significantly raised in the amniotic fluid of women in labour compared with the control group (P = 0.008). IFN-gamma was detected in the amniotic fluid of both labouring women and the control group, and there was also a significant correlation (P = 0.003) between IFN-gamma and IL-6 levels in individual amniotic fluid samples. The presence of both IFN-gamma and IL-8 in amniotic fluid, as well as IL-6, suggests these cytokines are involved in important immunobiological events relevant to the latter half of gestation.

Comparison of the effects of aminoguanidine and L-carnitine treatments on somatosensorial evoked potentials in alloxan-diabetic rats

The effects of aminoguanidine (AG) and L-carnitine (LC) on somatosensorial evoked potential (SEP) latency and neural levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), products of lipid peroxidation, were compared in alloxan-diabetic rats. AG and LC were given to diabetic rats starting from the 3rd week after the induction of diabetes and lasting for 4 weeks. SEP latency was measured by stimulating via caudal nerve and recording via cortex, once weekly during the treatments. Diabetes caused deficits in SEP (P < 0.05 vs non-diabetic control rats, respectively). AG and LC restored SEP latencies slightly but not significantly, with the exception of the prominent effect of AG at the first week and both treatments at the 4th week of the treatments (P < 0.05 vs untreated diabetic rats, respectively). Diabetes caused elevation in neural TBARS levels (P < 0.05 vs non-diabetic group), which was prevented by both AG and LC (P < 0.05 vs untreated diabetic rats, respectively). Weight and the glucose levels were not influenced by the treatments. Our results suggest that AG improves SEP latencies better than LC. Our results also suggest that the beneficial effects of both AG and LC on diabetic neuropathy are not associated with the regulation of glycemia, but these effects may be related in part with prevention of lipid peroxidation.

Expression of functional molecules by human CD3- decidual granular leucocyte clones

Cell surface and cytoplasmic antigen expression by 35 CD3- decidual granular leucocyte (DGL) clones, derived from human endometrial tissue in the first trimester of pregnancy, has been compared with both that of fresh CD3- decidual leucocytes and that of CD3- peripheral blood natural killer (PBNK) cell clones (n = 12). The majority of DGL clones retained the antigenic phenotype of fresh cells, although CD103 (HML-1) was expressed on 50% of DGL clones but only 17% of fresh DGL. Both cytoplasmic CD3 zeta and CD3 epsilon chains were detected in > 90% of DGL clones in the absence of cell surface CD3. Cytoplasmic CD3 zeta was present in almost all fresh CD3- DGL, whereas CD3 epsilon was not. Most DGL clones did not express surface Fc gamma receptors I-III (CD64, -32 and -16, respectively) and complement receptors (CR) types 1 and 2 (CD35 and 21, respectively), but 43% expressed CR3 (CD11b/18); in contrast, all PBNK clones were CR3+. The NK cell-associated molecules Kp43 (CD94) and the p58 molecule recognized by the HP3E4 monoclonal antibody were both present on a higher proportion of CD3- PBNK (91% and 50%, respectively) than DGL clones (31% and 14%, respectively), despite expression of CD94 by > 90% of fresh CD56+ decidual leucocytes. Five of 35 CD3- DGL clones expressed cytoplasmic CD3 zeta in the absence of expression of CD2, CD16 or the p58 molecule recognized by HP3E4. These variations between CD3- DGL and PBNK cell clones in expression of functional molecules may be related to previously reported differences in major histocompatibility complex-non-restricted cytotoxic activities between these two cell types.

Soluble mediators and cytokines produced by human CD3- leucocyte clones from decidualized endometrium

CD3- granulated leucocyte clones have been generated from human first-trimester decidualized endometrial tissue following culture in interleukin-2 (IL-2). Supernatants from both CD3- decidual granulated leucocyte (dGL) and CD3- peripheral blood natural killer (PBNK) cell clones inhibited the proliferation of choriocarcinoma cell lines. A panel of CD3- dGL clones, with or without phytohaemagglutinin stimulation, was assayed for cytokine secretion compared with CD3- PBNK clones and fresh tissue extracts. Levels of interferon-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-10 produced by stimulated CD3-CD8- dGL clones were greater than those produced by stimulated CD3-CD8+ dGL clones. In contrast, CD8+ dGL clones were more effective in production of IL-6 than CD8- dGL clones. Immunoreactive transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2) was undetectable in supernatants from CD3- dGL and PBNK clones. CD3- dGL clones generally produced higher levels of all cytokines than PBNK clones. Some unstimulated CD3- dGL and PBNK clones spontaneously produced these cytokines, but usually at a reduced level. Fresh extracts of first-trimester decidual tissue contained detectable GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-10,IL-6 and TGF-beta 2. Cytokine production by fresh CD3- dGL and CD3- dGL clones indicates that these cells could play an important role in the regulation of placental growth.

Effects of dexfenfluramine on glucose drinking and glucose-conditioned flavour preferences in rats: taste versus post-ingestive conditioning

A comparison was made of the effects of dexfenfluramine (DF, 3-10 mg kg-1) on intake of and conditioning with glucose solutions varying in orostimulant properties (taste) and post-ingestive actions (calories), in rats. First, sham-feeding, using gastric-fistulated rats, was performed to assess the orostimulant properties of the solutions. Then, two experiments were done. In the first experiment, we examined the effects of DF, given at doses of 13 and 10 mg kg-1, on the intake of two glucose solutions having different orostimulant properties and different caloric values. The solutions were a mix of 1% glucose plus 0.125% saccharin (low caloric, more orostimulant), and 4% glucose (high caloric, less orostimulant). At doses of 10 mg kg-1, DF administration markedly reduced intake of both solutions (P < 0.05 vs Control Group, respectively). In second experiment, we examined the effects of DF (10 mg kg-1) on flavour preference conditioning in two parts. In the first part of the experiment, rats consumed two distinctively flavoured solutions having equal orostimulant properties but different caloric value for a conditioning period of 16 days. The solutions were a mix of 1% glucose plus 0.125% saccharin (low caloric), and 6.1% glucose (high caloric). At the end of the conditioning period, the flavour paired with ingestion of more calories was subsequently preferred (P < 0.05 vs low caloric glucose-saccharin mix). DF, when given during and after the conditioning period, attenuated this flavour-calorie conditioning (P < 0.05 vs Control Group). In the second part of the experiment, rats were conditioned with flavours associated with a mix of 20% glucose plus 0.4% citric acid and 20% glucose solutions. These solutions were equally caloric but differed in orostimulant properties. The flavour paired with better orostimulant properties was subsequently preferred (P < 0.05 vs less orostimulant glucose-citric acid mix). DF, when given during and after the conditioning period, also attenuated this flavour-flavour conditioning (P < 0.05 vs Control Group). These results suggest that DF may impair flavour preference learning.

Extensive TCR junctional diversity of V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones from human female reproductive tissues

Panels of gamma delta T cell clones bearing the V gamma 9/V delta 2 form of TCR were derived from human first trimester decidualized endometrium and cervix. Seventy-three percent of these clones expressed the human mucosal lymphocyte Ag HML-1 compared with only 14% of PBL V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones, indicating that most clones were derived from the tissue itself rather than contaminating peripheral blood. All 13 clones isolated expressed V gamma 9JPC gamma 1- and V delta 2(D)J delta 1-encoded receptors; TCR gamma and delta junctional regions from most of these were sequenced and analyzed, together with the TCR-delta junctional region of a sequence obtained from bulk CD3+ decidual leukocytes. There was considerable junctional diversity of both gamma- and delta-chains with a similar extent of germline V and J gene trimming and N-region nucleotide addition to that found in PBL V gamma 9/V delta 2 cells. Eight of eleven TCR-delta junctional sequences contained a strongly hydrophobic amino acid in position 97, as has been found in > 90% o V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones. Thymic V gamma 9/V delta 2 cells show much less junctional diversity and less pronounced selection at residue 97 of the delta-chain. Thus, unlike the mouse, gamma delta T cells from human female reproductive tissues exhibit extensive TCR junctional as well as combinatorial diversity. This suggests that V gamma 9/V delta 2 cells in these human tissues have undergone selective but diverse peripheral expansion in response to antigenic stimuli in a similar manner to those in peripheral blood.

Extensive TCR junctional diversity of V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones from human female reproductive tissues

Panels of gamma delta T cell clones bearing the V gamma 9/V delta 2 form of TCR were derived from human first trimester decidualized endometrium and cervix. Seventy-three percent of these clones expressed the human mucosal lymphocyte Ag HML-1 compared with only 14% of PBL V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones, indicating that most clones were derived from the tissue itself rather than contaminating peripheral blood. All 13 clones isolated expressed V gamma 9JPC gamma 1- and V delta 2(D)J delta 1-encoded receptors; TCR gamma and delta junctional regions from most of these were sequenced and analyzed, together with the TCR-delta junctional region of a sequence obtained from bulk CD3+ decidual leukocytes. There was considerable junctional diversity of both gamma- and delta-chains with a similar extent of germline V and J gene trimming and N-region nucleotide addition to that found in PBL V gamma 9/V delta 2 cells. Eight of eleven TCR-delta junctional sequences contained a strongly hydrophobic amino acid in position 97, as has been found in &gt; 90% o V gamma 9/V delta 2 clones. Thymic V gamma 9/V delta 2 cells show much less junctional diversity and less pronounced selection at residue 97 of the delta-chain. Thus, unlike the mouse, gamma delta T cells from human female reproductive tissues exhibit extensive TCR junctional as well as combinatorial diversity. This suggests that V gamma 9/V delta 2 cells in these human tissues have undergone selective but diverse peripheral expansion in response to antigenic stimuli in a similar manner to those in peripheral blood.

Phenotypic and functional cellular differences between human CD3- decidual and peripheral blood leukocytes

CD3- leukocyte clones derived from human decidualized endometrial tissue of first trimester pregnancy have been compared with CD3- PBL clones. Most CD3- decidual granulated leukocyte (DGL) clones were CD16- CD56+, whereas most CD3- PBL clones were CD16+ CD56+. CD3- DGL and PBL clones, whether CD16+ or not, showed MHC-nonrestricted NK cell activity. However, CD3- CD16- DGL clones had low cytotoxic activity against the NK-resistant cell line BSM, whereas CD3- CD16+ DGL and CD3- PBL clones were strongly cytotoxic. Cytolytic activity has also been investigated in respect of target cell HLA-G expression, because this nonpolymorphic class I MHC molecule is expressed selectively by invasive fetal cytotrophoblast. Class I HLA Ag loss cell mutants were killed efficiently by CD3- DGL clones. Expression of transfected HLA-B8 increased their sensitivity to lysis by most CD3- DGL clones, whereas expression of transfected HLA-G commonly led to decreased target cell killing. In addition, the effects of uncloned CD3- DGL on the one-way MLR have been examined. These cells were very poor responders and, unless cultured to induce expression of class II MHC molecules, were also very poor stimulators. When fresh CD3- DGLs were added as third-party cells, either autologous or allogeneic to responder cells, [3H]TdR incorporation was decreased in the MLR. Thus, CD3- DGL clones express MHC-nonrestricted cytolytic activity, notably against HLA-negative cells, but expression of HLA-G offers protection to target cells. In addition, CD3- DGL may function to suppress allogeneic responses.

Phenotypic and functional cellular differences between human CD3- decidual and peripheral blood leukocytes

CD3- leukocyte clones derived from human decidualized endometrial tissue of first trimester pregnancy have been compared with CD3- PBL clones. Most CD3- decidual granulated leukocyte (DGL) clones were CD16- CD56+, whereas most CD3- PBL clones were CD16+ CD56+. CD3- DGL and PBL clones, whether CD16+ or not, showed MHC-nonrestricted NK cell activity. However, CD3- CD16- DGL clones had low cytotoxic activity against the NK-resistant cell line BSM, whereas CD3- CD16+ DGL and CD3- PBL clones were strongly cytotoxic. Cytolytic activity has also been investigated in respect of target cell HLA-G expression, because this nonpolymorphic class I MHC molecule is expressed selectively by invasive fetal cytotrophoblast. Class I HLA Ag loss cell mutants were killed efficiently by CD3- DGL clones. Expression of transfected HLA-B8 increased their sensitivity to lysis by most CD3- DGL clones, whereas expression of transfected HLA-G commonly led to decreased target cell killing. In addition, the effects of uncloned CD3- DGL on the one-way MLR have been examined. These cells were very poor responders and, unless cultured to induce expression of class II MHC molecules, were also very poor stimulators. When fresh CD3- DGLs were added as third-party cells, either autologous or allogeneic to responder cells, [3H]TdR incorporation was decreased in the MLR. Thus, CD3- DGL clones express MHC-nonrestricted cytolytic activity, notably against HLA-negative cells, but expression of HLA-G offers protection to target cells. In addition, CD3- DGL may function to suppress allogeneic responses.

T-cell receptor heterogeneity of gamma delta T-cell clones from human female reproductive tissues

gamma delta T cells were isolated from human decidua parietalis, decidua basalis and cervix and cloned in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). T-cell receptor (TcR) expression was then analysed and compared with that of a panel of gamma delta T-cell clones from peripheral blood. Only 17/40 (42.5%) clones from decidua parietalis were V gamma 9+/V delta 2+ as compared to 68/94 (72%) of peripheral blood clones (P < 0.005). Conversely, 50% of clones from decidua parietalis but only 15% of clones from peripheral blood were V delta 1+ (P < 0.001). At least seven distinct TcR types were identified among the panel of clones from decidua parietalis and at least six different types were expressed by the panel of 17 clones from cervix. This receptor heterogeneity was not a result of interdonor variation as in all instances where more than one clone was obtained from a single sample, individual clones having between two and five receptor types were identified. However, 23/24 (95.8%) of clones from decidua basalis were V gamma 9+/V delta 2+. Most clones from decidua parietalis and cervix, whether V gamma 9+/V delta 2+ or V delta 1+, were positive for the mucosal lymphocyte marker, HML-1, but expression was often heterogeneous within a single clone. In contrast, almost all gamma delta T-cell clones from peripheral blood were HML-1-. Thus, unlike the mouse, gamma delta T cells within these human female reproductive tissues have a diverse TcR repertoire which, in decidua parietalis, is distinct from that of peripheral blood.

Chronic effects of cadmium on kidney, liver, testis, and fertility of male rats

Male Wistar rats (n:20), at 5 wk of age, were given cadmium in drinking water (10 mg/L water) for 52 wk; 8 males and 20 female rats, as controls, were given tap water. At the end of 28 and 40 wk, some of the cadmium-treated males and control group male rats were sacrificed for the histopathological examination of testis, kidney, and liver. At the end of 56 wk, histopathological examinations were performed in the same way. Liver, kidney, and testis cadmium levels were also determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All the cadmium-treated male rats showed pathological testicular alterations, and liver and kidney damage after chronic exposure. Cadmium levels were found to be highest in the kidney (1.009 +/- 0.034 microgram/g wet tissue in the infertile group). At the end of the 52-wk period, reproductive capacity of the cadmium-treated rats was investigated and was found to be lost in 39.89% of the animals.

Suppression of atherogenesis by n-3 fatty acids in the cholesterol-fed rabbit

The effects of n-3 fatty-acid supplementation on serum lipids, platelet aggregation, and the development of atherosclerotic lesions were studied in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol values were significantly reduced in comparison with those of the nonsupplemented cholesterol-fed group (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.0025, respectively), though still higher than those of the control group (p less than 0.0025, p less than 0.0125 respectively). Platelet aggregation was reduced below that of the cholesterol-fed and the control levels (p less than 0.0005, p less than 0.0025, respectively). The endothelial injury encountered in cholesterol-fed rabbits was inhibited in the supplemented group. It is concluded that n-3 fatty acids suppress atherogenesis in this animal model by interfering with platelet aggregation and lipid metabolism.

The effect of vitamin E on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in diabetic rats: a preliminary report

The effect of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol acetate) on glycosylated hemoglobin levels was investigated in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The animals were divided into four groups: (a) Group 1: control group, (b) Group 2: diabetic group, (c) Group 3: diabetic group treated with low-dose vitamin E and (d) Group 4: diabetic group treated with high-dose vitamin E. Starting 24 hr after streptozotocin injections (60 mg/kg), Groups 3 and 4 received intraperitoneal injections of vitamin E on days 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18 and 21 at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg respectively. Vitamin E treatment did not prevent weight loss or improve glycemic control in diabetic animals but significantly suppressed the increase in glycosylated hemoglobin in Group 4 (7.7 +/- 0.6 mumols fructose/g hemoglobin versus 5.5 +/- 0.2 mumols fructose/g hemoglobin in Group 2 and Group 4 respectively). These levels were still significantly higher than the levels in healthy control group animals (2.6 +/- 0.1 mumols fructose/g hemoglobin). Further studies on the suppressive effect of vitamin E are warranted.

Modulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity by dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and vitamin E in livers of rabbits on hypercholesterolemic diet

Rabbits were fed high-cholesterol diets containing either eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or vitamin E at doses of 80 mg and 100 IU per day, respectively. Liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity and liver cholesterol and phospholipid levels were determined following the administration of the diets for 45 days. The feeding of cholesterol produced the highest concentrations of cholesterol in livers accompanied with the elevated enzymatic activity. Addition of EPA to the diet dramatically reduced GGT activity to normal levels, whereas vitamin E administration caused only a slight reduction.