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Abstract
Over the course of human history, numerous diseases have been caused by the transmission of viruses from an animal reservoir into the human population. The viruses of the genus Morbillivirus are human and animal pathogens that emerged from a primordial ancestor a millennia ago and have been transmitting to new hosts, adapting, and evolving ever since. Through interaction with susceptible individuals, as yet undiscovered morbilliviruses or existing morbilliviruses in animal hosts could cause future zoonotic diseases in humans.
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Sanchez JMS, DePaula-Silva AB, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Role of diet in regulating the gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2022; 235:108379. [PMID: 32156562 PMCID: PMC7483914 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Corresponding author at: University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. (R.S. Fujinami)
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Sanchez JMS, DePaula-Silva AB, Doty DJ, Hanak TJ, Truong A, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. The CSF1R-Microglia Axis Has Protective Host-Specific Roles During Neurotropic Picornavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621090. [PMID: 34566948 PMCID: PMC8458822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, but the manifestation of disease varies greatly between individuals even in response to the same virus. Microglia are professional antigen presenting cells that reside in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma that are poised to respond to viral insults. However, the role of microglia in initiating and coordinating the antiviral response is not completely understood. Utilizing Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a neurotropic picornavirus, and PLX5622, a small molecule inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling that can deplete microglia in the CNS; we investigated the role of the CSF1R-microglia axis in neurotropic picornavirus infection of C57BL/6J and SJL/J mice. These mouse strains differ in their ability to clear TMEV and exhibit different neurological disease in response to TMEV infection. CSF1R antagonism in C57BL/6J mice, which normally clear TMEV in the CNS, led to acute fatal encephalitis. In contrast, CSF1R antagonism in SJL/J mice, which normally develop a chronic CNS TMEV infection, did not result in acute encephalitis, but exacerbated TMEV-induced demyelination. Immunologically, inhibition of CSF1R in C57BL/6J mice reduced major histocompatibility complex II expression in microglia, decreased the proportion of regulatory T cells in the CNS, and upregulated proinflammatory pathways in CNS T cells. Acute CSF1R inhibition in SJL/J mice had no effect on microglial MHC-II expression and upregulated anti-inflammatory pathways in CNS T cells, however chronic CSF1R inhibition resulted in broad immunosuppression. Our results demonstrate strain-specific effects of the CSF1R-microglia axis in the context of neurotropic viral infection as well as inherent differences in microglial antigen presentation and subsequent T cell crosstalk that contribute to susceptibility to neurotropic picornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael S. Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Daniel J. Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tyler J. Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amanda Truong
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetics and environmental factors, such as infections, play a role. Viral infections of mice have been used as model systems to study this demyelinating disease of humans. Three viruses that have long been studied in this capacity are Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and Semliki Forest virus. This review describes the viruses themselves, the infection process, the disease caused by infection and its accompanying pathology, and the model systems and their usefulness in studying MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Libbey JE, Sanchez JMS, Fleming BA, Doty DJ, DePaula-Silva AB, Mulvey MA, Fujinami RS. Modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through colonisation of the gut with Escherichia coli. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:669-684. [PMID: 33045841 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects young adults. It is characterised by the development of demyelinating lesions and inflammation within the CNS. Although the causes of MS are still elusive, recent work using patient samples and experimental animal models has demonstrated a strong relationship between the gut microbiota and its contribution to CNS inflammation and MS. While there is no cure for MS, alteration of the gut microbiota composition through the use of probiotics is a very promising treatment. However, while most recent works have focused on the use of probiotics to modify pre-existing disease, little is known about its role in protecting from the establishment of MS. In this study, we determined whether colonisation with the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) could be used as a prophylactic strategy to prevent or alter the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of MS. We found that double gavage (two doses) of EcN before induction of EAE delayed disease onset and decreased disease severity. We also found that EcN-treated mice had decreased amounts of perivascular cuffing, CD4+ T cell infiltration into the CNS, together with significantly decreased absolute numbers of Th1 cells, and reduced activation of microglia. Although further studies are necessary to comprehend the exact protective mechanisms induced, our study supports a promising use of EcN as a probiotic for the prevention of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J M S Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - B A Fleming
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 2 Room 202, 903 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - D J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - A B DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - M A Mulvey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Sanchez JMS, Doty DJ, DePaula-Silva AB, Brown DG, Bell R, Klag KA, Truong A, Libbey JE, Round JL, Fujinami RS. Molecular patterns from a human gut-derived Lactobacillus strain suppress pathogenic infiltration of leukocytes into the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:291. [PMID: 33023618 PMCID: PMC7542353 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease that affects 2.5 million people worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that perturbation of the gut microbiota, the dense collection of microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, plays a functional role in MS. Indeed, specific gut-resident bacteria are altered in patients with MS compared to healthy individuals, and colonization of gnotobiotic mice with MS-associated microbiota exacerbates preclinical models of MS. However, defining the molecular mechanisms by which gut commensals can remotely affect the neuroinflammatory process remains a critical gap in the field. METHODS We utilized monophasic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6J mice and relapse-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice to test the effects of the products from a human gut-derived commensal strain of Lactobacillus paracasei (Lb). RESULTS We report that Lb can ameliorate preclinical murine models of MS with both prophylactic and therapeutic administrations. Lb ameliorates disease through a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism via its microbe-associated molecular patterns that can be detected in the systemic circulation, are sufficient to downregulate chemokine production, and can reduce immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, alterations in the gut microbiota mediated by Lb-associated molecular patterns are sufficient to provide partial protection against neuroinflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS Local Lb modulation of the gut microbiota and the shedding of Lb-associated molecular patterns into the circulation may be important physiological signals to prevent aberrant peripheral immune cell infiltration into the CNS and have relevance to the development of new therapeutic strategies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael S Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - D Garrett Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rickesha Bell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kendra A Klag
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Amanda Truong
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, 2724 HCI-SOUTH, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Sanchez JMS, Doty DJ, DePaula-Silva AB, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Molecular patterns expressed by a human gut commensal strain of Lactobacillus suppress neuroinflammation. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.160.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects 2.5 million people worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that perturbation of the gut microbiota, a dense collection of microorganisms that colonize the gut, plays a functional role in MS. Utilizing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used murine model of MS, we previously identified a significant negative correlation between the relative abundance of gut Lactobacillus and the severity of EAE, mirroring what is seen in MS patients. We now report that a human gut-derived commensal strain of Lactobacillus paracasei (Lb) can suppress preclinical murine models of MS with both prophylactic and therapeutic administration. Surprisingly, we found that heat-killed Lb was as effective as live Lb in protecting animals against EAE, as measured by disease score and demyelination. Heat-killed Lb-treated animals had reduced numbers of CNS-infiltrating leukocytes and this was associated with a decrease in select chemokines in the serum. The beneficial effect of heat-killed Lb was dependent on host expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which senses major components of the Lb cell wall, as EAE is not suppressed by heat-killed Lb in TLR2-deficient mice. Thus, Lb-associated molecular patterns may be an important signal to prevent aberrant peripheral immune cell infiltration into the CNS and warrant further investigation as a novel therapy for MS patients.
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DePaula-Silva AB, Gorbea C, Doty DJ, Libbey JE, Sanchez JMS, Hanak TJ, Cazalla D, Fujinami RS. Differential transcriptional profiles identify microglial- and macrophage-specific gene markers expressed during virus-induced neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:152. [PMID: 31325960 PMCID: PMC6642742 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the healthy central nervous system (CNS), microglia are found in a homeostatic state and peripheral macrophages are absent from the brain. Microglia play key roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis and acting as first responders to infection and inflammation, and peripheral macrophages infiltrate the CNS during neuroinflammation. Due to their distinct origins and functions, discrimination between these cell populations is essential to the comprehension of neuroinflammatory disorders. Studies comparing the gene profiles of microglia and peripheral macrophages, or macrophages in vitro-derived from bone marrow, under non-infectious conditions of the CNS, have revealed valuable microglial-specific genes. However, studies comparing gene profiles between CNS-infiltrating macrophages and microglia, when both are isolated from the CNS during viral-induced neuroinflammation, are lacking. Methods We isolated, via flow cytometry, microglia and infiltrating macrophages from the brains of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected C57BL/6 J mice and used RNA-Seq, followed by validation with qPCR, to examine the differential transcriptional profiles of these cells. We utilized primary literature defining subcellular localization to determine whether or not particular proteins extracted from the transcriptional profiles were expressed at the cell surface. The surface expression and cellular specificity of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) protein were examined via flow cytometry. We also examined the immune response gene profile within the transcriptional profiles of these isolated microglia and infiltrating macrophages. Results We have identified and validated new microglial- and macrophage-specific genes, encoding cell surface proteins, expressed at the peak of neuroinflammation. TREM-1 protein was confirmed to be expressed by infiltrating macrophages, not microglia, at the peak of neuroinflammation. We also identified both unique and redundant immune functions, through examination of the immune response gene profiles, of microglia and infiltrating macrophages during neurotropic viral infection. Conclusions The differential expression of cell surface-specific genes during neuroinflammation can potentially be used to discriminate between microglia and macrophages as well as provide a resource that can be further utilized to target and manipulate specific cell responses during neuroinflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1545-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Carlos Gorbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 4100 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John Michael S Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Tyler J Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Demián Cazalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 4100 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Sanchez JMS, DePaula-Silva AB, Doty DJ, Truong A, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Microglial cell depletion is fatal with low level picornavirus infection of the central nervous system. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:415-421. [PMID: 30859497 PMCID: PMC6635090 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the only resident myeloid cell in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, but the role of microglia in the context of neurotropic viral infection is poorly understood. Using different amounts of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in a preclinical model of epilepsy and PLX5622, a colony stimulating factor-1 receptor inhibitor that selectively depletes microglia in the CNS, we report that microglia-depleted, TMEV-infected mice develop seizures, manifest paralysis, and uniformly succumb to fatal encephalitis regardless of viral amount. CNS demyelination correlates with viral amount; however, viral amount does not correlate with axon damage and TMEV antigen in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael S Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Amanda Truong
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, 2724 HCI-SOUTH, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Hanak TJ, Libbey JE, Doty DJ, Sim JT, DePaula-Silva AB, Fujinami RS. Positive modulation of mGluR5 attenuates seizures and reduces TNF-α + macrophages and microglia in the brain in a murine model of virus-induced temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:194-204. [PMID: 30316834 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral encephalitis markedly increases the risk for the development of epilepsy. The Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced model of seizures/epilepsy is a murine model of both viral-induced seizures/epilepsy and human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have been shown to play a role in seizure development in the TMEV-induced model of seizures/epilepsy, and infiltrating macrophages along with microglia have been shown to be major producers of these cytokines. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is a G-protein coupled receptor that has been shown to reduce IL-6 and TNF-α and to provide neuroprotection in other disease models. Therefore, we hypothesized that stimulation of mGluR5 would not only reduce seizures but attenuate IL-6 and TNF-α production in microglia and macrophages in the TMEV model. We found that pharmacological stimulation of mGluR5 with the selective positive allosteric modulator VU0360172 not only reduced acute seizure outcomes, but also reduced the percent of microglia and macrophages producing TNF-α 3 days post infection. Furthermore, treatment with VU0360172 did not alter the level of viral antigen, compared to controls, showing that this treatment does not compromise viral clearance. These results establish that mGluR5 may represent a therapeutic target in the TMEV-induced model of seizures/epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jordan T Sim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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DePaula-Silva AB, Sonderegger FL, Libbey JE, Doty DJ, Fujinami RS. The immune response to picornavirus infection and the effect of immune manipulation on acute seizures. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:464-477. [PMID: 29687406 PMCID: PMC6105529 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system can result in encephalitis. About 20% of individuals who develop viral encephalitis go on to develop epilepsy. We have established an experimental model where virus infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) leads to acute seizures, followed by a latent period (no seizures/epileptogenesis phase) and then spontaneous recurrent seizures-epilepsy. Infiltrating macrophages (CD11b+CD45hi) present in the brain at day 3 post-infection are an important source of interleukin-6, which contributes to the development of acute seizures in the TMEV-induced seizure model. Time course analysis of viral infection and inflammatory [CD11b+CD45hiLy-6Chi] and patrolling [CD11b+CD45hiLy-6Clow] monocyte and T cell infiltration into the brains of TMEV-infected C57BL/6J mice over the entire course of the acute viral infection was performed to elucidate the role of virus and the immune response to virus in seizures and viral clearance. The infiltrating inflammatory macrophages were present early following infection but declined over the course of acute viral infection, supporting a role in seizure development, while the lymphocyte infiltration increased rapidly and plateaued, advocating that they play a role in viral clearance. In addition, we showed for the first time that, while TMEV infection of RAG1-/- mice did not alter the number of mice experiencing acute seizures, TMEV infection of C57BL/6J mice depleted of macrophages resulted in a significant decrease in the number of mice experiencing seizures, again supporting a role for infiltrating macrophages in the development of acute seizures in the TMEV-induced seizure model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Bartolini L, Libbey JE, Ravizza T, Fujinami RS, Jacobson S, Gaillard WD. Viral Triggers and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Pediatric Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1897-1907. [PMID: 29978423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical findings suggest a crucial role for inflammation in the onset of pediatric seizures; this mechanism is not targeted by conventional antiepileptic drugs and may contribute to refractory epilepsy. Several triggers, including infection with neurotropic viruses such as human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), other herpesviruses, and picornaviruses, appear to induce activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, which results in several neuroinflammatory responses, leading to enhanced neuronal excitability, and ultimately contributing to epileptogenesis. This review discusses the proposed mechanisms by which infection with herpesviruses, and particularly with HHV-6, and ensuing inflammation may lead to seizure generation, and later development of epilepsy. We also examine the evidence that links herpesvirus and picornavirus infections with acute seizures and chronic forms of epilepsy. Understanding the mechanisms by which specific viruses may trigger a cascade of alterations in the CNS ultimately leading to epilepsy appears critical for the development of therapeutic agents that may target the virus or inflammatory mechanisms early and prevent progression of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bartolini
- Clinical Epilepsy Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Building 10, room 7-5680, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Neuroscience Department, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
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Zhan J, Lin TH, Libbey JE, Sun P, Ye Z, Song C, Wallendorf M, Gong H, Fujinami RS, Song SK. Diffusion Basis Spectrum and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Detect Hippocampal Inflammation and Dendritic Injury in a Virus-Induced Mouse Model of Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:77. [PMID: 29497358 PMCID: PMC5818459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal CA1 inflammation and dendritic loss are common in epilepsy. Quantitative detection of coexisting brain inflammation and injury could be beneficial in monitoring disease progression and assessing therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we used conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI, known to detect axonal injury and demyelination) and a novel diffusion basis spectrum imaging (DBSI, known to detect axonal injury, demyelination, and inflammation) to detect hippocampal CA1 lesions resulting from neuronal dendritic injury/loss and concomitant inflammation in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced seizure mice. Following the cross-sectional ex vivo diffusion magnetic resonance imaging measurements, immunohistochemistry was performed to validate DTI and DBSI findings. Both DTI and DBSI detected immunohistochemistry-confirmed dendritic injury in the hippocampal CA1 region. Additionally, DBSI-derived restricted isotropic diffusion tensor fraction correlated with 4',6-diamidine-2'-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI)-positive nucleus counts, and DBSI-derived fiber fraction correlated with dendrite density assessed by microtubule-associated protein 2 staining. DTI-derived fractional anisotropy (FA) correlated with dendrite density and negatively correlated with DAPI-positive nucleus counts. Although both DTI and DBSI detected hippocampal injury/inflammation, DTI-FA was less specific than DBSI-derived pathological metrics for hippocampal CA1 dendritic injury and inflammation in TMEV-induced seizure mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhan
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tsen-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zezhong Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chunyu Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael Wallendorf
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Honghan Gong
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Libbey JE, Sanchez JM, Doty DJ, Sim JT, Cusick MF, Cox JE, Fischer KF, Round JL, Fujinami RS. Variations in diet cause alterations in microbiota and metabolites that follow changes in disease severity in a multiple sclerosis model. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:495-513. [PMID: 29380645 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a metabolically demanding disease involving immune-mediated destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. We previously demonstrated a significant alteration in disease course in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) preclinical model of MS due to diet. Based on the established crosstalk between metabolism and gut microbiota, we took an unbiased sampling of microbiota, in the stool, and metabolites, in the serum and stool, from mice (Mus musculus) on the two different diets, the Teklad global soy protein-free extruded rodent diet (irradiated diet) and the Teklad sterilisable rodent diet (autoclaved diet). Within the microbiota, the genus Lactobacillus was found to be inversely correlated with EAE severity. Therapeutic treatment with Lactobacillus paracasei resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of disease, clinical scores and the amount of weight loss in EAE mice. Within the metabolites, we identified shifts in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle that may explain the differences in disease severity between the different diets in EAE. This work begins to elucidate the relationship between diet, microbiota and metabolism in the EAE preclinical model of MS and identifies targets for further study with the goal to more specifically probe the complex metabolic interaction at play in EAE that may have translational relevance to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Libbey
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J M Sanchez
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D J Doty
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - J T Sim
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - M F Cusick
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,4 Baylor College of Medicine, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Neurosensory Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J E Cox
- 2 Department of Biochemistry and Metabolomics Core, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, A306 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - K F Fischer
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,3 uBiota LLC, 825 N 300 W STE: NE-200, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - J L Round
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - R S Fujinami
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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15
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Doty DJ, DePaula-Silva AB, Fujinami RS. The role of peripheral interleukin-6 in the development of acute seizures following virus encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:696-703. [PMID: 28741149 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders are often associated with infectious etiologies. Infection, via the intracerebral (i.c.) route, of C57BL/6J mice with the Daniels (DA) strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in approximately 50% of the mice developing acute behavioral seizures. TMEV-DA is the wild-type strain of the virus that replicates within the parenchyma of the brain. A variant of TMEV-DA, TMEV-H101, does not replicate within the parenchyma of the brain. However, infection with TMEV-H101 via the i.c. route still results in approximately 40% of the mice developing acute behavioral seizures. Infiltrating macrophages producing interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been implicated in the induction of acute seizures following TMEV-DA infection. We examined macrophage infiltration and microglial activation within the brain and cytokine levels in the periphery in mice infected with TMEV-DA or TMEV-H101 and assessed the effects of the addition of recombinant IL-6 to the periphery in wild-type and IL-6 knockout mice infected with TMEV-DA. We found that pathologic levels of IL-6 in the periphery may play a role in the development of seizures when viral replication within the brain is limited. Examination of the role played by the peripheral immune system in the development of seizures/epilepsy in the TMEV-induced seizure model, the first viral infection driven model for epilepsy, could lead to the elucidation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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16
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DePaula-Silva AB, Hanak TJ, Doty DJ, Sim JT, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. The role of infiltrating macrophages and IL-6 production on seizure development after viral infection. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.55.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures, which are often associated with viral encephalitis, occur in response to imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory inputs within the brain. Patients with viral encephalitis are 16 times more likely to develop epilepsy. It is estimated that around 65 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy. Although treatments to prevent seizures are available, 30% of the patients do not respond to the medication. In order to develop new immunomodulatory treatments that could lead to an eventual cure for seizures/epilepsy, a better understanding of the seizure development mechanism is required.
We have developed an experimental model of virus-induced seizures/epilepsy. In our model, C57BL/6J mice are infected intra-cranially with the Daniels strain (DAV) of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Between 3 and 10 days post infection (d.p.i.), around 50% of the infected mice will develop spontaneous acute seizures and approximately 50% of these mice develop epilepsy. Because seizures begin to develop at 3 d.p.i we believe it happens as a consequence of the activation of the innate immune response. We found that seizures are correlated with an increase in myeloid cells infiltrating into the brain. Also, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF alpha were elevated at 3 d.p.i. IL-6 knockout mice infected with DAV experienced significantly fewer seizures. Because infiltrating macrophages are the main producers of IL-6, we depleted macrophages from mice and we infected them with DAV. We did not observed seizures in animals depleted of macrophages, suggesting macrophages are playing a central role in the development of seizures after viral infection.
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17
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Libbey JE, Cusick MF, Doty DJ, Fujinami RS. Complement Components Are Expressed by Infiltrating Macrophages/Activated Microglia Early Following Viral Infection. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:304-314. [PMID: 28402228 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The individual innate immune components, interleukin-6 and complement component C3, play a role in the development of acute seizures in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced seizure model. We examined the mRNA expression of various other complement components, cytokines, chemokines, and major histocompatibility complex antigens both within brain and in isolated ramified microglial and infiltrating macrophage/activated microglial cell populations over a time course covering the first 3 days postinfection. We found that complement component C3 showed the greatest increase in expression in brain of all of the complement components assayed and its level of expression was higher in infiltrating macrophages/activated microglia than in ramified microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
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18
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DePaula-Silva AB, Hanak TJ, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of SJL/J and C57BL/6J mice: Models for multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 308:30-42. [PMID: 28237622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are great tools to study the mechanisms of disease development. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is used in two distinct viral infection mouse models to study the human diseases multiple sclerosis (MS) and epilepsy. Intracerebral (i.c.) infection of the SJL/J mouse strain results in persistent viral infection of the central nervous system and a MS-like disease, while i.c. infection of the C57BL/6J mouse strain results in acute seizures and epilepsy. Our understanding of how the immune system contributes to the development of two disparate diseases caused by the same virus is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tyler J Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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19
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Libbey JE, Hanak TJ, Doty DJ, Wilcox KS, Fujinami RS. NBQX, a highly selective competitive antagonist of AMPA and KA ionotropic glutamate receptors, increases seizures and mortality following picornavirus infection. Exp Neurol 2016; 280:89-96. [PMID: 27072529 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seizures occur due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition, with the balance tipping towards excitation, and glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammals. Since upregulation of expression and/or function of glutamate receptors can contribute to seizures we determined the effects of three antagonists, NBQX, GYKI-52466 and MK 801, of the various ionotropic glutamate receptors, AMPA, NMDA and KA, on acute seizure development in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced seizure model. We found that only NBQX had an effect on acute seizure development, resulting in a significantly higher number of mice experiencing seizures, an increase in the number of seizures per mouse, a greater cumulative seizure score per mouse and a significantly higher mortality rate among the mice. Although NBQX has previously been shown to be a potent anticonvulsant in animal seizure models, seizures induced by electrical stimulation, drug administration or as a result of genetic predisposition may differ greatly in terms of mechanism of seizure development from our virus-induced seizure model, which could explain the opposite, proconvulsant effect of NBQX observed in the TMEV-induced seizure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tyler J Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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20
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Libbey JE, Doty DJ, Sim JT, Cusick MF, Round JL, Fujinami RS. The effects of diet on the severity of central nervous system disease: One part of lab-to-lab variability. Nutrition 2016; 32:877-83. [PMID: 27133811 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many things can impact the reproducibility of results from laboratory to laboratory. For example, food from various sources can vary markedly in composition. We examined the effects of two different food sources, the Teklad Global Soy Protein-Free Extruded Rodent Diet (irradiated diet) and the Teklad Sterilizable Rodent Diet (autoclaved diet), on central nervous system disease. METHODS Three preclinical models for human disease: Two different experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models (multiple sclerosis) and the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced seizure model (epilepsy), were examined for the effects of two different food sources on disease. RESULTS We found that mice fed the irradiated diet had more severe clinical disease and enhanced seizures compared with animals provided the autoclaved diet in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models examined and in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced seizure model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, just altering the source of food (lab chow) can have marked effects on disease severity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jordan T Sim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew F Cusick
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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21
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Oh L, Jordan S, Fujinami RS. Acthar gel treatment suppresses acute exacerbations in a murine model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:222-30. [PMID: 25410153 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.984836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acthar gel is indicated for the treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (MS) in adults. Its effects on immune cells during a relapse are unknown. This study investigated the effects of Acthar in an animal model of relapsing-remitting MS, using SJL/J mice sensitized with myelin peptide. All animal studies were reviewed and approved by the University of Utah Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conducted in accordance with the guidelines prepared by the Committee on Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Research Council. Mice injected with Acthar to treat the second attack had a significantly lower mean clinical score during relapse and a significantly reduced cumulative disease burden compared to Placebo gel-treated mice. Furthermore, Acthar treatment ameliorated inflammation/demyelination in the spinal cord and markedly suppressed ex vivo myelin peptide-induced CD4(+) T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA and
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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24
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Wang X, Cusick MF, Wang Y, Sun P, Libbey JE, Trinkaus K, Fujinami RS, Song SK. Diffusion basis spectrum imaging detects and distinguishes coexisting subclinical inflammation, demyelination and axonal injury in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. NMR Biomed 2014; 27:843-52. [PMID: 24816651 PMCID: PMC4071074 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinicopathological paradox has hampered significantly the effective assessment of the efficacy of therapeutic intervention for multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging biomarkers of tissue injury could guide more effective treatment by accurately reflecting the underlying subclinical pathologies. Diffusion tensor imaging-derived directional diffusivity and anisotropy indices have been applied to characterize white matter disorders. However, these biomarkers are sometimes confounded by the complex pathologies seen in multiple sclerosis and its animal models. Recently, a novel technique of diffusion basis spectrum imaging has been developed to quantitatively assess axonal injury, demyelination and inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory demyelination. Lenaldekar, which inhibits T-cell expansion in a non-cytolytic manner, has been shown to suppress relapses and preserve white matter integrity in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this study, relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced through active immunization of SJL/J mice with a myelin proteolipid protein peptide. The therapeutic efficacy of Lenaldekar treatment was evaluated via daily clinical score, cross-sectional ex vivo diffusion basis spectrum imaging examination and histological analysis. Lenaldekar greatly reduced relapse severity and protected white matter integrity in these experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Diffusion basis spectrum imaging-derived axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity and restricted diffusion tensor fraction accurately reflected axonal injury, myelin integrity and inflammation-associated cellularity change, respectively. These results support the potential use of diffusion basis spectrum imaging as an effective outcome measure for preclinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Matthew F. Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132
| | - Kathryn Trinkaus
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132
| | - Sheng-Kwei Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110
- Send correspondence to: Sheng-Kwei Song, PhD, Professor of Radiology, Room 2313, East Building, Campus Box 8227, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, , 314-362-9988 (Phone), 314-362-0526 (Fax)
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25
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Libbey JE, Lane TE, Fujinami RS. Axonal pathology and demyelination in viral models of multiple sclerosis. Discov Med 2014; 18:79-89. [PMID: 25091490 PMCID: PMC4371782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Monozygotic twin studies suggest that while there is a genetic contribution, genetics alone cannot be the sole determining factor in the development of MS. As the rates of MS are increasing, particularly among women, environmental factors such as viral infections are coming to the foreground as potential agents in triggering disease in genetically susceptible individuals. This review highlights pathological aspects related to two pre-clinical viral models for MS; data are consistent between these two models as experimental infection of susceptible mice can induce axonal degeneration associated with demyelination. These data are consistent with observations in MS that axonal damage or Wallerian degeneration is occurring within the CNS contributing to the disability and disease severity. Such early damage, where axonal damage is primary to secondary demyelination, could set the stage for more extensive immune mediated demyelination arising later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600A EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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26
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Abstract
Viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis A, poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 and foot-and-mouth disease virus, use a variety of mechanisms to suppress the human immune system in order to evade clearance by the host. Therefore, investigating how a few changes in the viral genome of a nonlethal virus can lead to an alteration in disease, from survivable to immunosuppression and death, would provide valuable information into viral pathogenesis. In addition, we propose that gaining a better insight into how these viruses suppress an antiviral immune response could lead to viral-based therapeutics to combat specifc autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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27
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Trede NS, Fujinami RS. Targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 leads to amelioration of inflammatory demyelinating disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94486. [PMID: 24718491 PMCID: PMC3981810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), proliferating autoreactive T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Due to the importance of these myelin-specific T cells, these cells have been therapeutic targets in a variety of treatments. Previously we found that Lenaldekar (LDK), a novel small molecule, could inhibit exacerbations in a preclinical model of MS when given at the start of an EAE exacerbation. In those studies, we found that LDK could inhibit human T cell recall responses and murine myelin responses in vitro. In these new studies, we found that LDK could inhibit myelin specific T cell responses through the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway. Alteration of this pathway led to marked reduction in T cell proliferation and expansion. Blocking this pathway could account for the observed decreases in clinical signs and inflammatory demyelinating disease, which was accompanied by axonal preservation. Our data indicate that IGF-1R could be a potential target for new therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases where autoreactive T cell expansion is a requisite for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus S. Trede
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthes (Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis) appears to protect against the development or exacerbation of MS. Evidence supporting the ability of parasitic infections to protect against disease will be discussed along with a brief summary of a recent Phase I clinical trial testing the ability of Trichuris suis ova treatment to improve the clinical course of MS. A complex interaction between the CNS (including the blood-brain barrier), multiple infections with various infectious agents (occurring in the periphery or within the CNS), and the immune response to those various infections may have to be deciphered before the etiology of MS can be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USAxs
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Cox Gill J, Fujinami RS, Eckels DD. CD4 + T-cell engagement by both wild-type and variant HCV peptides modulates the conversion of viral clearing helper T cells to Tregs. Future Virol 2013; 8. [PMID: 24421862 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether modulation of T-cell responses by naturally occurring viral variants caused an increase in numbers of Tregs in HCV-infected patients. PATIENTS MATERIALS & METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, having proliferative responses to a wild-type HCV-specific CD4+ T-cell epitope, were used to quantify, via proliferative assays, flow cytometry and class II tetramers, the effects of naturally occurring viral variants arising in the immunodominant epitope. RESULTS In combination, the wild-type and variant peptides led to enhanced suppression of an anti-HCV T-cell response. The variant had a lower avidity for the wild-type-specific CD4+ T cell. Variant-stimulated CD4+ T cells had increased Foxp3, compared with wild-type-stimulated cells. CONCLUSION A stable viral variant from a chronic HCV subject was able to induce Tregs in multiple individuals that responded to the wild-type HCV-specific CD4+ T-cell epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Joan Cox Gill
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - David D Eckels
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Libbey JE, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Possible role of interleukin-17 in a prime/challenge model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:471-8. [PMID: 22991336 PMCID: PMC3508306 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
No one single pathogen has been identified as the causative agent of multiple sclerosis (MS). Alternately, the likelihood of an autoimmune event may be nonspecifically enhanced by different infectious agents. In a novel animal model of MS, SJL/J mice primed through infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) (VV(PLP)) were susceptible to a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disease following administration of a nonspecific immunostimulant [complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) plus Bordetella pertussis (BP)]. Mononuclear cells isolated from the brains, but not the spleens, of VV(PLP)-primed CFA/BP challenged mice produced interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon-γ and transferred a CNS inflammatory disease to naïve SJL/J mice. Administration of curdlan, a T helper 17 cell inducer, unexpectedly resulted in less severe clinical and histological signs of disease, compared to CFA/BP challenged mice, despite the induction of IL-17 in the periphery. Further examination of the VV(PLP)-prime CFA/BP challenge model may suggest new mechanisms for how different pathogens associated with MS can protect or enhance disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71130
- Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center 1501 Kings Highway Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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Loughran G, Libbey JE, Uddowla S, Scallan MF, Ryan MD, Fujinami RS, Rieder E, Atkins JF. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus contrasts with encephalomyocarditis and foot-and-mouth disease viruses in its functional utilization of the StopGo non-standard translation mechanism. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:348-353. [PMID: 23100365 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornaviruses' genome consists of a positive-sense ssRNA. Like many picornaviruses, cardioviruses synthesize two distinct polyprotein precursors from adjacent but non-overlapping genome segments. Both the [L-1ABCD-2A] and the [2BC-3ABCD] polyproteins are proteolytically processed to yield mature capsid and non-structural proteins, respectively. An unusual translational event, known as 'StopGo' or 'Stop-Carry on', is responsible for the release of the [L-1ABCD-2A] polyprotein from the ribosome and synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid of the [2BC-3ABCD] polyprotein. A common feature of these viruses is the presence of a highly conserved signature sequence for StopGo: -D(V/I)ExNPG(↓)P-, where -D(V/I)ExNPG are the last 7 aa of 2A, and the last P- is the first amino acid of 2B. Here, we report that, in contrast to encephalomyocarditis virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, a functional StopGo does not appear to be essential for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus viability when tested in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Loughran
- Department of Biochemistry, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - S Uddowla
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - M F Scallan
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M D Ryan
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - E Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - J F Atkins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Biochemistry, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
A variety of mechanisms have been suggested as the means by which infections can initiate and/or exacerbate autoimmune diseases. One mechanism is molecular mimicry, where a foreign antigen shares sequence or structural similarities with self-antigens. Molecular mimicry has typically been characterized on an antibody or T cell level. However, structural relatedness between pathogen and self does not account for T cell activation in a number of autoimmune diseases. A proposed mechanism that could have been misinterpreted for molecular mimicry is the expression of dual T cell receptors (TCR) on a single T cell. These T cells have dual reactivity to both foreign and self-antigens leaving the host vulnerable to foreign insults capable of triggering an autoimmune response. In this review, we briefly discuss what is known about molecular mimicry followed by a discussion of the current understanding of dual TCRs. Finally, we discuss three mechanisms, including molecular mimicry, dual TCRs, and chimeric TCRs, by which dual reactivity of the T cell may play a role in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Abstract
AIMS: To determine if in vitro production of IL-22 and IL-17 correlated with resolution of HCV infection. MATERIALS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; METHODS: Human peripheral blood cells isolated from a well-defined cohort of resolved and chronic HCV-infected subjects were used to measure HCV-, influenza- and mitogen-activated T-cell proliferation. In addition, IL-22 and IL-17 production was measured via ELISAs and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Resolved HCV subjects had a significantly higher T-cell proliferative response to recombinant NS3 protein compared with chronic HCV subjects. Resolved subjects had a dose-dependent IL-22 response to recombinant NS3 compared with chronic HCV subjects. CONCLUSION: IL-22 production is associated with antigen-specific induction of CD4 (+) T cells in individuals that resolved HCV infection, suggesting a potential role for IL-22 in HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Libbey JE, Cusick MF, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Antiviral CD8⁺ T cells cause an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-like disease in naive mice. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:45-54. [PMID: 22281874 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and both autoimmune, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and viral, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection, animal models of MS. Following TMEV infection, certain T cell hybridomas, generated from cloned TMEV-induced CD8(+) T cells, were able to produce clinical signs of disease (flaccid hind limb paralysis) upon adoptive transfer into naive mice. Dual T cell receptors (TCR) are present on the surface of these cells as both Vβ3 and Vβ6 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening and flow cytometry and multiple Vα mRNAs were detected by PCR screening. This is the first demonstration of antiviral CD8(+) T cells having more than one TCR initiating an autoimmune disease in the natural host of the virus. We hypothesize that this is a potential mechanism for virus-induced autoimmune disease initiated by CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Abstract
Neurotropic viruses cause viral encephalitis and are associated with the development of seizures/epilepsy. The first infection-driven animal model for epilepsy, the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced seizure model is described herein. Intracerebral infection of C57BL/6 mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induces acute seizures from which the animals recover. However, once the virus is cleared, a significant portion of the animals that experienced acute seizures later develop epilepsy. Components of the innate immune response to viral infection, including IL-6 and complement component 3, have been implicated in the development of acute seizures. Multiple mechanisms, including neuronal cell destruction and cytokine activation, play a role in the development of acute seizures. Future studies targeting the innate immune response will lead to new therapies for seizures/epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Libbey JE, Kennett NJ, Wilcox KS, White HS, Fujinami RS. Once initiated, viral encephalitis-induced seizures are consistent no matter the treatment or lack of interleukin-6. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:496-9. [PMID: 21833798 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of C57BL/6 mice results in acute behavioral seizures in 50% of the mice. Treatment of infected mice with minocycline or infection of interleukin (IL)-6-deficient chimeric mice results in a significant decrease in the number of mice developing seizures. However, in those mice that do develop seizures, the pathological changes (neuronal cell loss, inflammation [perivascular cuffing, gliosis, activated microglia/macrophages]), and the numbers of virus infected cells in minocycline-treated or IL-6-deficient chimeric mice are very similar. Therefore, once seizures develop, the pathological changes are consistent regardless of the treatment or genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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37
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Abstract
At the past meeting of INSAR, the role of autoimmunity was discussed in an educational session. This article summarizes this discussion. In immune-mediated diseases, antibodies can contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease and are sometimes the force that drives the disease process. This concept has not been established for autism. In autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antibodies are found to react with double-stranded DNA. These antibodies also cross-react with N-methyl-D aspartate receptors. Many SLE patients suffer neurologic syndromes of the central nervous system (CNS). Similarly individuals infected with Group A streptococcus (GAS) have antibodies against the GAS carbohydrate, which cross-react with tubulin and lysoganglioside GM1 on neurons. During the acute stage of infection, GAS-infected patients develop Syndenham chorea where the disease process is driven in part by these cross-reactive antibodies. As the antibody levels decrease, the clinical features of Syndenham chorea resolve. In these two immune-mediated diseases, antibodies clearly play a role in the pathogenesis of the diseases. There are reports that mothers of individuals with autism have antibodies that react with brain proteins and when these antibodies are passively transferred to pregnant non-human primates or rodents the offspring has behavioral and nervous system changes. It is still not clear whether the antibodies found in mothers of individuals with autism actually play a role in the disease. More studies need to be performed to identify the proteins recognized by the antibodies and to determine how these could affect development, behavior and changes within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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38
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Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a testing paradigm for adjuvants and vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 29:3356-62. [PMID: 20850537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an experimental model for multiple sclerosis. EAE can be induced by inoculation with central nervous system (CNS) proteins or peptides emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Protection from EAE, enhancement of EAE or subclinical priming for EAE can occur as a result of either live viral infection or DNA immunization with molecular mimics of CNS proteins or peptides. Here we review the published data describing modulation of EAE through administration of various CNS proteins/peptides introduced via live virus or plasmid DNA and modulation of EAE through choice of adjuvant (immunostimulating agents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
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Libbey JE, Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS. Studies in the modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:168-75. [PMID: 20401539 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an experimental model for multiple sclerosis, can be induced through inoculation with several different central nervous system (CNS) proteins or peptides. Modulation of EAE, resulting in either protection from EAE or enhancement of EAE, can also be accomplished through either vaccination or DNA immunization with molecular mimics of self-CNS proteins. Previously published data on this method of EAE modulation will be reviewed. New data is presented, which demonstrates that EAE can also be modulated through the administration of the beta-(1,3)-D-glucan, curdlan. Dendritic cells stimulated by curdlan are involved in the differentiation of the interleukin-17 producing subset of CD4(+) T cells that are recognized effector cells in EAE. Using two different systems to study the effects of curdlan on EAE, it was found that curdlan increased the incidence of EAE and/or the severity of the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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40
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of innate immunity in a novel viral infection-induced seizure model. METHODS C57BL/6 mice, mouse strains deficient in interleukin (IL)-1RI, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-RI, or myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), or transgenic mice (OT-I) were infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) or were mock infected. Mice were followed for acute seizures. Tissues were examined for neuron loss, the presence of virus (viral RNA and antigen), perivascular cuffs, macrophages/microglia, and gliosis, and mRNA expression of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6. RESULTS IL-1 does not play a major role in seizures, as IL-1RI- and MyD88-deficient mice displayed a comparable seizure frequency relative to controls. In contrast, TNF-alpha and IL-6 appear to be important in the development of seizures, as only 10% and 15% of TNF-RI- and IL-6-deficient mice, respectively, showed signs of seizure activity. TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA levels also increased in mice with seizures. Inflammation (perivascular cuffs, macrophages/microglia, and gliosis) was greater in mice with seizures. OT-I mice (virus persists) had a seizure rate that was comparable to controls (no viral persistence), thereby discounting a role for TMEV-specific T cells in seizures. DISCUSSION We have implicated the innate immune response to viral infection, specifically TNF-alpha and IL-6, and concomitant inflammatory changes in the brain as contributing to the development of acute seizures. This model is a potential infection-driven model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki J Kirkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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41
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Abstract
MS is an immune mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination, axonal damage and neurologic disability. The primary cause of this CNS disease remains elusive. Here we will address our current understanding of the role of viruses as potential environmental triggers for MS. Virus infections can act peripherally (outside the CNS) or within the CNS. The association of viral infections with demyelinating disease, in both animals and humans, will be discussed, as will the potential contributions of peripheral infection with Torque Teno virus, infection outside of and/or within the CNS with Epstein-Barr virus and infection within the CNS with Human Herpesvirus 6 to MS. An experimental animal model, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of susceptible strains of mice is an example of viral infections of the CNS as a prerequisite for demyelination. Finally, the proposition that multiple virus infections are required, which first prime the immune system and then trigger the disease, as a model where infections outside of the CNS lead to inflammatory changes within the CNS, for the development of a MS-like disease is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Tsunoda I, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus attachment to the gastrointestinal tract is associated with sialic acid binding. J Neurovirol 2008; 15:81-9. [PMID: 19115131 PMCID: PMC2882804 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802380563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DA and GDVII are strains of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). DA virus mutant DApB encodes VP2 puff B of GDVII, whereas DApBL2M contains VP1 loop II of GDVII with a point mutation in VP2 puff B. Neuraminidase treatment of cells inhibited infection by DA and DApB, but not GDVII or DApBL2M viruses; sialic acid (SA) binding correlated with virus persistence. In virus binding assays to intestine sections, all four TMEVs bound goblet cells and the mucus of the epithelium that was SA dependent. Therefore, differences in SA composition on different cell types can affect tropism and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Theil DJ, Libbey JE, Rodriguez F, Whitton JL, Tsunoda I, Derfuss TJ, Fujinami RS. Targeting myelin proteolipid protein to the MHC class I pathway by ubiquitination modulates the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 204:92-100. [PMID: 18706703 PMCID: PMC2646907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis model, is induced in mice by injection of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) encephalitogenic peptide, PLP139-151, in adjuvant. In this study, prior to EAE induction, mice were vaccinated with a bacterial plasmid encoding a PLP-ubiquitin fusion (pCMVUPLP). During the relapse phase of EAE, clinical signs, histopathologic changes, in vitro lymphoproliferation to PLP139-151 and interferon-gamma levels were reduced in pCMVUPLP-vaccinated mice, compared to mock-vaccinated mice (controls). Lymphocytes from pCMVUPLP-vaccinated mice produced interleukin-4, a cytokine lacking in controls. Thus, pCMVUPLP vaccination can modulate the relapse after EAE induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diethilde J. Theil
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Jane E. Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Tobias J. Derfuss
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
| | - Robert S. Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, RM 3R330, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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Peterson LK, Tsunoda I, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Role of B:T cell ratio in suppression of clinical signs: a model for silent MS. Exp Mol Pathol 2008; 85:28-39. [PMID: 18486939 PMCID: PMC2614211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
B10.S mice have been considered resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. However, sensitization with a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, MOG(92-106), induced clinical signs in 30% of mice and central nervous system (CNS) pathology in 93% of mice. Symptomatic mice had more demyelination, inflammation, perivascular cuffing and axonal damage in the CNS compared to asymptomatic mice, but no strong correlations between CNS pathology and clinical score were found. Interestingly, the ratio of B cells to T cells in cellular infiltrates correlated with clinical score. This suggests that the balance between B and T cells contributes to expression of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE We demonstrate the establishment and characterization of a novel virus infection-induced seizure model in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) or mock infected. Mice were followed for seizures, weight change, body temperature, motor function (righting reflex, rotorod) and neurological manifestations (inflammation [perivascular cuffing], pyknotic neurons, transforming growth factor [TGF]-beta expression). RESULTS C57BL/6 mice are susceptible to seizures induced by TMEV infection. Approximately 50% of C57BL/6 mice develop transient afebrile seizures. Motor function and coordination are impaired in seized mice. Pyramidal neuron pyknosis and TGF-beta expression correlate with seizure activity in the hippocampus. DISCUSSION The characterization of this model will enable the investigation of viral and immune contributions in the central nervous system to the development of seizure disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305, USA
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Tsunoda I, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. TGF-beta1 suppresses T cell infiltration and VP2 puff B mutation enhances apoptosis in acute polioencephalitis induced by Theiler's virus. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:80-9. [PMID: 17804084 PMCID: PMC2128758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
GDVII and DA strains of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) differ in VP2 puff B. One week after GDVII virus infection, SJL/J mice had large numbers of TUNEL+ apoptotic cells with a relative lack of T cell infiltration in the brain. DA viruses with mutation in puff B induced higher levels of apoptosis than wild-type DA virus, but levels of inflammation in brains were similar between DA and DA virus mutants. The difference in inflammation among TMEVs could be due to TGF-beta1 expression that was seen only in GDVII virus infection and negatively correlated with CD3+ T cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Tsunoda I, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Sequential polymicrobial infections lead to CNS inflammatory disease: possible involvement of bystander activation in heterologous immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:22-33. [PMID: 17604850 PMCID: PMC1987327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
VV(PLP) is a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) that has been used to investigate molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. Since virus infections can cause bystander activation, mice were first infected with VV(PLP), and later challenged with wild-type VV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Among the VV(PLP)-primed mice, only MCMV challenge induced significant Ki-67(+), CD3(+)T cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) with a mild PLP antibody response. While MCMV alone caused no CNS disease, control VV-infected mice followed with MCMV developed mild CNS inflammation. Thus, heterologous virus infections can induce CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305, United States
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Libbey JE, Coon HH, Kirkman NJ, Sweeten TL, Miller JN, Stevenson EK, Lainhart JE, McMahon WM, Fujinami RS. Are there enhanced MBP autoantibodies in autism? J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 38:324-32. [PMID: 17588145 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to central nervous system antigens, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), may play a role in autism. We measured autoantibody titers to MBP in children with autism, both classic onset and regressive onset forms, controls (healthy age- and gender-matched) and individuals with Tourette syndrome via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a significant difference in autoantibody titers to MBP, not accounted for by age or medication, between Tourette and classic autism (both significantly lower) when compared to regressive autism, but not when compared to controls. Autoantibody responses against MBP are unlikely to play a pathogenic role in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2305, USA
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Kirkman NJ, Libbey JE, Sweeten TL, Coon HH, Miller JN, Stevenson EK, Lainhart JE, McMahon WM, Fujinami RS. How relevant are GFAP autoantibodies in autism and Tourette Syndrome? J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 38:333-41. [PMID: 17578659 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists over the role of autoantibodies to central nervous system antigens in autism and Tourette Syndrome. We investigated plasma autoantibody titers to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in children with classic onset (33) and regressive onset (26) autism, controls (25, healthy age- and gender-matched) and individuals with Tourette Syndrome (24) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found a significant difference in autoantibody titers to GFAP, not accounted for by age, between the Tourette (significantly lower) and regressive autism groups. However, no differences were found between: classic/regressive; classic/controls; classic/Tourette; regressive/controls; or controls/Tourette. Autoantibody responses against GFAP are unlikely to play a pathogenic role in autism or Tourette Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki J Kirkman
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2305, USA
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Abstract
One of the most common demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) diseases in humans is multiple sclerosis (MS). The disease can be very debilitating with vision loss, motor and sensory disturbances, and cognitive impairment. The clinical course may present as a relapsing-remitting disease course, a progressive disease course, or a combination thereof. The etiology of MS is unknown. Though many viruses have been shown to be associated with MS, no one virus has ever been demonstrated to be the cause of MS. In addition, MS is thought to have an autoimmune component. Molecular mimicry is one hypothesis put forth which could reconcile the diverse pathology and etiology of MS. Molecular mimicry occurs when peptides from pathogens share sequence or structural similarities with self-antigens. Infection with various pathogens, each with its individual molecular mimic to a CNS antigen, may explain the inability of investigators to link one specific virus to MS. Molecular mimicry may be mediated through human leukocyte antigen class I- and class II-restricted T cells and antibodies, which may explain the diversity in phenotype. Aspects of molecular mimicry will be discussed in relation to each of these immune system components. Examples of various molecular mimics will be discussed with a particular focus on the CNS and MS. Molecular mimicry alone may not be able to induce disease; priming of the immune system by infection with a pathogen that carries a molecular mimic to self may have to be followed by a later nonspecific immunologic challenge in order for disease to be initiated. Recent research into this priming and triggering of disease will be discussed in relation to an animal model for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Libbey
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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