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Düchs MJ, Kratzer RF, Vieyra-Garcia P, Strobel B, Schönberger T, Groß P, Aljayyoussi G, Gupta A, Lang I, Klein H, Morilla SM, Hopf S, Park J, Kreuz S, Klugmann M, Igney FH. Riboswitch-controlled IL-12 gene therapy reduces hepatocellular cancer in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360063. [PMID: 38558809 PMCID: PMC10979303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and solid cancers with liver metastases are indications with high unmet medical need. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a proinflammatory cytokine with substantial anti-tumor properties, but its therapeutic potential has not been realized due to severe toxicity. Here, we show that orthotopic liver tumors in mice can be treated by targeting hepatocytes via systemic delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors carrying the murine IL-12 gene. Controlled cytokine production was achieved in vivo by using the tetracycline-inducible K19 riboswitch. AAV-mediated expression of IL-12 led to STAT4 phosphorylation, interferon-γ (IFNγ) production, infiltration of T cells and, ultimately, tumor regression. By detailed analyses of efficacy and tolerability in healthy and tumor-bearing animals, we could define a safe and efficacious vector dose. As a potential clinical candidate, we characterized vectors carrying the human IL-12 (huIL-12) gene. In mice, bioactive human IL-12 was expressed in a vector dose-dependent manner and could be induced by tetracycline, suggesting tissue-specific AAV vectors with riboswitch-controlled expression of highly potent proinflammatory cytokines as an attractive approach for vector-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J. Düchs
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ramona F. Kratzer
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Pablo Vieyra-Garcia
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Strobel
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tanja Schönberger
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Groß
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ghaith Aljayyoussi
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Aradhana Gupta
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Isabel Lang
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Holger Klein
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sandra Martinez Morilla
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Stefan Hopf
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Park
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frederik H. Igney
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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2
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Song J, Zhang Q, Wang R, Sun M, Jin S. Associations of IL-12, IL12R polymorphisms and serum IL-12 levels with high-risk human papillomavirus susceptibility in rural women from Luohe, Henan, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16991. [PMID: 31567936 PMCID: PMC6756722 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interleukin 12 receptor (IL12R), key inflammatory cytokines in the immune system, participate in bridging the innate immunity and adaptive immunity. No previous work has reported the role of IL-12 and IL12R in high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of IL-12, IL12R polymorphisms, and serum IL-12 levels with hrHPV susceptibility in rural women from Luohe, Henan, China. METHODS Two hundred sixty cases with hrHPV infection and 260 healthy controls were selected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the serum IL-12 levels, and the polymorphisms of IL12B rs3212227, IL12RB1 rs393548, and IL12RB1 rs436857 were determined using DNA sequencing. RESULTS The serum IL-12 levels were significantly lower in cases with hrHPV infection compared with those in healthy controls (P < .01).There was no significant difference in IL12 rs3212227, IL12RB1rs436857, and IL12RB1rs393548 genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls (P > .05). Furthermore, with respect to the IL12 rs3212227 polymorphism with serum IL-12 levels, although serum IL-12 levels were lower in cases than in controls, we did not find any differences between serum IL-12 levels and genotypes in cases(P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates that low serum IL-12 levels may be associated with hrHPV susceptibility but are not associated with IL-12 gene polymorphisms; furthermore, IL-12 and IL12R gene polymorphisms may not contribute susceptibility to hrHPV in rural women from Luohe, Henan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Luohe Medical College
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe, Henan
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
| | - Mingzhen Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Luohe Medical College
| | - Shaoju Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Luohe Medical College
- Tumor Occurrence and Prevention Research Innovation Team of Henan, Luohe, Henan, China
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3
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De Santis S, Serino G, Fiorentino MR, Galleggiante V, Gena P, Verna G, Liso M, Massaro M, Lan J, Troisi J, Cataldo I, Bertamino A, Pinto A, Campiglia P, Santino A, Giannelli G, Fasano A, Calamita G, Chieppa M. Corrigendum: Aquaporin-9 Contributes to the Maturation Process and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion of Murine Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:216. [PMID: 30873153 PMCID: PMC6401642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Santis
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,Pineta Grande Hospital, Castelvolturno, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria R Fiorentino
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vanessa Galleggiante
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gena
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Verna
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Marina Liso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Monica Massaro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Theoreo srl-Spin-off Company of the University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cataldo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States.,Theoreo srl-Spin-off Company of the University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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4
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De Santis S, Serino G, Fiorentino MR, Galleggiante V, Gena P, Verna G, Liso M, Massaro M, Lan J, Troisi J, Cataldo I, Bertamino A, Pinto A, Campiglia P, Santino A, Giannelli G, Fasano A, Calamita G, Chieppa M. Aquaporin 9 Contributes to the Maturation Process and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion of Murine Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2355. [PMID: 30386332 PMCID: PMC6198254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells able to trigger the adaptive immune response to specific antigens. When non-self-antigens are captured, DCs switch from an “immature” to a “mature” state to fulfill their function. Among the several surface proteins involved in DCs maturation, the role of aquaporins (AQPs) is still poorly understood. Here we investigated the expression profile of Aqps in murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Among the Aqps analyzed, Aqp9 was the most expressed by DCs. Its expression level was significantly upregulated 6 h following LPS exposure. Chemical inhibition of Aqp9 led to a decreased inflammatory cytokines secretion. BMDCs from AQP9-KO mice release lower amount of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and increased release of IL-10. Despite the reduced release of inflammatory cytokines, Aqp9-KO mice were not protected from DSS induced colitis. All together, our data indicate that AQP9 blockade can be an efficient strategy to reduce DCs inflammatory response but it is not sufficient to protect from acute inflammatory insults such as DSS induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania De Santis
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,Pineta Grande Hospital, Castelvolturno, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria R Fiorentino
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vanessa Galleggiante
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gena
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giulio Verna
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Marina Liso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Monica Massaro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Theoreo srl-Spin-off Company of the University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cataldo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Harvard Medical School Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marcello Chieppa
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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5
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Skinner CC, McMichael EL, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Abrams ZB, Lee RJ, Carson WE. Folate-conjugated immunoglobulin targets melanoma tumor cells for NK cell effector functions. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:329-37. [PMID: 27035691 PMCID: PMC4927392 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is overexpressed on the vascular side of cancerous cells including those of the breast, ovaries, testes, and cervix. We hypothesized that a folate-conjugated immunoglobulin (F-IgG) would bind to the FR that is overexpressed on melanoma tumor cells to target these cells for lysis by natural killer (NK) cells. Folate receptor expression was confirmed in the Mel-39 (human melanoma) cell line by flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis using KB (human oral epithelial) and F01 (human melanoma) as a positive and a negative control, respectively. FR-positive and FR-negative cell lines were treated with F-IgG or control immunoglobulin G in the presence or absence of cytokines to determine NK cell ability to lyse FR-positive cell lines. NK cell activation was significantly upregulated and lysis of Mel 39 tumor cells increased following treatment with F-IgG compared with control immunoglobulin G at all effector : target (E : T) ratios (P<0.01). This trend further increased by NK cell stimulation with the activating cytokine interleukin-12. NK cell production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was also significantly increased in response to costimulation with interleukin-12 stimulation and F-IgG-coated Mel 39 target cells compared with controls (P<0.01). In contrast, F-IgG did not bind to the FR-negative cell line F01 and had no significant effect on NK cell lysis or cytokine production. This research indicates the potential use of F-IgG for its ability to induce an immune response from NK cells against FR-positive melanoma tumor cells, which can be further increased by the addition of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra C. Skinner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Elizabeth L. McMichael
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Alena C. Jaime-Ramirez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Zachary B. Abrams
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert J. Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - William E. Carson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH
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6
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Panaccione R, Sandborn WJ, Gordon GL, Lee SD, Safdi A, Sedghi S, Feagan BG, Hanauer S, Reinisch W, Valentine JF, Huang B, Carcereri R. Briakinumab for treatment of Crohn's disease: results of a randomized trial. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1329-40. [PMID: 25989338 DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the efficacy and safety of briakinumab, a human anti-IL-12/23p40 monoclonal antibody, compared with placebo for the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease. METHODS In this phase 2b, multicenter, double-blind, parallel group study, 246 patients stratified by prior tumor necrosis factor-antagonist use and response, were randomized (1:1:1:3) to 4 intravenous induction regimens: placebo, 200, 400, or 700 mg briakinumab, at weeks 0/4/8. At week 12, responders in the placebo or 400-mg induction groups entered the maintenance phase with the same regimen, whereas responders in the 700-mg induction group were rerandomized (1:1:1) to receive placebo, 200, or 700 mg briakinumab at weeks 12/16/20. At week 24, patients in remission stopped receiving study drug (withdrawal phase) until relapse. Patients experiencing relapse, nonresponders, and nonremitters could enter the open-label phase. RESULTS The primary end point of clinical remission at week 6 was not met. There were numerically greater rates of remission and response at 6, 12, or 24 weeks in patients treated with briakinumab. The safety and tolerability profile of briakinumab was similar in the induction and maintenance phases of the trial. CONCLUSIONS Briakinumab showed a similar safety and tolerability profile to placebo in the induction and maintenance phases, and comparable rates of serious adverse events, adverse events leading to discontinuation, and malignancy. These data provide support for the potential efficacy of briakinumab and other IL-12/23 inhibitors in the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease.
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7
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Rubinstein MP, Su EW, Suriano S, Cloud CA, Andrijauskaite K, Kesarwani P, Schwartz KM, Williams KM, Johnson CB, Li M, Scurti GM, Salem ML, Paulos CM, Garrett-Mayer E, Mehrotra S, Cole DJ. Interleukin-12 enhances the function and anti-tumor activity in murine and human CD8(+) T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:539-49. [PMID: 25676709 PMCID: PMC4804872 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse CD8(+) T cells conditioned with interleukin (IL)-12 ex vivo mediate the potent regression of established melanoma when transferred into lymphodepleted mice. However, the quantitative and qualitative changes induced by IL-12 in the responding mouse CD8(+) T cells have not been well defined. Moreover, the mechanisms by which IL-12-conditioning impacts human CD8(+) T cells, and how such cells might be expanded prior to infusion into patients is not known. We found that ex vivo IL-12-conditioning of mouse CD8(+) T cells led to a tenfold-100-fold increase in persistence and anti-tumor efficacy upon adoptive transfer into lymphodepleted mice. The enhancing effect of IL-12 was associated with maintenance of functional avidity. Importantly, in the context of ongoing ACT clinical trials, human CD8(+) T cells genetically modified with a tyrosinase-specific T cell receptor (TCR) exhibited significantly enhanced functional activity when conditioned with IL-12 as indicated by heightened granzyme B expression and elevated peptide-specific CD107a degranulation. This effect was sustainable despite the 20 days of in vitro cellular expansion required to expand cells over 1,000-fold allowing adequate cell numbers for administration to cancer patients. Overall, these findings support the efficacy and feasibility of ex vivo IL-12-conditioning of TCR-modified human CD8(+) T cells for adoptive transfer and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, HO506, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA,
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8
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Salem ML, Shoukry NM, Zidan AAA, Vournakis J. Immunomodulatory effects of IL-12 released from poly-N-acetyl glucosamine gel matrix during schistosomiasis infection. Cytotechnology 2014; 66:667-75. [PMID: 23884721 PMCID: PMC4082772 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported recently that Interleukin-12 (IL-12) released from poly-N-acetyl glucosamine gel matrix (F2 gel/IL-12) is more effective than free IL-12 to enhance vaccination of mice with Schistosoma soluble worm antigen preparation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of F2 gel/IL-12 on the inflammatory responses in mice undergoing schistosomiasis infection in absence of vaccination. To achieve this, mice undergoing Schistosoma mansoni infection or cured from this infection, after treatment with praziquantil (PZQ), were treated with subcutaneous injection of IL-12 for 3 consecutive days or once with F2 gel loaded with IL-12 (F2 gel/IL-12). The treatment was started on day 35 days after infection. For infection, mice were infected with 100 cercariae of S. mansoni using tail immersion method. We found that treatment with F2 gel/IL-12 induced significant decreases in the egg burden with a moderate reduction in the size of granuloma and decrease in the cellular granulomatous reaction in the lung as compared to infected mice treated with IL-12. These effects of F2 gel/IL-12 were more pronounced in infected mice previously treated with the anti-schistosomal drug PZQ. The total numbers of white blood cells in all treated mice showed similar profile. Treatment with IL-12 or F2 gel/IL-12, however, showed significant reduction in the number of mononuclear cells when compared with non-treated infected mice. In conclusion, this study showed the ability of IL-12 released from F2 gel to lower the inflammatory response to Schistosoma infection even in absence of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Salem
- Immunology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt,
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9
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Yang CY, Ma X, Tsuneyama K, Huang S, Takahashi T, Chalasani NP, Bowlus CL, Yang GX, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Wu L, Coppel R, Gershwin ME. IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 biliary microenvironment in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for therapy. Hepatology 2014; 59:1944-53. [PMID: 24375552 PMCID: PMC3999171 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23-mediated Th1/Th17 signaling pathway has been associated with the etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). To address the cytokine microenvironment specifically in the liver, we examined the localized expression of cytokine subunits and their corresponding receptors using previously optimized immunohistochemistry with an extensive panel of antibodies directed at IL-12p70, IL-12p35, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-12RB2, IL-23p40, IL-23p19, IL-17, and IL-23R using liver from PBC (n = 51) and non-PBC (n = 80) control liver disease patients. Multiple portal tracts in each patient were blindly evaluated and individually scored. We report herein that although IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 staining was detected in all of the liver sections, they were primarily localized around the damaged interlobular bile ducts in PBC. Most important, Th17 skewing was prominent in advanced PBC patients with intensive secretion of IL-23p19 by inflamed hepatocytes around IL-23R, IL-12RB2, and IFN-γ expressing degenerated cholangiocytes. Our novel finding on the direct association of Th17 skewing and disease severity illustrates the significance of the IL-23/Th17 pathway in the perpetuation of IL-12/Th1-mediated immunopathology in PBC. Furthermore, localized IL-23p19 production by hepatocytes may enhance profibrotic Th17 signaling and proinflammatory IFN-γ production that contribute to PBC pathology. CONCLUSION Our data emphasize the pathogenic relevance of IL-12/Th1 and IL-23/Th17 in the evolution of PBC. Of significance, however, the shift from a Th1 to a Th17 imbalance at advanced stages of the disease suggests the necessity to consider modulation of the IL-23/Th17 pathway as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yen Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Naga P. Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher L. Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linda Wu
- Department of Immunology, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ross Coppel
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Rea IM, Maxwell LD, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Curran MD, Middleton D, Ross OA. Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) haplogroups A and B track with Natural Killer Cells and Cytokine Profile in Aged Subjects: Observations from Octo/Nonagenarians in the Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Aging STudy (BELFAST). Immun Ageing 2013; 10:35. [PMID: 23957956 PMCID: PMC3827941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural Killer Cells (NK) play an important role in detection and elimination of virus-infected, damaged or cancer cells. NK cell function is guided by expression of Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) and contributed to by the cytokine milieu. KIR molecules are grouped on NK cells into stimulatory and inhibitory KIR haplotypes A and B, through which NKs sense and tolerate HLA self-antigens or up-regulate the NK-cytotoxic response to cells with altered HLA self-antigens, damaged by viruses or tumours. We have previously described increased numbers of NK and NK-related subsets in association with sIL-2R cytokine serum levels in BELFAST octo/nonagenarians. We hypothesised that changes in KIR A and B haplotype gene frequencies could explain the increased cytokine profiles and NK compartments previously described in Belfast Elderly Longitudinal Free-living Aging STudy (BELFAST) octo/nonagenarians, who show evidence of ageing well. RESULTS In the BELFAST study, 24% of octo/nonagenarians carried the KIR A haplotype and 76% KIR B haplotype with no differences for KIR A haplogroup frequency between male or female subjects (23% v 24%; p=0.88) or for KIR B haplogroup (77% v 76%; p=0.99). Octo/nonagenarian KIR A haplotype carriers showed increased NK numbers and percentage compared to Group B KIR subjects (p=0.003; p=0.016 respectively). There were no KIR A/ B haplogroup-associated changes for related CD57+CD8 (high or low) subsets. Using logistic regression, KIR B carriers were predicted to have higher IL-12 cytokine levels compared to KIR A carriers by about 3% (OR 1.03, confidence limits CI 0.99-1.09; p=0.027) and 14% higher levels for TGF-β (active), a cytokine with an anti-inflammatory role, (OR 1.14, confidence limits CI 0.99-1.09; p=0.002). CONCLUSION In this observational study, BELFAST octo/nonagenarians carrying KIR A haplotype showed higher NK cell numbers and percentage compared to KIR B carriers. Conversely, KIR B haplotype carriers, with genes encoding for activating KIRs, showed a tendency for higher serum pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to KIR A carriers. While the findings in this study should be considered exploratory they may serve to stimulate debate about the immune signatures of those who appear to age slowly and who represent a model for good quality survivor-hood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maeve Rea
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Lynn D Maxwell
- Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Susan E McNerlan
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Martin D Curran
- Molecular Diagnostic Microbiology Section, Health Protection Agency, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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11
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Abstract
The STAT transcription factor STAT4 is a critical regulator of Th1 differentiation and inflammatory disease. Yet, how STAT4 regulates gene expression is still unclear. In this report, we define a STAT4-dependent sequence of events including histone H3 lysine 4 methylation, Jmjd3 association with STAT4 target loci, and a Jmjd3-dependent decrease in histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 3a association with STAT4 target loci. Dnmt3a has an obligate role in repressing Th1 gene expression, and in Th1 cultures deficient in both STAT4 and Dnmt3a, there is recovery in the expression of a subset of Th1 genes that is sufficient to increase IFN-γ production. Moreover, although STAT4-deficient mice are protected from the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, mice deficient in STAT4 and conditionally deficient in Dnmt3a in T cells develop paralysis. Th1 genes that are derepressed in the absence of Dnmt3a have greater induction after the ectopic expression of the Th1-associated transcription factors T-bet and Hlx1. Together, these data demonstrate that STAT4 and Dnmt3a play opposing roles in regulating Th1 gene expression, and that one mechanism for STAT4-dependent gene programming is in establishing a derepressed genetic state susceptible to transactivation by additional fate-determining transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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12
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Wang JM, Ma CJ, Li GY, Wu XY, Thayer P, Greer P, Smith AM, High KP, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 alters the balance of IL-12/IL-23 and drives TH17 cells: role in hepatitis B vaccine failure during hepatitis C infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:2238-45. [PMID: 23499521 PMCID: PMC3667544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is recommended for individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection given their shared risk factors and increased liver-related morbidity and mortality upon super-infection. Vaccine responses in this setting are often blunted, with poor response rates to HBV vaccinations in chronically HCV-infected individuals compared to healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated the role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)-mediated immune regulation in HBV vaccine responses during HCV infection. We found that Tim-3, a marker for T cell exhaustion, was over-expressed on monocytes, leading to a differential regulation of IL-12/IL-23 production which in turn TH17 cell accumulation, in HCV-infected HBV vaccine non-responders compared to HCV-infected HBV vaccine responders or healthy subjects (HS). Importantly, ex vivo blockade of Tim-3 signaling corrected the imbalance of IL-12/IL-23 as well as the IL-17 bias observed in HBV vaccine non-responders during HCV infection. These results suggest that Tim-3-mediated dysregulation of innate to adaptive immune responses is involved in HBV vaccine failure in individuals with chronic HCV infection, raising the possibility that blocking this negative signaling pathway might improve the success rate of HBV immunization in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of
Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Guang Y. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Penny Thayer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Pamela Greer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Ashley M. Smith
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Kevin P. High
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest
University Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
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13
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Perez-Aso M, Feig JL, Mediero A, Aránzazu M, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A2A receptor and TNF-α regulate the circadian machinery of the human monocytic THP-1 cells. Inflammation 2013; 36:152-62. [PMID: 22923002 PMCID: PMC3553238 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Morning stiffness and increased symptoms of inflammatory arthritis are among the most common manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), an important mediator of inflammation in RA, regulates the circadian expression of clock proteins, and adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) mediate many of the anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic actions of methotrexate, the cornerstone drug in the treatment of RA. We found that A(2A)R activation and TNF-α activated the clock core loop of the human monocytic THP-1 cell line. We further observed that interleukin (IL)-10, but not IL-12, mRNA expression fluctuates in a circadian fashion and that TNF-α and A(2A)R stimulation combined increased IL-10 expression. Interestingly, TNF-α, but not CGS21680, dramatically inhibited IL-12 mRNA expression. The demonstration that A(2A)R and TNF-α regulate the intrinsic circadian clock in immune cells provides an explanation for both the pathologic changes in circadian rhythms in RA and for the adverse circadian effects of methotrexate, such as fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Perez-Aso
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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14
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Miller EA, Spadaccia MR, O’Brien MP, Rolnitzky L, Sabado R, Manches O, Frleta D, Bhardwaj N. Plasma factors during chronic HIV-1 infection impair IL-12 secretion by myeloid dendritic cells via a virus-independent pathway. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 61:535-44. [PMID: 22902724 PMCID: PMC3508089 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31826afbce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) dysfunction during HIV infection may hinder the formation of both innate and adaptive immune responses and contribute to pathogenesis. Our objective was to determine whether circulating factors during chronic HIV infection impair mDC function with respect to secretion of IL-12, a pro-Th1 cytokine, and T-cell stimulatory capacity. Particular focus was placed on the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the role of HIV itself on mDC function. METHODS Monocyte-derived DC (moDC) from uninfected donors were exposed to plasma from HIV-infected individuals before Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Cytokine secretion was measured via cytokine bead arrays, and T-cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion was evaluated after coculture with naive CD4 T cells. Expression of genes central to TLR-mediated signal transduction was analyzed via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) arrays and western blot. RESULTS Exposure of monocyte-derived DC to plasma from untreated HIV-infected donors suppressed secretion of IL-12, and impaired Th1-skewing of CD4 T cells. The suppressive effect was less by plasma donors receiving cART. Removal of virus from plasma did not relieve suppression nor was IL-12 secretion decreased on addition of HIV to control plasma. On a transcriptional level, decreased expression of IKKβ, a key regulator in the TLR/NF-kappaB signaling pathway, corresponded to suppressed cytokine secretion. CONCLUSIONS Plasma factors during chronic HIV infection impair mDC function in a manner that likely impacts the formation of immune responses to HIV, opportunistic pathogens, and vaccines. Despite partial alleviation by cART, this suppression was not directly mediated by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Meredith R. Spadaccia
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Meagan P. O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Linda Rolnitzky
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Rachel Sabado
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Olivier Manches
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Davor Frleta
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
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15
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Waserman S, Nair P, Snider D, Conway M, Jayaram L, McCleary LM, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE, Marshall JS. Local and systemic immunological parameters associated with remission of asthma symptoms in children. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2012; 8:16. [PMID: 23043798 PMCID: PMC3599667 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The immunological and clinical parameters that are associated with asthma remission are poorly understood. The cytokine and local mediator changes associated with the resolution of asthma symptoms were examined in three groups of subjects 12-18 years of age (n = 15 in each group): (a) continuing asthma group (CA) who had persistent symptoms since early childhood, (b) an age, sex and atopic status-matched group who had persistent symptoms in early childhood but in whom these had resolved (RA), and (c) a non-atopic, non-asthmatic control group. Clinical parameters, sputum cell counts, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine production and activation marker expression were determined. All of the CA had methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness compared with only half of the RA subjects. The CA showed elevated numbers of eosinophils and increased ECP and IL-5 in sputum, which were not observed in the RA. PBMC cytokine studies revealed increased production of the type 1 cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the CA group compared with the RA group, under a range of activation conditions, however, the production of IL-4 and IL-5 were unchanged. These findings suggest that decreased type 1 cytokine expression as well as decreased eosinophilic inflammation is associated with the resolution of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Waserman
- Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, McMaster University Medical Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Denis Snider
- Departments of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Conway
- Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lata Jayaram
- Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lynn M McCleary
- Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jerry Dolovich
- Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean S Marshall
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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16
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Sin JI, Park JB, Lee IH, Park D, Choi YS, Choe J, Celis E. Intratumoral electroporation of IL-12 cDNA eradicates established melanomas by Trp2(180-188)-specific CD8+ CTLs in a perforin/granzyme-mediated and IFN-γ-dependent manner: application of Trp2(180-188) peptides. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1671-82. [PMID: 22382361 PMCID: PMC11028417 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral electroporation (IT-EP) with IL-12 cDNA (IT-EP/IL12) can lead to the eradication of established B16 melanoma tumors in mice. Here, we explore the immunological mechanism of the antitumor effects generated by this therapy. The results show that IT-EP/IL12 applied only once resulted in eradication in 70% animals with large established B16 tumors. Tumor eradication required the participation of CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells and NK cells. IT-EP/IL12 induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses against the immunodominant Trp2(180-188) epitope and generated a systemic response, resulting in significant therapeutic effects against distal, untreated tumors. The therapeutic effect of IT-EP/IL12 was absent in perforin-deficient mice, indicating that tumor elimination occurred through conventional perforin/granzyme lysis by CTLs. Moreover, this therapy induced some degree of immunological memory that protected approximately one-third of the cured mice against a subsequent tumor challenge. Moreover, antitumor efficacy and long-term protection against B16 were significantly improved by concurrent Trp2 peptide immunization through more induction of Ag-specific CTL responses and more attraction of IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T cells into tumor sites. The antitumor effect of IT-EP/IL12 required the participation of IFN-γ, which was shown to induce MHC class I expression on B16 cells and increase the lytic activity of the CD8+ CTL generated by IT-EP/IL12. The results from these animal studies may help in the development of IT-EP/IL12 for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Im Sin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Korea.
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17
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Chmielewski M, Abken H. CAR T cells transform to trucks: chimeric antigen receptor-redirected T cells engineered to deliver inducible IL-12 modulate the tumour stroma to combat cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1269-77. [PMID: 22274776 PMCID: PMC11029721 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy recently achieved impressive efficacy in early-phase clinical trials; this significantly raises the profile of immunotherapy in the fight against cancer. A broad variety of tumour cells can specifically be targeted by patients' T cells, which are redirected in an antibody-defined, major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted fashion by endowing them with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Despite promising results for some haematologic malignancies, the stroma of large, established tumours, the broad plethora of infiltrating repressor cells, and cancer cell variants that had lost the target antigen limit their therapeutic efficacy in the long term. This article reviews a newly described strategy for overcoming some of these shortcomings by engineering CAR T cells with inducible or constitutive release of IL-12. Once redirected, these T cells are activated, and released IL-12 accumulates in the tumour lesion where it promotes tumour destruction by at least two mechanisms: (1) induction of an innate immune cell response towards those cancer cells which are invisible to redirected T cells and (2) triggering programmatic changes in immune-suppressive cells. Given the enormous complexity of both tumour progression and immune attack, the upcoming strategies using CAR-redirected T cells for local delivery of immune-modulating payloads exhibited remarkable efficacy in pre-clinical models, suggesting their evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Chmielewski
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, and Clinic I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, and Clinic I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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18
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Dowell AC, Oldham KA, Bhatt RI, Lee SP, Searle PF. Long-term proliferation of functional human NK cells, with conversion of CD56(dim) NK cells to a CD56 (bright) phenotype, induced by carcinoma cells co-expressing 4-1BBL and IL-12. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:615-28. [PMID: 22021067 PMCID: PMC11029033 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB ligation co-stimulates T cell activation, and agonistic antibodies have entered clinical trials. Natural killer (NK) cells also express 4-1BB following activation and are implicated in the anti-tumour efficacy of 4-1BB stimulation in mice; however, the response of human NK cells to 4-1BB stimulation is not clearly defined. Stimulation of non-adherent PBMC with OVCAR-3 cells expressing 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or IL-12 resulted in preferential expansion of the NK cell population, while the combination 4-1BBL + IL-12 was superior for the activation and proliferation of functional NK cells from healthy donors and patients with renal cell or ovarian carcinoma, supporting long-term (21 day) NK cell proliferation. The expanded NK cells are predominantly CD56(bright), and we show that isolated CD56(dim)CD16(+) NK cells can switch to a CD56(bright)CD16(-) phenotype and proliferate in response to 4-1BBL + IL-12. Whereas 4-1BB upregulation on NK cells in response to 4-1BBL required 'help' from other PBMC, it could be induced on isolated NK cells by IL-12, but only in the presence of target (OVCAR-3) cells. Following primary stimulation with OVCAR-3 cells expressing 4-1BBL + IL-12 and subsequent resting until day 21, NK cells remained predominantly CD56(bright) and retained both high cytotoxic capability against K562 targets and enhanced ability to produce IFNγ relative to NK cells in PBMC. These data support the concept that NK cells could contribute to anti-tumour activity of 4-1BB agonists in humans and suggest that combining 4-1BB-stimulation with IL-12 could be beneficial for ex vivo or in vivo expansion and activation of NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Dowell
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Kimberley A. Oldham
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Rupesh I. Bhatt
- Department of Urology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Steven P. Lee
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Peter F. Searle
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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19
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Jeon BY, Eoh H, Ha SJ, Bang H, Kim SC, Sung YC, Cho SN. Co-immunization of plasmid DNA encoding IL-12 and IL-18 with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine against progressive tuberculosis. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:1008-15. [PMID: 22028167 PMCID: PMC3220262 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has widely been used to immunize against tuberculosis, but its protective efficacy is variable in adult pulmonary tuberculosis, while it is not efficiently protective against progressive infection of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. In this study, the protective effects of plasmid DNA vaccine constructs encoding IL-12 or IL-18 with the BCG vaccine were evaluated against progressive infection of M. tuberculosis, using mouse aerosol challenge model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmid DNA vaccine constructs encoding IL-12 or IL-18 were constructed and mice were immunized with the BCG vaccine or with IL-12 DNA or IL-18 DNA vaccine constructs together with the BCG vaccine. RESULTS The BCG vaccine induced high level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) but co-immunization of IL-12 or IL-18 DNA vaccine constructs with the BCG vaccine induced significantly higher level of IFN-γ than a single BCG vaccine. The BCG vaccine was highly protective at early stage of M. tuberculosis infection, but its protective efficacy was reduced at later stage of infection. The co-immunization of IL-12 DNA vaccine constructs with the BCG vaccine was slightly more protective at early stage of infection and was significantly more protective at later stage infection than a single BCG vaccine. CONCLUSION Co-immunization of IL-12 DNA vaccine with the BCG vaccine induced more protective immunity and was more effective for protection against progressive infection of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeeun Bang
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Sung
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Kong W, Yen JH, Ganea D. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents dendritic cell maturation, inhibits antigen-specific Th1/Th17 differentiation and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:872-82. [PMID: 20854895 PMCID: PMC3031664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the CNS, emerged recently together with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA/EPA metabolic derivatives as a major player in the resolution of inflammation. Protective anti-inflammatory effects of DHA were reported in clinical studies and animal models of colitis, sepsis, and stroke. Here we report for the first time a beneficial effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for human multiple sclerosis. In the present study we investigated the effects of DHA on the function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) in CD4(+) T cell stimulation and differentiation. Pretreatment of DC with DHA prevented LPS-induced DC maturation, maintaining an immature phenotype characterized by low expression of costimulatory molecules and lack of proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-12p70, IL-6, and IL-23). DHA-treated DC were poor stimulators of antigen-specific T cells in terms of proliferation and Th1/Th17 differentiation. This was associated with an increase in p27(kip1), a cell cycle arresting agent, and with decreases in Tbet, GATA-3, and RORγt, master transcription factors for Th1, Th2, and Th17. In contrast, T cells co-cultured with DC-DHA express higher levels of TGFβ and Foxp3, without exhibiting a functional Treg phenotype. Similar to the in vitro results, the beneficial effect of DHA in EAE was associated with reduced numbers of IFNγ- and IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells in both spleen and CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140,Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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21
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Gladue RP, Paradis T, Cole SH, Donovan C, Nelson R, Alpert R, Gardner J, Natoli E, Elliott E, Shepard R, Bedian V. The CD40 agonist antibody CP-870,893 enhances dendritic cell and B-cell activity and promotes anti-tumor efficacy in SCID-hu mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1009-17. [PMID: 21479995 PMCID: PMC11028430 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD40 is a member of the TNF family of receptors that has been shown to play a crucial role in enhancing dendritic cell activity and fostering anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate the in vitro properties and in vivo efficacious activity of the CD40 agonist antibody, CP-870,893. CP-870,893 is a fully human, IgG2 antibody that selectively interacts with CD40 at a site distinct from its ligand-binding region with a KD of 0.4 nM. It enhances the expression of MHC class II, CD54, CD86, and CD23 on human B cells in vitro. CP-870,893 also enhances dendritic cell activity as evidenced by cytokine secretion (IL-12, IL-23, IL-8), the upregulation of CD86 and CD83, and the ability to prime T cells to secrete IFNγ. In SCID-beige mice, a single parenteral injection of CP-870,893 was therapeutically effective against several CD40(pos) human tumors (B-cell lymphoma, breast, colon, and prostate) indicating direct effects on tumor cell survival and/or growth. When mice were co-implanted with human T cells and dendritic cells, the activity of CP-870,893 against CD40(pos) tumors increased, and efficacy was also observed against CD40(neg) and CD40(low) tumors demonstrating the ability of CP-870,893 to enhance anti-tumor immune function in vivo. These studies suggest that CP-870,893 has the potential to be efficacious against a wide range of tumor types through both direct and immune-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Gladue
- Department of Immunology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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22
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Steding CE, Wu ST, Zhang Y, Jeng MH, Elzey BD, Kao C. The role of interleukin-12 on modulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells, increasing overall survival and reducing metastasis. Immunology 2011; 133:221-38. [PMID: 21453419 PMCID: PMC3088984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important to the tumour microenvironment as they actively suppress the immune system and promote tumour progression and metastasis. These cells block T-cell activation in the tumour microenvironment, preventing anti-tumour immune activity. The ability of a treatment to alter the suppressive function of these cells and promote an immune response is essential to enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has the potential not only to promote anti-tumour immune responses but also to block the activity of cells capable of immune suppression. This paper identifies a novel role for IL-12 as a modulator of MDSC activity, with implications for IL-12 as a therapeutic agent. Treatment with IL-12 was found to alter the suppressive function of MDSC by fundamentally altering the cells. Interleukin-12-treated MDSC exhibited up-regulation of surface markers indicative of mature cells as well as decreases in nitric oxide synthase and interferon-γ mRNA both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with IL-12 was also found to have significant therapeutic benefit by decreasing the percentage of MDSC in the tumour microenvironment and increasing the percentage of active CD8(+) T cells. Treatment with IL-12 resulted in an increase in overall survival accompanied by a reduction in metastasis. The findings in this paper identify IL-12 as a modulator of immune suppression with significant potential as a therapeutic agent for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Steding
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN
| | - Sung-tse Wu
- Department of Urology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN
| | - Meei-Huey Jeng
- Department of Urology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Department of Urology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN
| | - Chinghai Kao
- Department of Urology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana UniversityIndianapolis, IN, USA
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23
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Strober W, Fuss IJ, Straub KD. Proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1756-1767. [PMID: 21530742 PMCID: PMC3773507 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine responses characterizing the inflammatory bowel diseases are the key pathophysiologic elements that govern the initiation, evolution, and, ultimately, the resolution of these forms of inflammation. Studies during the last 2 decades now provide a detailed (but not yet complete) picture of the nature of these responses. The first tier of cytokine responses are governed by the T-cell differentiation patterns dominating the disease. In Crohn's disease, the major cytokines arise from T-helper cell (Th) 1 and Th17 CD4(+) T-cell differentiation and consist of interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17/IL-22 generated by these types of differentiation. The relative importance of these cytokines to Crohn's inflammation is still unclear, although evidence is mounting that interferon-γ is primus inter pare (first among equals). In contrast, in ulcerative colitis, a Th2-like differentiation process is paramount, which results in expansion of natural killer T cells producing IL-13 (and perhaps IL-5). These disease-specific cytokine patterns give rise to a second tier of cytokines that span the Th1/Th17-Th2 divide and act as upstream facilitators and downstream mediators of inflammation. These cytokines include the well-known tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6 triumphirate, as well as a more recently studied cytokine known as TL1A (tumor necrosis factor-like ligand). In this review, we will explore this cytokine landscape with the view of providing an understanding of how recent and future anticytokine therapies actually function.
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24
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Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer whose worldwide incidence is rising faster than any other cancer. Few treatment options are available to patients with metastatic disease, and standard chemotherapeutic agents are generally ineffective. Cytokines such as IFN-α or IL-2 can promote immune recognition of melanoma, occasionally inducing dramatic and durable clinical responses. Here, we discuss several immunomodulatory agents, the safety of which are being evaluated in clinical trials. Challenges include an incomplete understanding of signaling pathways, appropriate clinical dose and route, and systemic immunosuppression in advanced melanoma patients. We consider how targeted cytokine therapy will integrate into the clinical arena, as well as the low likelihood of success of single cytokine therapies. Evidence supports a synergy between cytokine immunotherapy and other therapeutic approaches in melanoma, and strengthening this area of research will improve our understanding of how to use cytokine therapy better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Nicholas
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Levi B, Benish M, Goldfarb Y, Sorski L, Melamed R, Rosenne E, Ben-Eliyahu S. Continuous stress disrupts immunostimulatory effects of IL-12. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:727-35. [PMID: 21277367 PMCID: PMC3081380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune stimulation by biological response modifiers is a common approach in tumor immunotherapy. IL-12 was found effective in various animal studies, but clinical trials showed limited success. However, among other differences, animal models do not simulate psychological or physiological stress while employing IL-12, whereas cancer patients often experience distress while treated with immunostimulants. Thus, in the current study we assessed the impact of continuous stress on the efficacy of IL-12 immunostimulation. F344 rats were subjected to a pharmacological stress paradigm (continuous administration of a β-adrenergic agonist) or to a 20 h behavioral stress paradigm (wet cage exposure) commencing 2h before IL-12 administration. Twenty-six hours after stress initiation, we studied indices known to reflect IL-12 immunostimulatory impacts, including NK cell numbers and activity in different immune compartments, and in vivo resistance to MADB106 lung tumor colonization. The results indicated that both the pharmacological and behavioral stress paradigms significantly reduced the increase in the number and activity of marginating-pulmonary NK cells evident in non-stressed IL-12 treated animals. Additionally, stressed animals exhibited a lower IL-12-induced improvement of MADB106 lung clearance, an in vivo index that markedly depends on total marginating-pulmonary NK activity. These deleterious effects of stress were more prominent in males than in females. Overall, the findings demonstrate that prolonged stress exposure can disrupt the efficacy of simultaneous immunostimulatory treatments, irrespective of stress effects on baseline immune measures. Neuroendocrine and cellular mediating mechanisms are yet unknown, but the potential clinical ramifications of these findings warrant consideration in clinical trials employing immunostimulatory agents.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/complications
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Corticosterone/blood
- Epinephrine/blood
- Female
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/complications
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Male
- Metaproterenol
- Neoplasms, Experimental/complications
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Sex Factors
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/chemically induced
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Levi
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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26
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Itoh H, Sashihara T, Hosono A, Kaminogawa S, Uchida M. Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 inhibits development of ectopic endometrial cell in peritoneal cavity via activation of NK cells in a murine endometriosis model. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:205-10. [PMID: 21409454 PMCID: PMC3080482 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that peritoneal administration of interleukin-12 (IL-12) suppresses development of ectopic endometriotic lesions via activation of natural killer (NK) cells in a mouse endometriosis model. Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809 is one of a probiotic lactobacillus that has been selected on an ability to stimulate production of IL-12 from murine splenocytes. In this study, we examined whether the oral administration of heat-killed L. gasseri OLL2809 suppressed development of endometriosis. Administration of L. gasseri OLL2809 for 21 consecutive days resulted in reduction of the development of ectopic endometriotic lesions in an extent similar to IL-12. Although obvious effects of L. gasseri OLL2809 on the peritoneal cytokine levels, population of peritoneal cells as well as cytotoxicity of splenic NK cells, gene expression analysis of the peritoneal cells revealed enhancement in the transcription of IL-2 and natural killer cell triggering receptor 1 genes. Therefore, it was suggested that L. gasseri OLL2809 suppressed development of endometriosis via activation of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itoh
- Food Science Institute, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Dairies Corporation, 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sashihara
- Food Science Institute, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Dairies Corporation, 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862 Japan
| | - Akira Hosono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510 Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaminogawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8510 Japan
| | - Masayuki Uchida
- Food Science Institute, Division of Research and Development, Meiji Dairies Corporation, 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862 Japan
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27
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Wieckowski E, Chatta GS, Mailliard RM, Gooding W, Palucka K, Banchereau J, Kalinski P. Type-1 polarized dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic prostate cancer cells are potent inducers of CD8(+) T cells against prostate cancer cells and defined prostate cancer-specific epitopes. Prostate 2011; 71:125-33. [PMID: 20717900 PMCID: PMC2989344 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to develop improved vaccines for patients with recurrent prostate cancer (PCa), we tested the feasibility of using type-1 polarized dendritic cells (αDC1s) to cross-present antigens from allogeneic PCa cells and to induce functional CD8(+) T cell responses against PCa cells and against defined MHC class I-restricted PCa-relevant epitopes. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs from PCa patients were matured using the "standard" cytokine cocktail (IL-1β/TNFα/IL-6/PGE₂) or using the αDC1-polarizing cocktail (IL-1β/TNFα/IFNα/IFNγ/poly-I:C), loaded with UV-irradiated LNCaP cells, and used to sensitize autologous CD8(+) T cells. RESULTS αDC1s from PCa patients secreted 10-30 times higher levels of IL-12p70 than sDCs. Importantly this elevated capacity for IL-12p70 secretion was not inhibited by loading with apoptotic tumor cells. Compared to standard DCs, αDC1s induced higher numbers of CD8(+) T cells capable of recognizing both the original PCa cells as well as another PCa cell line, DU145, in MHC class I-restricted fashion. Furthermore, αDC1s induced higher numbers of CD8(+) T cells recognizing defined PCa-specific class I-restricted peptide epitopes of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase: PAP(135-143) (average 49-fold higher), PAP(112-120) (average 24-fold), PSA(141-150) (average 5.5-fold), and PSA(146-154) (average 11-fold). CONCLUSION Type-1 polarization of GM-CSF/IL-4-generated DCs enhances their ability to present allogeneic tumor cells and to induce CD8(+) T cells recognizing different PCa cells and multiple defined PCa-specific epitopes. These observations help to develop improved immunotherapies of PCa for patients with different HLA types and lacking autologous tumor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wieckowski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gurkamal S. Chatta
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - William Gooding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Sammons Cancer Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
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28
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Arababadi MK, Pourfathollah AA, Jafarzadeh A, Hassanshahi G, Daneshmandi S, Shamsizadeh A, Kennedy D. Non-association of IL-12 +1188 and IFN-γ +874 polymorphisms with cytokines serum level in occult HBV infected patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:30-5. [PMID: 21196650 PMCID: PMC3099077 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.74461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is identified as a form of hepatitis in which despite the absence of detectable HBsAg, HBV-DNA is observed in peripheral blood of patients. The main aim of this study has been to investigate the association between polymorphisms in +874 of IFN-γ and +1188 of IL-12 with their serum level in patients suffering from OBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, plasma samples of 3700 blood donors were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBc by ELISA. The HBsAg-/anti-HBc+ samples were selected and screened for HBV-DNA by PCR. HBV-DNA positive samples were assigned as OBI cases and ARMS-PCR techniques were performed to examine the two known polymorphisms within IL-12 and IFN-γ. In addition, the serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ were also determined by ELISA. RESULTS Results of this study demonstrated that, 352 (9.5%) out of 3700 blood samples were HBsAg-/anti-HBc+ and HBV-DNA was detected in 57/352 (16.1%) of HBsAg-/anti-HBc+ samples. Our results showed that groups showed significant difference in CC allele of +1188 region of IL-12 and no difference was observed in the other evaluated genes. Our results also showed that the alleles of +1188 region of IL-12 and alleles of +874 of IFN-γ were also not associated with serum level of cytokines. CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, it may be concluded that the polymorphisms in +1188 region of IL-12 and +874 region of IFN-γ would not affect the expression of both cytokines at serum level in OBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K. Arababadi
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Molecular- Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. E-mail: kazemi24
| | - Ali A. Pourfathollah
- Molecular- Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Molecular- Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Molecular- Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Saeed Daneshmandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Molecular- Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffi th University Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Goldfarb Y, Levi B, Sorski L, Frenkel D, Ben-Eliyahu S. CpG-C immunotherapeutic efficacy is jeopardized by ongoing exposure to stress: potential implications for clinical use. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:67-76. [PMID: 20656015 PMCID: PMC2991469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.07.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-directional influences between stress hormones and immune responses have been repeatedly documented, however, in the clinical setting they are rarely considered when immunotherapeutic approaches are used or studied in patients. As some immunotherapeutic treatments have shown great potential in animal models but have had limited success in patients, we hypothesize that ongoing psychological and physiological stress responses in patients, which do not characterize the setting of animal studies, contribute to this discrepancy. In the current study we examined the interaction between ongoing water stress and CpG-C immunotherapy to determine whether stress that precedes immunotherapy can modulate the efficacy of CpG-C immunostimulation. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to water stress or served as controls. Two hours following the commencement of the stress protocol animals were injected with CpG-C, non-CpG, or PBS, and sacrificed 1, 4 or 12h thereafter. We found that in CpG-C-treated animals stress eliminated the elevation of plasma IL-12, and synergistically elevated corticosterone levels. Furthermore, stress markedly reduced the total number of myeloid (33D1(+)), plasmacytoid (mPDCA-1(+)) and plasmacytoid-derived (33D1(+)mPDCA-1(+)) dendritic cells in CpG-C-treated animals, as well as the numbers of these cell sub-types expressing CD11b, CD80 and CD69. These changes were more dramatic in the blood than in the spleen. Overall, these findings indicate that under no-stress conditions CpG-C induces a robust immune response, which is significantly diminished when immunostimulation is attempted during ongoing stress. If these findings hold in humans, potential prophylactic treatments should be found to limit the deleterious effects of ongoing stress on the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Goldfarb
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ben Levi
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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30
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Masuda Y, Ito K, Konishi M, Nanba H. A polysaccharide extracted from Grifola frondosa enhances the anti-tumor activity of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-based immunotherapy against murine colon cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1531-41. [PMID: 20563803 PMCID: PMC11030989 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously isolated the novel heteropolysaccharide maitake Z-fraction (MZF) from the maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), and demonstrated that MZF significantly inhibited tumor growth by inducing cell-mediated immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that MZF upregulated the expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, and MHC II on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and significantly increased interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by DCs in a dose-dependent manner. MZF-treated DCs significantly stimulated both allogeneic and antigen-specific syngenic T cell responses and enhanced antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by syngenic CD4(+) T cells; however, MZF-treated DCs did not affect IL-4 production. Furthermore, the enhancement of IFN-gamma production in CD4(+) T cells, which was induced by MZF-treated DCs, was completely inhibited by the addition of an anti-IL-12 antibody. These results indicate that MZF induced DC maturation and antigen-specific Th1 response by enhancing DC-produced IL-12. We also demonstrated that DCs pulsed with colon-26 tumor lysate in the presence of MZF induced both therapeutic and preventive effects on colon-26 tumor development in BALB/c mice. These results suggest that MZF could be a potential effective adjuvant to enhance immunotherapy using DC-based vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Masuda
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
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31
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ten Brinke A, van Schijndel G, Visser R, de Gruijl TD, Zwaginga JJ, van Ham SM. Monophosphoryl lipid A plus IFNgamma maturation of dendritic cells induces antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells with high cytolytic potential. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1185-95. [PMID: 20336295 PMCID: PMC11030766 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are promising antigen presenting cells for cancer treatment. Previously, we showed that the combination of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) with IFNgamma generates mature DCs that produce IL-12 and polarize CD4(+) T cells towards a Th1 phenotype. Here, we extended these observations by showing that the DCs generated with the clinical grade maturation cocktail of MPLA/IFNgamma induce superior tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) CTL responses compared to the cytokine cocktail matured DCs that are currently used in the clinic. MPLA/IFNgamma DCs can induce CTL responses in healthy individuals as well as in melanoma patients. The CTL induction was mainly dependent on the IL-12 produced by the MPLA/IFNgamma DCs. The high amounts of induced CTLs are functional as they produce IFNgamma and lyse target cells and this cytolytic activity is antigen specific and HLA restricted. Furthermore, the CTLs proved to kill tumour cells expressing endogenous tumour antigen in vitro. Therefore, MPLA/IFNgamma DCs are very promising for the use in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9190, 1006 AD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Cationic materials exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in experimental arthritis models. Our aim was to confirm this character of cationic materials and investigate its possible mechanism. Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) models were used to test cationic materials for their anti-inflammatory activity. Cationic dextran (C-dextran) with different cationic degrees was used to investigate the influence of the cationic elements of materials on their anti-inflammatory ability. Peritoneal macrophages and spleen cells were used to test the expression of cytokines stimulated by cationic materials. Interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor-deficient mice and macrophage-depleted rats were used to examine the possible mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity of cationic materials. In AIA models, different cationic materials shared similar anti-inflammatory characters. The anti-inflammatory activity of C-dextran increased with as the cationic degree increased. Cationic materials stimulated interleukin (IL)-12 expression in peritoneal macrophages, and strong stimulation of IFN-gamma secretion was subsequently observed in spleen cells. In vivo experiments revealed that circulating IL-12 and IFN-gamma were enhanced by the cationic materials. Using IFN-gamma receptor knockout mice and macrophage-depleted rats, we found that IFN-gamma and macrophages played key roles in the anti-inflammatory activity of the materials towards cells. We also found that neutrophil infiltration at inflammatory sites was reduced when AIA animals were treated with C-dextran. We propose that cationic signals act through an unknown receptor on macrophages to induce IL-12 secretion, and that IL-12 promotes the expression of IFN-gamma by natural killer cells (or T cells). The resulting elevated systemic levels of IFN-gamma inhibit arthritis development by preventing neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Suhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiangning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Diabetes Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Laboratory for Nano-Technology, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, P. R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To encapsulate our current understanding of the proinflammatory cytokines responsible for the inflammation underlying Crohn's disease and the prospect of using this information to devise therapy for this condition based on inhibition of these cytokines. RECENT FINDINGS Current research is shedding new light on the role of both T helper cell (Th)1 and Th17 responses in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Initial studies conducted a decade ago highlighted the view that Crohn's disease inflammation is caused by an interleukin-12-driven Th1 response, which resulted in the generation of interferon-gamma, which then served as the main inflammatory mediator. In recent years, however, this view has been largely eclipsed by studies, conducted mainly in murine models, showing that a Th17 response is the main cause of Crohn's disease inflammation through the production of interleukin-17. Now, a somewhat more balanced view is emerging, which holds that interferon-gamma is still a major proinflammatory cytokine in Crohn's disease, although it may arise from both the Th1 and Th17-mediated responses at different phases of the inflammatory process. SUMMARY The new findings continue to support the idea that anti-interleukin-12p40, an antibody that inhibits both the Th1 and Th17 response, is logically the most potent anticytokine for the treatment of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6612, USA.
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Uemura A, Takehara T, Miyagi T, Suzuki T, Tatsumi T, Ohkawa K, Kanto T, Hiramatsu N, Hayashi N. Natural killer cell is a major producer of interferon gamma that is critical for the IL-12-induced anti-tumor effect in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:453-63. [PMID: 19756594 PMCID: PMC11030467 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the anti-tumor effect of IL-12 is mediated mostly by IFNgamma, which cell types most efficiently produce IFNgamma and therefore initiate or promote the anti-tumor effect of IL-12 has not been clearly determined. In the present study, we demonstrated hydrodynamic injection of the IL-12 gene led to prolonged IFNgamma production, NK-cell activation and complete inhibition of liver metastasis of CT-26 colon cancer cells in wild-type mice, but not in IFNgamma knockout mice. NK cells expressed higher levels of STAT4 and upon IL-12 administration displayed stronger STAT4 phosphorylation and IFNgamma production than non-NK cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type NK cells into IFNgamma knockout mice restored IL-12-induced IFNgamma production, NK-cell activation and anti-tumor effect, whereas transfer of the same number of wild-type non-NK cells did not. In conclusion, NK cells are predominant producers of IFNgamma that is critical for IL-12 anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamada-oka, Suita, Japan.
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Komita H, Zhao X, Katakam AK, Kumar P, Kawabe M, Okada H, Braughler JM, Storkus WJ. Conditional interleukin-12 gene therapy promotes safe and effective antitumor immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:883-91. [PMID: 19444303 PMCID: PMC3427922 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We and others have previously demonstrated that (chronic) interleukin (IL)-12 gene therapy delivered intratumorally through ex vivo gene-engineered dendritic cell (DC) is competent to promote the regression of established murine tumors. In this report, we have developed a conditional expression system (rAd.RheoIL12) to determine the temporal requirements of transgenic IL-12p70 production by administered DC on therapeutic outcome in a subcutaneous B16 melanoma model. DCs infected with rAd.RheoIL12 (DC.RheoIL12) secreted IL-12p70 in a tightly regulated fashion in response to a synthetic diacylhydrazine small molecule ligand in vitro, and the treatment benefit of DC.RheoIL12 delivered into B16 lesions was strictly ligand dependent in vivo. Indeed, DC.RheoIL12-based therapy promoted the regression of established day 7 B16 tumor lesions after intratumoral injection, provided that ligand administration occurred within 24 h of DC injection and was sustained for approximately 5 or more days. Treatment efficacy was correlated to the magnitude of systemic anti-B16 CD8(+) T cells cross-primed in vivo, which in turn, appeared dependent on the early enhanced in vivo survival of adoptively transferred DC.RheoIL12 in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes. The unique safety feature of DC.RheoIL12 application was emphasized in a combined treatment model with rIL-2, where profound TNF-alpha-associated toxicity could be ameliorated upon discontinuation of activating ligand administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Komita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | | | - Mayumi Kawabe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Walter J. Storkus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Yoshida K, Yang GX, Zhang W, Tsuda M, Tsuneyama K, Moritoki Y, Ansari AA, Okazaki K, Lian ZX, Coppel RL, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. Deletion of interleukin-12p40 suppresses autoimmune cholangitis in dominant negative transforming growth factor beta receptor type II mice. Hepatology 2009; 50:1494-500. [PMID: 19676134 PMCID: PMC2783300 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our laboratory has reported that mice that express a dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor restricted to T cells (dnTGFbetaRII) develop an inflammatory biliary ductular disease with elevated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40 and other proinflammatory cytokines and antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) closely resembling human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have used this mouse model to address the potential mechanisms of immunomodulation of liver disease by creating two unique genetic strains: IL-12p40 knockout (KO)-dnTGFbetaRII mice and IFN-gamma KO-dnTGFbetaRII mice. The two colonies of genetically modified mice-and, for purposes of controls, the dnTGFbetaRII mice-were monitored for liver immunopathology, AMAs, and intrahepatic cytokine production. Disease expression in the IFN-gamma KO-dnTGFbetaRII mice, including liver immunopathology, were similar to those of dnTGFbetaRII mice, whereas the IL-12p40 KO-dnTGFbetaRII mice had a dramatic reduction in histological autoimmune cholangitis and significant decreases in levels of intrahepatic proinflammatory cytokines, but similar levels of AMAs compared with dnTGFbetaRII controls. CONCLUSION These data indicate that in this mouse model of PBC, signaling by way of IL-12p40 is an essential requirement for the development of autoimmune cholangitis. The results of these studies will play an important role in identifying pathways and reagents that will selectively inhibit IL-12 signaling for the outlining of future therapeutic strategies for human PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Masanobu Tsuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology (I), University of Toyama School of Medicine, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuki Moritoki
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian R. Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Zaharoff DA, Hoffman BS, Hooper HB, Benjamin CJ, Khurana KK, Hance KW, Rogers CJ, Pinto PA, Schlom J, Greiner JW. Intravesical immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer with chitosan/interleukin-12. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6192-9. [PMID: 19638573 PMCID: PMC2788203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical BCG has been used successfully to treat superficial bladder cancer for three decades. However, 20% to 30% of patients will fail initial BCG therapy and 30% to 50% of patients will develop recurrent tumors within 5 years. Alternative or complementary strategies for the management of superficial bladder cancer are needed. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent T(H)1 cytokine with robust antitumor activity and the ability to potentiate immunologic memory. Unfortunately, intravesical IL-12 did not show antitumor efficacy in a recent clinical study of patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. We hypothesized that coformulation of IL-12 with chitosan, a biocompatible, mucoadhesive polysaccharide, could improve intravesical IL-12 delivery and provide an effective and durable alternative for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. In antitumor studies, 88% to 100% of mice bearing orthotopic bladder tumors were cured after four intravesical treatments with chitosan/IL-12. In contrast, only 38% to 60% of mice treated with IL-12 alone and 0% treated with BCG were cured. Antitumor responses following chitosan/IL-12 treatments were durable and provided complete protection from intravesical tumor rechallenge. Urinary cytokine analysis showed that chitosan/IL-12 induced multiple T(H)1 cytokines at levels significantly higher than either IL-12 alone or BCG. Immunohistochemistry revealed moderate to intense tumor infiltration by T cells and macrophages following chitosan/IL-12 treatments. Bladder submucosa from cured mice contained residual populations of immune cells that returned to baseline levels after several months. Intravesical chitosan/IL-12 is a well-tolerated, effective immunotherapy that deserves further consideration for testing in humans for the management of superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Zaharoff
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin S. Hoffman
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - H. Brooks Hooper
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Compton J. Benjamin
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kiranpreet K. Khurana
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth W. Hance
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Connie J. Rogers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter A. Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John W. Greiner
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kalinski P. Dendritic cells in immunotherapy of established cancer: Roles of signals 1, 2, 3 and 4. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 10:526-535. [PMID: 19513941 PMCID: PMC2919813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ability of cancer vaccines to induce tumor-specific T-cells in the blood of patients with cancer, and early, promising data indicating their ability to delay cancer progression, their ability to induce cancer regression remains low. The use of ex vivo-generated dendritic cells (DCs) in such vaccines can help to sidestep the cancer-associated dysfunction of endogenous DCs and to deliver the key instructive signals needed for effective antitumor responses. Effective ways of loading DCs with tumor-related antigens, while retaining the high costimulatory function required for T-cell expansion (ie, effective delivery of 'signal one' and 'signal two'), have been previously identified. More recently, different DC populations have been found to deliver a specialized third signal, able to regulate the acquisition of desirable T-cell effector functions, as well as an additional fourth signal that regulates the homing properties of T-cells. Moreover, ex vivo instruction of DCs can be used to preferentially activate CTLs, T-helper 1 and NK cells, while limiting the undesirable activation of regulatory T-cells. These developments can result in the induction of T-cells with desirable effector functions and tumor-relevant homing properties, even in the absence of proinflammatory signals (typically present in recall infections, but not in advanced cancer), thus helping to bridge the gap between the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Suite 1.46, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Tawab A, Fan Y, Read EJ, Kurlander RJ. Effect of ex vivo culture duration on phenotype and cytokine production by mature dendritic cells derived from peripheral blood monocytes. Transfusion 2009; 49:536-47. [PMID: 19243546 PMCID: PMC3859301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To generate clinical-grade dendritic cells (DCs) ex vivo for immunotherapy trials, peripheral blood monocytes are typically cultured in granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 and then matured using one or more agents. Duration of the initial DC culture is one important variable that has not been systematically evaluated for its effect on the characteristics of the final mature DC product. STUDY DESIGN DCs were generated from elutriated peripheral blood monocytes by incubation in medium containing 2000 units per mL each of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 3 to 7 days, followed by maturation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). DC yield, viability, flow cytometric phenotype, and cytokine production were evaluated. RESULTS The percentage yield and viability of mature DCs were similar after GM-CSF/IL-4 culture for 3 or 7 days. In either case, mature DCs expressed abundant CD80, CD86, CD83, and CCR7, but 3-day DCs expressed these antigens in a more consistent and homogeneous manner. Mature 3-day DCs produced much more IL-12 and less IL-10 after restimulation with CD40L-LTK than 7-day DCs. The former were also more effective in presenting immunogenic peptides to CD8 T cells. Analogous changes in cytokine production were observed in mature DCs prepared using lower concentrations of GM-CSF/IL-4 or when the alternative maturation cocktails poly(I:C)/IFN-gamma and soluble CD40L/IFN-gamma were used. CONCLUSION Extended initial culture of DCs in GM-CSF/IL-4 does not affect yield or viability of subsequently matured DCs, but can adversely affect their ability to homogeneously express high levels of functionally important surface molecules such as CD83 and CCR7 and to produce IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Tawab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1508, USA
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40
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Abstract
Our understanding of cell mediated immunity (CMI) has revealed the importance of activated macrophages as key immune effector cells. Over the past decade, we have come to realize that macrophages exhibit remarkable plasticity, and different populations of macrophages with distinct physiologies can develop in response to different stimuli. In fact, it is likely that the number of different macrophage populations that can arise may be as diverse as the activating stimuli that induce them. Some of these stimuli can instruct macrophages to kill microbes (classical activation), lay down extracellular matrix components to promote wound healing (alternative activation), or secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines to terminate inflammation (regulatory macrophages). New ways to biochemically identify these cells have led to a better understanding of the heterogeneity of activated macrophages. As our understanding of the various macrophage populations increases, so does the potential for therapeutic intervention based on targeting specific populations of activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-cytokine fusion proteins consist of cytokines fused to an antibody to improve antibody-targeted cancer immunotherapy. These molecules have the capacity to enhance the tumoricidal activity of the antibodies and/or activate a secondary antitumor immune response. OBJECTIVE To review the strategies used to develop antibody-cytokine fusion proteins and their in vitro and in vivo properties, including preclinical and clinical studies focusing on IL-2, IL-12 and GM-CSF. METHODS Articles were found by searching databases such as PubMed and Clinical Trials of the US National Institutes of Health. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Multiple antibody-cytokine fusion proteins have demonstrated significant antitumor activity as direct therapeutics or as adjuvants of cancer vaccines in preclinical studies, paving the way for their clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ortiz-Sánchez
- Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gustavo Helguera
- Assistant Researcher, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tracy R Daniels
- Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Assistant Professor, UCLA, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 54-140, Box 951782, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA
- Assistant Professor, University of California, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Assistant Professor, University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Author for correspondence, Tel: +1 310 825 1304; Fax: +1 310 825 7575;
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Díaz-Montero CM, El Naggar S, Al Khami A, El Naggar R, Montero AJ, Cole DJ, Salem ML. Priming of naive CD8+ T cells in the presence of IL-12 selectively enhances the survival of CD8+CD62Lhi cells and results in superior anti-tumor activity in a tolerogenic murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:563-72. [PMID: 17726606 PMCID: PMC3406410 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the antigen-dependant activation process several subsets CD8+ T cells appear with different phenotypic and functional characteristics. Recent studies indicate that the state of T cell differentiation radically affects their ability to effectively respond to tumor challenge, with early effector CD8+ T (CD62Lhigh) cells having better anti-tumor activity. Thus strategies aimed at optimizing the generation of such subpopulations could significantly enhance the effectiveness of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancer. In this study, we show that priming of naïve CD8+ T cells in the presence of IL-12 selectively rescued early CD8+ CD62L(hi) from activation induced cell death and resulted in the increased accumulation of this subset of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IL-12 directly modulated the expression of CD62L on activated CD8+ T cells. When used for ACT, naïve CD8+ T cells primed in vitro in the presence of IL-12 showed superior anti-tumor activity toward B16 melanoma. Importantly, using the Pmel-1 model, priming pmel-1 cells in vitro with IL-12 reduced the state of functional tolerance associated with the non-mutated "self" tumor antigen gp100, as demonstrated by significant tumor responses in the absence of vaccination. Together, our results suggest that in vitro conditioning of naïve CD8+ T cells with IL-12 prior to ACT could significantly enhance their anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Marcela Díaz-Montero
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Amir Al Khami
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Alberto J. Montero
- Departments of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mohamed L. Salem
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
T cells with a memory-like phenotype and possessing innate immune function have been previously identified as CD8(+)CD44(hi) cells. These cells rapidly secrete IFN-gamma upon stimulation with IL-12/IL-18 and are involved in innate responses to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. The signals regulating these cells are unclear. The Tec kinase Itk regulates T cell activation and we report here that a majority of the CD8(+) T cells in Itk null mice have a phenotype of CD44(hi) similar to memory-like innate T cells. These cells are observed in mice carrying an Itk mutant lacking the kinase domain, indicating that active Tec kinase signaling suppresses their presence. These cells carry preformed message for and are able to rapidly produce IFN-gamma upon stimulation in vitro with IL-12/IL-18, and endow Itk null mice the ability to effectively respond to infection with L. monocytogenes or exposure to lipopolysaccharides by secretion of IFN-gamma. Transfer of these cells rescues the ability of IFN-gamma null mice to reduce bacterial burden following L. monocytogenes infection, indicating that these cells are functional CD8(+)CD44(hi) T cells previously detected in vivo. These results indicate that active signals from Tec kinases regulate the development of memory-like CD8(+) T cells with innate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Hu
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Immunology & Infectious Disease Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nisebita Sahu
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Elizabeth Walsh
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Avery August
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease and Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Tsunoda I, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Sequential polymicrobial infections lead to CNS inflammatory disease: possible involvement of bystander activation in heterologous immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:22-33. [PMID: 17604850 PMCID: PMC1987327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
VV(PLP) is a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) encoding myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) that has been used to investigate molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. Since virus infections can cause bystander activation, mice were first infected with VV(PLP), and later challenged with wild-type VV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), or murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Among the VV(PLP)-primed mice, only MCMV challenge induced significant Ki-67(+), CD3(+)T cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) with a mild PLP antibody response. While MCMV alone caused no CNS disease, control VV-infected mice followed with MCMV developed mild CNS inflammation. Thus, heterologous virus infections can induce CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 3R330 SOM, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2305, United States
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Kima PE. The amastigote forms of Leishmania are experts at exploiting host cell processes to establish infection and persist. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1087-96. [PMID: 17543969 PMCID: PMC2043126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania are dimorphic protozoan parasites that live as flagellated forms in the gut of their sandfly vector and as aflagellated forms in their mammalian hosts. Although both parasite forms can infect macrophages and dendritic cells, they elicit distinct responses from mammalian cells. Amastigotes are the parasites forms that persist in the infected host; they infect cells recruited to lesions and disseminate the infection to secondary sites. In this review I discuss studies that have investigated the mechanisms that Leishmania amastigotes employ to harness the host cell's response to infection. It should be acknowledged that our understanding of the mechanisms deployed by Leishmania amastigotes to modulate the host cell's response to infection is still rudimentary. Nonetheless, the results show that amastigote interactions with mammalian cells promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta while suppressing the production of IL-12, superoxide and nitric oxide. An underlying issue that is considered is how these parasites that reside in sequestered vacuolar compartments target host cell processes in the cytosol or the nucleus; does this occur through the release of parasite molecules from parasitophorous vacuoles or by engaging and sustaining signalling pathways throughout the course of infection?
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Building 981, Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Lo KM, Lan Y, Lauder S, Zhang J, Brunkhorst B, Qin G, Verma R, Courtenay-Luck N, Gillies SD. huBC1-IL12, an immunocytokine which targets EDB-containing oncofetal fibronectin in tumors and tumor vasculature, shows potent anti-tumor activity in human tumor models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:447-57. [PMID: 16874486 PMCID: PMC11030988 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a cytokine which showed anti-tumor effects in clinical trials, but also produced serious toxicity. We describe a fusion protein, huBC1-IL12, designed to achieve an improved therapeutic index by specifically targeting IL-12 to tumor and tumor vasculature. huBC-1 is a humanized antibody that targets a cryptic sequence of the human ED-B-containing fibronectin isoform, B-FN, present in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of most aggressive tumors. B-FN is oncofetal and angiogenesis-associated, and is undetectable in most normal adult tissues. The original murine BC-1 antibody has been used successfully for immunoscintigraphy to image brain tumor mass in glioblastoma patients. In huBC1-IL12, each of the IgG heavy chains is genetically fused to the N-terminus of the IL-12 p35 subunit, which in turn is disulfide-bonded to the p40 subunit, resulting in a hexameric molecule of MW of approximately 300 kDa. Since human IL-12 has no biological activity in mice, we produced huBC1-muIL12 as a surrogate molecule for animal tumor models. Despite the relatively poor PK profile of this molecule in mice and the apparent drawbacks of xenogeneic models in SCID mice, which lack T and B cells, one cycle of treatment with huBC1-muIL12 was efficacious in the PC3mm2, A431, and HT29 subcutaneous tumor models and PC3mm2 lung metastasis model. This molecule also was found to have surprisingly low toxicity in immunocompetent mice. A fusion protein that contains human IL-12 (huBC1-huIL12), which is a suitable molecule for investigation as a therapeutic, has also been produced. This protein has been shown to have a longer serum half-life than huBC1-muIL12 in mice, and retains both antigen binding and IL-12 activity in in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ming Lo
- EMD Lexigen Research Center, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
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Chen JC, Chen Y, Wu JM, Su YH, Tai KF, Tseng SH. Effects of irradiated tumor vaccine and infusion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-12 on established gliomas in rats. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:873-83. [PMID: 16133106 PMCID: PMC11031042 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) infused into the injection site of irradiated tumor vaccine (TV) as therapy for gliomas. METHODS Rats with subcutaneous RT-2 gliomas were treated with irradiated TV and/or subcutaneous infusion of GM-CSF and/or IL-12 via osmotic minipump 5 days after tumor-cell inoculation. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell activity were analyzed to investigate immune responses. Rats with intracerebral gliomas were treated with irradiated TV and infused GM-CSF/IL-12 3 days after tumor-cell inoculation. Tumor growth rates and animal survival were followed. Survivors were re-challenged with wild-type RT-2 cells subcutaneously or intracerebrally to study long-term anti-tumor immunity. RESULTS Rats with subcutaneous gliomas treated with GM-CSF and IL-12 or TV plus GM-CSF or IL-12 did not have increased survival rate (P>0.2), but did have prolonged survival time (P<0.05); in contrast, rats treated with TV plus GM-CSF/IL-12 had increased survival rate (P<0.05) and prolonged survival time (P<0.05) compared with controls. These treatment strategies showed enhanced CTL and NK cell activities. Rats with intra-cerebral gliomas treated with TV plus GM-CSF/IL-12 did not have increased survival rate (P=0.11), but did have prolonged survival time (P<0.0001). Survivors in each group were re-challenged with wild-type RT-2 cells, and all had long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated TV plus continuous localized infusion of GM-CSF/IL-12 may induce a tumor-specific anti-tumor immune response on established subcutaneous or intra-cerebral gliomas, and such a treatment strategy deserves consideration as adjuvant treatment for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi Dalin General Hospital, 2, Ming Shen Road, Dalin, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hao Su
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Tai
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hong Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung-Shan S. Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Abstract
In this paper we review and discuss three of the most exciting and promising cytokines for therapeutic intervention and immunomodulation of immune responses including those on mucosal surfaces. The main properties of IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 are described and the studies utilizing these cytokines as immunomodulators and vaccine adjuvants discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liljana Stevceva
- Partners AIDS Research Center, MGH, Harvard Medical School, CNY Build. 149, Room 5234e, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Grazia Ferrari
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., 5510 Nicholson Lane, Kensington, Maryland 20895–1078, USA
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Yang CS, Lee JS, Jung SB, Oh JH, Song CH, Kim HJ, Park JK, Paik TH, Jo EK. Differential regulation of interleukin-12 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and ERK 1/2 pathways during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:150-60. [PMID: 16367946 PMCID: PMC1809561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are both thought to be critical factors in the defence against mycobacteria but are known to play different roles. In this study, we investigated the regulatory pathways for IL-12 and TNF-alpha expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) after treatment with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv or the Triton X-100 solubilized proteins (TSP) purified from M. tuberculosis. We found a rapid phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), albeit with differential activation kinetics, in human MDMs treated with M. tuberculosis or TSP. Studies using inhibitors selective for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) and ERK 1/2 show that both pathway plays an essential role in the induction of TNF-alpha at both the transcriptional and translational levels in human MDMs. In contrast, blockade of the PI 3-K/Akt or ERK 1/2 pathways significantly increased M. tuberculosis- or TSP-induced IL-12 p40 and p35 mRNA and bioactive p70 protein. The enhancement of IL-12 levels by inhibition of PI 3-K and ERK 1/2 was not reversed by neutralization of TNF-alpha or addition of rhTNF-alpha, suggesting that the negative regulation of IL-12 is not mediated by concomitant TNF-alpha suppression. Further, PI 3-K activity is required for the M. tuberculosis- or TSP-induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 activation. TSP from M. tuberculosis shows a similar dependency on the PI 3-K and ERK 1/2 pathways to those by M. tuberculosis. Collectively, these data suggest that the Th1-driving cytokine IL-12 and proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha are differentially regulated by PI 3-K and ERK 1/2 pathways in human MDMs during mycobacterial infection. These results may provide therapeutic targets for precise and specific fine-tuning of cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Li H, Cao MY, Lee Y, Lee V, Feng N, Benatar T, Jin H, Wang M, Der S, Wright JA, Young AH. Virulizin, a novel immunotherapy agent, activates NK cells through induction of IL-12 expression in macrophages. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1115-26. [PMID: 15891881 PMCID: PMC11033001 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Virulizin, a novel biological response modifier, has demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy in a variety of human tumor xenograft models including melanoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and prostate cancer. The significant role of macrophages and NK (Natural killer) cells was implicated in the antitumor mechanism of Virulizin where expansion as well as increased activity of macrophages and NK cells were observed in mice treated with Virulizin. Depletion of macrophages compromised Virulizin-induced NK1.1+ cell infiltration into xenografted tumors and was accompanied by reduced antitumor efficacy. In the present study, involvement of macrophages in NK cell activation was investigated further. We found that depletion of NK cells in CD-1 nude mice by anti-ASGM1 antibody significantly compromised the antitumor activity of Virulizin. Cytotoxicity of NK cells isolated from Virulizin-treated mice was enhanced against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells and C8161 human melanoma cells, but not against NK-insensitive P815 cells. An increased level of IL-12beta was observed in the serum of mice treated with Virulizin. IL-12 mRNA and protein levels were also increased in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Virulizin-treated mice. Moreover, Virulizin-induced cytotoxic activity of NK cells isolated from the spleen was abolished when an IL-12 neutralizing antibody was co-administered. In addition, depletion of macrophages in mice significantly impaired Virulizin-induced NK cell cytotoxicty. Taken together, the results suggest that Virulizin induces macrophage IL-12 production, which in turn stimulates NK cell-mediated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ming Y. Cao
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Yoon Lee
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Vivian Lee
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ningping Feng
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Tania Benatar
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Hongnan Jin
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ming Wang
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Sandy Der
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Program in Proteomics and Bioinformatics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8
| | - Jim A. Wright
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Aiping H. Young
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
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