1
|
Posnjak G, Yin X, Butler P, Bienek O, Dass M, Lee S, Sharp ID, Liedl T. Diamond-lattice photonic crystals assembled from DNA origami. Science 2024; 384:781-785. [PMID: 38753795 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal self-assembly allows rational design of structures on the micrometer and submicrometer scale. One architecture that can generate complete three-dimensional photonic bandgaps is the diamond cubic lattice, which has remained difficult to realize at length scales comparable with the wavelength of visible or ultraviolet light. In this work, we demonstrate three-dimensional photonic crystals self-assembled from DNA origami that act as precisely programmable patchy colloids. Our DNA-based nanoscale tetrapods crystallize into a rod-connected diamond cubic lattice with a periodicity of 170 nanometers. This structure serves as a scaffold for atomic-layer deposition of high-refractive index materials such as titanium dioxide, yielding a tunable photonic bandgap in the near-ultraviolet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Posnjak
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, München, 80539 Bayern, Germany
| | - Xin Yin
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, München, 80539 Bayern, Germany
| | - Paul Butler
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, 85748 Bayern, Germany
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, 85748 Bayern, Germany
| | - Oliver Bienek
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, 85748 Bayern, Germany
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, 85748 Bayern, Germany
| | - Mihir Dass
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, München, 80539 Bayern, Germany
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering (College of Engineering), KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomicrosystem Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU Photonics Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, 85748 Bayern, Germany
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, 85748 Bayern, Germany
| | - Tim Liedl
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, München, 80539 Bayern, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Streibel V, Schönecker JL, Wagner LI, Sirotti E, Munnik F, Kuhl M, Jiang CM, Eichhorn J, Santra S, Sharp ID. Zirconium Oxynitride Thin Films for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2024; 7:4004-4015. [PMID: 38756865 PMCID: PMC11094725 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal oxynitrides are a promising class of functional materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. Although these compounds are most commonly synthesized via ammonolysis of oxide precursors, such synthetic routes often lead to poorly controlled oxygen-to-nitrogen anion ratios, and the harsh nitridation conditions are incompatible with many substrates, including transparent conductive oxides. Here, we report direct reactive sputter deposition of a family of zirconium oxynitride thin films and the comprehensive characterization of their tunable structural, optical, and functional PEC properties. Systematic increases of the oxygen content in the reactive sputter gas mixture enable access to different crystalline structures within the zirconium oxynitride family. Increasing oxygen contents lead to a transition from metallic to semiconducting to insulating phases. In particular, crystalline Zr2ON2-like films have band gaps in the UV-visible range and are n-type semiconductors. These properties, together with a valence band maximum position located favorably relative to the water oxidation potential, make them viable photoanode candidates. Using chopped linear sweep voltammetry, we indeed confirm that our Zr2ON2 films are PEC-active for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolytes. We further show that high-vacuum annealing boosts their PEC performance characteristics. Although the observed photocurrents are low compared to state-of-the-art photoanodes, these dense and planar thin films can offer a valuable platform for studying oxynitride photoelectrodes, as well as for future nanostructuring, band gap engineering, and defect engineering efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Streibel
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Johanna L. Schönecker
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Laura I. Wagner
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Elise Sirotti
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Frans Munnik
- Institute
of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Matthias Kuhl
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Saswati Santra
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou Y, Eichhorn J, Zhang J, Apfelbeck FAC, Yin S, Wolz L, Chen CC, Sharp ID, Müller-Buschbaum P. Microstrain and Crystal Orientation Variation within Naked Triple-Cation Mixed Halide Perovskites under Heat, UV, and Visible Light Exposure. ACS Energy Lett 2024; 9:388-399. [PMID: 38356935 PMCID: PMC10863397 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The instability of perovskite absorbers under various environmental stressors is the most significant obstacle to widespread commercialization of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we study the evolution of crystal structure and microstrain present in naked triple-cation mixed CsMAFA-based perovskite films under heat, UV, and visible light (1 Sun) conditions by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). We find that the microstrain is gradient distributed along the surface normal of the films, decreasing from the upper surface to regions deeper within the film. Moreover, heat, UV, and visible light treatments do not interfere with the crystalline orientations within annealed polycrystalline films. However, when subjected to heat, the naked perovskite films exhibit a rapid component decomposition, induced by phase separation and ion migration. Conversely, under exposure to UV and 1 Sun light soaking, the naked perovskite films undergo a self-optimization structure evolution during degradation and develop into smoother films with reduced surface potential fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zou
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional
Materials, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technische Universität
München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jiyun Zhang
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian A. C. Apfelbeck
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional
Materials, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional
Materials, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Wolz
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technische Universität
München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chun-Chao Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technische Universität
München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional
Materials, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Technical
University of Munich, Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum
(MLZ), Lichtenbergstr.
1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rauh F, Dittloff J, Thun M, Stutzmann M, Sharp ID. Nanostructured Black Silicon as a Stable and Surface-Sensitive Platform for Time-Resolved In Situ Electrochemical Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:6653-6664. [PMID: 38267016 PMCID: PMC10859962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) is a powerful method for probing interfacial chemical processes. However, SEIRAS-active nanostructured metallic thin films for the in situ analysis of electrochemical phenomena are often unstable under biased aqueous conditions. In this work, we present a surface-enhancing structure based on etched black Si internal reflection elements with Au-coatings for in situ electrochemical ATR-SEIRAS. Using electrochemical potential-dependent adsorption and desorption of 4-methoxypyridine on Au, we demonstrate that black Si-based substrates offer advantages over commonly used structures, such as electroless-deposited Au on Si and electrodeposited Au on ITO-coated Si, due to the combination of high stability, sensitivity, and conductivity. These characteristics are especially valuable for time-resolved measurements where stable substrates are required over extended times. Furthermore, the low sheet resistance of Au layers on black Si reduces the RC time constant of the electrochemical cell, enabling a significantly higher time resolution compared to that of traditional substrates. Thus, we employ black Si-based substrates in conjunction with rapid- and step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate the adsorption and desorption kinetics of 4-methoxypyridine during in situ electrochemical potential steps. Adsorption is shown to be diffusion-limited, which allows for the determination of the mean molecular area in a fully established monolayer. Moreover, no significant changes in the peak ratios of vibrational modes with different orientations relative to the molecular axis are observed, suggesting a single adsorption mode and no alteration of the average molecular orientation during the adsorption process. Overall, this study highlights the enhanced performance of black Si-based substrates for both steady-state and time-resolved in situ electrochemical ATR-SEIRAS, providing a powerful platform for kinetic and mechanistic investigations of electrochemical interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rauh
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Dittloff
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Moritz Thun
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter
Schottky Institute, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physics
Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santra S, Streibel V, Wagner LI, Cheng N, Ding P, Zhou G, Sirotti E, Kisslinger R, Rieth T, Zhang S, Sharp ID. Tuning Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction Selectivity of Bi Single-Atom Electrocatalysts with Controlled Coordination Environments. ChemSusChem 2024:e202301452. [PMID: 38224562 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Control over product selectivity of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) is a crucial challenge for the sustainable production of carbon-based chemical feedstocks. In this regard, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are promising materials due to their tunable coordination environments, which could enable tailored catalytic activities and selectivities, as well as new insights into structure-activity relationships. However, direct evidence for selectivity control via systematic tuning of the SAC coordination environment is scarce. In this work, we have synthesized two differently coordinated Bi SACs anchored to the same host material (carbon black) and characterized their CO2 RR activities and selectivities. We find that oxophilic, oxygen-coordinated Bi atoms produce HCOOH, while nitrogen-coordinated Bi atoms generate CO. Importantly, use of the same support material assured that alternation of the coordination environment is the dominant factor for controlling the CO2 RR product selectivity. Overall, this work demonstrates the structure-activity relationship of Bi SACs, which can be utilized to establish control over CO2 RR product distributions, and highlights the promise for engineering atomic coordination environments of SACs to tune reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Santra
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Verena Streibel
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Laura I Wagner
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ningyan Cheng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pan Ding
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Guanda Zhou
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Elise Sirotti
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ryan Kisslinger
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tim Rieth
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Kepenekian M, Bodnar S, Feldmann S, Heindl MW, Fehn N, Zerhoch J, Shcherbakov A, Pöthig A, Li Y, Paetzold UW, Kartouzian A, Sharp ID, Katan C, Even J, Deschler F. Bright circularly polarized photoluminescence in chiral layered hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh5083. [PMID: 37656792 PMCID: PMC10854422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid perovskite semiconductor materials are predicted to lock chirality into place and encode asymmetry into their electronic states, while softness of their crystal lattice accommodates lattice strain to maintain high crystal quality with low defect densities, necessary for high luminescence yields. We report photoluminescence quantum efficiencies as high as 39% and degrees of circularly polarized photoluminescence of up to 52%, at room temperature, in the chiral layered hybrid lead-halide perovskites (R/S/Rac)-3BrMBA2PbI4 [3BrMBA = 1-(3-bromphenyl)-ethylamine]. Using transient chiroptical spectroscopy, we explain the excellent photoluminescence yields from suppression of nonradiative loss channels and high rates of radiative recombination. We further find that photoexcitations show polarization lifetimes that exceed the time scales of radiative decays, which rationalize the high degrees of polarized luminescence. Our findings pave the way toward high-performance solution-processed photonic systems for chiroptical applications and chiral-spintronic logic at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangpu Liu
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mikaël Kepenekian
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Stanislav Bodnar
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Rowland Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markus W. Heindl
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Natalie Fehn
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan Zerhoch
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andrii Shcherbakov
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Pöthig
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich W. Paetzold
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aras Kartouzian
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudine Katan
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacky Even
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Felix Deschler
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rauh F, Bienek O, Sharp ID, Stutzmann M. Conversion of a 3D printer for versatile automation of dip coating processes. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:083901. [PMID: 37534978 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The necessity of increased sample throughput has led to increased usage of robotic systems and automation of sample preparation processes. Many devices, especially for dip coating applications, are mechanically simple but, nevertheless, require large financial investments. Here, a low-cost alternative to commercial dip coaters based on a readily available 3D printer is presented and resulting films are compared to those obtained from an exemplary commercial device. The 3D printer-based device is able to automate the dip coating process by performing complex multi-layer procedures using up to six different dipping solutions for a batch of up to six samples, potentially saving the many person-hours otherwise spent changing solutions and/or samples of more simple but also more expensive commercial systems. Coatings can be defined in terms of the sample used, dipping height, acceleration, speed, and the solution to be dipped into. The film quality from the home-built is compared to a representative commercial system with exemplary dip coating processes based on the deposition of thin films of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) from an ethyl acetate solution. The thin film quality is investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry and profilometry. The film thicknesses achieved by both systems were comparable, and the home-built system performs similarly and, in some instances, better than the commercial one in terms of uniformity and roughness. Due to the similar performance, the higher level of automation, and significantly lower cost, the presented conversion of a 3D printer is a viable alternative to acquiring a commercial dip coating device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Rauh
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - O Bienek
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - I D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shcherbakov A, Synnatschke K, Bodnar S, Zerhoch J, Eyre L, Rauh F, Heindl MW, Liu S, Konecny J, Sharp ID, Sofer Z, Backes C, Deschler F. Solution-Processed NiPS 3 Thin Films from Liquid Exfoliated Inks with Long-Lived Spin-Entangled Excitons. ACS Nano 2023. [PMID: 37220255 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Antiferromagnets are promising materials for future opto-spintronic applications since they show spin dynamics in the THz range and no net magnetization. Recently, layered van der Waals (vdW) antiferromagnets have been reported, which combine low-dimensional excitonic properties with complex spin-structure. While various methods for the fabrication of vdW 2D crystals exist, formation of large area and continuous thin films is challenging because of either limited scalability, synthetic complexity, or low opto-spintronic quality of the final material. Here, we fabricate centimeter-scale thin films of the van der Waals 2D antiferromagnetic material NiPS3, which we prepare using a crystal ink made from liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). We perform statistical atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize and control the lateral size and number of layers through this ink-based fabrication. Using ultrafast optical spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures, we resolve the dynamics of photoexcited excitons. We find antiferromagnetic spin arrangement and spin-entangled Zhang-Rice multiplet excitons with lifetimes in the nanosecond range, as well as ultranarrow emission line widths, despite the disordered nature of our films. Thus, our findings demonstrate scalable thin-film fabrication of high-quality NiPS3, which is crucial for translating this 2D antiferromagnetic material into spintronic and nanoscale memory devices and further exploring its complex spin-light coupled states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Shcherbakov
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin Synnatschke
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stanislav Bodnar
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Zerhoch
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Lissa Eyre
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
- Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Rauh
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Markus W Heindl
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Shangpu Liu
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Konecny
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Backes
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Felix Deschler
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching by Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding P, An H, Zellner P, Guan T, Gao J, Müller-Buschbaum P, Weckhuysen BM, van der Stam W, Sharp ID. Elucidating the Roles of Nafion/Solvent Formulations in Copper-Catalyzed CO 2 Electrolysis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5336-5347. [PMID: 37123601 PMCID: PMC10127206 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Nafion ionomer, composed of hydrophobic perfluorocarbon backbones and hydrophilic sulfonic acid side chains, is the most widely used additive for preparing catalyst layers (CLs) for electrochemical CO2 reduction, but its impact on the performance of CO2 electrolysis remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically investigate the role of the catalyst ink formulation on CO2 electrolysis using commercial CuO nanoparticles as the model pre-catalyst. We find that the presence of Nafion is essential for achieving stable product distributions due to its ability to stabilize the catalyst morphology under reaction conditions. Moreover, the Nafion content and solvent composition (water/alcohol fraction) regulate the internal structure of Nafion coatings, as well as the catalyst morphology, thereby significantly impacting CO2 electrolysis performance, resulting in variations of C2+ product Faradaic efficiency (FE) by >3×, with C2+ FE ranging from 17 to 54% on carbon paper substrates. Using a combination of ellipsometry and in situ Raman spectroscopy during CO2 reduction, we find that such selectivity differences stem from changes to the local reaction microenvironment. In particular, the combination of high water/alcohol ratios and low Nafion fractions in the catalyst ink results in stable and favorable microenvironments, increasing the local CO2/H2O concentration ratio and promoting high CO surface coverage to facilitate C2+ production in long-term CO2 electrolysis. Therefore, this work provides insights into the critical role of Nafion binders and underlines the importance of optimizing Nafion/solvent formulations as a means of enhancing the performance of electrochemical CO2 reduction systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ding
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hongyu An
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Zellner
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tianfu Guan
- Chair for Functional Materials, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jianyong Gao
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Chair for Functional Materials, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang M, Loiudice A, Okatenko V, Sharp ID, Buonsanti R. The spatial distribution of cobalt phthalocyanine and copper nanocubes controls the selectivity towards C 2 products in tandem electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1097-1104. [PMID: 36756336 PMCID: PMC9891351 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06359j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coupling of CO-generating molecular catalysts with copper electrodes in tandem schemes is a promising strategy to boost the formation of multi-carbon products in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. While the spatial distribution of the two components is important, this aspect remains underexplored for molecular-based tandem systems. Herein, we address this knowledge gap by studying tandem catalysts comprising Co-phthalocyanine (CoPc) and Cu nanocubes (Cucub). In particular, we identify the importance of the relative spatial distribution of the two components on the performance of the tandem catalyst by preparing CoPc-Cucub/C, wherein the CoPc and Cucub share an interface, and CoPc-C/Cucub, wherein the CoPc is loaded first on carbon black (C) before mixing with the Cucub. The electrocatalytic measurements of these two catalysts show that the faradaic efficiency towards C2 products almost doubles for the CoPc-Cucub/C, whereas it decreases by half for the CoPc-C/Cucub, compared to the Cucub/C. Our results highlight the importance of a direct contact between the CO-generating molecular catalyst and the Cu to promote C-C coupling, which hints at a surface transport mechanism of the CO intermediate between the two components of the tandem catalyst instead of a transfer via CO diffusion in the electrolyte followed by re-adsorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität MünchenAm Coulombwall 485748 GarchingGermany
| | - Valery Okatenko
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität MünchenAm Coulombwall 485748 GarchingGermany
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu KS, Ma X, Rizzato R, Semrau AL, Henning A, Sharp ID, Fischer RA, Bucher DB. Using Metal-Organic Frameworks to Confine Liquid Samples for Nanoscale NV-NMR. Nano Lett 2022; 22:9876-9882. [PMID: 36480706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale magnetic field sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamonds are an exciting platform for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The detection of NMR signals from a few zeptoliters to single molecules or even single nuclear spins has been demonstrated using NV centers close to the diamond surface. However, fast molecular diffusion of sample molecules in and out of the nanoscale detection volumes impedes their detection and limits current experiments to solid-state or highly viscous samples. Here, we show that restricting diffusion by confinement enables nanoscale NMR spectroscopy of liquid samples. Our approach uses metal-organic frameworks (MOF) with angstrom-sized pores on a diamond chip to trap sample molecules near the NV centers. This enables the detection of NMR signals from a liquid sample, which would not be detectable without confinement. These results set the route for nanoscale liquid-phase NMR with high spectral resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roberto Rizzato
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Anna L Semrau
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grünleitner T, Henning A, Bissolo M, Zengerle M, Gregoratti L, Amati M, Zeller P, Eichhorn J, Stier AV, Holleitner AW, Finley JJ, Sharp ID. Real-Time Investigation of Sulfur Vacancy Generation and Passivation in Monolayer Molybdenum Disulfide via in situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectromicroscopy. ACS Nano 2022; 16:20364-20375. [PMID: 36516326 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical and electronic properties of point defects in two-dimensional materials, as well as their generation and passivation, is essential for the development of functional systems, spanning from next-generation optoelectronic devices to advanced catalysis. Here, we use synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with submicron spatial resolution to create sulfur vacancies (SVs) in monolayer MoS2 and monitor their chemical and electronic properties in situ during the defect creation process. X-ray irradiation leads to the emergence of a distinct Mo 3d spectral feature associated with undercoordinated Mo atoms. Real-time analysis of the evolution of this feature, along with the decrease of S content, reveals predominant monosulfur vacancy generation at low doses and preferential disulfur vacancy generation at high doses. Formation of these defects leads to a shift of the Fermi level toward the valence band (VB) edge, introduction of electronic states within the VB, and formation of lateral pn junctions. These findings are consistent with theoretical predictions that SVs serve as deep acceptors and are not responsible for the ubiquitous n-type conductivity of MoS2. In addition, we find that these defects are metastable upon short-term exposure to ambient air. By contrast, in situ oxygen exposure during XPS measurements enables passivation of SVs, resulting in partial elimination of undercoordinated Mo sites and reduction of SV-related states near the VB edge. Correlative Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements confirm our findings of localized SV generation and passivation, thereby demonstrating the connection between chemical, structural, and optoelectronic properties of SVs in MoS2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Grünleitner
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michele Bissolo
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marisa Zengerle
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Luca Gregoratti
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Amati
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrick Zeller
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas V Stier
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander W Holleitner
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu H, Weber T, Bienek O, Wester A, Hüttenhofer L, Sharp ID, Maier SA, Tittl A, Cortés E. Catalytic Metasurfaces Empowered by Bound States in the Continuum. ACS Nano 2022; 16:13057-13068. [PMID: 35953078 PMCID: PMC9413421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic platforms based on ultrathin reactive materials facilitate carrier transport and extraction but are typically restricted to a narrow set of materials and spectral operating ranges due to limited absorption and poor energy-tuning possibilities. Metasurfaces, a class of 2D artificial materials based on the electromagnetic design of nanophotonic resonators, allow optical absorption engineering for a wide range of materials. Moreover, tailored resonances in nanostructured materials enable strong absorption enhancement and thus carrier multiplication. Here, we develop an ultrathin catalytic metasurface platform that leverages the combination of loss-engineered substoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2-x) and the emerging physical concept of optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) to boost photocatalytic activity and provide broad spectral tunability. We demonstrate that our platform reaches the condition of critical light coupling in a TiO2-x BIC metasurface, thus providing a general framework for maximizing light-matter interactions in diverse photocatalytic materials. This approach can avoid the long-standing drawbacks of many naturally occurring semiconductor-based ultrathin films applied in photocatalysis, such as poor spectral tunability and limited absorption manipulation. Our results are broadly applicable to fields beyond photocatalysis, including photovoltaics and photodetectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Hu
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Weber
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Bienek
- Walter
Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alwin Wester
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Ludwig Hüttenhofer
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter
Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University
Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- The
Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstraße 10, 80539 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu S, Heindl MW, Fehn N, Caicedo-Dávila S, Eyre L, Kronawitter SM, Zerhoch J, Bodnar S, Shcherbakov A, Stadlbauer A, Kieslich G, Sharp ID, Egger DA, Kartouzian A, Deschler F. Optically Induced Long-Lived Chirality Memory in the Color-Tunable Chiral Lead-Free Semiconductor ( R)/( S)-CHEA 4Bi 2Br xI 10-x ( x = 0-10). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14079-14089. [PMID: 35895312 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic networks that incorporate chiral molecules have attracted great attention due to their potential in semiconductor lighting applications and optical communication. Here, we introduce a chiral organic molecule (R)/(S)-1-cyclohexylethylamine (CHEA) into bismuth-based lead-free structures with an edge-sharing octahedral motif, to synthesize chiral lead-free (R)/(S)-CHEA4Bi2BrxI10-x crystals and thin films. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements and density functional theory calculations, we identify crystal and electronic band structures. We investigate the materials' optical properties and find circular dichroism, which we tune by the bromide-iodide ratio over a wide wavelength range, from 300 to 500 nm. We further employ transient absorption spectroscopy and time-correlated single photon counting to investigate charge carrier dynamics, which show long-lived excitations with optically induced chirality memory up to tens of nanosecond timescales. Our demonstration of chirality memory in a color-tunable chiral lead-free semiconductor opens a new avenue for the discovery of high-performance, lead-free spintronic materials with chiroptical functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangpu Liu
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Markus W Heindl
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Natalie Fehn
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Sebastián Caicedo-Dávila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Lissa Eyre
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Silva Maria Kronawitter
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Jonathan Zerhoch
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Stanislav Bodnar
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Andrii Shcherbakov
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Anna Stadlbauer
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - David A Egger
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Aras Kartouzian
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Felix Deschler
- Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching 85748, Germany.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kunzelmann VF, Jiang CM, Ihrke I, Sirotti E, Rieth T, Henning A, Eichhorn J, Sharp ID. Solution-based synthesis of wafer-scale epitaxial BiVO 4 thin films exhibiting high structural and optoelectronic quality. J Mater Chem A Mater 2022; 10:12026-12034. [PMID: 35757488 PMCID: PMC9172877 DOI: 10.1039/d1ta10732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a facile approach to solution-based synthesis of wafer-scale epitaxial bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) thin films by spin-coating on yttria-stabilized zirconia. Epitaxial growth proceeds via solid-state transformation of initially formed polycrystalline films, driven by interface energy minimization. The (010)-oriented BiVO4 films are smooth and compact, possessing remarkably high structural quality across complete 2'' wafers. Optical absorption is characterized by a sharp onset with a low sub-band gap response, confirming that the structural order of the films results in correspondingly high optoelectronic quality. This combination of structural and optoelectronic quality enables measurements that reveal a strong optical anisotropy of BiVO4, which leads to significantly increased in-plane optical constants near the fundamental band edge that are of particular importance for maximizing light harvesting in semiconductor photoanodes. Temperature-dependent transport measurements confirm a thermally activated hopping barrier of ∼570 meV, consistent with small electron polaron conduction. This simple approach for synthesis of high-quality epitaxial BiVO4, without the need for complex deposition equipment, enables a broadly accessible materials base to accelerate research aimed at understanding and optimizing photoelectrochemical energy conversion mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria F Kunzelmann
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Irina Ihrke
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Elise Sirotti
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Tim Rieth
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zou Y, Yuan S, Buyruk A, Eichhorn J, Yin S, Reus MA, Xiao T, Pratap S, Liang S, Weindl CL, Chen W, Mu C, Sharp ID, Ameri T, Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. The Influence of CsBr on Crystal Orientation and Optoelectronic Properties of MAPbI 3-Based Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:2958-2967. [PMID: 34989234 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crystal orientations are closely related to the behavior of photogenerated charge carriers and are vital for controlling the optoelectronic properties of perovskite solar cells. Herein, we propose a facile approach to reveal the effect of lattice plane orientation distribution on the charge carrier kinetics via constructing CsBr-doped mixed cation perovskite phases. With grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements, we investigate the crystallographic properties of mixed perovskite films at the microscopic scale and reveal the effect of the extrinsic CsBr doping on the stacking behavior of the lattice planes. Combined with transient photocurrent, transient photovoltage, and space-charge-limited current measurements, the transport dynamics and recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers are characterized. It is demonstrated that CsBr compositional engineering can significantly affect the perovskite crystal structure in terms of the orientation distribution of crystal planes and passivation of trap-state densities, as well as simultaneously facilitate the photogenerated charge carrier transport across the absorber and its interfaces. This strategy provides unique insight into the underlying relationship between the stacking pattern of crystal planes, photogenerated charge carrier transport, and optoelectronic properties of solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zou
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Ali Buyruk
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Manuel A Reus
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tianxiao Xiao
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Shambhavi Pratap
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Suzhe Liang
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian L Weindl
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tayebeh Ameri
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Physical Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 München, Germany
| | | | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang M, Nikolaou V, Loiudice A, Sharp ID, Llobet A, Buonsanti R. Tandem electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction with Fe-porphyrins and Cu nanocubes enhances ethylene production. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12673-12680. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling the tunability of molecular catalysts and copper nanocatalysts opens up new possibilities towards the development of Cu-based catalysts with enhanced selectivity for multi-carbon product generation at low overpotential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Loiudice
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bartl JD, Thomas C, Henning A, Ober MF, Savasci G, Yazdanshenas B, Deimel PS, Magnano E, Bondino F, Zeller P, Gregoratti L, Amati M, Paulus C, Allegretti F, Cattani-Scholz A, Barth JV, Ochsenfeld C, Nickel B, Sharp ID, Stutzmann M, Rieger B. Modular Assembly of Vibrationally and Electronically Coupled Rhenium Bipyridine Carbonyl Complexes on Silicon. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19505-19516. [PMID: 34766502 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid inorganic/organic heterointerfaces are promising systems for next-generation photocatalytic, photovoltaic, and chemical-sensing applications. Their performance relies strongly on the development of robust and reliable surface passivation and functionalization protocols with (sub)molecular control. The structure, stability, and chemistry of the semiconductor surface determine the functionality of the hybrid assembly. Generally, these modification schemes have to be laboriously developed to satisfy the specific chemical demands of the semiconductor surface. The implementation of a chemically independent, yet highly selective, standardized surface functionalization scheme, compatible with nanoelectronic device fabrication, is of utmost technological relevance. Here, we introduce a modular surface assembly (MSA) approach that allows the covalent anchoring of molecular transition-metal complexes with sub-nanometer precision on any solid material by combining atomic layer deposition (ALD) and selectively self-assembled monolayers of phosphonic acids. ALD, as an essential tool in semiconductor device fabrication, is used to grow conformal aluminum oxide activation coatings, down to sub-nanometer thicknesses, on silicon surfaces to enable a selective step-by-step layer assembly of rhenium(I) bipyridine tricarbonyl molecular complexes. The modular surface assembly of molecular complexes generates precisely structured spatial ensembles with strong intermolecular vibrational and electronic coupling, as demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The structure of the MSA can be chosen to avoid electronic interactions with the semiconductor substrate to exclusively investigate the electronic interactions between the surface-immobilized molecular complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Bartl
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Chair for Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Chair for Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Martina F Ober
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence E-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bahar Yazdanshenas
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Peter S Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM CNR, Laboratorio TASC, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Federica Bondino
- IOM CNR, Laboratorio TASC, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrick Zeller
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Gregoratti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Amati
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Paulus
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Anna Cattani-Scholz
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence E-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bert Nickel
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Chair for Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feng C, Wang F, Liu Z, Nakabayashi M, Xiao Y, Zeng Q, Fu J, Wu Q, Cui C, Han Y, Shibata N, Domen K, Sharp ID, Li Y. A self-healing catalyst for electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution in highly alkaline conditions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5980. [PMID: 34645825 PMCID: PMC8514436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While self-healing is considered a promising strategy to achieve long-term stability for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, this strategy remains a challenge for OER catalysts working in highly alkaline conditions. The self-healing of the OER-active nickel iron layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH) has not been successful due to irreversible leaching of Fe catalytic centers. Here, we investigate the introduction of cobalt (Co) into the NiFe-LDH as a promoter for in situ Fe redeposition. An active borate-intercalated NiCoFe-LDH catalyst is synthesized using electrodeposition and shows no degradation after OER tests at 10 mA cm−2 at pH 14 for 1000 h, demonstrating its self-healing ability under harsh OER conditions. Importantly, the presence of both ferrous ions and borate ions in the electrolyte is found to be crucial to the catalyst’s self-healing. Furthermore, the implementation of this catalyst in photoelectrochemical devices is demonstrated with an integrated silicon photoanode. The self-healing mechanism leads to a self-limiting catalyst thickness, which is ideal for integration with photoelectrodes since redeposition is not accompanied by increased parasitic light absorption. While self-healing catalysts may survive the harsh environments used for oxygen evolution, understanding how to develop such electrocatalysts remains a challenge. Here, authors find cobalt to promote the self-healing of leached iron centers in borate-intercalated nickel-iron-cobalt oxyhydroxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Faze Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.,Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Zhi Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Mamiko Nakabayashi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yequan Xiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiugui Zeng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianbao Wu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhua Cui
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Office of University Professors, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Yanbo Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610054, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eichhorn J, Lechner SP, Jiang CM, Folchi Heunecke G, Munnik F, Sharp ID. Indirect bandgap, optoelectronic properties, and photoelectrochemical characteristics of high-purity Ta 3N 5 photoelectrodes. J Mater Chem A Mater 2021; 9:20653-20663. [PMID: 34671478 PMCID: PMC8454490 DOI: 10.1039/d1ta05282a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The (opto)electronic properties of Ta3N5 photoelectrodes are often dominated by defects, such as oxygen impurities, nitrogen vacancies, and low-valent Ta cations, impeding fundamental studies of its electronic structure, chemical stability, and photocarrier transport. Here, we explore the role of ammonia annealing following direct reactive magnetron sputtering of tantalum nitride thin films, achieving near-ideal stoichiometry, with significantly reduced native defect and oxygen impurity concentrations. By analyzing structural, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties as a function of ammonia annealing temperature, we provide new insights into the basic semiconductor properties of Ta3N5, as well as the role of defects on its optoelectronic characteristics. Both the crystallinity and material quality improve up to 940 °C, due to elimination of oxygen impurities. Even higher annealing temperatures cause material decomposition and introduce additional disorder within the Ta3N5 lattice, leading to reduced photoelectrochemical performance. Overall, the high material quality enables us to unambiguously identify the nature of the Ta3N5 bandgap as indirect, thereby resolving a long-standing controversy regarding the most fundamental characteristic of this material as a semiconductor. The compact morphology, low defect content, and high optoelectronic quality of these films provide a basis for further optimization of photoanodes and may open up further application opportunities beyond photoelectrochemical energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Simon P Lechner
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Giulia Folchi Heunecke
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Frans Munnik
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München Am Coulombwall 4 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang CM, Wagner LI, Horton MK, Eichhorn J, Rieth T, Kunzelmann VF, Kraut M, Li Y, Persson KA, Sharp ID. Metastable Ta 2N 3 with highly tunable electrical conductivity via oxygen incorporation. Mater Horiz 2021; 8:1744-1755. [PMID: 34846504 PMCID: PMC8186396 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The binary Ta-N chemical system includes several compounds with notable prospects in microelectronics, solar energy harvesting, and catalysis. Among these, metallic TaN and semiconducting Ta3N5 have garnered significant interest, in part due to their synthetic accessibility. However, tantalum sesquinitride (Ta2N3) possesses an intermediate composition and largely unknown physical properties owing to its metastable nature. Herein, Ta2N3 is directly deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering and its optoelectronic properties are characterized. Combining these results with density functional theory provides insights into the critical role of oxygen in both synthesis and electronic structure. While the inclusion of oxygen in the process gas is critical to Ta2N3 formation, the resulting oxygen incorporation in structural vacancies drastically modifies the free electron concentration in the as-grown material, thus leading to a semiconducting character with a 1.9 eV bandgap. Reducing the oxygen impurity concentration via post-synthetic ammonia annealing increases the conductivity by seven orders of magnitude and yields the metallic characteristics of a degenerate semiconductor, consistent with theoretical predictions. Thus, this inverse oxygen doping approach - by which the carrier concentration is reduced by the oxygen impurity - offers a unique opportunity to tailor the optoelectronic properties of Ta2N3 for applications ranging from photochemical energy conversion to advanced photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Jiang
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| | - Laura I. Wagner
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| | - Matthew K. Horton
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA
| | - Johanna Eichhorn
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| | - Tim Rieth
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| | - Viktoria F. Kunzelmann
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| | - Max Kraut
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| | - Yanbo Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610054P. R. China
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA 94720USA
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München85748 GarchingGermany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eichhorn J, Jiang CM, Cooper JK, Sharp ID, Toma FM. Nanoscale Heterogeneities and Composition-Reactivity Relationships in Copper Vanadate Photoanodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:23575-23583. [PMID: 33998233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical performance of thin film photoelectrodes can be impacted by deviations from the stoichiometric composition, both at the macroscale and at the nanoscale. This issue is especially pronounced for the class of ternary compounds that are currently investigated for simultaneously achieving the optoelectronic characteristics and chemical stability required for solar fuel generation. Here, we combine macroscopic photoelectrochemical testing with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to reveal relationships between photoelectrochemical activity, nanoscale morphology, and local chemical composition in copper vanadate (CVO) thin films as a model system. For films with varying Cu/(Cu + V) ratios around the ideal stoichiometry of stoiberite Cu5V2O10, AFM resolves submicrometer morphology variations, which correlate with variations of the Cu content resolved by STXM. Both stoichiometric and Cu-deficient films exhibit a clear photoresponse, which indicates electronic tolerance to reduced Cu content. While both films exhibit homogeneous O and V content, they are also characterized by local regions of Cu enrichment and depletion that extend beyond individual grains. By contrast, Cu-rich photoelectrodes exhibit a tendency toward CuO secondary phase formation and a significantly reduced photoelectrochemical activity, indicating a significantly poor electronic tolerance to Cu-enrichment. These findings highlight that the average film composition at the macroscale is insufficient for defining structure-function relationships in complex ternary compounds. Rather, correlating microscopic variations in chemical composition to macroscopic photoelectrochemical performance provides insights into photocatalytic activity and stability that are otherwise not apparent from pure macroscopic characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong X, Li H, Jiang Z, Grünleitner T, Güler İ, Dong J, Wang K, Köhler MH, Jakobi M, Menze BH, Yetisen AK, Sharp ID, Stier AV, Finley JJ, Koch AW. 3D Deep Learning Enables Accurate Layer Mapping of 2D Materials. ACS Nano 2021; 15:3139-3151. [PMID: 33464815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered, two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising for next-generation photonics devices. Typically, the thickness of mechanically cleaved flakes and chemical vapor deposited thin films is distributed randomly over a large area, where accurate identification of atomic layer numbers is time-consuming. Hyperspectral imaging microscopy yields spectral information that can be used to distinguish the spectral differences of varying thickness specimens. However, its spatial resolution is relatively low due to the spectral imaging nature. In this work, we present a 3D deep learning solution called DALM (deep-learning-enabled atomic layer mapping) to merge hyperspectral reflection images (high spectral resolution) and RGB images (high spatial resolution) for the identification and segmentation of MoS2 flakes with mono-, bi-, tri-, and multilayer thicknesses. DALM is trained on a small set of labeled images, automatically predicts layer distributions and segments individual layers with high accuracy, and shows robustness to illumination and contrast variations. Further, we show its advantageous performance over the state-of-the-art model that is solely based on RGB microscope images. This AI-supported technique with high speed, spatial resolution, and accuracy allows for reliable computer-aided identification of atomically thin materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Dong
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Zhutong Jiang
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Theresa Grünleitner
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - İnci Güler
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jie Dong
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Michael H Köhler
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Martin Jakobi
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Bjoern H Menze
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas V Stier
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Finley
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander W Koch
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tilmann B, Grinblat G, Berté R, Özcan M, Kunzelmann VF, Nickel B, Sharp ID, Cortés E, Maier SA, Li Y. Nanostructured amorphous gallium phosphide on silica for nonlinear and ultrafast nanophotonics. Nanoscale Horiz 2020; 5:1500-1508. [PMID: 32996533 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics based on high refractive index dielectrics relies on appreciable contrast between the indices of designed nanostructures and their immediate surrounding, which can be achieved by the growth of thin films on low-index substrates. Here we propose the use of high index amorphous gallium phosphide (a-GaP), fabricated by radio-frequency sputter deposition, on top of a low refractive index glass substrate and thoroughly examine its nanophotonic properties. Spectral ellipsometry of the amorphous material demonstrates the optical properties to be considerably close to crystalline gallium phosphide (c-GaP), with low-loss transparency for wavelengths longer than 650 nm. When nanostructured into nanopatches, the second harmonic (SH) response of an individual a-GaP patch is characterized to be more than two orders of magnitude larger than the as-deposited unstructured film, with an anapole-like resonant behavior. Numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results over a large spectral and geometrical range. Furthermore, by studying individual a-GaP nanopatches through non-degenerate pump-probe spectroscopy with sub-10 fs pulses, we find a more than 5% ultrafast modulation of the reflectivity that is accompanied by a slower decaying free carrier contribution, caused by absorption. Our investigations reveal a potential for a-GaP as an adequate inexpensive and CMOS-compatible material for nonlinear nanophotonic applications as well as for photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tilmann
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xiao Y, Feng C, Fu J, Wang F, Li C, Kunzelmann VF, Jiang CM, Nakabayashi M, Shibata N, Sharp ID, Domen K, Li Y. Band structure engineering and defect control of Ta3N5 for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Eichhorn J, Reyes-Lillo SE, Roychoudhury S, Sallis S, Weis J, Larson DM, Cooper JK, Sharp ID, Prendergast D, Toma FM. Revealing Nanoscale Chemical Heterogeneities in Polycrystalline Mo-BiVO 4 Thin Films. Small 2020; 16:e2001600. [PMID: 32755006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of polycrystalline thin film photoelectrodes is impacted by local variations of the material properties due to the exposure of different crystal facets and the presence of grain/domain boundaries. Here a multi-modal approach is applied to correlate nanoscale heterogeneities in chemical composition and electronic structure with nanoscale morphology in polycrystalline Mo-BiVO4 . By using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, the characteristic structure of polycrystalline film is used to disentangle the different X-ray absorption spectra corresponding to grain centers and grain boundaries. Comparing both spectra reveals phase segregation of V2 O5 at grain boundaries of Mo-BiVO4 thin films, which is further supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and many-body density functional theory calculations. Theoretical calculations also enable to predict the X-ray absorption spectral fingerprint of polarons in Mo-BiVO4 . After photo-electrochemical operation, the degraded Mo-BiVO4 films show similar grain center and grain boundary spectra indicating V2 O5 dissolution in the course of the reaction. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the degradation mechanism and the impact of material heterogeneities on the material performance and stability of polycrystalline photoelectrodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | | | - Subhayan Roychoudhury
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shawn Sallis
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David M Larson
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fu J, Wang F, Xiao Y, Yao Y, Feng C, Chang L, Jiang CM, Kunzelmann VF, Wang ZM, Govorov AO, Sharp ID, Li Y. Identifying Performance-Limiting Deep Traps in Ta3N5 for Solar Water Splitting. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Faze Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yequan Xiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yisen Yao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Le Chang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viktoria F. Kunzelmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Zhiming M. Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Alexander O. Govorov
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yanbo Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hüttenhofer L, Eckmann F, Lauri A, Cambiasso J, Pensa E, Li Y, Cortés E, Sharp ID, Maier SA. Anapole Excitations in Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich TiO 2-x Nanoresonators: Tuning the Absorption for Photocatalysis in the Visible Spectrum. ACS Nano 2020; 14:2456-2464. [PMID: 31995353 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on optically resonant dielectric nanostructures has accelerated the development of photonic applications, driven by their ability to strongly confine light on the nanoscale. However, as dielectric resonators are typically operated below their band gap to minimize optical losses, the usage of dielectric nanoantenna concepts for absorption enhancement has largely remained unexplored. In this work, we realize engineered nanoantennas composed of photocatalytic dielectrics and demonstrate increased light-harvesting capabilities in otherwise weakly absorptive spectral regions. In particular, we employ anapole excitations, which are known for their strong light confinement, in nanodisks of oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO2-x, a prominent photocatalyst that provides a powerful platform for exploring concepts in absorption enhancement in tunable nanostructures. The arising photocatalytic effect is monitored on the single particle level using the well-established photocatalytic silver reduction reaction on TiO2. With the freedom of changing the optical properties of TiO2 through tuning the abundance of VO states, we discuss the interplay between cavity damping and the anapole-assisted field confinement for absorption enhancement. This concept is general and can be extended to other catalytic materials with higher refractive indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Hüttenhofer
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Felix Eckmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Alberto Lauri
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Javier Cambiasso
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Evangelina Pensa
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Königinstraße 10 , 80539 München , Germany
- Department of Physics , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu X, Jiang J, Wang F, Xiao Y, Sharp ID, Li Y. High Photovoltage Inverted Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells with All-Inorganic Selective Contact Layers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:46894-46901. [PMID: 31773949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells based on all-inorganic selective contact layers show great promise for commercialization owing to their competitiveness in terms of cost and stability. However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the few reported perovskite solar cells with this type of device structure have been limited by relatively low photovoltages. Here, we propose a new device structure comprising electron beam-evaporated nickel and niobium oxides as the hole and electron selective contact layers, respectively. We demonstrate that a metal oxide material can be directly deposited on a perovskite film by electron beam evaporation without damaging the interface. We propose that the turn-on voltage of the p-n junction formed by the selective contacts represents a quantitative proxy of the charge blocking performance. A high turn-on voltage of 1.36 V is obtained for the NiOx/Nb2O5 p-n junction. An open-circuit voltage of 1.16 V is achieved using a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite with a band gap of 1.6 eV. The large photovoltage, enabled by the excellent charge extraction and blocking properties of the inorganic selective contact layers, leads to the highest PCE of over 19.0% for this class of device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Jiexuan Jiang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Faze Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Yequan Xiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Yanbo Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , China
- Research Center of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Engineering Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kraut M, Pantle F, Winnerl J, Hetzl M, Eckmann F, Sharp ID, Stutzmann M. Photo-induced selective etching of GaN nanowires in water. Nanoscale 2019; 11:7967-7975. [PMID: 30968077 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire (NW) based devices for solar driven artificial photosynthesis have gained increasing interest in recent years due to the intrinsically high surface to volume ratio and the excellent achievable crystal qualities. However, catalytically active surfaces often suffer from insufficient stability under operational conditions. To gain a fundamental understanding of the underlying processes, the photochemical etching behavior of hexagonal and round GaN NWs in deionized water under illumination are investigated. We find that the crystallographic c-plane remains stable, whereas the m-planes are photochemically etched with rates up to 11 nm min-1, depending on the applied UV light intensity. By investigating nanowalls, we achieve control of the exposed crystallographic facets and find an enhanced stability of the a-plane compared to the m-plane. Photo-excited holes, which drift to the side facets due to the upward surface band bending in nominally n-type (not intentionally doped) GaN, are identified as the driving force of the process, which allows the development of concepts for the stabilization of the nanostructures. A geometrically enhanced absorption of periodic NW arrays is correlated with a dependence of the etch rate on the NW pitch and diameter. Further, we find selective photochemical etching of the NW base in the presence of sub-band gap illumination, which is attributed to defect-related absorption in this region. These results provide improved understanding of the roles of inhomogeneous defect distribution, light excitation profiles, and different surface facets on the photochemical stability of nanostructures and provide viable strategies for improving stabilities under light-driven reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Kraut
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Segev G, Beeman JW, Greenblatt JB, Sharp ID. Hybrid photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic cells for simultaneous production of chemical fuels and electrical power. Nat Mater 2018; 17:1115-1121. [PMID: 30374204 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy to drive photoelectrochemical reactions is widely studied for sustainable fuel production and versatile energy storage over different timescales. However, the majority of solar photoelectrochemical cells cannot drive the overall photosynthesis reactions without the assistance of an external power source. A device for simultaneous and direct production of renewable fuels and electrical power from sunlight is now proposed. This hybrid photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic device allows tunable control over the branching ratio between two high-value products of solar energy conversion, requires relatively simple modification to existing photovoltaic technologies, and circumvents the photocurrent mismatches that lead to significant loss in tandem photoelectrochemical systems comprising chemically stable photoelectrodes. Our proof-of-concept device is based on a transition metal oxide photoanode monolithically integrated onto silicon that possesses both front- and backside photovoltaic junctions. This integrated assembly drives spontaneous overall water splitting with no external power source, while also producing electricity near the maximum power point of the backside photovoltaic junction. The concept that photogenerated charge carriers can be controllably directed to produce electricity and chemical fuel provides an opportunity to significantly increase the energy return on energy invested in solar fuels systems and can be adapted to a variety of architectures assembled from different materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Segev
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Beeman
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffery B Greenblatt
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Now at Emerging Futures, LLC, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eichhorn J, Kastl C, Schwartzberg AM, Sharp ID, Toma FM. Disentangling the Role of Surface Chemical Interactions on Interfacial Charge Transport at BiVO 4 Photoanodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:35129-35136. [PMID: 30230810 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations that occur on photoactive materials, such as photoelectrochemical water splitting, are strongly influenced by the surface properties as well as by the surrounding environment. Herein, we elucidate the effects of oxygen and water surface adsorption on band alignment, interfacial charge transfer, and charge-carrier transport by using complementary Kelvin probe measurements and photoconductive atomic force microscopy on bismuth vanadate. By observing variations in surface potential, we show that adsorbed oxygen acts as an electron-trap state at the surface of bismuth vanadate, whereas adsorbed water results in formation of a dipole layer without inducing interfacial charge transfer. The apparent change of trap state density under dry or humid nitrogen, as well as under oxygen-rich atmosphere, proves that surface adsorbates influence charge-carrier transport properties in the material. The finding that oxygen introduces electronically active states on the surface of bismuth vanadate may have important implications for understanding functional characteristics of water splitting photoanodes, devising strategies to passivate interfacial trap states, and elucidating important couplings between energetics and charge transport in reaction environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , Garching 85748 , Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Eichhorn J, Kastl C, Cooper JK, Ziegler D, Schwartzberg AM, Sharp ID, Toma FM. Nanoscale imaging of charge carrier transport in water splitting photoanodes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2597. [PMID: 30013111 PMCID: PMC6048052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of energy materials hinges on the presence of structural defects and heterogeneity over different length scales. Here we map the correlation between morphological and functional heterogeneity in bismuth vanadate, a promising metal oxide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting, by photoconductive atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that contrast in mapping electrical conductance depends on charge transport limitations, and on the contact at the sample/probe interface. Using temperature and illumination intensity-dependent current–voltage spectroscopy, we find that the transport mechanism in bismuth vanadate can be attributed to space charge-limited current in the presence of trap states. We observe no additional recombination sites at grain boundaries, which indicates high defect tolerance in bismuth vanadate. These findings support the fabrication of highly efficient bismuth vanadate nanostructures and provide insights into how local functionality affects the macroscopic performance. The performance of energy materials is affected by structural defects, as well as physicochemical heterogeneity over different length scales. Here the authors map nanoscale correlations between morphological and functional heterogeneity, quantifying the trap states limiting electronic transport in bismuth vanadate thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christoph Kastl
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dominik Ziegler
- Scuba Probe Technologies LLC, 255 Lina Ave, Alameda, CA, 94501, USA
| | - Adam M Schwartzberg
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sutter-Fella CM, Ngo QP, Cefarin N, Gardner KL, Tamura N, Stan CV, Drisdell WS, Javey A, Toma FM, Sharp ID. Cation-Dependent Light-Induced Halide Demixing in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites. Nano Lett 2018; 18:3473-3480. [PMID: 29709191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixed cation metal halide perovskites with increased power conversion efficiency, negligible hysteresis, and improved long-term stability under illumination, moisture, and thermal stressing have emerged as promising compounds for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Here, we shed light on photoinduced halide demixing using in situ photoluminescence spectroscopy and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) to directly compare the evolution of composition and phase changes in CH(NH2)2CsPb-halide (FACsPb-) and CH3NH3Pb-halide (MAPb-) perovskites upon illumination, thereby providing insights into why FACs-perovskites are less prone to halide demixing than MA-perovskites. We find that halide demixing occurs in both materials. However, the I-rich domains formed during demixing accumulate strain in FACsPb-perovskites but readily relax in MA-perovskites. The accumulated strain energy is expected to act as a stabilizing force against halide demixing and may explain the higher Br composition threshold for demixing to occur in FACsPb-halides. In addition, we find that while halide demixing leads to a quenching of the high-energy photoluminescence emission from MA-perovskites, the emission is enhanced from FACs-perovskites. This behavior points to a reduction of nonradiative recombination centers in FACs-perovskites arising from the demixing process and buildup of strain. FACsPb-halide perovskites exhibit excellent intrinsic material properties with photoluminescence quantum yields that are comparable to MA-perovskites. Because improved stability is achieved without sacrificing electronic properties, these compositions are better candidates for photovoltaic applications, especially as wide bandgap absorbers in tandem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Sutter-Fella
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Quynh P Ngo
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nicola Cefarin
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Nanotechnology , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Kira L Gardner
- Cyclotron Road , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Camelia V Stan
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , 85748 Garching , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jiang CM, Segev G, Hess LH, Liu G, Zaborski G, Toma FM, Cooper JK, Sharp ID. Composition-Dependent Functionality of Copper Vanadate Photoanodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:10627-10633. [PMID: 29489326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand functional roles of constituent elements in ternary metal oxide photoanodes, essential photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties are systematically analyzed on a series of copper vanadate compounds with different Cu:V elemental ratios. Homogeneous and highly continuous thin films of β-Cu2V2O7, γ-Cu3V2O8, Cu11V6O26, and Cu5V2O10 are grown via reactive co-sputtering and their performance characteristics for the light-driven oxygen evolution reaction are evaluated. All four compounds have similar bandgaps in the range of 1.83-2.03 eV, though Cu-rich phases exhibit stronger optical absorption and higher charge separation efficiencies. Transient photocurrent analysis reveals a reduction of surface catalytic activity with increasing Cu:V elemental ratio due to competitive charge recombination at Cu-related surface states. This comprehensive analysis of PEC functionalities-including photon absorption, carrier separation, and heterogeneous charge transfer-informs strategies for improving PEC activity in the copper vanadate materials system and provides insights that may aid discovery, design, and engineering of new photoelectrode materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department , Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen YC, Lu AY, Lu P, Yang X, Jiang CM, Mariano M, Kaehr B, Lin O, Taylor A, Sharp ID, Li LJ, Chou SS, Tung V. Structurally Deformed MoS 2 for Electrochemically Stable, Thermally Resistant, and Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1703863. [PMID: 29024072 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The emerging molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) offers intriguing possibilities for realizing a transformative new catalyst for driving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the trade-off between catalytic activity and long-term stability represents a formidable challenge and has not been extensively addressed. This study reports that metastable and temperature-sensitive chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2 ) can be made into electrochemically stable (5000 cycles), and thermally robust (300 °C) while maintaining synthetic scalability and excellent catalytic activity through physical-transformation into 3D structurally deformed nanostructures. The dimensional transition enabled by a high throughput electrohydrodynamic process provides highly accessible, and electrochemically active surface area and facilitates efficient transport across various interfaces. Meanwhile, the hierarchically strained morphology is found to improve electronic coupling between active sites and current collecting substrates without the need for selective engineering the electronically heterogeneous interfaces. Specifically, the synergistic combination of high strain load stemmed from capillarity-induced-self-crumpling and sulfur (S) vacancies intrinsic to chemical exfoliation enables simultaneous modulation of active site density and intrinsic HER activity regardless of continuous operation or elevated temperature. These results provide new insights into how catalytic activity, electrochemical-, and thermal stability can be concurrently enhanced through the physical transformation that is reminiscent of nature, in which properties of biological materials emerge from evolved dimensional transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chang Chen
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ang-Yu Lu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Xiulin Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chang-Ming Jiang
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley, National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marina Mariano
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Bryan Kaehr
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Oliver Lin
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - André Taylor
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley, National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stanley S Chou
- Department of Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials, Sandia National Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Vincent Tung
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sutter-Fella CM, Li Y, Cefarin N, Buckley A, Ngo QP, Javey A, Sharp ID, Toma FM. Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28930986 DOI: 10.3791/55404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organo-lead halide perovskites have recently attracted great interest for potential applications in thin-film photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Herein, we present a protocol for the fabrication of this material via the low-pressure vapor assisted solution process (LP-VASP) method, which yields ~19% power conversion efficiency in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. First, we report the synthesis of methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I) and methylammonium bromide (CH3NH3Br) from methylamine and the corresponding halide acid (HI or HBr). Then, we describe the fabrication of pinhole-free, continuous methylammonium-lead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbX3 with X = I, Br, Cl and their mixture) films with the LP-VASP. This process is based on two steps: i) spin-coating of a homogenous layer of lead halide precursor onto a substrate, and ii) conversion of this layer to CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx by exposing the substrate to vapors of a mixture of CH3NH3I and CH3NH3Br at reduced pressure and 120 °C. Through slow diffusion of the methylammonium halide vapor into the lead halide precursor, we achieve slow and controlled growth of a continuous, pinhole-free perovskite film. The LP-VASP allows synthetic access to the full halide composition space in CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx with 0 ≤ x ≤ 3. Depending on the composition of the vapor phase, the bandgap can be tuned between 1.6 eV ≤ Eg ≤ 2.3 eV. In addition, by varying the composition of the halide precursor and of the vapor phase, we can also obtain CH3NH3PbI3-xClx. Films obtained from the LP-VASP are reproducible, phase pure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements, and show high photoluminescence quantum yield. The process does not require the use of a glovebox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Sutter-Fella
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
| | - Yanbo Li
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Nicola Cefarin
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Nanotechnology, University of Trieste; TASC Laboratory, IOM-CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali
| | - Aya Buckley
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Quynh Phuong Ngo
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley; Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory;
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Favaro M, Yang J, Nappini S, Magnano E, Toma FM, Crumlin EJ, Yano J, Sharp ID. Understanding the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Mechanism on CoOx using Operando Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8960-8970. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Favaro
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
| | - Silvia Nappini
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Area
Science Park Basovizza, s.s. 14 km 163, 5 Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Area
Science Park Basovizza, s.s. 14 km 163, 5 Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca M. Toma
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
| | - Ethan J. Crumlin
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
| | - Junko Yano
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Joint
Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Edri E, Cooper JK, Sharp ID, Guldi DM, Frei H. Ultrafast Charge Transfer between Light Absorber and Co3O4 Water Oxidation Catalyst across Molecular Wires Embedded in Silica Membrane. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5458-5466. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Edri
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division and ‡Joint Center
for Artificial Photosynthesis, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jason K. Cooper
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division and ‡Joint Center
for Artificial Photosynthesis, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division and ‡Joint Center
for Artificial Photosynthesis, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division and ‡Joint Center
for Artificial Photosynthesis, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Heinz Frei
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division and ‡Joint Center
for Artificial Photosynthesis, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang J, Cooper JK, Toma FM, Walczak KA, Favaro M, Beeman JW, Hess LH, Wang C, Zhu C, Gul S, Yano J, Kisielowski C, Schwartzberg A, Sharp ID. A multifunctional biphasic water splitting catalyst tailored for integration with high-performance semiconductor photoanodes. Nat Mater 2017; 16:335-341. [PMID: 27820814 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial photosystems are advanced by the development of conformal catalytic materials that promote desired chemical transformations, while also maintaining stability and minimizing parasitic light absorption for integration on surfaces of semiconductor light absorbers. Here, we demonstrate that multifunctional, nanoscale catalysts that enable high-performance photoelectrochemical energy conversion can be engineered by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. The collective properties of tailored Co3O4/Co(OH)2 thin films simultaneously provide high activity for water splitting, permit efficient interfacial charge transport from semiconductor substrates, and enhance durability of chemically sensitive interfaces. These films comprise compact and continuous nanocrystalline Co3O4 spinel that is impervious to phase transformation and impermeable to ions, thereby providing effective protection of the underlying substrate. Moreover, a secondary phase of structurally disordered and chemically labile Co(OH)2 is introduced to ensure a high concentration of catalytically active sites. Application of this coating to photovoltaic p+n-Si junctions yields best reported performance characteristics for crystalline Si photoanodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Yang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Karl A Walczak
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marco Favaro
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Beeman
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lucas H Hess
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Kisielowski
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adam Schwartzberg
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kisielowski C, Frei H, Specht P, Sharp ID, Haber JA, Helveg S. Detecting structural variances of Co 3O 4 catalysts by controlling beam-induced sample alterations in the vacuum of a transmission electron microscope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:13. [PMID: 27867836 PMCID: PMC5093192 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-016-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes core aspects of beam-sample interactions in research that aims at exploiting the ability to detect single atoms at atomic resolution by mid-voltage transmission electron microscopy. Investigating the atomic structure of catalytic Co3O4 nanocrystals underscores how indispensable it is to rigorously control electron dose rates and total doses to understand native material properties on this scale. We apply in-line holography with variable dose rates to achieve this goal. Genuine object structures can be maintained if dose rates below ~100 e/Å2s are used and the contrast required for detection of single atoms is generated by capturing large image series. Threshold doses for the detection of single atoms are estimated. An increase of electron dose rates and total doses to common values for high resolution imaging of solids stimulates object excitations that restructure surfaces, interfaces, and defects and cause grain reorientation or growth. We observe a variety of previously unknown atom configurations in surface proximity of the Co3O4 spinel structure. These are hidden behind broadened diffraction patterns in reciprocal space but become visible in real space by solving the phase problem. An exposure of the Co3O4 spinel structure to water vapor or other gases induces drastic structure alterations that can be captured in this manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Kisielowski
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - H Frei
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - P Specht
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - I D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - S Helveg
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shinde A, Guevarra D, Liu G, Sharp ID, Toma FM, Gregoire JM, Haber JA. Discovery of Fe-Ce Oxide/BiVO4 Photoanodes through Combinatorial Exploration of Ni-Fe-Co-Ce Oxide Coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:23696-23705. [PMID: 27549019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient photoanode is a prerequisite for a viable solar fuels technology. The challenges to realizing an efficient photoanode include the integration of a semiconductor light absorber and a metal oxide electrocatalyst to optimize corrosion protection, light trapping, hole transport, and photocarrier recombination sites. To efficiently explore metal oxide coatings, we employ a high-throughput methodology wherein a uniform BiVO4 film is coated with 858 unique metal oxide coatings covering a range of metal oxide loadings and the full (Ni-Fe-Co-Ce)Ox pseudoquaternary composition space. Photoelectrochemical characterization of the photoanodes reveals that specific combinations of metal oxide composition and loading provide up to a 13-fold increase in the maximum photoelectrochemical power generation for oxygen evolution in pH 13 electrolyte. Through mining of the high-throughput data we identify composition regions that form improved interfaces with BiVO4. Of particular note, integrated photoanodes with catalyst compositions in the range Fe(0.4-0.6)Ce(0.6-0.4)Ox exhibit high interface quality and excellent photoelectrochemical power conversion. Scaled-up inkjet-printed electrodes and photoanodic electrodeposition of this composition on BiVO4 confirms the discovery and the synthesis-independent interface improvement of (Fe-Ce)Ox coatings on BiVO4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniketa Shinde
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology ; Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dan Guevarra
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology ; Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Guiji Liu
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis & Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis & Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Francesca M Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis & Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology ; Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joel A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology ; Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Toma FM, Cooper JK, Kunzelmann V, McDowell MT, Yu J, Larson DM, Borys NJ, Abelyan C, Beeman JW, Yu KM, Yang J, Chen L, Shaner MR, Spurgeon J, Houle FA, Persson KA, Sharp ID. Mechanistic insights into chemical and photochemical transformations of bismuth vanadate photoanodes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12012. [PMID: 27377305 PMCID: PMC4935965 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis relies on the availability of semiconductors that are chemically stable and can efficiently capture solar energy. Although metal oxide semiconductors have been investigated for their promise to resist oxidative attack, materials in this class can suffer from chemical and photochemical instability. Here we present a methodology for evaluating corrosion mechanisms and apply it to bismuth vanadate, a state-of-the-art photoanode. Analysis of changing morphology and composition under solar water splitting conditions reveals chemical instabilities that are not predicted from thermodynamic considerations of stable solid oxide phases, as represented by the Pourbaix diagram for the system. Computational modelling indicates that photoexcited charge carriers accumulated at the surface destabilize the lattice, and that self-passivation by formation of a chemically stable surface phase is kinetically hindered. Although chemical stability of metal oxides cannot be assumed, insight into corrosion mechanisms aids development of protection strategies and discovery of semiconductors with improved stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M. Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jason K. Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Viktoria Kunzelmann
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Matthew T. McDowell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jie Yu
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David M. Larson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Borys
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christine Abelyan
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Beeman
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kin Man Yu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Le Chen
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew R. Shaner
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Joshua Spurgeon
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang Q, Hisatomi T, Jia Q, Tokudome H, Zhong M, Wang C, Pan Z, Takata T, Nakabayashi M, Shibata N, Li Y, Sharp ID, Kudo A, Yamada T, Domen K. Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1. Nat Mater 2016; 15:611-5. [PMID: 26950596 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting using particulate semiconductors is a potentially scalable and economically feasible technology for converting solar energy into hydrogen. Z-scheme systems based on two-step photoexcitation of a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst (HEP) and an oxygen evolution photocatalyst (OEP) are suited to harvesting of sunlight because semiconductors with either water reduction or oxidation activity can be applied to the water splitting reaction. However, it is challenging to achieve efficient transfer of electrons between HEP and OEP particles. Here, we present photocatalyst sheets based on La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La, Rh; ref. ) and Mo-doped BiVO4 (BiVO4:Mo) powders embedded into a gold (Au) layer. Enhancement of the electron relay by annealing and suppression of undesirable reactions through surface modification allow pure water (pH 6.8) splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 1.1% and an apparent quantum yield of over 30% at 419 nm. The photocatalyst sheet design enables efficient and scalable water splitting using particulate semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisatomi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
| | - Qingxin Jia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tokudome
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
- Research Institute, TOTO Ltd., 2-8-1 Honson, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-8577, Japan
| | - Miao Zhong
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
| | - Chizhong Wang
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Zhenhua Pan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takata
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mamiko Nakabayashi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanbo Li
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Taro Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Japan Technological Research Association of Artificial Photosynthetic Chemical Process (ARPChem), 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sachsenhauser M, Walczak K, Hampel PA, Stutzmann M, Sharp ID, Garrido JA. Suppression of Photoanodic Surface Oxidation of n-Type 6H-SiC Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes. Langmuir 2016; 32:1637-1644. [PMID: 26795116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectrochemical characterization of silicon carbide (SiC) electrodes is important for enabling a wide range of potential applications for this semiconductor. However, photocorrosion of the SiC surface remains a key challenge, because this process considerably hinders the deployment of this material into functional devices. In this report, we use cyclic voltammetry to investigate the stability of n-type 6H-SiC photoelectrodes in buffered aqueous electrolytes. For measurements in pure Tris buffer, photogenerated holes accumulate at the interface under anodic polarization, resulting in the formation of a porous surface oxide layer. Two possibilities are presented to significantly enhance the stability of the SiC photoelectrodes. In the first approach, redox molecules are added to the buffer solution to kinetically facilitate hole transfer to these molecules, and in the second approach, water oxidation in the electrolyte is induced by depositing a cobalt phosphate catalyst onto the semiconductor surface. Both methods are found to effectively suppress photocorrosion of the SiC electrodes, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The presented study provides straightforward routes to stabilize n-type SiC photoelectrodes in aqueous electrolytes, which is essential for a possible utilization of this material in the fields of photocatalysis and multimodal biosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sachsenhauser
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Karl Walczak
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul A Hampel
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , 08070 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sutter-Fella CM, Li Y, Amani M, Ager JW, Toma FM, Yablonovitch E, Sharp ID, Javey A. High Photoluminescence Quantum Yield in Band Gap Tunable Bromide Containing Mixed Halide Perovskites. Nano Lett 2016; 16:800-6. [PMID: 26691065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite based semiconductor materials are attractive for use in a wide range of optoelectronic devices because they combine the advantages of suitable optoelectronic attributes and simultaneously low-cost solution processability. Here, we present a two-step low-pressure vapor-assisted solution process to grow high quality homogeneous CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx perovskite films over the full band gap range of 1.6-2.3 eV. Photoluminescence light-in versus light-out characterization techniques are used to provide new insights into the optoelectronic properties of Br-containing hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites as a function of optical carrier injection by employing pump-powers over a 6 orders of magnitude dynamic range. The internal luminescence quantum yield of wide band gap perovskites reaches impressive values up to 30%. This high quantum yield translates into substantial quasi-Fermi level splitting and high "luminescence or optically implied" open-circuit voltage. Most importantly, both attributes, high internal quantum yield and high optically implied open-circuit voltage, are demonstrated over the entire band gap range (1.6 eV ≤ Eg ≤ 2.3 eV). These results establish the versatility of Br-containing perovskite semiconductors for a variety of applications and especially for the use as high-quality top cell in tandem photovoltaic devices in combination with industry dominant Si bottom cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Sutter-Fella
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Matin Amani
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joel W Ager
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Eli Yablonovitch
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Loiudice A, Cooper JK, Hess LH, Mattox TM, Sharp ID, Buonsanti R. Assembly and Photocarrier Dynamics of Heterostructured Nanocomposite Photoanodes from Multicomponent Colloidal Nanocrystals. Nano Lett 2015; 15:7347-7354. [PMID: 26457457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent oxides and their heterostructures are rapidly emerging as promising light absorbers to drive oxidative chemistry. To fully exploit their functionality, precise tuning of their composition and structure is crucial. Here, we report a novel solution-based route to nanostructured bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) that facilitates the assembly of BiVO4/metal oxide (TiO2, WO3, and Al2O3) nanocomposites in which the morphology of the metal oxide building blocks is finely tailored. The combination of transient absorption spectroscopy-spanning from picoseconds to second time scales-and photoelectrochemical measurements reveals that the achieved structural tunability is key to understanding and directing charge separation, transport, and efficiency in these complex oxide heterostructured films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loiudice
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Science Division, §The Molecular Foundry, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Science Division, §The Molecular Foundry, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lucas H Hess
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Science Division, §The Molecular Foundry, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tracy M Mattox
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Science Division, §The Molecular Foundry, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Science Division, §The Molecular Foundry, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - R Buonsanti
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Science Division, §The Molecular Foundry, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Loiudice A, Ma J, Drisdell WS, Mattox TM, Cooper JK, Thao T, Giannini C, Yano J, Wang LW, Sharp ID, Buonsanti R. Bandgap Tunability in Sb-Alloyed BiVO₄ Quaternary Oxides as Visible Light Absorbers for Solar Fuel Applications. Adv Mater 2015; 27:6733-6740. [PMID: 26414483 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of fine compositional tuning and microstructure control in complex oxides is overcome by developing a general two-step synthetic approach. Antimony-alloyed bismuth vanadate, which is identified as a novel light absorber for solar fuel applications, is prepared in a wide compositional range. The bandgap of this quaternary oxide linearly decreases with the Sb content, in agreement with first-principles calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loiudice
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Walter S Drisdell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tracy M Mattox
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason K Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Timothy Thao
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, v. Amendola 122/O, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Junko Yano
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Raffaella Buonsanti
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen L, Yang J, Klaus S, Lee LJ, Woods-Robinson R, Ma J, Lum Y, Cooper JK, Toma FM, Wang LW, Sharp ID, Bell AT, Ager JW. p-Type Transparent Conducting Oxide/n-Type Semiconductor Heterojunctions for Efficient and Stable Solar Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9595-603. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Chen
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shannon Klaus
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lyman J. Lee
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel Woods-Robinson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jie Ma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yanwei Lum
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jason K. Cooper
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Francesca M. Toma
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D. Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexis T. Bell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joel W. Ager
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, ‡Materials Sciences Division, ¶Chemical Sciences Division, and §Physical Biosciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ⊥Department of
Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen L, Toma FM, Cooper JK, Lyon A, Lin Y, Sharp ID, Ager JW. Mo-doped BiVO4 photoanodes synthesized by reactive sputtering. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:1066-1071. [PMID: 25705871 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a scalable and reproducible method for reactive co-sputtering of Mo-doped BiVO4 thin films with broad compositional control. Optimal photoanode performance is achieved at a Mo concentration of 3 at. %. Incorporation of Mo promotes growth of large grains and reduces majority carrier transport limitations, resulting in maximum AM1.5G photocurrent densities of 3.5 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V vs. RHE in pH 6.8 buffer solution containing 0.1 M Na2 SO3 as a hole scavenger. Operation as a front-illuminated water oxidation photoanode is achieved by balancing the operational stability, catalytic activity, and parasitic optical absorption of a FeOOH oxygen evolution catalyst. FeOOH/Mo:BiVO4 thin film photoanodes enable water oxidation under the front-side illumination conditions used in integrated tandem water splitting devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Chen
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|