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Jash A, Howie HL, Hay AM, Luckey CJ, Hudson KE, Thomson PC, Ratcliffe SJ, Smolkin M, Zimring JC. Identification of multiple genetic loci associated with red blood cell alloimmunization in mice. Haematologica 2023; 108:905-908. [PMID: 36373252 PMCID: PMC9973466 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville VA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia
| | | | - Ariel M Hay
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville VA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia
| | | | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
| | - Peter C Thomson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Sarah J Ratcliffe
- University of Virginia, Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics
| | - Mark Smolkin
- University of Virginia, Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics
| | - James C Zimring
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville VA; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia.
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Hay AM, Howie HL, Gorham JD, D'Alessandro A, Spitalnik SL, Hudson KE, Zimring JC. Mouse background genetics in biomedical research: The devil's in the details. Transfusion 2021; 61:3017-3025. [PMID: 34480352 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified mice are used widely to explore mechanisms in most biomedical fields-including transfusion. Concluding that a gene modification is responsible for a phenotypic change assumes no other differences between the gene-modified and wild-type mice besides the targetted gene. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that the N-terminus of Band3, which regulates metabolism, affects RBC storage biology, RBCs from mice with a modified N-terminus of Band3 were stored under simulated blood bank conditions. All strains of mice were generated with the same initial embryonic stem cells from 129 mice and each strain was backcrossed with C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Both 24-h recoveries post-transfusion and metabolomics were determined for stored RBCs. Genetic profiles of mice were assessed by a high-resolution SNP array. RESULTS RBCs from mice with a mutated Band3 N-terminus had increased lipid oxidation and worse 24-h recoveries, "demonstrating" that Band3 regulates oxidative injury during RBC storage. However, SNP analysis demonstrated variable inheritance of 129 genetic elements between strains. Controlled interbreeding experiments demonstrated that the changes in lipid oxidation and some of the decreased 24-hr recovery were caused by inheritance of a region of chromosome 1 of 129 origin, and not due to the modification of Band 3. SNP genotyping of a panel of commonly used commercially available KO mice showed considerable 129 contamination, despite wild-type B6 mice being listed as the correct control. DISCUSSION Thousands of articles published each year use gene-modified mice, yet genetic background issues are rarely considered. Assessment of such issues are not, but should become, routine norms of murine experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Hay
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Heather L Howie
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James D Gorham
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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D'Alessandro A, Howie HL, Hay AM, Dziewulska KH, Brown BC, Wither MJ, Karafin M, Stone EF, Spitalnik SL, Hod EA, Francis RO, Fu X, Thomas T, Zimring JC. Hematologic and systemic metabolic alterations due to Mediterranean class II G6PD deficiency in mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e147056. [PMID: 34138756 PMCID: PMC8410095 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the single most common enzymopathy, present in approximately 400 million humans (approximately 5%). Its prevalence is hypothesized to be due to conferring resistance to malaria. However, G6PD deficiency also results in hemolytic sequelae from oxidant stress. Moreover, G6PD deficiency is associated with kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, immunological defects, and neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the only available mouse models have decreased levels of WT stable G6PD caused by promoter mutations. However, human G6PD mutations are missense mutations that result in decreased enzymatic stability. As such, this results in very low activity in red blood cells (RBCs) that cannot synthesize new protein. To generate a more accurate model, the human sequence for a severe form of G6PD deficiency, Med(-), was knocked into the murine G6PD locus. As predicted, G6PD levels were extremely low in RBCs, and deficient mice had increased hemolytic sequelae to oxidant stress. Nonerythroid organs had metabolic changes consistent with mild G6PD deficiency, consistent with what has been observed in humans. Juxtaposition of G6PD-deficient and WT mice revealed altered lipid metabolism in multiple organ systems. Together, these findings both establish a mouse model of G6PD deficiency that more accurately reflects human G6PD deficiency and advance our basic understanding of altered metabolism in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D'Alessandro
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Heather L Howie
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ariel M Hay
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karolina H Dziewulska
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin C Brown
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew J Wither
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Karafin
- Versiti Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Stone
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eldad A Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard O Francis
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Jash A, Usaneerungrueng C, Howie HL, Qiu A, Luckey CJ, Zimring JC, Hudson KE. Antibodies to Low-Copy Number RBC Alloantigen Convert a Tolerogenic Stimulus to an Immunogenic Stimulus in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629608. [PMID: 33777014 PMCID: PMC7994621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells expressing alloantigens are well known to be capable of inducing robust humoral alloantibody responses both in transfusion and pregnancy. However, the majority of transfusion recipients and pregnant women never make alloantibodies, even after repeat exposure to foreign RBCs. More recently, RBCs have been used as a cellular therapeutic-very much like transfusion, engineered RBCs are highly immunogenic in some cases but not others. In animal models of both transfusion and RBC based therapeutics, RBCs that do not induce an immune response also cause tolerance. Despite a robust phenomenology, the mechanisms of what regulates immunity vs. tolerance to RBCs remains unclear. However, it has been reported that copy number of alloantigens on the RBCs is a critical factor, with a very low copy number causing non-responsiveness (in both humans and mice) and also leading to tolerance in mice. Recently, we reported that an IgG2c specific for an RBC antigen can substantially enhance the humoral immune response upon transfusion of RBCs expressing that antigen. Herein, we report that an IgG2c converts RBCs with low antigen copy number from a tolerogenic to an immunogenic stimulus. These findings report the first known stimulus that induces humoral alloimmunization to a low copy number RBC alloantigen and identify a previously undescribed molecular switch that has the ability to affect responder vs. non-responder phenotypes of transfusion recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Jash
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Heather L. Howie
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Annie Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chance John Luckey
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James C. Zimring
- Department of Pathology and Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Krystalyn E. Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Poston JN, Jash A, Hannan LM, Hay AM, Usaneerungrueng C, Howie HL, Kapp LM, Zimring JC. In utero exposure to alloantigens primes alloimmunization to platelet transfusion in mice. Transfusion 2021; 61:687-691. [PMID: 33336414 PMCID: PMC9157413 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet transfusions remain a mainstay of treatment for many patients with thrombocytopenia, but can lead to alloantibodies to Human Leukocyte Antigens (anti-HLA) resulting in inadequate responses to subsequent platelet transfusions (refractoriness), as well as complicate transplantation. Despite substantial decreases in alloimmunization with the implementation of leukoreduction, a significant percentage of patients still become alloimmunized following platelet transfusions. It remains unclear why some patients make anti-HLA antibodies, but others do not make anti-HLA antibodies even with chronic transfusion. Antecedent pregnancy correlates with risk of alloimmunization due to platelet transfusion in humans - however, isolation of pregnancy as a single variable is not possible in human populations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A tractable murine model of pregnancy and transfusion was engineered by breeding C57BL/6 (H-2b ) dames with BALB/c (H-2d ) sires. After pregnancy, female mice were transfused with leukoreduced platelets from F1 (H-2b/d ) donors that expressed the same paternal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) H-2d alloantigens as the sires. Control groups allowed isolation of pregnancy or transfusion alone as independent variables. Alloimmunization was determined by testing serum for antibodies to H-2d MHC alloantigens. RESULTS No alloantibodies were detected after pregnancy alone, or in response to transfusion of platelets alone; however, significant levels of alloantibodies were detected when pregnancy was followed by transfusion. CONCLUSIONS These findings isolate antecedent pregnancy as a causal contribution to increased frequencies of alloimmunization by subsequent platelet transfusion in mice and provide a platform for ongoing mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline N. Poston
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Arijita Jash
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lindsay M. Hannan
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ariel M. Hay
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Heather L. Howie
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Linda M. Kapp
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - James C. Zimring
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Cleary SJ, Kwaan N, Tian JJ, Calabrese DR, Mallavia B, Magnen M, Greenland JR, Urisman A, Singer JP, Hays SR, Kukreja J, Hay AM, Howie HL, Toy P, Lowell CA, Morrell CN, Zimring JC, Looney MR. Complement activation on endothelium initiates antibody-mediated acute lung injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5909-5923. [PMID: 32730229 PMCID: PMC7598054 DOI: 10.1172/jci138136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting human leukocyte antigen (HLA)/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins limit successful transplantation and transfusion, and their presence in blood products can cause lethal transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). It is unclear which cell types are bound by these anti-leukocyte antibodies to initiate an immunologic cascade resulting in lung injury. We therefore conditionally removed MHC class I (MHC I) from likely cellular targets in antibody-mediated lung injury. Only the removal of endothelial MHC I reduced lung injury and mortality, related mechanistically to absent endothelial complement fixation and lung platelet retention. Restoration of endothelial MHC I rendered MHC I-deficient mice susceptible to lung injury. Neutrophil responses, including neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release, were intact in endothelial MHC I-deficient mice, whereas complement depletion reduced both lung injury and NETs. Human pulmonary endothelial cells showed high HLA class I expression, and posttransfusion complement activation was increased in clinical TRALI. These results indicate that the critical source of antigen for anti-leukocyte antibodies is in fact the endothelium, which reframes our understanding of TRALI as a rapid-onset vasculitis. Inhibition of complement activation may have multiple beneficial effects of reducing endothelial injury, platelet retention, and NET release in conditions where antibodies trigger these pathogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Cleary
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Kwaan
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Daniel R. Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beñat Mallavia
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mélia Magnen
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Steven R. Hays
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ariel M. Hay
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Heather L. Howie
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pearl Toy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James C. Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark R. Looney
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Temming AR, Bentlage AEH, de Taeye SW, Bosman GP, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Derksen NIL, Brasser G, Mok JY, van Esch WJE, Howie HL, Zimring JC, Vidarsson G. Cross-reactivity of mouse IgG subclasses to human Fc gamma receptors: Antibody deglycosylation only eliminates IgG2b binding. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:79-86. [PMID: 32947169 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are important for protection against pathogens and exert effector functions through binding to IgG-Fc receptors (FcγRs) on myeloid and natural killer cells, resulting in destruction of opsonized target cells. Despite interspecies differences, IgG subclasses and FcγRs show substantial similarities and functional conservation between mammals. Accordingly, binding of human IgG (hIgG) to mouse FcγRs (mFcγRs) has been utilized to study effector functions of hIgG in mice. In other applications, such as immunostaining with mouse IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), these cross-reactivities are undesired and prone to misinterpretation. Despite this drawback, the binding of mouse IgG (mIgG) subclasses to human FcγR (hFcγR) classes has never been fully documented. Here, we report detailed and quantifiable characterization of binding affinities for all mIgG subclasses to hFcγRs, including functional polymorphic variants. mIgG subclasses show the strongest binding to hFcγRIa, with relative affinities mIgG2a = mIgG2c > mIgG3 >> mIgG2b, and no binding by mIgG1. hFcγRIIa/b showed general low reactivities to all mIgG (mIgG1> mIgG2a/c > mIgG2b), with no reactivity to mIgG3. A particularly high affinity was observed for mIgG1 to the hFcγRIIa-R131 polymorphic variant. hFcγRIIIa showed lower binding (mIgG2a/c > mIgG3), slightly favouring binding to the hFcγRIIIa-V158 over the F158 polymorphic variant. No binding was observed of mIgG to hFcγRIIIb. Deglycosylation of mIgG1 did not abrogate binding to hFcγRIIa-R131, nor did deglycosylation of mIgG2a/c and mIgG3 prevent hFcγRIa binding. Importantly, deglycosylation of the least cross-reactive mIgG subclass, mIgG2b, abrogated reactivity to all hFcγRs. Together, these data document for the first time the full spectrum of cross-reactivities of mouse IgG to human FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robin Temming
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlof P Bosman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne N Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Heather L Howie
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shinde P, Howie HL, Stegmann TC, Hay AM, Waterman HR, Szittner Z, Bentlage AEH, Kapp L, Lissenberg-Thunnissen SN, Dekkers G, Schasfoort RBM, Ratcliffe SJ, Smolkin ME, Vidarsson G, van der Schoot CE, Hudson KE, Zimring JC. IgG Subclass Determines Suppression Versus Enhancement of Humoral Alloimmunity to Kell RBC Antigens in Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1516. [PMID: 32765523 PMCID: PMC7378678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that immunoglobulins are not just the effector endpoint of humoral immunity, but rather have a complex role in regulating antibody responses themselves. Donor derived anti-RhD IgG has been used for over 50 years as an immunoprophylactic to prevent maternal alloimmunization to RhD. Although anti-RhD has dramatically decreased rates of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (for the RhD alloantigen), anti-RhD also fails in some cases, and can even paradoxically enhance immune responses in some circumstances. Attempts to generate a monoclonal anti-RhD have largely failed, with some monoclonals suppressing less than donor derived anti-RhD and others enhancing immunity. These difficulties likely result, in part, because the mechanism of anti-RhD remains unclear. However, substantial evidence exists to reject the common explanations of simple clearance of RhD + RBCs or masking of antigen. Donor derived anti-RhD is a mixture of 4 different IgG subtypes. To the best of our knowledge an analysis of the role different IgG subtypes play in immunoregulation has not been carried out; and, only IgG1 and IgG3 have been tested as monoclonals. Multiple attempts to elicit alloimmune responses to human RhD epitopes in mice have failed. To circumvent this limitation, we utilize a tractable animal model of RBC alloimmunization using the human Kell glycoprotein as an antigen to test the effect of IgG subtype on immunoregulation by antibodies to RBC alloantigens. We report that the ability of an anti-RBC IgG to enhance, suppress (at the level of IgM responses), or have no effect is a function of the IgG subclass in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurvi Shinde
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heather L Howie
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tamara C Stegmann
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ariel M Hay
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Zoltan Szittner
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Kapp
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Suzanne N Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gillian Dekkers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard B M Schasfoort
- Medical Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Ratcliffe
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark E Smolkin
- Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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9
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Howie HL, Collins B, Wang X, Kapp L, Delaney M, Er LS, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Characterization and refinement of monoclonal anti-human globulins that lack reactivity with human IgG4. Transfusion 2020; 60:1060-1068. [PMID: 32369193 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies consisting of only the immunoglobulin G (IgG) 4 subtype are typically considered clinically insignificant. A US Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal anti-human globulin (16H8) is nonreactive with IgG4, which has been considered a benefit to avoid testing interference from IgG4. However, 16H8 also does not recognize two natural IgG3 variants (IgG3-03 and IgG3-13). Thus, 16H8 may miss clinically significant alloantibodies in some settings. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Novel mouse anti-human IgG hybridomas were generated and screened for reactivity with 32 human variants of anti-KEL1 across different IgG subtypes, as well as mutants to allow epitope mapping. Anti-IgG reactivity was determined using KEL1+ RBCs bound by each IgG variant as targets. Binding of anti-IgG was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS 16H8 recognized an epitope involving amino acid 419, which is glutamate in IgG4, IgG3-03, and IgG3-13, explaining the lack of 16H8 reactivity with these subtypes/isoallotypes. A new monoclonal antibody (PUMA8) was isolated that, like 16H8, was nonreactive with IgG4 but without blind spots for known variants of IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3. PUMA8 recognized an epitope containing arginine at position 355, which is glutamine in IgG4. However, a recently described new IgG4 variant with an arginine at position 355 results in PUMA8 reactivity. CONCLUSION PUMA8 represents an alternative to 16H8 that avoids IgG4 but without blind spots for IgG3 variants. However, PUMA8 reacts with one recently described IgG4 variant. In addition to relevance to immunohematology, these studies highlight the importance of patient variation with regards to assay performance in an era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Howie
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Baodan Collins
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Linda Kapp
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan Delaney
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Division, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, The George Washington University Medical School, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lay See Er
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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10
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Cen SY, Holton MB, Binnington B, Denomme GA, Howie HL, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC, Branch DR. IgG3 anti-Kell allotypic variation results in differential antigen binding and phagocytosis. Transfusion 2020; 60:688-693. [PMID: 31930726 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) includes four different subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4). Due to genetic variations, each IgG subtype contains different isoallotypes. It was previously shown that a Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal anti-IgG failed to recognize 2 of 15 recombinant, human IgG3 anti-Kell (K1) isoallotypes (rIgG3-03 and rIgG3-13) by indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We expressed and purified 15 recombinant human rIgG3 anti-K1 isoallotypes and investigated their antigen binding and ability to induce phagocytosis using homozygous (KK) and heterozygous (Kk) K1-positive red blood cells (RBCs) by gel IAT, flow cytometry, and a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) with peripheral blood monocytes and cultured inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. RESULTS MMA results showed that differences in the Fc region of rIgG3 anti-K1 led to distinctive phagocytic activity with both monocytes and M1 macrophages. rIgG3-18 and rIgG3-19 showed an enhanced ability to induce phagocytosis. Differences in Fc regions also led to variations in the number of antibodies bound to KK RBCs. Despite the differences in phagocytic activity, all 15 rIgG3 clones are predicted to induce clinically significant hemolysis if K1-positive blood was transfused into patients. CONCLUSION These results argue that antiglobulin reagents that fail to detect isoallotype rIgG3-03 or rIgG3-13 could present a transfusion risk or lack of detection of a potentially clinically significant anti-K1 in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Y Cen
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mairead B Holton
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth Binnington
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Donald R Branch
- Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Howie HL, Wang X, Kapp L, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Identification of IgG3-specific epitope that remedies problem in diagnostic IgG subclass determination due to human genetic variation. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:559-561. [PMID: 29550761 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are four subtypes of human IgG with different effector functions. Quantifying the relative amount of each IgG subtype is important for laboratory diagnosis in multiple settings. However, in an evolving landscape of the appreciation of human variability and the need for precision/personalised laboratory diagnosis, it has also been shown that there are numerous natural variants of IgG subtypes, with at least 29 having been described. It has recently been reported that commercially available polyclonal antisera to IgG3 cross react with variants of other IgG subtypes, while available monoclonal anti-IgG3 have a blind-spot for the IgG3-04 variant. Herein, we report that IgG3-04 contains an epitope in common with all known IgG3 variants and absent in other subtypes. A novel monoclonal anti-IgG3 is described that is specific to IgG3 but without any blind-spots for known IgG3 variants, providing a remedy to the problem of genetic variability of IgG3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda Kapp
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Howie HL, Wang X, Kapp L, Lebedev J, Hudson KE, Zimring JC. Common murine immunoglobulin detection reagents have diminished reactivity with IgG3 - A vulnerability to misinterpretation. J Immunol Methods 2018; 455:10-13. [PMID: 29395164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methods designed to monitor humoral immune responses, in a variety of settings, typically use a broadly reactive detection reagent (e.g. polyclonal anti-Ig (immunoglobulin)) in order to characterize antibody responses. In the context of murine models of immunity, which are widely used, this would typically be antisera to mouse Ig or mouse IgG. However, there are 4 different subtypes of mouse IgG; thus, the validity of the above approach, as a general screen for humoral immune responses, depends upon the assumption that the antisera recognize all IgG subtypes. This seems like a reasonable assumption, since polyclonal antisera recognize multiple epitopes; however, herein we report that two commercial sources of goat anti-mouse Ig are hyporeactive with IgG3. Given that relative IgG3 levels are different in distinct types of immune response, these findings demonstrate a potential for misinterpretation, and suggest a need to modify immunological methods in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Howie
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States
| | - Linda Kapp
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States
| | - Jenna Lebedev
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States
| | | | - James C Zimring
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98102, United States; University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, United States.
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13
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Richards AL, Howie HL, Kapp LM, Hendrickson JE, Zimring JC, Hudson KE. Innate B-1 B Cells Are Not Enriched in Red Blood Cell Autoimmune Mice: Importance of B Cell Receptor Transgenic Selection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1366. [PMID: 29163471 PMCID: PMC5675845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) results from breakdown of humoral tolerance to RBC antigens. Past analyses of B-cell receptor transgenic (BCR-Tg) mice that recognize RBC autoantigens led to a paradigm in which autoreactive conventional B-2 B cells are deleted whereas extramedullary B-1 B cells escape deletion due to lack of exposure to RBCs. However, BCR-Tg mice utilized to shape the current paradigm were unable to undergo receptor editing or class-switching. Given the importance of receptor editing as mechanism to tolerize autoreactive B cells during central tolerance, we hypothesized that expansion of autoreactive B-1 B cells is a consequence of the inability of the autoreactive BCR to receptor edit. To test this hypothesis, we crossed two separate strains of BCR-Tg mice with transgenic mice expressing the BCR target on RBCs. Both BCR-Tg mice express the same immunoglobulin and, thus, secrete antibodies with identical specificity, but one strain (SwHEL) has normal receptor editing, whereas the other (IgHEL) does not. Similar to other AIHA models, the autoreactive IgHEL strain showed decreased B-2 B cells, an enrichment of B-1 B cells, and detectable anti-RBC autoantibodies and decreased RBC hematocrit and hemoglobin values. However, autoreactive SwHEL mice had induction of tolerance in both B-2 and B-1 B cells with anti-RBC autoantibody production without anemia. These data generate new understanding and challenge the existing paradigm of B cell tolerance to RBC autoantigens. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that immune responses vary when BCR-Tg do not retain BCR editing and class-switching functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L Howie
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Linda M Kapp
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Hay A, Howie HL, Waterman HR, de Wolski K, Zimring JC. Murine red blood cells from genetically distinct donors cross-regulate when stored together. Transfusion 2017; 57:2657-2664. [PMID: 28921569 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor variability of red blood cell (RBC) storage has been observed in both humans and animal models. We utilized a strain of mice with RBCs known to store well (B6) and a strain known to store poorly (FVB) to test the hypothesis that RBCs affected the storage of other RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Five strains of mice were used: 1) transgenic B6 mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in their RBCs (GFP.B6), 2) wild-type B6 mice, 3) wild-type FVB mice, 4) F1 crosses between GFP.B6 and FVB mice (GFP.F1), and 5) the analogous wild-type (B6xFVB) F1 cross. GFP.B6 or GFP.F1 RBCs were mixed with wild-type (non-GFP) RBCs from B6 or FVB strains before storage. Twenty-four-hour RBC recoveries were determined for stored RBCs by enumerating circulating GFP+ RBCs by flow cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-four-hour recoveries of GFP.F1 RBCs was increased by co-storage with B6 RBCs but decreased by co-storage with FVB RBCs. This effect was dose dependent when tested with GFP.B6 RBCs; the more FVB blood added, the worse the 24-hour recoveries became. RBC cross-regulation did not occur when B6 and FVB RBCs were separated by a semipermeable membrane with a 0.4-µm size cutoff. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that RBCs affect the storage of other RBCs, in both positive and negative directions, indicating not only that RBC storage is intrinsic to the RBC but that RBC-RBC communication occurs. Additional studies will be required to determine the nature of this effect and if these findings translate into human RBC storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Hay
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heather L Howie
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hayley R Waterman
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen de Wolski
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - James C Zimring
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Howie HL, Delaney M, Wang X, Er LS, Kapp L, Lebedev JN, Zimring JC. Errors in data interpretation from genetic variation of human analytes. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94532. [PMID: 28679954 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the extent of our vulnerability to misinterpretation due to poorly characterized reagents has become an issue of great concern. Antibody reagents have been identified as a major source of error, contributing to the "reproducibility crisis." In the current report, we define an additional dimension of the crisis; in particular, we define variation of the targets being analyzed. We report that natural variation in the immunoglobulin "constant" region alters the reactivity with commonly used subtype-specific anti-IgG reagents, resulting in cross-reactivity of polyclonal regents with inappropriate targets and blind spots of monoclonal reagents for desired targets. This raises the practical concern that numerous studies characterizing IgG subtypes in human disease may contain errors due to such previously unappreciated defects. These studies also focus attention on the broader concern that genetic variation may affect the performance of any laboratory or research test that uses antibodies for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Delaney
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lay See Er
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda Kapp
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - James C Zimring
- BloodworksNW Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Dekkers G, Bentlage AEH, Stegmann TC, Howie HL, Lissenberg-Thunnissen S, Zimring J, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Affinity of human IgG subclasses to mouse Fc gamma receptors. MAbs 2017; 9:767-773. [PMID: 28463043 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1323159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG is the main antibody class used in antibody therapies because of its efficacy and longer half-life, which are completely or partly due to FcγR-mediated functions of the molecules. Preclinical testing in mouse models are frequently performed using human IgG, but no detailed information on binding of human IgG to mouse FcγRs is available. The orthologous mouse and human FcγRs share roughly 60-70% identity, suggesting some incompatibility. Here, we report binding affinities of all mouse and human IgG subclasses to mouse FcγR. Human IgGs bound to mouse FcγR with remarkably similar binding strengths as we know from binding to human ortholog receptors, with relative affinities IgG3>IgG1>IgG4>IgG2 and FcγRI>>FcγRIV>FcγRIII>FcγRIIb. This suggests human IgG subclasses to have similar relative FcγR-mediated biological activities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Dekkers
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Tamara C Stegmann
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Heather L Howie
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - James Zimring
- b Department of Transfusion Medicine , Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Theo Rispens
- c Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- a Department of Experimental Immunohematology , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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17
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Richards AL, Kapp LM, Wang X, Howie HL, Hudson KE. Regulatory T Cells Are Dispensable for Tolerance to RBC Antigens. Front Immunol 2016; 7:348. [PMID: 27698653 PMCID: PMC5027202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) occurs when pathogenic autoantibodies against red blood cell (RBC) antigens are generated. While the basic disease pathology of AIHA is well studied, the underlying mechanism(s) behind the failure in tolerance to RBC autoantigens are poorly understood. Thus, to investigate the tolerance mechanisms required for the establishment and maintenance of tolerance to RBC antigens, we developed a novel murine model. With this model, we evaluated the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tolerance to RBC-specific antigens. Herein, we show that neither sustained depletion of Tregs nor immunization with RBC-specific proteins in conjunction with Treg depletion led to RBC-specific autoantibody generation. Thus, these studies demonstrate that Tregs are not required to prevent autoantibodies to RBCs and suggest that other tolerance mechanisms are likely involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M Kapp
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA
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18
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Howie HL, Delaney M, Wang X, Er LS, Vidarsson G, Stegmann TC, Kapp L, Lebedev JN, Wu Y, AuBuchon JP, Zimring JC. Serological blind spots for variants of human IgG3 and IgG4 by a commonly used anti-immunoglobulin reagent. Transfusion 2016; 56:2953-2962. [PMID: 27632931 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) includes four different subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), and it is also now appreciated that there are genetic variations within IgG subtypes (called isoallotypes). Twenty-nine different isoallotypes have been described, with 7, 4, 15, and 3 isoallotypes described for IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4, respectively. The reactivity of anti-IgG with different isoallotypes has not been characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A novel monoclonal anti-K antibody (PugetSound Monoclonal Antibody 1 [PUMA1]) was isolated and sequenced, and a panel of PUMA1 variants was expressed, consisting of the 29 known IgG isoallotypes. The resulting panel of antibodies was preincubated with K-positive red blood cells (RBCs) and then subjected to testing with currently approved anti-IgG by flow cytometry, solid phase systems, gel cards, and tube testing. RESULTS A US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal anti-IgG (gamma-clone) failed to recognize 2 of 15 IgG3 isoallotypes (IgG3-03 and IgG3-13) and 3 of 3 IgG4 isoallotypes (IgG4-01, IgG4-02, and IgG4-03). In contrast, an FDA-approved rabbit polyclonal anti-IgG recognized each of the known human IgG isoallotypes. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate "blind spots" in isoalloantibody detection by a monoclonal anti-IgG. If a patient has anti-RBC antibodies predominantly of an IgG3 subtype (the IgG3-03 and/or IgG3-13 variety), then it is possible that a clinically significant alloantibody would be missed. IgG-03 and IgG-13 have an estimated frequency of 1% to 3% in Caucasian populations and 20% to 30% in certain African populations. Nonreactivity with IgG4 is a known characteristic of this monoclonal anti-IgG, but IgG4 isoallotypes have not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Delaney
- BloodworksNW Research Institute.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara C Stegmann
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - James P AuBuchon
- BloodworksNW Research Institute.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James C Zimring
- BloodworksNW Research Institute.,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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19
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de Wolski K, Fu X, Dumont LJ, Roback JD, Waterman H, Odem-Davis K, Howie HL, Zimring JC. Metabolic pathways that correlate with post-transfusion circulation of stored murine red blood cells. Haematologica 2016; 101:578-86. [PMID: 26921359 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion of red blood cells is a very common inpatient procedure, with more than 1 in 70 people in the USA receiving a red blood cell transfusion annually. However, stored red blood cells are a non-uniform product, based upon donor-to-donor variation in red blood cell storage biology. While thousands of biological parameters change in red blood cells over storage, it has remained unclear which changes correlate with function of the red blood cells, as opposed to being co-incidental changes. In the current report, a murine model of red blood cell storage/transfusion is applied across 13 genetically distinct mouse strains and combined with high resolution metabolomics to identify metabolic changes that correlated with red blood cell circulation post storage. Oxidation in general, and peroxidation of lipids in particular, emerged as changes that correlated with extreme statistical significance, including generation of dicarboxylic acids and monohydroxy fatty acids. In addition, differences in anti-oxidant pathways known to regulate oxidative stress on lipid membranes were identified. Finally, metabolites were identified that differed at the time the blood was harvested, and predict how the red blood cells perform after storage, allowing the potential to screen donors at time of collection. Together, these findings map out a new landscape in understanding metabolic changes during red blood cell storage as they relate to red blood cell circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyoun Fu
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA University of Washington Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - John D Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James C Zimring
- Bloodworks NW Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA University of Washington Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA, USA University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Wallace NA, Robinson K, Howie HL, Galloway DA. HPV 5 and 8 E6 abrogate ATR activity resulting in increased persistence of UVB induced DNA damage. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002807. [PMID: 22807682 PMCID: PMC3395675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the E6 oncoprotein from high-risk members of the α human papillomavirus genus in anogenital cancer has been well established. However, far less is known about the E6 protein from the β human papillomavirus genus (β-HPVs). Some β-HPVs potentially play a role in non-melanoma skin cancer development, although they are not required for tumor maintenance. Instead, they may act as a co-factor that enhances the carcinogenic potential of UV damage. Indeed, the E6 protein from certain β-HPVs (HPV 5 and 8) promotes the degradation of p300, a histone acetyl transferase involved in UV damage repair. Here, we show that the expression of HPV 5 and 8 E6 increases thymine dimer persistence as well as the likelihood of a UVB induced double strand break (DSB). Importantly, we provide a mechanism for the increased DNA damage by showing that both extended thymine dimer persistence as well as elevated DSB levels are dependent on the ability of HPV 8 E6 to promote p300 degradation. We further demonstrate that HPV 5 and 8 E6 expression reduces the mRNA and protein levels of ATR, a PI3 kinase family member that plays a key role in UV damage signaling, but that these levels remain unperturbed in cells expressing a mutated HPV 8 E6 incapable of promoting p300 degradation. We confirm that the degradation of p300 leads to a reduction in ATR protein levels, by showing that ATR levels rebound when a p300 mutant resistant to HPV 8 mediated degradation and HPV 8 E6 are co-transfected. Conversely, we show that ATR protein levels are reduced when p300 is targeted for degradation by siRNA. Moreover, we show the reduced ATR levels in HPV 5 and 8 E6 expressing cells results in delayed ATR activation and an attenuated ability of cells to phosphorylate, and as a result accumulate, p53 in response to UVB exposure, leading to significantly reduced cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that β-HPV E6 expression can enhance the carcinogenic potential of UVB exposure by promoting p300 degradation, resulting in a reduction in ATR levels, which leads to increased thymine dimer persistence and increased UVB induced DSBs. Human papillomaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause ailments ranging from benign warts to anogenital cancer. Recently, interest has increased for a subgroup of these viruses, the β-HPVs, because of their potential involvement in squamous cell skin cancer. In this work, we show that the E6 protein from two of these viruses (HPV 5 and 8) is able to increase the damage that UV exposure causes to the host cell's DNA. The E6 protein from these viruses promotes the degradation of p300, a cellular protein involved in DNA damage repair. This in turn reduces amounts of another cellular protein, ATR, which facilitates the process of signaling the cell to repair its damaged DNA. The decrease in ATR levels delays the cell's recognition of the damaged DNA, allowing thymine dimers to remain unrepaired longer and more often leading to a double strand break in the DNA. Together, our data show that the β HPVs can cause UV exposures to be more deleterious to host cell DNA, potentially increasing the likelihood that these cells become cancerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Wallace
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin Robinson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Howie
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Moser R, Toyoshima M, Robinson K, Gurley KE, Howie HL, Davison J, Morgan M, Kemp CJ, Grandori C. MYC-driven tumorigenesis is inhibited by WRN syndrome gene deficiency. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:535-45. [PMID: 22301954 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYC-induced DNA damage is exacerbated in WRN-deficient cells, leading to replication stress and accelerated cellular senescence. To determine whether WRN deficiency impairs MYC-driven tumor development, we used both xenograft and autochthonous tumor models. Conditional silencing of WRN expression in c-MYC overexpressing non-small cell lung cancer xenografts impaired both tumor establishment and tumor growth. This inhibitory effect of WRN knockdown was accompanied by increased DNA damage, decreased proliferation, and tumor necrosis. In the Eμ-Myc mouse model of B-cell lymphoma, a germline mutation in the helicase domain of Wrn (Wrn(Δhel/Δhel)) resulted in a significant delay in emergence of lethal lymphomas, extending tumor-free survival by more than 30%. Analysis of preneoplastic B cells from Eμ-Myc Wrn mutant mice revealed increased DNA damage, elevation of senescence markers, and decreased proliferation in comparison with cells from age-matched Eμ-Myc mice. Immunohistochemical and global gene expression analysis of overt Eμ-Myc Wrn(Δhel/Δhel) lymphomas showed a marked increase in expression of the CDK inhibitor, p16(Ink4a), as well as elevation of TAp63, a known mediator of senescence. Collectively, these studies show that in the context of Myc-associated tumorigenesis, loss of Wrn amplifies the DNA damage response, both in preneoplastic and neoplastic tissue, engaging activation of tumor suppressor pathways. This leads to inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged tumor-free survival. Targeting WRN or its enzymatic function could prove to be an effective strategy in the treatment of MYC-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Moser
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Howie HL, Koop JI, Weese J, Robinson K, Wipf G, Kim L, Galloway DA. Beta-HPV 5 and 8 E6 promote p300 degradation by blocking AKT/p300 association. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002211. [PMID: 21901101 PMCID: PMC3161984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The E6 oncoprotein from high-risk genus alpha human papillomaviruses (α-HPVs), such as HPV 16, has been well characterized with respect to the host-cell proteins it interacts with and corresponding signaling pathways that are disrupted due to these interactions. Less is known regarding the interacting partners of E6 from the genus beta papillomaviruses (β-HPVs); however, it is generally thought that β-HPV E6 proteins do not interact with many of the proteins known to bind to α-HPV E6. Here we identify p300 as a protein that interacts directly with E6 from both α- and β-HPV types. Importantly, this association appears much stronger with β-HPV types 5 and 8-E6 than with α-HPV type 16-E6 or β-HPV type 38-E6. We demonstrate that the enhanced association between 5/8-E6 and p300 leads to p300 degradation in a proteasomal-dependent but E6AP-independent manner. Rather, 5/8-E6 inhibit the association of AKT with p300, an event necessary to ensure p300 stability within the cell. Finally, we demonstrate that the decreased p300 protein levels concomitantly affect downstream signaling events, such as the expression of differentiation markers K1, K10 and Involucrin. Together, these results demonstrate a unique way in which β-HPV E6 proteins are able to affect host-cell signaling in a manner distinct from that of the α-HPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Howie
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer I. Koop
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joleen Weese
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin Robinson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Greg Wipf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leslie Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
The papillomaviruses are small DNA viruses that encode approximately eight genes, and require the host cell DNA replication machinery for their viral DNA replication. Thus papillomaviruses have evolved strategies to induce host cell DNA synthesis balanced with strategies to protect the cell from unscheduled replication. While the papillomavirus E1 and E2 genes are directly involved in viral replication by binding to and unwinding the origin of replication, the E6 and E7 proteins have auxillary functions that promote proliferation. As a consequence of disrupting the normal checkpoints that regulate cell cycle entry and progression, the E6 and E7 proteins play a key role in the oncogenic properties of human papillomaviruses with a high risk of causing anogenital cancers (HR HPVs). As a consequence, E6 and E7 of HR HPVs are invariably expressed in cervical cancers. This article will focus on the E6 protein and its numerous activities including inactivating p53, blocking apoptosis, activating telomerase, disrupting cell adhesion, polarity and epithelial differentiation, altering transcription and reducing immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Howie
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Abstract
In order to colonize humans and cause disease, pathogenic bacteria must assimilate iron from their host. The vast majority of non-haem iron in humans is localized intracellularly, within the storage molecule ferritin. Despite the vast reserves of iron within ferritin, no pathogen has been demonstrated previously to exploit this molecule as an iron source. Here, we show that the Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis can trigger rapid redistribution and degradation of cytosolic ferritin within infected epithelial cells. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that cytosolic ferritin is aggregated and recruited to intracellular meningococci (MC). The half-life of ferritin within cultured epithelial cells was found to decrease from 20.1 to 5.3 h upon infection with MC. Supplementation of infected epithelial cells with ascorbic acid abolished ferritin redistribution and degradation and prevented intracellular MC from replicating. The lysosomal protease inhibitor leupeptin slowed ferritin turnover and also retarded MC replication. Our laboratory has shown recently that MC can interfere with transferrin uptake by infected cells (Bonnah R.A., et al., 2000, Cell Microbiol 2: 207-218) and that, perhaps as a result, the infected cells have a transcriptional profile indicative of iron starvation (Bonnah, R.A., et al., 2004, Cell Microbiol 6: 473-484). In view of these findings, we suggest that accelerated ferritin degradation occurs as a response to an iron starvation state induced by MC infection and that ferritin degradation provides intracellular MC with a critical source of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Larson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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