1
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Stevens DM, Moreno-Pérez A, Weisberg AJ, Ramsing C, Fliegmann J, Zhang N, Madrigal M, Martin G, Steinbrenner A, Felix G, Coaker G. Natural variation of immune epitopes reveals intrabacterial antagonism. bioRxiv 2024:2023.09.21.558511. [PMID: 37790530 PMCID: PMC10543004 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals detect biomolecules termed Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) and induce immunity. Agricultural production is severely impacted by pathogens which can be controlled by transferring immune receptors. However, most studies use a single MAMP epitope and the impact of diverse multi-copy MAMPs on immune induction is unknown. Here we characterized the epitope landscape from five proteinaceous MAMPs across 4,228 plant-associated bacterial genomes. Despite the diversity sampled, natural variation was constrained and experimentally testable. Immune perception in both Arabidopsis and tomato depended on both epitope sequence and copy number variation. For example, Elongation Factor Tu is predominantly single copy and 92% of its epitopes are immunogenic. Conversely, 99.9% of bacterial genomes contain multiple Cold Shock Proteins and 46% carry a non-immunogenic form. We uncovered a new mechanism for immune evasion, intrabacterial antagonism, where a non-immunogenic Cold Shock Protein blocks perception of immunogenic forms encoded in the same genome. These data will lay the foundation for immune receptor deployment and engineering based on natural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Stevens
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Alba Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR, USA
| | - Charis Ramsing
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca NY, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Melanie Madrigal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Gregory Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca NY, USA
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Adam Steinbrenner
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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2
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Maier LP, Felix G, Fliegmann J. LuBiA (Luciferase-Based Binding Assay): Glowing Peptides as Sensitive Probes to Study Ligand-Receptor Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:265-278. [PMID: 38019441 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative and qualitative biochemical description of molecular interactions is fundamental to the study of ligand/receptor pairs and their structure/function relationships. Bioactive peptides often are active at (sub-)nanomolar concentrations, indicating they have a high affinity for their sites of action, notably binding sites on receptors. Since such receptor proteins are commonly of low abundance, highly sensitive detection methods are required to study these ligand/receptor interactions. We present a protocol for an inexpensive luminescence-based detection setup in which the peptide ligand of interest is extended with the 11-amino acid HiBiT tag. This tag can be quantified easily down to fmol amounts by its ability to reconstitute the enzymatic activity of LgBiT, a truncated version of the Oplophorus gracilirostris luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Maier
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Qiu D, Lange E, Haas TM, Prucker I, Masuda S, Wang YL, Felix G, Schaaf G, Jessen HJ. Bacterial Pathogen Infection Triggers Magic Spot Nucleotide Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts through Specific RelA/SpoT Homologues. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37437195 PMCID: PMC10375528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Magic spot nucleotides (p)ppGpp are important signaling molecules in bacteria and plants. In the latter, RelA-SpoT homologue (RSH) enzymes are responsible for (p)ppGpp turnover. Profiling of (p)ppGpp is more difficult in plants than in bacteria due to lower concentrations and more severe matrix effects. Here, we report that capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) can be deployed to study (p)ppGpp abundance and identity in Arabidopsis thaliana. This goal is achieved by combining a titanium dioxide extraction protocol and pre-spiking with chemically synthesized stable isotope-labeled internal reference compounds. The high sensitivity and separation efficiency of CE-MS enables monitoring of changes in (p)ppGpp levels in A. thaliana upon infection with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PstDC3000). We observed a significant increase of ppGpp post infection that is also stimulated by the flagellin peptide flg22 only. This increase depends on functional flg22 receptor FLS2 and its interacting kinase BAK1 indicating that pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor-mediated signaling controls ppGpp levels. Transcript analyses showed an upregulation of RSH2 upon flg22 treatment and both RSH2 and RSH3 after PstDC3000 infection. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in RSH2 and RSH3 activity display no ppGpp accumulation upon infection and flg22 treatment, supporting the involvement of these synthases in PAMP-triggered innate immune responses to pathogens within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danye Qiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Lange
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas M Haas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Prucker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yan L Wang
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS─Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Yang Y, Steidele CE, Rössner C, Löffelhardt B, Kolb D, Leisen T, Zhang W, Ludwig C, Felix G, Seidl MF, Becker A, Nürnberger T, Hahn M, Gust B, Gross H, Hückelhoven R, Gust AA. Convergent evolution of plant pattern recognition receptors sensing cysteine-rich patterns from three microbial kingdoms. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3621. [PMID: 37336953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana Receptor-Like Protein RLP30 contributes to immunity against the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Here we identify the RLP30-ligand as a small cysteine-rich protein (SCP) that occurs in many fungi and oomycetes and is also recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana RLP RE02. However, RLP30 and RE02 share little sequence similarity and respond to different parts of the native/folded protein. Moreover, some Brassicaceae other than Arabidopsis also respond to a linear SCP peptide instead of the folded protein, suggesting that SCP is an eminent immune target that led to the convergent evolution of distinct immune receptors in plants. Surprisingly, RLP30 shows a second ligand specificity for a SCP-nonhomologous protein secreted by bacterial Pseudomonads. RLP30 expression in N. tabacum results in quantitatively lower susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens, thus demonstrating that detection of immunogenic patterns by Arabidopsis RLP30 is involved in defense against pathogens from three microbial kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Yang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christina E Steidele
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Clemens Rössner
- Institute of Botany, Developmental Biology of Plants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Birgit Löffelhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leisen
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Developmental Biology of Plants, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Phytopathology group, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Lu HH, Meents AK, Fliegmann J, Hwang MJ, Suen CS, Masch D, Felix G, Mithöfer A, Yeh KW. Identification of a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptor and its cognate peptide ligand in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Plant Cell Environ 2023. [PMID: 37267124 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is an important tuber crop, but also target of numerous insect pests. Intriguingly, the abundant storage protein in tubers, sporamin, has intrinsic trypsin protease inhibitory activity. In leaves, sporamin is induced by wounding or a volatile homoterpene and enhances insect resistance. While the signalling pathway leading to sporamin synthesis is partially established, the initial event, perception of a stress-related signal is still unknown. Here, we identified an IbLRR-RK1 that is induced upon wounding and herbivory, and related to peptide-elicitor receptors (PEPRs) from tomato and Arabidopsis. We also identified a gene encoding a precursor protein comprising a peptide ligand (IbPep1) for IbLRR-RK1. IbPep1 represents a distinct signal in sweet potato, which might work in a complementary and/or parallel pathway to the previously described hydroxyproline-rich systemin (HypSys) peptides to strengthen insect resistance. Notably, an interfamily compatibility in the Pep/PEPR system from Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anja K Meents
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ming-Jing Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Suen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Diana Masch
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Weather Climate and Disaster Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Yang F, Li G, Felix G, Albert M, Guo M. Engineered Agrobacterium improves transformation by mitigating plant immunity detection. New Phytol 2023; 237:2493-2504. [PMID: 36564969 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens microbe-associated molecular pattern elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is perceived by orthologs of the Arabidopsis immune receptor EFR activating pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) that causes reduced T-DNA-mediated transient expression. We altered EF-Tu in A. tumefaciens to reduce PTI and improved transformation efficiency. A robust computational pipeline was established to detect EF-Tu protein variation in a large set of plant bacterial species and identified EF-Tu variants from bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 that allow the pathogen to escape EFR perception. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains were engineered to substitute EF-Tu with DC3000 variants and examined their transformation efficiency in plants. Elongation factor Tu variants with rarely occurred amino acid residues were identified within DC3000 EF-Tu that mitigates recognition by EFR. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains were engineered by expressing DC3000 EF-Tu instead of native agrobacterial EF-Tu and resulted in decreased plant immunity detection. These engineered A. tumefaciens strains displayed an increased efficiency in transient expression in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa. The results support the potential application of these strains as improved vehicles to introduce transgenic alleles into members of the Brassicaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0722, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0660, USA
| | - Guangyong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0722, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0660, USA
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0664, USA
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7
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Smith S, Zhu S, Joos L, Roberts I, Nikonorova N, Vu LD, Stes E, Cho H, Larrieu A, Xuan W, Goodall B, van de Cotte B, Waite JM, Rigal A, Ramans Harborough S, Persiau G, Vanneste S, Kirschner GK, Vandermarliere E, Martens L, Stahl Y, Audenaert D, Friml J, Felix G, Simon R, Bennett MJ, Bishopp A, De Jaeger G, Ljung K, Kepinski S, Robert S, Nemhauser J, Hwang I, Gevaert K, Beeckman T, De Smet I. The CEP5 Peptide Promotes Abiotic Stress Tolerance, As Revealed by Quantitative Proteomics, and Attenuates the AUX/IAA Equilibrium in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1248-1262. [PMID: 32404488 PMCID: PMC8011570 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides derived from non-functional precursors play important roles in various developmental processes, but also in (a)biotic stress signaling. Our (phospho)proteome-wide analyses of C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE 5 (CEP5)-mediated changes revealed an impact on abiotic stress-related processes. Drought has a dramatic impact on plant growth, development and reproduction, and the plant hormone auxin plays a role in drought responses. Our genetic, physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological results demonstrated that CEP5-mediated signaling is relevant for osmotic and drought stress tolerance in Arabidopsis, and that CEP5 specifically counteracts auxin effects. Specifically, we found that CEP5 signaling stabilizes AUX/IAA transcriptional repressors, suggesting the existence of a novel peptide-dependent control mechanism that tunes auxin signaling. These observations align with the recently described role of AUX/IAAs in stress tolerance and provide a novel role for CEP5 in osmotic and drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Smith
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Joos
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ianto Roberts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Antoine Larrieu
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Goodall
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jessic Marie Waite
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adeline Rigal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sigurd Ramans Harborough
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Geert Persiau
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwendolyn K Kirschner
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elien Vandermarliere
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Screening Core, Gent, Belgium; Expertise Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jirí Friml
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University (MU), Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Nemhauser
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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8
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Fürst U, Zeng Y, Albert M, Witte AK, Fliegmann J, Felix G. Perception of Agrobacterium tumefaciens flagellin by FLS2 XL confers resistance to crown gall disease. Nat Plants 2020; 6:22-27. [PMID: 31949311 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagella are perceived by the innate immune systems of plants1 and animals2 alike, triggering resistance. Common to higher plants is the immunoreceptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2)3, which detects flagellin via its most conserved epitope, flg22. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which causes crown gall disease in many crop plants, has a highly diverged flg22 epitope and evades immunodetection by plants so far studied. We asked whether, as a next step in this game of 'hide and seek', there are plant species that have evolved immunoreceptors with specificity for the camouflaged flg22Atum of A. tumefaciens. In the wild grape species Vitis riparia, we discovered FLS2XL, a previously unknown form of FLS2, that provides exquisite sensitivity to typical flg22 and to flg22Atum. As exemplified by ectopic expression in tobacco, FLS2XL can limit crown gall disease caused by A. tumefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fürst
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yi Zeng
- The Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Markus Albert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Liu Y, Maierhofer T, Rybak K, Sklenar J, Breakspear A, Johnston MG, Fliegmann J, Huang S, Roelfsema MRG, Felix G, Faulkner C, Menke FL, Geiger D, Hedrich R, Robatzek S. Anion channel SLAH3 is a regulatory target of chitin receptor-associated kinase PBL27 in microbial stomatal closure. eLife 2019; 8:44474. [PMID: 31524595 PMCID: PMC6776436 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, antimicrobial immune responses involve the cellular release of anions and are responsible for the closure of stomatal pores. Detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces currents mediated via slow-type (S-type) anion channels by a yet not understood mechanism. Here, we show that stomatal closure to fungal chitin is conferred by the major PRRs for chitin recognition, LYK5 and CERK1, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27, and the SLAH3 anion channel. PBL27 has the capacity to phosphorylate SLAH3, of which S127 and S189 are required to activate SLAH3. Full activation of the channel entails CERK1, depending on PBL27. Importantly, both S127 and S189 residues of SLAH3 are required for chitin-induced stomatal closure and anti-fungal immunity at the whole leaf level. Our results demonstrate a short signal transduction module from MAMP recognition to anion channel activation, and independent of ABA-induced SLAH3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Maierhofer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Judith Fliegmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom.,LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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10
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Wang L, Wang Y, Felix G. Peptide Feeding and Mechanical Wounding for Tomato Seedlings. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3194. [PMID: 33654993 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants need to respond appropriately to wounding and herbivorous insects. Peptide signals have been implicated in local and systemic induction of appropriate plant defense responses. To study these peptide signals and their perception in host plants, it is important to have reproducible bioassays. Several assays, such as treatment of peptide solution via pressure infiltration, have been developed. Here, we provide detailed protocols for peptide feeding and mechanical wounding for tomato seedlings. To directly introduce peptides into tomato seedlings, peptide solution is fed through the excised stem via the transpiration stream. To mimic the wounding caused by insect feeding, leaflets of tomato seedlings are mechanically damaged with a hemostat; and wounded and systemic unwounded leaves are harvested and analyzed separately. Samples from both assays may be further assessed by examining the transcript level of marker genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yan Wang
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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11
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Wang L, Einig E, Almeida-Trapp M, Albert M, Fliegmann J, Mithöfer A, Kalbacher H, Felix G. The systemin receptor SYR1 enhances resistance of tomato against herbivorous insects. Nat Plants 2018; 4:152-156. [PMID: 29459726 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery in tomato of systemin, the first plant peptide hormone1,2, was a fundamental change for the concept of plant hormones. Numerous other peptides have since been shown to play regulatory roles in many aspects of the plant life, including growth, development, fertilization and interactions with symbiotic organisms3-6. Systemin, an 18 amino acid peptide derived from a larger precursor protein 7 , was proposed to act as the spreading signal that triggers systemic defence responses observed in plants after wounding or attack by herbivores1,7,8. Further work culminated in the identification of a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) as the systemin receptor 160 (SR160)9,10. SR160 is a tomato homologue of Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1), which mediates the regulation of growth and development in response to the steroid hormone brassinolide11-13. However, a role of SR160/BRI1 as systemin receptor could not be corroborated by others14-16. Here, we demonstrate that perception of systemin depends on a pair of distinct LRR-RKs termed SYR1 and SYR2. SYR1 acts as a genuine systemin receptor that binds systemin with high affinity and specificity. Further, we show that presence of SYR1, although not decisive for local and systemic wound responses, is important for defence against insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elias Einig
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Albert
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Wang L, Albert M, Einig E, Fürst U, Krust D, Felix G. Author Correction: The pattern-recognition receptor CORE of Solanaceae detects bacterial cold-shock protein. Nat Plants 2017; 3:905. [PMID: 29062021 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the version of this Article originally published, Fig. 6b, which is composed of individual pictures of six plants, inadvertently and erroneously displayed the same image of one Col-0 wt plant twice. This has been corrected so that Fig. 6b now shows two different representative plants for the Col-0 wt control.
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13
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Wang L, Albert M, Einig E, Fürst U, Krust D, Felix G. The pattern-recognition receptor CORE of Solanaceae detects bacterial cold-shock protein. Nat Plants 2016; 2:16185. [PMID: 27892924 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by cell surface receptors. Many plant species of the Solanaceae family detect the highly conserved nucleic acid binding motif RNP-1 of bacterial cold-shock proteins (CSPs), represented by the peptide csp22, as a MAMP. Here, we exploited the natural variation in csp22 perception observed between cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Solanum pennellii to map and identify the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase CORE (cold shock protein receptor) of tomato as the specific, high-affinity receptor site for csp22. Corroborating its function as a genuine receptor, heterologous expression of CORE in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred full sensitivity to csp22 and, importantly, it also rendered these plants more resistant to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Our study also confirms the biotechnological potential of enhancing plant immunity by interspecies transfer of highly effective pattern-recognition receptors such as CORE to different plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elias Einig
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Fürst
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Damaris Krust
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Hegenauer V, Fürst U, Kaiser B, Smoker M, Zipfel C, Felix G, Stahl M, Albert M. Detection of the plant parasite Cuscuta reflexa by a tomato cell surface receptor. Science 2016; 353:478-81. [PMID: 27471302 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic plants are a constraint on agriculture worldwide. Cuscuta reflexa is a stem holoparasite that infests most dicotyledonous plants. One exception is tomato, which is resistant to C. reflexa We discovered that tomato responds to a small peptide factor occurring in Cuscuta spp. with immune responses typically activated after perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns. We identified the cell surface receptor-like protein CUSCUTA RECEPTOR 1 (CuRe1) as essential for the perception of this parasite-associated molecular pattern. CuRe1 is sufficient to confer responsiveness to the Cuscuta factor and increased resistance to parasitic C. reflexa when heterologously expressed in otherwise susceptible host plants. Our findings reveal that plants recognize parasitic plants in a manner similar to perception of microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hegenauer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Fürst
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Kaiser
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Georg Felix
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Masachis S, Segorbe D, Turrà D, Leon-Ruiz M, Fürst U, El Ghalid M, Leonard G, López-Berges MS, Richards TA, Felix G, Di Pietro A. Erratum: Corrigendum: A fungal pathogen secretes plant alkalinizing peptides to increase infection. Nat Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Bahar O, Mordukhovich G, Luu DD, Schwessinger B, Daudi A, Jehle AK, Felix G, Ronald PC. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Plant Immune Responses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:374-84. [PMID: 26926999 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-15-0270-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria continuously pinch off portions of their outer membrane, releasing membrane vesicles. These outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are involved in multiple processes including cell-to-cell communication, biofilm formation, stress tolerance, horizontal gene transfer, and virulence. OMVs are also known modulators of the mammalian immune response. Despite the well-documented role of OMVs in mammalian-bacterial communication, their interaction with plants is not well studied. To examine whether OMVs of plant pathogens modulate the plant immune response, we purified OMVs from four different plant pathogens and used them to treat Arabidopsis thaliana. OMVs rapidly induced a reactive oxygen species burst, medium alkalinization, and defense gene expression in A. thaliana leaf discs, cell cultures, and seedlings, respectively. Western blot analysis revealed that EF-Tu is present in OMVs and that it serves as an elicitor of the plant immune response in this form. Our results further show that the immune coreceptors BAK1 and SOBIR1 mediate OMV perception and response. Taken together, our results demonstrate that plants can detect and respond to OMV-associated molecules by activation of their immune system, revealing a new facet of plant-bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Bahar
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet-Dagan, 502500, Israel
| | - Gideon Mordukhovich
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet-Dagan, 502500, Israel
- 2 The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dee Dee Luu
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- 4 Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.; and
| | - Arsalan Daudi
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | | | - Georg Felix
- 5 University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- 4 Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.; and
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18
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Masachis S, Segorbe D, Turrà D, Leon-Ruiz M, Fürst U, El Ghalid M, Leonard G, López-Berges MS, Richards TA, Felix G, Di Pietro A. A fungal pathogen secretes plant alkalinizing peptides to increase infection. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16043. [PMID: 27572834 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant infections caused by fungi are often associated with an increase in the pH of the surrounding host tissue(1). Extracellular alkalinization is thought to contribute to fungal pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that the root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum uses a functional homologue of the plant regulatory peptide RALF (rapid alkalinization factor)(2,3) to induce alkalinization and cause disease in plants. An upshift in extracellular pH promotes infectious growth of Fusarium by stimulating phosphorylation of a conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase essential for pathogenicity(4,5). Fungal mutants lacking a functional Fusarium (F)-RALF peptide failed to induce host alkalinization and showed markedly reduced virulence in tomato plants, while eliciting a strong host immune response. Arabidopsis plants lacking the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, which mediates the RALF-triggered alkalinization response(6), displayed enhanced resistance against Fusarium. RALF homologues are found across a number of phylogenetically distant groups of fungi, many of which infect plants. We propose that fungal pathogens use functional homologues of alkalinizing peptides found in their host plants to increase their infectious potential and suppress host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Masachis
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Segorbe
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mercedes Leon-Ruiz
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ursula Fürst
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mennat El Ghalid
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guy Leonard
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Manuel S López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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19
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Domínguez-Ferreras A, Kiss-Papp M, Jehle AK, Felix G, Chinchilla D. An Overdose of the Arabidopsis Coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 or Its Ectodomain Causes Autoimmunity in a SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1-Dependent Manner. Plant Physiol 2015; 168:1106-21. [PMID: 25944825 PMCID: PMC4741324 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound Brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated receptor kinase1 (BAK1) is a common coreceptor in plants and regulates distinct cellular programs ranging from growth and development to defense against pathogens. BAK1 functions through binding to ligand-stimulated transmembrane receptors and activating their kinase domains via transphosphorylation. In the absence of microbes, BAK1 activity may be suppressed by different mechanisms, like interaction with the regulatory BIR (for BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase) proteins. Here, we demonstrated that BAK1 overexpression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) could cause detrimental effects on plant development, including growth arrest, leaf necrosis, and reduced seed production. Further analysis using an inducible expression system showed that BAK1 accumulation quickly stimulated immune responses, even under axenic conditions, and led to increased resistance to pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Intriguingly, our study also revealed that the plasma membrane-associated BAK1 ectodomain was sufficient to induce autoimmunity, indicating a novel mode of action for BAK1 in immunity control. We postulate that an excess of BAK1 or its ectodomain could trigger immune receptor activation in the absence of microbes through unbalancing regulatory interactions, including those with BIRs. Consistently, mutation of suppressor of BIR1-1, which encodes an emerging positive regulator of transmembrane receptors in plants, suppressed the effects of BAK1 overexpression. In conclusion, our findings unravel a new role for the BAK1 ectodomain in the tight regulation of Arabidopsis immune receptors necessary to avoid inappropriate activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domínguez-Ferreras
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Marta Kiss-Papp
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Anna Kristina Jehle
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Georg Felix
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- University of Basel, Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland (A.D.-F., M.K.-P., D.C.); andUniversity of Tuebingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (A.K.J., G.F.)
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20
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Pruitt RN, Schwessinger B, Joe A, Thomas N, Liu F, Albert M, Robinson MR, Chan LJG, Luu DD, Chen H, Bahar O, Daudi A, De Vleesschauwer D, Caddell D, Zhang W, Zhao X, Li X, Heazlewood JL, Ruan D, Majumder D, Chern M, Kalbacher H, Midha S, Patil PB, Sonti RV, Petzold CJ, Liu CC, Brodbelt JS, Felix G, Ronald PC. The rice immune receptor XA21 recognizes a tyrosine-sulfated protein from a Gram-negative bacterium. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500245. [PMID: 26601222 PMCID: PMC4646787 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance of the extracellular environment by immune receptors is of central importance to eukaryotic survival. The rice receptor kinase XA21, which confers robust resistance to most strains of the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is representative of a large class of cell surface immune receptors in plants and animals. We report the identification of a previously undescribed Xoo protein, called RaxX, which is required for activation of XA21-mediated immunity. Xoo strains that lack RaxX, or carry mutations in the single RaxX tyrosine residue (Y41), are able to evade XA21-mediated immunity. Y41 of RaxX is sulfated by the prokaryotic tyrosine sulfotransferase RaxST. Sulfated, but not nonsulfated, RaxX triggers hallmarks of the plant immune response in an XA21-dependent manner. A sulfated, 21-amino acid synthetic RaxX peptide (RaxX21-sY) is sufficient for this activity. Xoo field isolates that overcome XA21-mediated immunity encode an alternate raxX allele, suggesting that coevolutionary interactions between host and pathogen contribute to RaxX diversification. RaxX is highly conserved in many plant pathogenic Xanthomonas species. The new insights gained from the discovery and characterization of the sulfated protein, RaxX, can be applied to the development of resistant crop varieties and therapeutic reagents that have the potential to block microbial infection of both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory N. Pruitt
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (B.S.); (P.C.R.)
| | - Anna Joe
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Thomas
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Furong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Markus Albert
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michelle R. Robinson
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leanne Jade G. Chan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dee Dee Luu
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huamin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arsalan Daudi
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David De Vleesschauwer
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Caddell
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiuxiang Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Deling Ruan
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dipali Majumder
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mawsheng Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samriti Midha
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)–Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Prabhu B. Patil
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)–Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR–Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Christopher J. Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chang C. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Georg Felix
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pamela C. Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (B.S.); (P.C.R.)
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Wildhagen M, Butenko M, Aalen R, Felix G, Albert M. A Chemiluminescence Based Receptor-ligand Binding Assay Using Peptide Ligands with an Acridinium Ester Label. Bio Protoc 2015. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Gust AA, Felix G. Receptor like proteins associate with SOBIR1-type of adaptors to form bimolecular receptor kinases. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2014; 21:104-111. [PMID: 25064074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Receptor like proteins (RLPs) build large protein families in all higher plants. Apart from RLPs with conserved roles in development, an increasing number of RLPs could be associated with functions as immunoreceptors detecting specific patterns from a variety of pathogens. Recent work showed that functionality of these RLPs, at least those with leucine rich repeats in their extracellular domain, depends on association with the common adaptor kinase SOBIR1. We propose that these RLP/adaptor complexes, formed in the absence of ligands, are bimolecular equivalents of genuine receptor kinases. Similar to receptor kinases, activation of these RLP/adaptor complexes seems to require a ligand-dependent interaction step with co-receptors like BAK1 or other SERKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Gust
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Liu X, Grabherr HM, Willmann R, Kolb D, Brunner F, Bertsche U, Kühner D, Franz-Wachtel M, Amin B, Felix G, Ongena M, Nürnberger T, Gust AA. Host-induced bacterial cell wall decomposition mediates pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. eLife 2014; 3:e01990. [PMID: 24957336 PMCID: PMC4103680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycans (PGNs) are immunogenic bacterial surface patterns that trigger immune activation in metazoans and plants. It is generally unknown how complex bacterial structures such as PGNs are perceived by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and whether host hydrolytic activities facilitate decomposition of bacterial matrices and generation of soluble PRR ligands. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana, upon bacterial infection or exposure to microbial patterns, produces a metazoan lysozyme-like hydrolase (lysozyme 1, LYS1). LYS1 activity releases soluble PGN fragments from insoluble bacterial cell walls and cleavage products are able to trigger responses typically associated with plant immunity. Importantly, LYS1 mutant genotypes exhibit super-susceptibility to bacterial infections similar to that observed on PGN receptor mutants. We propose that plants employ hydrolytic activities for the decomposition of complex bacterial structures, and that soluble pattern generation might aid PRR-mediated immune activation in cell layers adjacent to infection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Liu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heini M Grabherr
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Willmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Bertsche
- Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kühner
- Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Bushra Amin
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Centre, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ongena
- Wallon Centre for Industrial Biology, University of Liege-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Hann DR, Domínguez-Ferreras A, Motyka V, Dobrev PI, Schornack S, Jehle A, Felix G, Chinchilla D, Rathjen JP, Boller T. The Pseudomonas type III effector HopQ1 activates cytokinin signaling and interferes with plant innate immunity. New Phytol 2014; 201:585-598. [PMID: 24124900 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the molecular function of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) effector HopQ1. In silico studies suggest that HopQ1 might possess nucleoside hydrolase activity based on the presence of a characteristic aspartate motif. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing HopQ1 or HopQ1 aspartate mutant variants were characterized with respect to flagellin triggered immunity, phenotype and changes in phytohormone content by high-performance liquid chromatography-MS (HPLC-MS). We found that HopQ1, but not its aspartate mutants, suppressed all tested immunity marker assays. Suppression of immunity was the result of a lack of the flagellin receptor FLS2, whose gene expression was abolished by HopQ1 in a promoter-dependent manner. Furthermore, HopQ1 induced cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis and the elevation in cytokinin signaling appears to be responsible for the attenuation of FLS2 expression. We conclude that HopQ1 can activate cytokinin signaling and that moderate activation of cytokinin signaling leads to suppression of FLS2 accumulation and thus defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar R Hann
- Section of Plant Physiology, Botanical Institute, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Domínguez-Ferreras
- Section of Plant Physiology, Botanical Institute, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vaclav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Praha 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anna Jehle
- Forschungsgruppe Pflanzenbiochemie, ZMBP - Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Felix
- Forschungsgruppe Pflanzenbiochemie, ZMBP - Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- Section of Plant Physiology, Botanical Institute, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Rathjen
- The Australian National University, The Linnaeus Building, Building 134, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Thomas Boller
- Section of Plant Physiology, Botanical Institute, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Albert M, Jehle AK, Fürst U, Chinchilla D, Boller T, Felix G. A two-hybrid-receptor assay demonstrates heteromer formation as switch-on for plant immune receptors. Plant Physiol 2013; 163:1504-9. [PMID: 24130196 PMCID: PMC3850202 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.227736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases sense extracellular signals and trigger intracellular signaling and physiological responses. However, how does signal binding to the extracellular domain activate the cytoplasmic kinase domain? Activation of the plant immunoreceptor Flagellin sensing2 (FLS2) by its bacterial ligand flagellin or the peptide-epitope flg22 coincides with rapid complex formation with a second receptor kinase termed brassinosteroid receptor1 associated kinase1 (BAK1). Here, we show that the receptor pair of FLS2 and BAK1 is also functional when the roles of the complex partners are reversed by swapping their cytosolic domains. This reciprocal constellation prevents interference by redundant partners that can partially substitute for BAK1 and demonstrates that formation of the heteromeric complex is the molecular switch for transmembrane signaling. A similar approach with swaps between the Elongation factor-Tu receptor and BAK1 also resulted in a functional receptor/coreceptor pair, suggesting that a "two-hybrid-receptor assay" is of more general use for studying heteromeric receptor complexes.
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Clarke CR, Chinchilla D, Hind SR, Taguchi F, Miki R, Ichinose Y, Martin GB, Leman S, Felix G, Vinatzer BA. Allelic variation in two distinct Pseudomonas syringae flagellin epitopes modulates the strength of plant immune responses but not bacterial motility. New Phytol 2013; 200:847-860. [PMID: 23865782 PMCID: PMC3797164 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial flagellin (FliC) epitopes flg22 and flgII-28 are microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Although flg22 is recognized by many plant species via the pattern recognition receptor FLS2, neither the flgII-28 receptor nor the extent of flgII-28 recognition by different plant families is known. Here, we tested the significance of flgII-28 as a MAMP and the importance of allelic diversity in flg22 and flgII-28 in plant-pathogen interactions using purified peptides and a Pseudomonas syringae ∆fliC mutant complemented with different fliC alleles. The plant genotype and allelic diversity in flg22 and flgII-28 were found to significantly affect the plant immune response, but not bacterial motility. The recognition of flgII-28 is restricted to a number of solanaceous species. Although the flgII-28 peptide does not trigger any immune response in Arabidopsis, mutations in both flg22 and flgII-28 have FLS2-dependent effects on virulence. However, the expression of a tomato allele of FLS2 does not confer to Nicotiana benthamiana the ability to detect flgII-28, and tomato plants silenced for FLS2 are not altered in flgII-28 recognition. Therefore, MAMP diversification is an effective pathogen virulence strategy, and flgII-28 appears to be perceived by an as yet unidentified receptor in the Solanaceae, although it has an FLS2-dependent virulence effect in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Clarke
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R. Hind
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fumiko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryuji Miki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gregory B. Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; and Genomics and Biotechnology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Scotland Leman
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Boris A. Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Jehle AK, Lipschis M, Albert M, Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani V, Fürst U, Mueller K, Felix G. The receptor-like protein ReMAX of Arabidopsis detects the microbe-associated molecular pattern eMax from Xanthomonas. Plant Cell 2013; 25:2330-40. [PMID: 23898033 PMCID: PMC3723629 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of their immune system, plants have pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Here, we identified a PRR of Arabidopsis thaliana with specificity for the bacterial MAMP eMax from xanthomonads. Response to eMax seems to be restricted to the Brassicaceae family and also varied among different accessions of Arabidopsis. In crosses between sensitive accessions and the insensitive accession Shakhdara, eMax perception mapped to receptor-like protein1 (RLP1). Functional complementation of rlp1 mutants required gene constructs that code for a longer version of RLP1 that we termed ReMAX (for receptor of eMax). ReMAX/RLP1 is a typical RLP with structural similarity to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RLP Eix2, which detects fungal xylanase as a MAMP. Attempts to demonstrate receptor function by interfamily transfer of ReMAX to Nicotiana benthamiana were successful after using hybrid receptors with the C-terminal part of ReMAX replaced by that of Eix2. These results show that ReMAX determines specificity for eMax. They also demonstrate hybrid receptor technology as a promising tool to overcome problems that impede interfamily transfer of PRRs to enhance pathogen detection in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Albert
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Ursula Fürst
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Jehle AK, Fürst U, Lipschis M, Albert M, Felix G. Perception of the novel MAMP eMax from different Xanthomonas species requires the Arabidopsis receptor-like protein ReMAX and the receptor kinase SOBIR. Plant Signal Behav 2013; 8:e27408. [PMID: 24384530 PMCID: PMC4091347 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As part of their innate immune system plants carry a number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can detect a broad range of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). In a recently published article (1) we described a novel, proteinaceous MAMP termed eMax (enigmatic MAMP of Xanthomonas) that derives from Xanthomonas and gets recognized by the receptor-like protein ReMAX (RECEPTOR OF eMax) of Arabidopsis thaliana. ReMAX has no ortholog in Nicotiana benthamiana and this species does not respond to eMax even when transformed with ReMAX. However, interfamily transfer of eMax perception was successful with a chimeric form of ReMAX where the C-terminal part of the protein was replaced by the corresponding part of the tomato RLP EIX2 (ETHYLENE INDUCING XYLANASE2). In this addendum we describe the difficulties with the purification and identification of the MAMP eMax and we present data demonstrating that functionality of ReMAX, much like that of related RLPs, depends on the presence of the receptor kinase SOBIR (SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1).
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Mueller K, Chinchilla D, Albert M, Jehle AK, Kalbacher H, Boller T, Felix G. Contamination risks in work with synthetic peptides: flg22 as an example of a pirate in commercial peptide preparations. Plant Cell 2012; 24:3193-7. [PMID: 22923674 PMCID: PMC3462625 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) renders plant cells responsive to subnanomolar concentrations of flg22, the active epitope of bacterial flagellin. We recently observed that a preparation of the peptide IDL1, a signal known to regulate abscission processes via the receptor kinases HAESA and HAESA-like2, apparently triggered Arabidopsis thaliana cells in an FLS2-dependent manner. However, closer investigation revealed that this activity was due to contamination by a flg22-type peptide, and newly synthesized IDL1 peptide was completely inactive in FLS2 signaling. This raised alert over contamination events occurring in the process of synthesis or handling of peptides. Two recent reports have suggested that FLS2 has further specificities for structurally unrelated peptides derived from CLV3 and from Ax21. We thus scrutinized these peptides for activity in Arabidopsis cells as well. While responding to <1 nM flg22, Arabidopsis cells proved blind even to 100 μM concentrations of CLV3p and axY(s)22. Our results confirm the exquisite sensitivity and selectivity of FLS2 for flg22. They also show that inadvertent contaminations with flg22-type peptides do occur and can be detected even in trace amounts by FLS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mueller
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Mueller K, Bittel P, Chinchilla D, Jehle AK, Albert M, Boller T, Felix G. Chimeric FLS2 receptors reveal the basis for differential flagellin perception in Arabidopsis and tomato. Plant Cell 2012; 24:2213-24. [PMID: 22634763 PMCID: PMC3442597 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.096073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flagellin receptor of Arabidopsis thaliana, At-FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), has become a model for mechanistic and functional studies on plant immune receptors. Here, we started out with a comparison of At-FLS2 and the orthologous tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) receptor Sl-FLS2. Both receptors specifically responded to picomolar concentrations of the genuine flg22 ligand but proved insensitive to >10(6)-fold higher concentrations of CLV3 peptides that have recently been reported as a second type of ligand for At-FLS2. At-FLS2 and Sl-FLS2 exhibit species-specific differences in the recognition of shortened or sequence-modified flg22 ligands. To map the sites responsible for these species-specific traits on the FLS2 receptors, we performed domain swaps, substituting subsets of the 28 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) in At-FLS2 with the corresponding LRRs from Sl-FLS2. We found that the LRRs 7 to 10 of Sl-FLS2 determine the high affinity of Sl-FLS2 for the core part RINSAKDD of flg22. In addition, we discovered importance of the LRRs 19 to 24 for the responsiveness to C-terminally modified flagellin peptides. These results indicate that ligand perception in FLS2 is a complex molecular process that involves LRRs from both the outermost and innermost LRRs of the FLS2 ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mueller
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pascal Bittel
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna K. Jehle
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Albert M, Felix G. Chimeric receptors of the Arabidopsis thaliana pattern recognition receptors EFR and FLS2. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:1430-2. [PMID: 21063169 PMCID: PMC3115246 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
FLS2 and EFR are pattern recognition receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana perceiving the bacterial proteins flagellin and Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). Both receptors belong to the > 200 membered protein family of Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinases (LRR-RKs) in Arabidopsis. FLS2 and EFR are engaged in the activation of a common intracellular signal output and they belong to the same subfamily of LRR-RKs, sharing structural features like the intracellular kinase domain and the ectodomain organized in LRRs. On the amino acid sequence level, however, they are only < 50 % identical even in their kinase domains. In our recently published paper1 we demonstrated that it is possible to create chimeric receptors of EFR and FLS2 which are fully functional in ligand binding and receptor activation. Chimeric receptors consisting of the complete EFR ectodomain and the FLS2 kinase domain proved to be sensitive to elf18, the minimal peptide required for EF-Tu recognition, similar to the native EFR. In chimeric receptors where parts of the FLS2 ectodomain were swapped into the EFR LRR-domain, the receptor function was strongly affected even in cases with only small fragments exchanged. In this addendum we want to address problems and limits but also possibilities and chances of studying receptor functions using a chimeric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Albert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Shinshi H, Wenzler H, Neuhaus JM, Felix G, Hofsteenge J, Meins F. Evidence for N- and C-terminal processing of a plant defense-related enzyme: Primary structure of tobacco prepro-beta-1,3-glucanase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 85:5541-5. [PMID: 16593965 PMCID: PMC281794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase (beta-1,3-glucanase; 1,3-beta-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.39) exhibits complex hormonal and developmental regulation and is induced when plants are infected with pathogens. We determined the primary structure of this enzyme from the nucleotide sequence of five partial cDNA clones and the amino acid sequence of five peptides covering a total of 70 residues. beta-1,3-Glucanase is produced as a 359-residue preproenzyme with an N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide of 21 residues and a C-terminal extension of 22 residues containing a putative N-glycosylation site. The results of pulse-chase experiments with tunicamycin provide evidence that the first step in processing is loss of the signal peptide and addition of an oligosaccharide side chain. The glycosylated intermediate is further processed with the loss of the oligosaccharide side chain and C-terminal extension to give the mature enzyme. Heterogeneity in the sequences of cDNA clones and of mature protein and in Southern blot analysis of restriction endonuclease fragments indicates that tobacco beta-1,3-glucanase is encoded by a small gene family. Two or three members of this family appear to have their evolutionary origin in each of the progenitors of tobacco, Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shinshi
- Friedrich Miescher Institut, P.O. Box 2543, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Jeworutzki E, Roelfsema MRG, Anschütz U, Krol E, Elzenga JTM, Felix G, Boller T, Hedrich R, Becker D. Early signaling through the Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptors FLS2 and EFR involves Ca-associated opening of plasma membrane anion channels. Plant J 2010; 62:367-78. [PMID: 20113440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The perception of microbes by plants involves highly conserved molecular signatures that are absent from the host and that are collectively referred to as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptors FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) and EF-Tu receptor (EFR) represent genetically well studied paradigms that mediate defense against bacterial pathogens. Stimulation of these receptors through their cognate ligands, bacterial flagellin or bacterial elongation factor Tu, leads to a defense response and ultimately to increased resistance. However, little is known about the early signaling pathway of these receptors. Here, we characterize this early response in situ, using an electrophysiological approach. In line with a release of negatively charged molecules, voltage recordings of microelectrode-impaled mesophyll cells and root hairs of Col-0 Arabidopsis plants revealed rapid, dose-dependent membrane potential depolarizations in response to either flg22 or elf18. Using ion-selective microelectrodes, pronounced anion currents were recorded upon application of flg22 and elf18, indicating that the signaling cascades initiated by each of the two receptors converge on the same plasma membrane ion channels. Combined calcium imaging and electrophysiological measurements revealed that the depolarization was superimposed by an increase in cytosolic calcium that was indispensable for depolarization. NADPH oxidase mutants were still depolarized upon elicitor stimulation, suggesting a reactive oxygen species-independent membrane potential response. Furthermore, electrical signaling in response to either flg22 or elf 18 critically depends on the activity of the FLS2-associated receptor-like kinase BAK1, suggesting that activation of FLS2 and EFR lead to BAK1-dependent, calcium-associated plasma membrane anion channel opening as an initial step in the pathogen defense pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jeworutzki
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Albert M, Jehle AK, Mueller K, Eisele C, Lipschis M, Felix G. Arabidopsis thaliana pattern recognition receptors for bacterial elongation factor Tu and flagellin can be combined to form functional chimeric receptors. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19035-42. [PMID: 20410299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.124800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor kinase EFR of Arabidopsis thaliana detects the microbe-associated molecular pattern elf18, a peptide that represents the N terminus of bacterial elongation factor Tu. Here, we tested subdomains of EFR for their importance in receptor function. Transient expression of tagged versions of EFR and EFR lacking its cytoplasmic domain in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in functional binding sites for elf18. No binding of ligand was found with the ectodomain lacking the transmembrane domain or with EFR lacking the first 5 of its 21 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). EFR is structurally related to the receptor kinase flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) that detects bacterial flagellin. Chimeric receptors with subdomains of FLS2 substituting for corresponding parts of EFR were tested for functionality in ligand binding and receptor activation assays. Substituting the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain resulted in a fully functional receptor for elf18. Replacing also the outer juxtamembrane domain with that of FLS2 led to a receptor with full affinity for elf18 but with a lower efficiency in response activation. Extending the substitution to encompass also the last two of the LRRs abolished binding and receptor activation. Substitution of the N terminus by the first six LRRs from FLS2 reduced binding affinity and strongly affected receptor activation. In summary, chimeric receptors allow mapping of subdomains relevant for ligand binding and receptor activation. The results also show that modular assembly of chimeras from different receptors can be used to form functional receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Albert
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Plant Biochemistry, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Schulze B, Mentzel T, Jehle AK, Mueller K, Beeler S, Boller T, Felix G, Chinchilla D. Rapid heteromerization and phosphorylation of ligand-activated plant transmembrane receptors and their associated kinase BAK1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9444-9451. [PMID: 20103591 PMCID: PMC2843194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.096842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) located at the plasma membrane play a pivotal role in the perception of extracellular signals. For two of these LRR-RKs, the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 and the flagellin receptor FLS2, interaction with the LRR receptor-like kinase BAK1 (BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1) was shown to be required for signal transduction. Here we report that FLS2.BAK1 heteromerization occurs almost instantaneously after perception of the ligand, the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. Flg22 can induce formation of a stable FLS2.BAK1 complex in microsomal membrane preparations in vitro, and the kinase inhibitor K-252a does not prevent complex formation. A kinase dead version of BAK1 associates with FLS2 in a flg22-dependent manner but does not restore responsiveness to flg22 in cells of bak1 plants, demonstrating that kinase activity of BAK1 is essential for FLS2 signaling. Furthermore, using in vivo phospholabeling, we are able to detect de novo phosphorylation of both FLS2 and BAK1 within 15 s of stimulation with flg22. Similarly, brassinolide induces BAK1 phosphorylation within seconds. Other triggers of plant defense, such as bacterial EF-Tu and the endogenous AtPep1 likewise induce rapid formation of heterocomplexes consisting of de novo phosphorylated BAK1 and proteins representing the ligand-specific binding receptors EF-Tu receptor and Pep1 receptor 1, respectively. Thus, we propose that several LRR-RKs form tight complexes with BAK1 almost instantaneously after ligand binding and that the subsequent phosphorylation events are key initial steps in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schulze
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Mentzel
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna K Jehle
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Zentrum für molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Mueller
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Zentrum für molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Seraina Beeler
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Felix
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Zentrum für molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Krol E, Mentzel T, Chinchilla D, Boller T, Felix G, Kemmerling B, Postel S, Arents M, Jeworutzki E, Al-Rasheid KAS, Becker D, Hedrich R. Perception of the Arabidopsis danger signal peptide 1 involves the pattern recognition receptor AtPEPR1 and its close homologue AtPEPR2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13471-9. [PMID: 20200150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane-borne pattern recognition receptors, which recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns, provide the first line of defense in innate immunity. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases fulfill this role, as exemplified by FLS2 and EFR, the receptors for the microbe-associated molecular patterns flagellin and elongation factor Tu. Here we examined the perception of the damage-associated molecular pattern peptide 1 (AtPep1), an endogenous peptide of Arabidopsis identified earlier and shown to be perceived by the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase PEPR1. Using seedling growth inhibition, elicitation of an oxidative burst and induction of ethylene biosynthesis, we show that wild type plants and the pepr1 and pepr2 mutants, affected in PEPR1 and in its homologue PEPR2, are sensitive to AtPep1, but that the double mutant pepr1/pepr2 is completely insensitive. As a central body of our study, we provide electrophysiological evidence that at the level of the plasma membrane, AtPep1 triggers a receptor-dependent transient depolarization through activation of plasma membrane anion channels, and that this effect is absent in the double mutant pepr1/pepr2. The double mutant also fails to respond to AtPep2 and AtPep3, two distant homologues of AtPep1 on the basis of homology screening, implying that the PEPR1 and PEPR2 are responsible for their perception too. Our findings provide a basic framework to study the biological role of AtPep1-related danger signals and their cognate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Krol
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Boller T, Felix G. A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2009; 60:379-406. [PMID: 19400727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1890] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous elicitors are similarly recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This review focuses on the diversity of MAMPs/DAMPs and on progress to identify the corresponding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. The two best-characterized MAMP/PRR pairs, flagellin/FLS2 and EF-Tu/EFR, are discussed in detail and put into a phylogenetic perspective. Both FLS2 and EFR are leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Upon treatment with flagellin, FLS2 forms a heteromeric complex with BAK1, an LRR-RK that also acts as coreceptor for the brassinolide receptor BRI1. The importance of MAMP/PRR signaling for plant immunity is highlighted by the finding that plant pathogens use effectors to inhibit PRR complexes or downstream signaling events. Current evidence indicates that MAMPs, DAMPs, and effectors are all perceived as danger signals and induce a stereotypic defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boller
- Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Drissner D, Kunze G, Callewaert N, Gehrig P, Tamasloukht M, Boller T, Felix G, Amrhein N, Bucher M. Lyso-phosphatidylcholine is a signal in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Science 2007; 318:265-8. [PMID: 17932296 DOI: 10.1126/science.1146487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis represents the most widely distributed mutualistic root symbiosis. We report that root extracts of mycorrhizal plants contain a lipophilic signal capable of inducing the phosphate transporter genes StPT3 and StPT4 of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), genes that are specifically induced in roots colonized by AM fungi. The same signal caused rapid extracellular alkalinization in suspension-cultured tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cells and induction of the mycorrhiza-specific phosphate transporter gene LePT4 in these cells. The active principle was characterized as the lysolipid lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a combination of gene expression studies, alkalinization assays in cell cultures, and chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses. Our results highlight the importance of lysophospholipids as signals in plants and in particular in the AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Drissner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Experimental Station Eschikon 33, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
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Gust AA, Biswas R, Lenz HD, Rauhut T, Ranf S, Kemmerling B, Götz F, Glawischnig E, Lee J, Felix G, Nürnberger T. Bacteria-derived peptidoglycans constitute pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggering innate immunity in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32338-48. [PMID: 17761682 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704886200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity constitutes the primary plant immune response that has evolved to recognize invariant structures of microbial surfaces. Here we show that Gram-positive bacteria-derived peptidoglycan (PGN) constitutes a novel PAMP of immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Treatment with PGN from Staphylococcus aureus results in the activation of plant responses, such as medium alkalinization, elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, nitric oxide, and camalexin production and the post-translational induction of MAPK activities. Microarray analysis performed with RNA prepared from PGN-treated Arabidopsis leaves revealed enhanced transcript levels for 236 genes, many of which are also altered upon administration of flagellin. Comparison of cellular responses after treatment with bacteria-derived PGN and structurally related fungal chitin indicated that both PAMPs are perceived via different perception systems. PGN-mediated immune stimulation in Arabidopsis is based upon recognition of the PGN sugar backbone, while muramyl dipeptide, which is inactive in this plant, triggers immunity-associated responses in animals. PGN adds to the list of PAMPs that induce innate immune programs in both plants and animals. However, we propose that PGN perception systems arose independently in both lineages and are the result of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Gust
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Biochemistry, and Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T, Jones JDG, Felix G, Boller T. A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence. Nature 2007; 448:497-500. [PMID: 17625569 DOI: 10.1038/nature05999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1168] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plants sense potential microbial invaders by using pattern-recognition receptors to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases flagellin-sensitive 2 (FLS2) (ref. 2) and elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR) (ref. 3) act as pattern-recognition receptors for the bacterial PAMPs flagellin and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) (ref. 5) and contribute to resistance against bacterial pathogens. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that link receptor activation to intracellular signal transduction. Here we show that BAK1 (BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that has been reported to regulate the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), is involved in signalling by FLS2 and EFR. Plants carrying bak1 mutations show normal flagellin binding but abnormal early and late flagellin-triggered responses, indicating that BAK1 acts as a positive regulator in signalling. The bak1-mutant plants also show a reduction in early, but not late, EF-Tu-triggered responses. The decrease in responses to PAMPs is not due to reduced sensitivity to brassinosteroids. We provide evidence that FLS2 and BAK1 form a complex in vivo, in a specific ligand-dependent manner, within the first minutes of stimulation with flagellin. Thus, BAK1 is not only associated with developmental regulation through the plant hormone receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), but also has a functional role in PRR-dependent signalling, which initiates innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Chinchilla
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Robatzek S, Bittel P, Chinchilla D, Köchner P, Felix G, Shiu SH, Boller T. Molecular identification and characterization of the tomato flagellin receptor LeFLS2, an orthologue of Arabidopsis FLS2 exhibiting characteristically different perception specificities. Plant Mol Biol 2007; 64:539-47. [PMID: 17530419 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin is known to stimulate host immune responses in mammals and plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor kinase FLS2 mediates flagellin perception through physical interaction with a highly conserved epitope in the N-terminus of flagellin, represented by the peptide flg22 derived from Pseudomonas syringae. The peptide flg22 is highly active as an elicitor in many plant species. In contrast, a shortened version of the same epitope derived from Escherichia coli, flg15(E coli), is highly active as an elicitor in tomato but not in A. thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we make use of these species-specific differences in flagellin perception abilities to identify LeFLS2 as the flagellin receptor in tomato. LeFLS2 is most closely related to AtFLS2, indicating that it may represent the flagellin receptor of tomato. Expression of the LeFLS2 gene in Arabidopsis did not result in accumulation of its corresponding gene product, as indicated by experiments with LeFLS2-GFP fusions. In contrast, expression of LeFLS2-GFP fusions in N. benthamiana, a species that, like tomato, belongs to the Solanaceae, was obviously functional. N. benthamiana plants transiently expressing a LeFLS2-GFP fusion acquired responsiveness to flg15(E coli) to which they are normally unresponsive. Thus, LeFLS2 encodes a functional, specific flagellin receptor, the first to be identified in a plant family other than the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Robatzek
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanical Institute, University Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.
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Abstract
We currently know little about how animals achieve dynamic stability when running over uneven and unpredictable terrain, often characteristic of their natural environment. Here we investigate how limb and joint mechanics of an avian biped, the helmeted guinea fowl Numida meleagris, respond to an unexpected drop in terrain during running. In particular, we address how joint mechanics are coordinated to achieve whole limb dynamics. Based on muscle-tendon architecture and previous studies of steady and incline locomotion, we hypothesize a proximo-distal gradient in joint neuromechanical control. In this motor control strategy, (1) proximal muscles at the hip and knee joints are controlled primarily in a feedforward manner and exhibit load-insensitive mechanical performance, and (2) distal muscles at the ankle and tarsometatarso-phalangeal (TMP) joints are highly load-sensitive, due to intrinsic mechanical effects and rapid, higher gain proprioceptive feedback. Limb kinematics and kinetics during the unexpected perturbation reveal that limb retraction, controlled largely by the hip, remains similar to level running throughout the perturbed step, despite altered limb loading. Individual joints produce or absorb energy during both level and perturbed running steps, such that the net limb work depends on the balance of energy among the joints. The hip maintains the same mechanical role regardless of limb loading, whereas the ankle and TMP switch between spring-like or damping function depending on limb posture at ground contact. Initial knee angle sets limb posture and alters the balance of work among the joints, although the knee contributes little work itself. This distribution of joint function results in posture-dependent changes in work performance of the limb, which allow guinea fowl to rapidly produce or absorb energy in response to the perturbation. The results support the hypothesis that a proximo-distal gradient exists in limb neuromuscular performance and motor control. This control strategy allows limb cycling to remain constant, whereas limb posture, loading and energy performance are interdependent. We propose that this control strategy provides simple, rapid mechanisms for managing energy and controlling velocity when running over rough terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daley
- Concord Field Station, MCZ, Harvard University, 100 Old Causeway Road, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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Perrin JL, Poirot N, Liska P, Thienpont A, Felix G. Trace Enrichment and HPLC Analysis of PAHs in Edible Oils and Fat Products, using Liquid Chromatography on Electron Acceptor Stationary Phases in Connection with Reverse Phase and Fluorescence Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19930950203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Perrin
- Institut des Corps Gras, Bordeaux‐Pessac, and Ecole Nationale Supèrieure de Chimie et de Physique, Talence, France
| | - N. Poirot
- Institut des Corps Gras, Bordeaux‐Pessac, and Ecole Nationale Supèrieure de Chimie et de Physique, Talence, France
| | - P. Liska
- Institut des Corps Gras, Bordeaux‐Pessac, and Ecole Nationale Supèrieure de Chimie et de Physique, Talence, France
| | - A. Thienpont
- Institut des Corps Gras, Bordeaux‐Pessac, and Ecole Nationale Supèrieure de Chimie et de Physique, Talence, France
| | - G. Felix
- Institut des Corps Gras, Bordeaux‐Pessac, and Ecole Nationale Supèrieure de Chimie et de Physique, Talence, France
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Menezes ML, Felix G. Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in Plain Milk Using Direct Injection on an ISRP Column, with Column Switching. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608015820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Menezes
- a Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP Faculdade de Ciencias, Departamento de Quimica , Av. Edmundo C. Coube S/N Bauru S3c Paulo, Brasil, CEP, 17033-360
| | - G. Felix
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Organometallique , ENSCPB/CNRS-URA 35 , Av. Pey-Berland BP 108 F-33402, Talence, France
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Temporini C, Perani E, Mancini F, Bartolini M, Calleri E, Lubda D, Felix G, Andrisano V, Massolini G. Optimization of a trypsin-bioreactor coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for quality control of biotechnological drugs. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:121-31. [PMID: 16472537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a silica-based trypsin bioreactor and its use in the quality control of biotechnological drugs like peptides and proteins is described. Five bioreactors based on monolithic material have been prepared, with different amount of bound trypsin. The performances of these bioreactors were compared to the proteolytic activity of a bioreactor based on silica material. The trypsin-based chromatographic columns were coupled on-line with an LC/ESI/MS/MS system for digestion and identification of proteins. First, human serum albumin has been used as test protein to compare the ability of the bioreactors to hydrolyse high-molecular-weight proteins. The best chromatographic material (epoxy monolithic silica) and the optimum amount of enzyme bound (7.13 mg) have been identified to obtain the highest protein recovery and an analytical reproducibility of the whole digestion, separation and identification process. The optimized enzyme-reactor has been used for the on-line digestion of some biotechnological drugs such as somatotropin. Somatotropin for parentheral use has been analyzed, without sample pre-treatment, with both an on-line procedure and the traditional off-line procedure described in the European Pharmacopoeia. It was found that the cleavage efficiency (aminoacidic recovery, %AA) achieved within minutes by the developed protocol is at least comparable or even better than the conventional 4h consuming method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Temporini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Zipfel C, Kunze G, Chinchilla D, Caniard A, Jones JDG, Boller T, Felix G. Perception of the bacterial PAMP EF-Tu by the receptor EFR restricts Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Cell 2006; 125:749-60. [PMID: 16713565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 02/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher eukaryotes sense microbes through the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Arabidopsis plants detect a variety of PAMPs including conserved domains of bacterial flagellin and of bacterial EF-Tu. Here, we show that flagellin and EF-Tu activate a common set of signaling events and defense responses but without clear synergistic effects. Treatment with either PAMP results in increased binding sites for both PAMPs. We used this finding in a targeted reverse-genetic approach to identify a receptor kinase essential for EF-Tu perception, which we called EFR. Nicotiana benthamiana, a plant unable to perceive EF-Tu, acquires EF-Tu binding sites and responsiveness upon transient expression of EFR. Arabidopsis efr mutants show enhanced susceptibility to the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, as revealed by a higher efficiency of T-DNA transformation. These results demonstrate that EFR is the EF-Tu receptor and that plant defense responses induced by PAMPs such as EF-Tu reduce transformation by Agrobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zipfel
- Botanical Institute, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Chinchilla D, Bauer Z, Regenass M, Boller T, Felix G. The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLS2 binds flg22 and determines the specificity of flagellin perception. Plant Cell 2006; 18:465-76. [PMID: 16377758 PMCID: PMC1356552 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.036574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin, the main building block of the bacterial flagellum, acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern triggering the innate immune response in animals and plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Leu-rich repeat transmembrane receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) is essential for flagellin perception. Here, we demonstrate the specific interaction of the elicitor-active epitope flg22 with the FLS2 protein by chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation. The functionality of this receptor was further tested by heterologous expression of the Arabidopsis FLS2 gene in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cells. The perception of flg22 in tomato differs characteristically from that in Arabidopsis. Expression of Arabidopsis FLS2 conferred an additional flg22-perception system on the cells of tomato, which showed all of the properties characteristic of the perception of this elicitor in Arabidopsis. In summary, these results show that FLS2 constitutes the pattern-recognition receptor that determines the specificity of flagellin perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Chinchilla
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Botanisches Institut der Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Plants and animals can recognize potential pathogens by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Significant advances over the past few years have begun to unveil the molecular basis of PAMP perception by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Although these discoveries highlight common recognition strategies among higher eukaryotes, they also show differences with respect to the nature of the receptors involved and the exact molecular patterns recognized. This suggests a convergent evolution of microbe sensing by the innate immune systems of these various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zipfel
- Botanical Institute, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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