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Shi RR, Liu J, Zou Z, Qi YM, Zhai MX, Zhai WJ, Gao YF. The immunogenicity of a novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from tumor antigen PL2L60 could be enhanced by 4-chlorophenylalanine substitution at position 1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1723-32. [PMID: 24077852 PMCID: PMC11029738 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PIWIL2, a member of PIWI/AGO family, is expressed in germline stem cells and precancerous stem cells, but not in adult somatic cells. PIWIL2 plays an important role in tumor development. It is considered as a cancer–testis antigen (CT80). It has been reported that the spliced fragment of PIWIL2, PL2L60, was widely expressed in cancer cell lines. In this study, HLA-A2-restricted epitopes from PL2L60 were predicted by online tools. To improve the activity of the native epitope, a candidate peptide P281 with potent binding affinity was chosen to investigate the modification strategy. A series of aromatic amino acids were introduced to substitute the first residue of P281. Then, we tested the binding affinity and stability of the peptide analogs and their ability to elicit specific immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by [4-Cl-Phe1]P281 could elicit more potent activities than that of P281 and other analogs. The CTLs induced by this analog could lyze target cells in HLA-A2-restricted and antigen-specific manners. [4-Cl-Phe1]P281 also showed the best resistance against degradation in human serum. In conclusion, the introduction of the unnatural amino acid, 4-Cl-Phe, into the first position could enhance the activity of the native epitope to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It might be a good strategy to modify other promising native epitopes. The novel epitopes identified in this study could be used as novel candidates to the immunotherapy of HLA-A2 positive patients with tumors expressing PL2L60.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Argonaute Proteins/genetics
- Argonaute Proteins/immunology
- Argonaute Proteins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Phenylalanine/genetics
- Phenylalanine/immunology
- Phenylalanine/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-ran Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-ming Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-xia Zhai
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-jie Zhai
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-feng Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
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2
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Jackaman C, Majewski D, Fox SA, Nowak AK, Nelson DJ. Chemotherapy broadens the range of tumor antigens seen by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:2343-56. [PMID: 22714286 PMCID: PMC11029427 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemotherapies may expose the immune system to high levels of tumor antigens and expand the CD8(+) T-cell response to include weak or subdominant antigens. Here, we evaluated the in vivo CTL response to tumor antigens using a murine mesothelioma tumor cell line transfected with a neotumor antigen, ovalbumin, that contains a known hierarchy of epitopes for MHC class I molecules. We show that as tumors progress, effector CTLs are generated in vivo that focus on the dominant epitope SIINFEKL, although a weak response was seen to one (KVVRFDKL) subdominant epitope. These CTLs did not prevent tumor growth. Cisplatin treatment slowed tumor growth, slightly improved in vivo SIINFEKL presentation to T cells and reduced SIINFEKL-CTL activity. However, the CTL response to KVVRFDKL was amplified, and a response to another subdominant epitope, NAIVFKGL, was revealed. Similarly, gemcitabine cured most mice, slightly enhanced SIINFEKL presentation, reduced SIINFEKL-CTL activity yet drove a significant CTL response to NAIVFKGL, but not KVVRFDKL. These NAIVFKGL-specific CTLs secreted IFNγ and proliferated in response to in vitro NAIVFKGL stimulation. IL-2 treatment during chemotherapy refocused the response to SIINFEKL and simultaneously degraded the cisplatin-driven subdominant CTL response. These data show that chemotherapy reveals weaker tumor antigens to the immune system, a response that could be rationally targeted. Furthermore, while integrating IL-2 into the chemotherapy regimen interfered with the hierarchy of the response, IL-2 or other strategies that support CTL activity could be considered upon completion of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - David Majewski
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Simon A. Fox
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Kent St., Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands Perth, WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Delia J. Nelson
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Western Australia Biomedical Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
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3
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ten Brinke A, van Schijndel G, Visser R, de Gruijl TD, Zwaginga JJ, van Ham SM. Monophosphoryl lipid A plus IFNgamma maturation of dendritic cells induces antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells with high cytolytic potential. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1185-95. [PMID: 20336295 PMCID: PMC11030766 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are promising antigen presenting cells for cancer treatment. Previously, we showed that the combination of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) with IFNgamma generates mature DCs that produce IL-12 and polarize CD4(+) T cells towards a Th1 phenotype. Here, we extended these observations by showing that the DCs generated with the clinical grade maturation cocktail of MPLA/IFNgamma induce superior tumour antigen-specific CD8(+) CTL responses compared to the cytokine cocktail matured DCs that are currently used in the clinic. MPLA/IFNgamma DCs can induce CTL responses in healthy individuals as well as in melanoma patients. The CTL induction was mainly dependent on the IL-12 produced by the MPLA/IFNgamma DCs. The high amounts of induced CTLs are functional as they produce IFNgamma and lyse target cells and this cytolytic activity is antigen specific and HLA restricted. Furthermore, the CTLs proved to kill tumour cells expressing endogenous tumour antigen in vitro. Therefore, MPLA/IFNgamma DCs are very promising for the use in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9190, 1006 AD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Decaluwe H, Taillardet M, Corcuff E, Munitic I, Law HKW, Rocha B, Rivière Y, Di Santo JP. Gamma(c) deficiency precludes CD8+ T cell memory despite formation of potent T cell effectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9311-6. [PMID: 20439728 PMCID: PMC2889085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913729107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cytokines (including IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21) that signal through receptors sharing the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) are critical for the generation and peripheral homeostasis of naive and memory T cells. Recently, we demonstrated that effector functions fail to develop in CD4(+) T cells that differentiate in the absence of gamma(c). To assess the role of gamma(c) cytokines in cell-fate decisions that condition effector versus memory CD8(+) T cell generation, we compared the response of CD8(+) T cells from gamma(c)(+) or gamma(c)(-) P14 TCR transgenic mice after challenge with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The intrinsic IL-7-dependent survival defect of gamma(c)(-) naive CD8(+) T cells was corrected by transgenic expression of human Bcl-2. We demonstrated that although gamma(c)-dependent signals are dispensable for the initial expansion and the acquisition of cytotoxic functions following antigenic stimulation, they condition the terminal proliferation and differentiation of CD8(+) effector T cells (i.e., KLRG1(high) CD127(low) short-lived effector T cells) via the transcription factor, T-bet. Moreover, the gamma(c)-dependent signals that are critical for memory T cell formation are not rescued by Bcl2 overexpression. Together, these data reveal an unexpected divergence in the requirement for gamma(c) cytokines in the differentiation of CD4(+) versus CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Decaluwe
- Cytokines and Lymphocyte Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Morgan Taillardet
- Cytokines and Lymphocyte Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Erwan Corcuff
- Cytokines and Lymphocyte Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Faculté de médecine René Descartes, Paris F-75015, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U591, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Helen K. W. Law
- Centre d'immunologie Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France; and
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Faculté de médecine René Descartes, Paris F-75015, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U591, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Yves Rivière
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie Virale, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Cytokines and Lymphocyte Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, Paris F-75015, France
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5
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Abstract
A few tumor antigen (TA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of several major malignant diseases and are commercially available. Once in the clinic, mAbs have an average success rate of approximately 30% and are well tolerated. These results have changed the face of cancer therapy, bringing us closer to more specific and more effective biological therapy of cancer. The challenge facing tumor immunologists at present is represented by the identification of the mechanism(s) underlying the patients' differential clinical response to mAb-based immunotherapy. This information is expected to lead to the development of criteria to select patients to be treated with mAb-based immunotherapy. In the past, in vitro and in vivo evidence has shown that TA-specific mAbs can mediate their therapeutic effect by inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting the targeted antigen function, blocking tumor cell signaling, and/or mediating complement- or cell-dependent lysis of tumor cells. More recent evidence suggests that TA-specific mAb can induce TA-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses by enhancing TA uptake by dendritic cells and cross-priming of T cells. In this review, we briefly summarize the TA-specific mAbs that have received Food and Drug Administration approval. Next, we review the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of TA-specific mAbs with emphasis on the induction of TA-specific cellular immune responses and their potential to contribute to the clinical efficacy of TA-specific mAb-based immunotherapy. Lastly, we discuss the potential negative effect of immune escape mechanisms on the clinical efficacy of TA-specific mAb-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Campoli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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6
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Li F, Yang D, Wang Y, Liu B, Deng Y, Wang L, Shang X, Tong W, Ni B, Wu Y. Identification and modification of an HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from Ran antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:2039-49. [PMID: 19430788 PMCID: PMC11030261 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ran is considered to be a promising target for tumor-specific immunotherapy because its protein is exclusively expressed in tumor tissues, though its mRNA can be expressed in most normal tissues. In our study, we obtained four candidate wild-type epitopes designated Ran1, Ran2, Ran3, and Ran4, derived from the Ran antigen with the highest predicted affinity with MHC-I, indicated by affinity prediction plots and molecular dynamics simulation. However, in vitro affinity assays of these epitopes showed only a moderate affinity with MHC-I. Thus, we designed altered peptide ligands (APLs) derived from Ran wild-type epitopes with preferred primary and auxiliary HLA-A*0201 molecule anchor residue replacement. Of the eight tested peptides, the 1Y analog had the strongest binding-affinity and lowest-dissociation rate to HLA-A*0201. Additionally, we investigated the CTLs activities induced by Ran wild-type peptides and the APLs in human PBMCs and in HLA-A*0201/K(b) transgenic mice. Ran1 1Y was superior to other APLs and wild-type peptides in eliciting epitope-specific CTL immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, a wild-type epitope of the tumor-specific antigen Ran, expressed broadly in many tumors, was identified and designated Ran1. An APL of Ran1, Ran1 1Y, was further designed and verified in vitro and in vivo and found to elicit a stronger Ran-specific CTL response, indicating a potential anti-tumor application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Yijing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 FuXing Street, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
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7
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Hattori T, Mine T, Komatsu N, Yamada A, Itoh K, Shiozaki H, Okuno K. Immunological evaluation of personalized peptide vaccination in combination with UFT and UZEL for metastatic colorectal carcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1843-52. [PMID: 19396597 PMCID: PMC11029820 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the safety and immunological responses of personalized peptide vaccination in combination with oral administration of UFT and UZEL for metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC), fourteen patients were enrolled in the present study. Peptides were determined based on the presence of peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors and IgG in each patient. A maximum of four peptides were subcutaneously administered weekly with UFT (300 mg/m2 day(-1)) and UZEL (75 mg/day) for 4 weeks, followed by 1 week of rest. This therapy was well-tolerated although there was a grade-3 skin reaction at the vaccination site in one patient. An increase in peptide-specific interferon-gamma production or peptide-specific IgG after the tenth vaccination was observed in nine of ten or eight of ten patients tested, respectively. IgG responses were well correlated with overall survival (P = 0.0215). The safety and immunological responsiveness of the present therapy suggest that this combination would be of clinical benefit for mCRC patients, and further trials are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hattori
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Takashi Mine
- Multidisciplinary Treatment Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Komatsu
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akira Yamada
- Cancer Vaccine Division of Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kyogo Itoh
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- Cancer Vaccine Division of Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiozaki
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okuno
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511 Japan
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor-associated antigen 5T4 is expressed on a high percentage of human carcinomas and has limited expression in normal tissues. A recombinant pox virus vector expressing this antigen, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-5T4, has been tested as a cancer vaccine. OBJECTIVE Treatment with MVA-5T4 has been studied both as a single agent and in combination with standard chemo-, biologic- or targeted-therapies in patients with advanced colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or hormone-refractory prostate cancer. METHODS This review summarizes data from clinical studies with MVA-5T4 reported in published manuscripts, meeting abstracts or posted on websites relevant to clinical trials or MVA-5T4. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Vaccination with MVA-5T4 is well tolerated and elicits 5T4-specific humoral and/or cellular responses in most of the treated patients. Retrospective analyses of Phase II studies have suggested a positive association between immune responses to 5T4 and favorable clinical outcomes. A continuing Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial seeks to confirm a positive association between vaccination with MVA-5T4 and survival in patients with advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S. Tykodi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - John A. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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9
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Xie LH, Sin FWY, Cheng SCS, Cheung YK, Chan KT, Xie Y, Xie Y. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against CML28-bearing tumors by dendritic cells transduced with a recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding the CML28 gene. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1029-38. [PMID: 18157497 PMCID: PMC11030284 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Induction of anti-tumor immune responses by dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV2) encoding tumor antigens is considered a promising approach for cancer vaccine development. CML28, a novel antigen with the properties of cancer/ testis (CT) antigens, is an attractive target for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Here we investigated the feasibility of inducing CML28-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses using DCs transduced with the rAAV2 vectors containing the CML28 gene (rAAV/CML28). Using an adenovirus-free packaging system, rAAV/CML28 was generated. The transduction efficiency of rAAV/CML28 in DCs increased in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner. The rAAV/CML28 transduction did not impair DC maturation, but even enhanced the CD80 expression. The rAAV/CML28-transduced DCs induced CML28-specific CTLs which exhibited a MHC class I-mediated antigen-specific lytic activity against CML28-bearing tumor cell lines (HepG2 and MCF-7) as well as the primary leukemia blasts. These findings suggest that rAAV/CML28-transduced DCs vaccine may serve as a feasible approach for the treatment of CML28-associated cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Exoribonucleases/biosynthesis
- Exoribonucleases/genetics
- Exoribonucleases/immunology
- Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex
- Feasibility Studies
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Xie
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, the Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Fion Wan-Yee Sin
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel Chak-Sum Cheng
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Kit Cheung
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Tak Chan
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, the Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Liu HG, Fan ZP, Chen WW, Yang HY, Liu QF, Zhang H, Tien P, Wang FS. A mutant HBs antigen (HBsAg)183-191 epitope elicits specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in acute hepatitis B patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 151:441-7. [PMID: 18234055 PMCID: PMC2276963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HBs antigen (HBsAg)183-191 (FLLTRILTI, R187 peptide) is a dominant human leucocyte antigen-A2 (HLA-A2)-restricted epitope associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Caucasian populations. However, its prevalence is poorly understood in China, where there is a high incidence of HBV infection. In this report, we sequenced the region of HBsAg derived from 103 Chinese patients. Approximately 16.5% of the patients bore a mutant HBsAg183-191 epitope in which the original arginine (R187) was substituted with a lysine (K187 mutant peptide). Importantly, K187 still bound to HLA-A2 with high affinity, and elicited specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in HLA-A2/K(b) transgenic mice. K187-specific CTLs were also generated successfully in acute hepatitis B (AHB) patients, indicating that this mutant epitope is processed and presented effectively. Our findings show that R187-specific CTLs can cross-react with the K187 peptide. These findings reveal that K187 still has the property of an HLA-A2 restricted epitope, and elicits a protective anti-HBV CTL response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-G Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Sheng XL, Zhang H. In-vitro activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by fusion of mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells and lymphotactin gene-modified dendritic cells. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5944-50. [PMID: 17990361 PMCID: PMC4205442 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i44.5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the in-vitro activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by fusion of mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and lymphotactin gene-modified dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS Lymphotactin gene modified DCs (DCLptn) were prepared by lymphotactin recombinant adenovirus transduction of mature DCs which differentiated from mouse bone marrow cells by stimulation with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). DCLptn and H22 fusion was prepared using 50% PEG. Lymphotactin gene and protein expression levels were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Lymphotactin chemotactic responses were examined by in-vitro chemotaxis assay. In-vitro activation of CTLs by DCLptn/H22 fusion was measured by detecting CD25 expression and cytokine production after autologous T cell stimulation. Cytotoxic function of activated T lymphocytes stimulated with DCLptn/H22 cells was determined by LDH cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS Lymphotactin gene could be efficiently transduced to DCs by adenovirus vector and showed an effective biological activity. After fusion, the hybrid DCLptn/H22 cells acquired the phenotypes of both DCLptn and H22 cells. In T cell proliferation assay, flow cytometry showed a very high CD25 expression, and cytokine release assay showed a significantly higher concentration of IFN-gamma and IL-2 in DCLptn/H22 group than in DCLptn, DCLptn+H22, DC/H22 or H22 groups. Cytotoxicity assay revealed that T cells derived from DCLptn/H22 group had much higher anti-tumor activity than those derived from DCLptn, H22, DCLptn+H22, DC/H22 groups. CONCLUSION Lymphotactin gene-modified dendritoma induces T-cell proliferation and strong CTL reaction against allogenic HCC cells. Immunization-engineered fusion hybrid vaccine is an attractive strategy in prevention and treatment of HCC metastases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Fusion
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, C/genetics
- Chemokines, C/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Female
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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12
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Agnellini P, Wolint P, Rehr M, Cahenzli J, Karrer U, Oxenius A. Impaired NFAT nuclear translocation results in split exhaustion of virus-specific CD8+ T cell functions during chronic viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4565-70. [PMID: 17360564 PMCID: PMC1815473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610335104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In persistent viral infections, the host's immune system is challenged by the constant exposure to antigen, potentially causing continuous activation of CD8(+) T cells with subsequent immunopathology. Here we demonstrate, for experimental chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and human HIV infection, that upon prolonged in vivo exposure to antigen, TCR-triggered Ca(2+) flux, degranulation, and cytotoxicity are maintained on a cellular level, whereas cytokine production is severely impaired because of a selective defect in activation-induced NFAT nuclear translocation. During chronic infection, this differential regulation of pathways leading to diverse effector functions may allow CD8(+) T cells to sustain some degree of local viral control by direct cytotoxicity while limiting systemic immune pathology by silencing cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Agnellini
- *Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Petra Wolint
- *Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Manuela Rehr
- *Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Julia Cahenzli
- *Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Urs Karrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- *Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; and
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13
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Han JF, Zhao TT, Liu HL, Lin ZH, Wang HM, Ruan ZH, Zou LY, Wu YZ. Identification of a new HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from CML28. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1575-83. [PMID: 16534571 PMCID: PMC11031099 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from additional tumor antigens is essential for the development of specific immunotherapy of malignant tumors. CML28, a recently discovered cancer-testis (CT) antigen from chronic myelogenous leukemia, is considered to be a promising target of tumor-specific immunotherapy. Because HLA-A*0201 is one of the most common histocompatibility molecule in Chinese, we aim at identifying CML28 peptides presented by HLA-A*0201. A panel of CML28-derived antigenic peptides was predicted using a computer-based program. Four peptides with highest predicted score were synthesized and tested for their binding affinities to HLA-A*0201 molecule. Then these peptides were assessed for their immunogenicity to elicit specific immune responses mediated by CTLs both in vitro, from PBMCs sourced from four healthy HLA-A*0201(+) donors, and in vivo, in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. One of the tested peptides, CML28((173-181)), induced peptide-specific CTLs in vitro as well as in vivo, which could specifically secrete IFN-gamma and lyse major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched tumor cell lines endogenously expressing CML28 antigen and CML28((173-181) )pulsed Jurkat-A2/Kb cells, respectively. These results demonstrate that CML28((173-181) )is a naturally processed and presented CTL epitope with HLA-A*0201 motif and has a promising immunogenicity both in vitro and in vivo. As CML28 is expressed in a large variety of histological tumors besides chronic myelogenous leukemia, we propose that the newly identified epitope, CML28((173-181)), would be of potential use in peptide-based, cancer-specific immunotherapy against a broad spectrum of tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/pharmacology
- COS Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Exoribonucleases/genetics
- Exoribonucleases/immunology
- Exoribonucleases/pharmacology
- Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex
- HLA-A Antigens/metabolism
- HLA-A2 Antigen
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Han
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Li Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Hui-Ming Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ruan
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Yun Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, 400038 Chongqing, China
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14
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Sheil JM, Frankenberry MA, Schell TD, Brundage KM, Barnett JB. Propanil exposure induces delayed but sustained abrogation of cell-mediated immunity through direct interference with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effectors. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:1059-64. [PMID: 16835059 PMCID: PMC1513295 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The postemergent herbicide propanil (PRN ; also known as 3,4-dichloropropionanilide) is used on rice and wheat crops and has well-known immunotoxic effects on various compartments of the immune system, including T-helper lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages. It is unclear, however, whether PRN also adversely affects cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) , the primary (1 degrees ) effectors of cell-mediated immunity. In this study we examined both the direct and indirect effects of PRN exposure on CTL activation and effector cell function to gauge its likely impact on cell-mediated immunity. Initial experiments addressed whether PRN alters the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) pathway for antigen processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) , thereby indirectly affecting effector function. These experiments demonstrated that PRN does not impair the activation of CTLs by PRN-treated APCs. Subsequent experiments addressed whether PRN treatment of CTLs directly inhibits their activation and revealed that 1 degrees alloreactive CTLs exposed to PRN are unimpaired in their proliferative response and only marginally inhibited in their lytic activity. Surprisingly, secondary stimulation of these alloreactive CTL effectors, however, even in the absence of further PRN exposure, resulted in complete abrogation of CTL lytic function and a delayed but significant long-term effect on CTL responsiveness. These findings may have important implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of anomalies of cell-mediated immunity resulting from environmental exposure to various herbicides and other pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Sheil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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15
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Söderholm J, Ahlén G, Kaul A, Frelin L, Alheim M, Barnfield C, Liljeström P, Weiland O, Milich DR, Bartenschlager R, Sällberg M. Relation between viral fitness and immune escape within the hepatitis C virus protease. Gut 2006; 55:266-74. [PMID: 16105887 PMCID: PMC1856491 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.072231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis C virus (HCV) mutates within human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I restricted immunodominant epitopes of the non-structural (NS) 3/4A protease to escape cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition and promote viral persistence. However, variability is not unlimited, and sometimes almost absent, and factors that restrict viral variability have not been defined experimentally. AIMS We wished to explore whether the variability of the immunodominant CTL epitope at residues 1073-1081 of the NS3 protease was limited by viral fitness. PATIENTS Venous blood was obtained from six patients (four HLA-A2+) with chronic HCV infection and from one HLA-A2+ patient with acute HCV infection. METHODS NS3/4A genes were amplified from serum, cloned in a eukaryotic expression plasmid, sequenced, and expressed. CTL recognition of naturally occurring and artificially introduced escape mutations in HLA-A2-restricted NS3 epitopes were determined using CTLs from human blood and genetically immunised HLA-A2-transgenic mice. HCV replicons were used to test the effect of escape mutations on HCV protease activity and RNA replication. RESULTS Sequence analysis of NS3/4A confirmed low genetic variability. The major viral species had functional proteases with 1073-1081 epitopes that were generally recognised by cross reactive human and murine HLA-A2 restricted CTLs. Introduction of mutations at five positions of the 1073-1081 epitope prevented CTL recognition but three of these reduced protease activity and RNA replication. CONCLUSIONS Viral fitness can indeed limit the variability of HCV within immunological epitopes. This helps to explain why certain immunological escape variants never appear as a major viral species in infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Söderholm
- Division of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Jia ZC, Zou LY, Ni B, Wan Y, Zhou W, Lv YB, Geng M, Wu YZ. Effective induction of antitumor immunity by immunization with plasmid DNA encoding TRP-2 plus neutralization of TGF-beta. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:446-52. [PMID: 15750831 PMCID: PMC11032863 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccine is an appealing cancer immunotherapy. However, it is a weak immunogen and immunization with plasmid DNA encoding self-antigens, such as melanoma-associated antigens, could not induce antitumor immunity because of tolerance. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using a plasmid DNA encoding Xenopus laevis transforming growth factor-beta 5 (aTGF-beta5) as an immunogen to induce neutralizing antibodies against murine TGF-beta1 (mTGF-beta1) and thus enhance the efficacy of plasmid DNA vaccine encoding murine tyrosinase-related protein 2 (mTRP-2) through neutralization of TGF-beta. The results showed that immunization with aTGF-beta5 resulted in the generation of mTGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies, and immunization with a combination of aTGF-beta5 and mTRP-2 induced specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). On the contrary, immunization with mTRP-2 alone could not elicit the CTL response. Moreover, immunization of C57BL/6 wild-type mice with a combination of aTGF-beta5 and mTRP-2 induced the protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity to B16F10 melanoma, whereas the antitumor activity was abrogated in both CD4-deficient mice and CD8-deficient mice on the C57BL/6 background. Our results indicate that immunization with aTGF-beta5 is capable of breaking immune tolerance and induces mTGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization of TGF-beta can enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine encoding mTRP-2 and the induction of antitumor immunity by this immunization strategy is associated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Cai Jia
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Li-Yun Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Ying Wan
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yan-Bo Lv
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Miao Geng
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China
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17
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Doan T, Herd K, Ramshaw I, Thomson S, Tindle RW. A polytope DNA vaccine elicits multiple effector and memory CTL responses and protects against human papillomavirus 16 E7-expressing tumour. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:157-71. [PMID: 15480657 PMCID: PMC11034317 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced CD8 T cells directed to tumour-specific antigens are recognised as important components of protective and therapeutic immunity against tumours. Where tumour antigens have pathogenic potential or where immunogenic epitopes are lost from tumours, development of subunit vaccines consisting of multiple individual epitopes is an attractive alternative to immunising with whole tumour antigen. In the present study we investigate the efficacy of two DNA-based multiepitope ('polytope') vaccines containing murine (H-2b) and human (HLA-A*0201)-restricted epitopes of the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16, in eliciting tumour-protective cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. We show that the first of these polytopes elicited powerful effector CTL responses (measured by IFN-gamma ELISpot) and long-lived memory CTL responses (measured by functional CTL assay and tetramers) in immunised mice. The responses could be boosted by immunisation with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the polytope. Responses induced by immunisation with polytope DNA alone partially protected against infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the polytope. Complete protection was afforded against challenge with an E7-expressing tumour, and reduced growth of nascent tumours was observed. A second polytope differing in the exact composition and order of CTL epitopes, and lacking an inserted endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequence and T-helper epitope, induced much poorer CTL responses and failed to protect against tumour challenge. These observations indicate the validity of a DNA polytope vaccine approach to human papillomavirus E7-associated carcinoma, and underscore the importance of design in polytope vaccine construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Doan
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Clinical Medical Virology Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Karen Herd
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Clinical Medical Virology Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
| | - Ian Ramshaw
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Scott Thomson
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robert W. Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Clinical Medical Virology Centre, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029 Australia
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18
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Cao S, Xiang Z, Ma X. Global gene expression profiling in interleukin-12-induced activation of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes against mouse mammary Carcinoma. Cell Mol Immunol 2004; 1:357-66. [PMID: 16285895 PMCID: PMC2965067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a critical cytokine representing the link between the cellular and humoral branches of host immune defense apparatus. IL-12-induced cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) development is a central mechanism in immune responses against intracellular infectious agents as well as malignant growth. However, the molecular basis of tumor-specific CTL responses mediated by IL-12 remains poorly defined. In this study, we addressed this issue in a comprehensive manner to probe into IL-12-induced anti-tumor responses by global gene expression profiling of mRNA expression in CD8(+) T cells in a transplantable syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma model treated or not with recombinant IL-12. A strong tumor regression was induced by the IL-12 treatment. An introspection of differential gene expression at an early stage of the IL-12-initiated CTL activation reveals interesting genes and molecular pathways that may account for the marked tumor regression, and is likely to provide a rich source of potential targets for further research and development of effective therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjin Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, USA
| | - Zhaoying Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, USA
- Corresponding to: Dr. Xiaojing Ma, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York 10021, USA. Tel: +01-212-746-4404, Fax: +01-212-746-4427,
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19
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Ye J, Chen GS, Song HP, Li ZS, Huang YY, Qu P, Sun YJ, Zhang XM, Sui YF. Heat shock protein 70 / MAGE-1 tumor vaccine can enhance the potency of MAGE-1-specific cellular immune responses in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:825-34. [PMID: 15127237 PMCID: PMC11034208 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cancer-testis antigen encoded by the MAGE-1 gene is an attractive antigen in tumor immunotherapy because it can be processed as a foreign antigen by the immune system and generate tumor-specific cellular immune response in vivo. However, increase of the potency of MAGE-1 DNA vaccines is still needed. The high degree of sequence homology and intrinsic immunogenicity of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) have prompted the suggestion that HSP70 might have immunotherapeutic potential, as HSP70 purified from malignant and virally infected cells can transfer and deliver antigenic peptides to antigen-presenting cells to elicit peptide-specific immunity. In this research, we evaluated the enhancement of linkage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 to MAGE-1 gene of the potency of antigen-specific immunity elicited by naked DNA vaccines. We found that vaccines containing MAGE-1-HSP70 fusion genes enhanced the frequency of MAGE-1-specific cytotoxic T cells in contract to vaccines containing the MAGE-1 gene alone. More importantly, the fusion converted a less effective DNA vaccine into one with significant potency against established MAGE-1-expressing tumors. These results indicate that linkage of HSP70 to MAGE-1 gene may greatly enhance the potency of DNA vaccines, and generate specific antitumor immunity against MAGE-1-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Guang-Sheng Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Hong-Ping Song
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Zeng-Shan Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Ya-Yu Huang
- Department of Haematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Ping Qu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Yu-Jing Sun
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiu-Min Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Yan-Fang Sui
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Pathology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
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20
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Akatsuka Y, Nishida T, Kondo E, Miyazaki M, Taji H, Iida H, Tsujimura K, Yazaki M, Naoe T, Morishima Y, Kodera Y, Kuzushima K, Takahashi T. Identification of a polymorphic gene, BCL2A1, encoding two novel hematopoietic lineage-specific minor histocompatibility antigens. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1489-500. [PMID: 12771180 PMCID: PMC2193899 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of two novel minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAgs), encoded by two separate single nucleotide polymorphisms on a single gene, BCL2A1, and restricted by human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*2402 (the most common HLA-A allele in Japanese) and B*4403, respectively. Two cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones specific for these mHAgs were first isolated from two distinct recipients after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Both clones lyse only normal and malignant cells within the hematopoietic lineage. To localize the gene encoding the mHAgs, two-point linkage analysis was performed on the CTL lytic patterns of restricting HLA-transfected B lymphoblastoid cell lines obtained from Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain. Both CTL clones showed a completely identical lytic pattern for 4 pedigrees and the gene was localized within a 3.6-cM interval of 15q24.3-25.1 region that encodes at least 46 genes. Of those, only BCL2A1 has been reported to be expressed in hematopoietic cells and possess three nonsynonymous nucleotide changes. Minigene transfection and epitope reconstitution assays with synthetic peptides identified both HLA-A*2402- and B*4403-restricted mHAg epitopes to be encoded by distinct polymorphisms within BCL2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Akatsuka
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
Minor histocompatibility antigens (minor H antigens) are targets of graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia responses after allogeneic human leukocyte antigen identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Only a few human minor H antigens have been molecularly characterized and in all cases, amino acid differences between homologous donor and recipient proteins due to nucleotide polymorphisms in the respective genes were responsible for immunogenicity. Here, we have used cDNA expression cloning to identify a novel human minor H antigen encoded by UGT2B17, an autosomal gene in the multigene UDP-glycosyltransferase 2 family that is selectively expressed in liver, intestine, and antigen-presenting cells. In contrast to previously defined human minor H antigens, UGT2B17 is immunogenic because of differential expression of the protein in donor and recipient cells as a consequence of a homozygous gene deletion in the donor. Deletion of individual members of large gene families is a common form of genetic variation in the population and our results provide the first evidence that differential protein expression as a consequence of gene deletion is a mechanism for generating minor H antigens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murata
- D3-100, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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22
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Abstract
Murine splenic dendritic cells (DCs) can be divided into two subsets based on CD8alpha expression, but the specific role of each subset in stimulation of T cells is largely unknown. An important function of DCs is the ability to take up exogenous antigens and cross-present them in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8(+) T cells. We previously demonstrated that, when cell-associated ovalbumin (OVA) is injected into mice, only the CD8(+) DC subset cross-presents OVA in the context of MHC class I. In contrast to this selectivity with cell-associated antigen, we show here that both DC subsets isolated from mice injected with OVA/anti-OVA immune complexes (OVA-IC) cross-present OVA to CD8(+) T cells. The use of immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (Fc(gamma)R) common gamma-chain-deficient mice revealed that the cross-presentation by CD8(-) DCs depended on the expression of gamma-chain-containing activating FcgammaRs, whereas cross-presentation by CD8(+) DCs was not reduced in gamma-chain-deficient mice. These results suggest that although CD8(+) DCs constitutively cross-present exogenous antigens in the context of MHC class I molecules, CD8(-) DCs only do so after activation, such as via ligation of Fc(gamma)Rs. Cross-presentation of immune complexes may play an important role in autoimmune diseases and the therapeutic effect of antitumor antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7370, USA
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23
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Kavanagh DG, Gold MC, Wagner M, Koszinowski UH, Hill AB. The multiple immune-evasion genes of murine cytomegalovirus are not redundant: m4 and m152 inhibit antigen presentation in a complementary and cooperative fashion. J Exp Med 2001; 194:967-78. [PMID: 11581318 PMCID: PMC2193484 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.7.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human cytomegaloviruses (HCMVs) and murine cytomegaloviruses (MCMVs) encode multiple genes that interfere with antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, and thus protect infected targets from lysis by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). HCMV has been shown to encode four such genes and MCMV to encode two. MCMV m152 blocks the export of class I from a pre-Golgi compartment, and MCMV m6 directs class I to the lysosome for degradation. A third MCMV gene, m4, encodes a glycoprotein which is expressed at the cell surface in association with class I. Here we here show that m4 is a CTL-evasion gene which, unlike previously described immune-evasion genes, inhibited CTLs without blocking class I surface expression. m152 was necessary to block antigen presentation to both K(b)- and D(b)-restricted CTL clones, while m4 was necessary to block presentation only to K(b)-restricted clones. m152 caused complete retention of D(b), but only partial retention of K(b), in a pre-Golgi compartment. Thus, while m152 effectively inhibited D(b)-restricted CTLs, m4 was required to completely inhibit K(b)-restricted CTLs. We propose that cytomegaloviruses encode multiple immune-evasion genes in order to cope with the diversity of class I molecules in outbred host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Kavanagh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Marielle C. Gold
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201
| | - Markus Wagner
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ann B. Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201
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24
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Abstract
T lymphocytes play a key role in the immune response to both foreign and self peptide antigens, which they recognize in combination with MHC molecules. In the past it has been difficult to analyse objectively the specificity, frequency and intensity of T cell responses. The recent application of fluorescent-labelled MHC class I multimers, however, has provided a powerful experimental approach to the direct visualisation of antigen-specific T cells. As a result, our perspective of how T cells respond to both viruses and other antigens in vivo has been greatly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Sun
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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25
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Okada N, Tsujino M, Hagiwara Y, Tada A, Tamura Y, Mori K, Saito T, Nakagawa S, Mayumi T, Fujita T, Yamamoto A. Administration route-dependent vaccine efficiency of murine dendritic cells pulsed with antigens. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:1564-70. [PMID: 11384109 PMCID: PMC2363668 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumour antigens have been successfully used to induce protective tumour immunity in murine models and human trials. However, it is still unclear which DC administration route elicits a superior therapeutic effect. Herein, we investigated the vaccine efficiency of DC2.4 cells, a murine dendritic cell line, pulsed with ovalbumin (OVA) in the murine E.G7-OVA tumour model after immunization via various routes. After a single vaccination using 1 x 10(6)OVA-pulsed DC2.4 cells, tumour was completely rejected in the intradermally (i.d.; three of four mice), subcutaneously (s.c.; three of four mice), and intraperitoneally (i.p.; one of four mice) immunized groups. Double vaccinations enhanced the anti-tumour effect in all groups except the intravenous (i.v.) group, which failed to achieve complete rejection. The anti-tumour efficacy of each immunization route was correlated with the OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity evaluated on day 7 post-vaccination. Furthermore, the accumulation of DC2.4 cells in the regional lymph nodes was detected only in the i.d.-and s.c.-injected groups. These results demonstrate that the administration route of antigen-loaded DCs affects the migration of DCs to lymphoid tissues and the magnitude of antigen-specific CTL response. Furthermore, the immunization route affects vaccine efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okada
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
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26
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Stinchcombe JC, Barral DC, Mules EH, Booth S, Hume AN, Machesky LM, Seabra MC, Griffiths GM. Rab27a is required for regulated secretion in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:825-34. [PMID: 11266472 PMCID: PMC2195783 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.4.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab27a activity is affected in several mouse models of human disease including Griscelli (ashen mice) and Hermansky-Pudlak (gunmetal mice) syndromes. A loss of function mutation occurs in the Rab27a gene in ashen (ash), whereas in gunmetal (gm) Rab27a dysfunction is secondary to a mutation in the alpha subunit of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase, an enzyme required for prenylation and activation of Rabs. We show here that Rab27a is normally expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), but absent in ashen homozygotes (ash/ash). Cytotoxicity and secretion assays show that ash/ash CTLs are unable to kill target cells or to secrete granzyme A and hexosaminidase. By immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we show polarization but no membrane docking of ash/ash lytic granules at the immunological synapse. In gunmetal CTLs, we show underprenylation and redistribution of Rab27a to the cytosol, implying reduced activity. Gunmetal CTLs show a reduced ability to kill target cells but retain the ability to secrete hexosaminidase and granzyme A. However, only some of the granules polarize to the immunological synapse, and many remain dispersed around the periphery of the CTLs. These results demonstrate that Rab27a is required in a final secretory step and that other Rab proteins also affected in gunmetal are likely to be involved in polarization of the granules to the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C. Stinchcombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Duarte C. Barral
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie H. Mules
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Booth
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair N. Hume
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel C. Seabra
- Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian M. Griffiths
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) take up cell-associated antigens and present them in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules to CD8(+) T cells in a process referred to as cross-priming. Cross-priming is essential for the induction of CD8(+) T cell responses directed towards antigens not expressed in professional APCs. Although in vitro experiments have shown that dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are capable of presenting exogenous antigens in association with MHC class I, the cross-presenting cell in vivo has not been identified. We have isolated splenic DCs after in vivo priming with ovalbumin-loaded beta2-microglobulin-deficient splenocytes and show that they indeed present cell-associated antigens in the context of MHC class I molecules. This process is transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP) dependent, suggesting an endosome to cytosol transport. To determine whether a specific subset of splenic DCs is involved in this cross-presentation, we negatively and positively selected for CD8(-) and CD8(+) DCs. Only the CD8(+), and not the CD8(-), DC subset demonstrates cross-priming ability. FACS((R)) studies after injection of splenocytes loaded with fluorescent beads showed that 1 and 0.6% of the CD8(+) and the CD8(-) DC subsets, respectively, had one or more associated beads. These results indicate that CD8(+) DCs play an important role in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses specific for cell-associated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke M.M. den Haan
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Sophie M. Lehar
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael J. Bevan
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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28
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Heibein JA, Goping IS, Barry M, Pinkoski MJ, Shore GC, Green DR, Bleackley RC. Granzyme B-mediated cytochrome c release is regulated by the Bcl-2 family members bid and Bax. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1391-402. [PMID: 11085742 PMCID: PMC2193181 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.10.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2000] [Accepted: 09/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) destroy target cells through a mechanism involving the exocytosis of cytolytic granule components including granzyme B (grB) and perforin, which have been shown to induce apoptosis through caspase activation. However, grB has also been linked with caspase-independent disruption of mitochondrial function. We show here that cytochrome c release requires the direct proteolytic cleavage of Bid by grB to generate a 14-kD grB-truncated product (gtBid) that translocates to mitochondria. In turn, gtBid recruits Bax to mitochondria through a caspase-independent mechanism where it becomes integrated into the membrane and induces cytochrome c release. Our results provide evidence for a new pathway by which CTLs inflict damage and explain the caspase-independent mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Heibein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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29
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Abstract
We recently reported the four tumor-rejection antigens (SART1(259), SART2, SART3, and ART4) that possess tumor epitopes capable of inducing HLA-A2402-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in cancer patients. This study investigated the expression of these tumor antigens in gynecologic cancers, including 33 ovarian cancers, 38 cervical cancers, and 40 endometrial cancers. SART1(259) antigen was detected in 56%, 35%, and 30% of ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers, while SART2 antigen was detected in 46%, 66%, and 30% of these cancers, respectively. Both SART3 and ART4 antigens were detectable in the majority of these gynecologic cancers tested. In contrast, none of these antigens was detectable in any of the normal ovarian and uterine tissues tested. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A24(+) patients with gynecologic cancers were found to produce significant levels of interferon-gamma in response to HLA-A24(+) SART3(+) gynecologic cancer cells after having been stimulated three times in vitro with either SART3(109 - 118) or SART3(315 - 323) peptide. These PBMCs lysed HLA-A24(+) SART3(+) gynecologic cancer cells, but not HLA-A24(-) SART3(+) gynecologic cancer cells or HLA-A24(+) normal cells. Therefore, these four antigens and their peptides, including SART3 peptides, would be appropriate molecules for use in specific immunotherapy of HLA-A24(+) gynecologic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Immune surveillance by cytotoxic lymphocytes against cancer has been postulated for decades, but direct evidence for the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in protecting against spontaneous malignancy has been lacking. As the rejection of many experimental cancers by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells is dependent on the pore-forming protein perforin (pfp), we examined pfp-deficient mice for increased cancer susceptibility. Here we show that pfp-deficient mice have a high incidence of malignancy in distinct lymphoid cell lineages (T, B, NKT), indicating a specific requirement for pfp in protection against lymphomagenesis. The susceptibility to lymphoma was accentuated by simultaneous lack of expression of the p53 gene, mutations in which also commonly predispose to human malignancies, including lymphoma. In contrast, the incidence and age of onset of sarcoma was unaffected in p53-deficient mice. Pfp-deficient mice were at least 1,000-fold more susceptible to these lymphomas when transplanted, compared with immunocompetent mice in which tumor rejection was controlled by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This study is the first that implicates direct cytotoxicity by lymphocytes in regulating lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Smyth
- Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Y.T. Thia
- Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Duncan MacGregor
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University Medical School, Prahran, 3181 Victoria, Australia
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31
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Daniels MA, Jameson SC. Critical role for CD8 in T cell receptor binding and activation by peptide/major histocompatibility complex multimers. J Exp Med 2000; 191:335-46. [PMID: 10637277 PMCID: PMC2195759 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/1999] [Accepted: 10/12/1999] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data using MHC/peptide tetramers and dimers suggests that the T cell coreceptors, CD4 and CD8, although important for T cell activation, do not play a direct role in facilitating T cell receptor (TCR) binding to multivalent MHC/peptide ligands. Instead, a current model proposes that coreceptors are recruited only after a stable TCR-MHC/peptide complex has already formed and signaled. In contrast, we show using multimeric class I MHC/peptide ligands that CD8 plays a critical (in some cases obligatory) role in antigen-specific TCR binding. T cell activation, measured by calcium mobilization, was induced by multimeric but not monomeric ligands and also showed CD8 dependency. Our analysis using anti-CD8 antibodies revealed that binding to different epitopes of CD8 can either block or augment TCR-MHC/peptide interaction. These effects on TCR binding to high-affinity agonist ligands were even more pronounced when binding to multimeric low-affinity ligands, including TCR antagonists, was studied. Our data have important implications for the role of CD8 in TCR binding to MHC/peptide ligands and in T cell activation. In addition, our results argue against the view that multimeric MHC/peptide ligands bind directly and solely to the TCR; rather, our data highlight a pivotal contribution of CD8 for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daniels
- Center for Immunology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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32
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Zhang J, Scordi I, Smyth MJ, Lichtenheld MG. Interleukin 2 receptor signaling regulates the perforin gene through signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5 activation of two enhancers. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1297-308. [PMID: 10544201 PMCID: PMC2195674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.9.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal T cell differentiation into effector cells with specialized functions requires the participation of cytokine receptor signals. In T helper cells, this process is controlled by chromatin changes and distal and proximal regulatory elements as well as specific transcription factors. Analogous events during cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation remain to be identified. This process is known, however, to be crucially regulated by interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (R) signals. It is accompanied by the induction of perforin expression via a mechanism that does not entail proximal regulatory elements. In this report, transgenically expressed human perforin gene locus DNAs demonstrate that IL-2R signals target two IL-2-dependent enhancers approximately 15 and 1 kilobase upstream of the promoter. The most distal enhancer may also respond to TCR signals. In transient transfections, both enhancers required two identically spaced Stat-like elements for their activation, which was abolished by expression of a dominant negative signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5 molecule, whereas a constitutively active Stat5 molecule bypassed the requirement for IL-2R signals. These results provide a molecular explanation for the activation of the perforin gene during CTL differentiation and complement the analysis of animals deficient in the activation of the IL-2R Stat signaling pathway by establishing perforin as a target gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Irinoulla Scordi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Mark J. Smyth
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Mathias G. Lichtenheld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
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33
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Casciola-Rosen L, Andrade F, Ulanet D, Wong WB, Rosen A. Cleavage by granzyme B is strongly predictive of autoantigen status: implications for initiation of autoimmunity. J Exp Med 1999; 190:815-26. [PMID: 10499920 PMCID: PMC2195625 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.6.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/1999] [Accepted: 07/20/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are a genetically complex, heterogeneous group of disorders in which the immune system targets a diverse but highly specific group of intracellular autoantigens. The molecules targeted are not unified by common structure, function, or distribution in control cells but become clustered and concentrated in surface blebs when cells undergo apoptosis. We show here that the majority of autoantigens targeted across the spectrum of human systemic autoimmune diseases are efficiently cleaved by granzyme B in vitro and during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced death, generating unique fragments not observed during any other form of apoptosis. These molecules are not cleaved by caspase-8, although this protease has a very similar specificity to granzyme B. The granzyme B cleavage sites in autoantigens contain amino acids in the P(2) and P(3) positions that are preferred by granzyme B but are not tolerated by caspase-8. In contrast to autoantigens, nonautoantigens are either not cleaved by granzyme B or are cleaved to generate fragments identical to those formed in other forms of apoptosis. The striking ability of granzyme B to generate unique fragments is therefore an exclusive property of autoantigens and unifies the majority of molecules targeted in this spectrum of diseases. These results focus attention on the role of the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced death pathway in the initiation and propagation of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Casciola-Rosen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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34
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Matsunaga K, Nakao M, Masuoka K, Inoue Y, Gouhara R, Imaizumi T, Nishizaka S, Itoh K. Cytokines required for induction of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-class I-restricted and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by a SART1-derived peptide. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:1007-15. [PMID: 10551332 PMCID: PMC5926162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been several reports on peptides of human tumor-rejection antigens capable of inducing histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I-restricted and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), it is not yet clear which cytokines are required for CTL induction. This study has investigated the cytokine combinations required for optimal induction of CTLs by SART1(690-698) peptide, which is capable of inducing HLA-A24-restricted and tumor-specific CTLs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Pretreatment of PBMCs as a source of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with interferon (IFN)-gamma, or to some extent with IFN-alpha, but not with any of the other cytokines tested, augmented the peptide-induced CTL activity in HLA-A24 heterozygotes, but not in HLA-A24 homozygotes. This IFN-gamma-mediated augmentation was inhibited by either interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-10. IL-2 alone in culture, along with weekly stimulation by peptide-pulsed APCs, was sufficient for the differentiation and proliferation of CTLs for the initial several weeks of culture. This IL-2-mediated activation of CTLs was inhibited by the addition of IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-10 to the IL-2 culture. For further expansion of the CTLs, dendritic cells (DCs) induced from PBMCs with IL-4 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were required as APCs. These results indicate that IFN-gamma and IL-2 are important in the activation of APCs and CTLs, respectively, while GM-CSF and IL-4 are needed for the induction of DCs, which in turn are required for further expansion of mature CTLs. These results are important in allowing for a better understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of tumor-specific immunity, and also for the development of peptide-based specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsunaga
- Cancer Vaccine Development Division of Kurume University Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy
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35
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Abstract
Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against minor histocompatibility antigens is dependent upon the presence of T cell help and requires the interaction of CD40 on dendritic cells (DCs) with CD40 ligand on activated T helper cells (Th). This study demonstrates that CD40 is neither involved in Th-dependent nor Th-independent antiviral CTL responses. Moreover, the data show that DC maturation occurs in vivo after viral infection in the absence of CD40 and Th. This maturation did not require viral infection of DCs but was mediated by peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells. Surprisingly, naive CD8(+) T cells were able to trigger DC maturation within 24 h after activation in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, peptide-activated CD8(+) T cells were able to induce maturation in trans, as DCs that failed to present the relevant antigen in vivo also underwent maturation. Upon isolation, the in vivo-stimulated DCs were able to convert a classically Th-dependent CTL response (anti-HY) into a Th-independent response in vitro. Thus, antiviral CD8(+) T cells are sufficient for the maturation of DCs in the absence of CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruedl
- Basel Institute for Immunology, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Kayagaki N, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama M, Eto H, Okumura K, Yagita H. Type I interferons (IFNs) regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on human T cells: A novel mechanism for the antitumor effects of type I IFNs. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1451-60. [PMID: 10224285 PMCID: PMC2193058 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.9.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a proapoptotic member of the TNF family of type II membrane proteins, which constitutes one component of T cell cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of TRAIL in human peripheral blood T (PBT) cells. Although freshly isolated PBT cells did not express a detectable level of TRAIL on their surface, a remarkable TRAIL expression was rapidly induced on the surface of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) PBT cells upon stimulation with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and type I interferons (IFNs). This enhancement of TRAIL expression was a unique feature of type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta), and neither type II IFN (IFN-gamma) nor various other cytokines enhanced TRAIL expression on anti-CD3-stimulated PBT cells. Type I IFNs have been used for clinical treatment of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), and we found that most RCC cell lines were susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Type I IFNs substantially augmented cytotoxic activity of anti-CD3-stimulated PBT cells against RCC cell lines in a TRAIL-dependent manner. These results indicate a unique feature of type I IFNs to regulate TRAIL-mediated T cell cytotoxicity, which may be involved in the antitumor effects of type I IFNs against various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kayagaki
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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37
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Kehren J, Desvignes C, Krasteva M, Ducluzeau MT, Assossou O, Horand F, Hahne M, Kägi D, Kaiserlian D, Nicolas JF. Cytotoxicity is mandatory for CD8(+) T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 1999; 189:779-86. [PMID: 10049941 PMCID: PMC2192953 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.5.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a T cell-mediated skin inflammation induced by epicutaneous exposure to haptens in sensitized individuals. We have previously reported that CHS to dinitrofluorobenzene in mice is mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we show that CD8(+) T cells mediate the skin inflammation through their cytotoxic activity. The contribution of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to the CHS reaction was examined both in vivo and in vitro, using mice deficient in perforin and/or Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathways involved in cytotoxicity. Mice double deficient in perforin and FasL were able to develop hapten-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lymphoid organs but did not show CHS reaction. However, they did not generate hapten-specific CTLs, demonstrating that the CHS reaction is dependent on cytotoxic activity. In contrast, Fas-deficient lpr mice, FasL-deficient gld mice, and perforin-deficient mice developed a normal CHS reaction and were able to generate hapten-specific CTLs, suggesting that CHS requires either the Fas/FasL or the perforin pathway. This was confirmed by in vitro studies showing that the hapten-specific CTL activity was exclusively mediated by MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells which could use either the perforin or the Fas/FasL pathway for their lytic activity. Thus, cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, commonly implicated in the host defence against tumors and viral infections, could also mediate harmful delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kehren
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U503, Faculté Laennec, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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38
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Abstract
We recently reported that the SART-1 gene, encoding the SART-1(259) tumor antigen which is recognized by HLA-A26-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), is expressed in the cytosol of squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. The present study deals with the expression of SART-1(259) and SART-1(800) antigens in uterine cancers. The SART-1(259) antigen was detected in the cytosol fraction of 4 of 8 uterine cancer cell lines, 24 of 74 (32%) uterine cancer tissues, 0 of 7 uterine myomas, and 0 of 5 non-tumorous uterine tissues. The SART-1(800) antigen was expressed in the nuclear fraction of all the uterine cancer cell lines, 41 of 74 (55%) uterine cancer tissues, 0 of 7 myomas, and 3 of 5 non-tumorous uterine tissues. The SART-1(259)+ uterine cancer cells were recognized by HLA-A24 restricted and SART-1 specific CTLs. Therefore, SART-1(259) antigen could be an appropriate vaccine candidate for a relatively large number of uterine cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine
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39
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Dyall R, Bowne WB, Weber LW, LeMaoult J, Szabo P, Moroi Y, Piskun G, Lewis JJ, Houghton AN, Nikolić-Zugić J. Heteroclitic immunization induces tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1553-61. [PMID: 9802967 PMCID: PMC2212523 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.9.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1997] [Revised: 07/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In tumor transplantation models in mice, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are typically the primary effector cells. CTLs recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-associated peptides expressed by tumors, leading to tumor rejection. Peptides presented by cancer cells can originate from viral proteins, normal self-proteins regulated during differentiation, or altered proteins derived from genetic alterations. However, many tumor peptides recognized by CTLs are poor immunogens, unable to induce activation and differentiation of effector CTLs. We used MHC binding motifs and the knowledge of class I:peptide:TCR structure to design heteroclitic CTL vaccines that exploit the expression of poorly immunogenic tumor peptides. The in vivo potency of this approach was demonstrated using viral and self-(differentiation) antigens as models. First, a synthetic variant of a viral antigen was expressed as a tumor antigen, and heteroclitic immunization with peptides and DNA was used to protect against tumor challenge and elicit regression of 3-d tumors. Second, a peptide from a relevant self-antigen of the tyrosinase family expressed by melanoma cells was used to design a heteroclitic peptide vaccine that successfully induced tumor protection. These results establish the in vivo applicability of heteroclitic immunization against tumors, including immunity to poorly immunogenic self-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dyall
- T Cell Development Laboratory, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA
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40
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Karupiah G, Chen JH, Mahalingam S, Nathan CF, MacMicking JD. Rapid interferon gamma-dependent clearance of influenza A virus and protection from consolidating pneumonitis in nitric oxide synthase 2-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1541-6. [PMID: 9782132 PMCID: PMC2213404 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.8.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection often activates the interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible gene, nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). Expression of NOS2 can limit viral growth but may also suppress the immune system and damage tissue. This study assessed each of these effects in genetically deficient NOS2(-/-) mice after infection with influenza A, a virus against which IFN-gamma has no known activity. At inocula sufficient to cause consolidating pneumonitis and death in wild-type control mice, NOS2(-/-) hosts survived with little histopathologic evidence of pneumonitis. Moreover, they cleared influenza A virus from their lungs by an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism that was not evident in wild-type mice. Even when the IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral activity was blocked in NOS2(-/-) mice with anti-IFN-gamma mAb, such mice failed to succumb to disease. Further evidence that this protection was independent of viral load was provided by treating NOS2(+/+) mice with the NOS inhibitor, Nomega-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA). L-NMA prevented mortality without affecting viral growth. Thus, host NOS2 seems to contribute more significantly to the development of influenza pneumonitis in mice than the cytopathic effects of viral replication. Although NOS2 mediates some antiviral effects of IFN-gamma, during influenza infection it can suppress another IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral mechanism. This mechanism was observed only in the complete absence of NOS2 activity and appeared sufficient to control influenza A virus growth in the absence of changes in cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karupiah
- Host Defense Laboratory, Viral Engineering and Cytokines Group, Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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41
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Kim C, Matsumura M, Saijo K, Ohno T. In vitro induction of HLA-A2402-restricted and carcinoembryonic-antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes on fixed autologous peripheral blood cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998; 47:90-6. [PMID: 9769117 PMCID: PMC11037374 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A2402-restricted and carcinoembryonic-antigen(CEA)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were induced by culturing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on formalin-fixed autologous adhesive PBMC that had been loaded with CEA-bound latex beads. The CTL killed the CEA-producing HLA-type matched cancer cells, but not the non-producers of CEA, at an effector/target ratio of 10 within 24 h. On the basis of available HLA-A24-binding peptides, we have also attempted to identify the epitope peptide recognized by the CTL. The peptide CEA652(9), TYACFVSNL, stimulated the CTL most strongly when pulsed on HLA-A2402-expressing target cells. The other nine peptides so far tested were also active, but less efficient in their effect on CTL. The CTL failed to kill target cells pulsed with the HLA-A2-binding CEA peptide, CAP-1. The CTL were also generated on the fixed adherent cells previously pulsed with the peptide CEA652(9). Cytotoxic activity of the CTL was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD8, and MHC class I molecules. These results suggest that human autologous CTL will be inducible on the autologous fixed PBMC without use of the cultured target cancer cells if tumor antigenic protein is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Kim
- />RIKEN Cell Bank, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba Science City, 305, Japan e-mail: Tel.: +81-298-36-9124 Fax: +81-298-36-9049, , , , JP
| | - Masatoshi Matsumura
- />Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba Science City, 305, Japan, , , , JP
| | - Kaoru Saijo
- />RIKEN Cell Bank, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba Science City, 305, Japan e-mail: Tel.: +81-298-36-9124 Fax: +81-298-36-9049, , , , JP
| | - Tadao Ohno
- />RIKEN Cell Bank, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba Science City, 305, Japan e-mail: Tel.: +81-298-36-9124 Fax: +81-298-36-9049, , , , JP
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42
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Murray PD, McGavern DB, Lin X, Njenga MK, Leibowitz J, Pease LR, Rodriguez M. Perforin-dependent neurologic injury in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 1998; 18:7306-14. [PMID: 9736651 PMCID: PMC6793251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate perforin-mediated cytotoxic effector function is necessary for viral clearance and may directly contribute to the development of neurologic deficits after demyelination in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of multiple sclerosis. We previously demonstrated major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I-deficient (beta2m-deficient) mice with an otherwise resistant genotype develop severe demyelination with minimal neurologic disease when chronically infected with TMEV. These studies implicate CD8(+) T cells as the pathogenic cell in the induction of neurologic disease after demyelination. To determine which effector mechanisms of CD8(+) T cells, granule exocytosis or Fas ligand expression, play a role in the development of demyelination and clinical disease, we infected perforin-deficient, lpr (Fas mutation), and gld (Fas ligand mutation) mice with TMEV. Perforin-deficient mice showed viral persistence in the CNS, chronic brain pathology, and demyelination in the spinal cord white matter. Perforin-deficient mice demonstrated severely impaired MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity against viral epitopes, but normal MHC class II-restricted delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to virus antigen. Despite demyelination, virus-infected perforin-deficient mice showed only minimal neurologic deficits as indicated by clinical disease score, activity monitoring, and footprint analysis. Perforin- and MHC class II-deficient mice (with functional CD8(+) T cells and perforin molecules and an H-2(b) haplotype) had comparable demyelination and genotype, however, only the latter showed severe clinical disease. Gld and lpr mice demonstrated normal TMEV-specific cytotoxicity and maintained resistance to TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. These studies implicate perforin release by CD8(+) T cells as a potential mechanism by which neurologic deficits are induced after demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Murray
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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43
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Gotoh M, Shichijo S, Hoshino T, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Inoue Y, Takasu H, Yamaoka T, Itoh K. Sequence analysis of genes encoding rodent homologues of the human tumor-rejection antigen SART-1. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:849-54. [PMID: 9765622 PMCID: PMC5921909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human SART-1 (hSART-1) gene encodes a 125 kD protein with a leucine-zipper motif expressed in the nucleus of all proliferating cells, and a 43 kD protein expressed in the cytosol of most epithelial cancers. In this study, two rodent genes (rSART-1 and mSART-1) homologous to hSART-1 were cloned from cDNA libraries of murine brain and a rat tumor cell line, respectively. mSART-1 and rSART-1 were highly homologous to hSART-1 with 86% and 84% identity at the nucleotide level, and 95% and 91% at the protein level, respectively. The leucine zipper domain and two basic amino acid portions that bind DNA, as well as peptide sequences recognized by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), were all conserved in these rodent genes. Nuclear protein homologous to the 125 kD hSART-1(800) protein, but not to the 43 kD cytosol SART-1(259) protein, was detectable with specific antibody in the nuclear fractions of rodent tumor cell lines, and normal rodent fetal liver and testis. These rodent genes should be a novel tool for studies on the biological roles of the SART-1 gene, and also in the construction of animal models of specific immunotherapy using SART-1 gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gotoh
- Sumitomo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka
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44
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Seo N, Tokura Y, Matsumoto K, Furukawa F, Takigawa M. Tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in Th2-type Sézary syndrome: its enhancement by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-12 and fluctuations in association with disease activity. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112:403-9. [PMID: 9649208 PMCID: PMC1904995 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SzS) is the leukaemic variant of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), whose malignant T cells are of the Th2 type in most cases. In this study we investigated the tumouricidal activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) present in peripheral blood of a patient with Th2-type SzS, focusing on the effect of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-12 on their cytotoxic activity, and the relationship between their lytic capacity and the patient's clinical course. At four different time points during a 2-month clinical period, CD4+CD7- Sézary cells and CD8+ cells were separated from the patient's circulating cells. CD8+ cells were cultured with chemically attenuated, purified Sézary cells in the presence of IL-2 to develop specific cytotoxicity. The CD8+ cells thus cultured exhibited lytic activity against autologous Sézary cells. Concomitant addition of IFN-gamma or IL-12 exerted a synergistic cytolytic effect with IL-2 on the tumour cells. Cytotoxicity inhibition studies using MoAbs revealed that the cytotoxicity operated in MHC class I-, CD8- and alphabeta T cell receptor-dependent manners. Furthermore, eight CD8+ T cell clones generated from cultured CD8+ cells exhibited a strong cytotoxicity against Sézary cells in an MHC class I-restricted fashion. During the clinical course, the activity of generated CTL and the number of CD8+ cells were inversely correlated with disease activity as assessed by the serum level of lactate dehydrogenase. These findings suggest that CTL down-regulate the growth of malignant T cells in this long-standing disease. Since Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 down-modulate CTL activity, CTL are assumed to be usually suppressed in SzS, whose malignant T cells are of Th2 type. It is likely that the administration of IFN-gamma normalizes this Th2-skewing state, activates CTL, and thus exerts the therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Heath
- Immunology Division of The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Victoria, Australia.
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46
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Abstract
Protective immunity to infection by many intracellular pathogens requires recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. To be presented for recognition by pathogen-specific CTLs, these antigens must gain access to the host cell class I processing pathway. In the case of intracellular bacterial pathogens, the majority of bacterial proteins are retained within the bacterial membrane and therefore remain inaccessible to the host cell for antigen processing. We have isolated a CTL clone from a C57BL/6 mouse infected with the intracellular gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and have identified the source of the antigen. Using a genomic expression library, we determined that the clone recognizes an antigenic N-formyl peptide presented by the nonpolymorphic murine MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3. Several lengths of this peptide were able to sensitize cells for lysis by this CTL clone. The source of this antigenic peptide is a 23-amino acid polypeptide encoded at the start of a polycistronic region. Analysis of mRNA secondary structure of this region suggests that this polypeptide may be a leader peptide encoded by a transcriptional attenuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Princiotta
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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47
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Yoshino I, Takenoyama M, Fujie H, Hanagiri T, Yoshimatsu T, Imabayashi S, Eifuku R, Ogami A, Yano K, Osaki T, Nakanishi R, Ichiyoshi Y, Nomoto K, Yasumoto K. The induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against HLA-A locus-matched lung adenocarcinoma in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:743-9. [PMID: 9330606 PMCID: PMC5921499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) efficiently, the induction of CTL was attempted using HLA-A locus-shared allogeneic NSCLC cells. T cells derived from either tumor tissue specimens or the regional lymph nodes of patients with NSCLC were stimulated twice or three times with an HLA-A2/A24-positive NSCLC cell line (PC-9), and thereafter the cytotoxic activity was examined by 51Cr-release assay. In patients with HLA-A24/ adenocarcinoma, anti-PC-9 cytotoxicity was induced in all 6 patients tested. Anti-PC-9 cytotoxicity was induced in 2 out of 5 patients with HLA-A2 (A24-)/adenocarcinoma, in 2 out of 4 patients with HLA-A24/squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 of 2 patients with HLA-A2/squamous cell carcinoma. The cytotoxic activity was observed to kill PC-9 selectively, not other NSCLC lines, and the activity was substantially blocked by anti-MHC class I antibody, but not by anti-MHC class II antibody. The PC-9-specific CTL produced gamma-interferon in response to autologous tumor cells. These results indicated that the anti-PC-9 cytotoxicity was mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes that may recognize the T cell epitope(s) shared and presented by HLA-A2 and/or HLA-A24-positive NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A24 Antigen
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yoshino
- Department of Surgery II, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
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48
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Hermans IF, Daish A, Moroni-Rawson P, Ronchese F. Tumor-peptide-pulsed dendritic cells isolated from spleen or cultured in vitro from bone marrow precursors can provide protection against tumor challenge. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1997; 44:341-7. [PMID: 9298937 PMCID: PMC11037582 DOI: 10.1007/s002620050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) purified from murine spleen or generated in vitro from bone marrow precursors were compared for their respective abilities to stimulate T cell responses and provide tumor protection in vivo. In vitro incubation with synthetic tumor peptide conferred on both DC populations the ability to induce proliferation of tumor-peptide-specific T cells in vitro. Spleen DC were reproducibly about twofold more effective than bone-marrow-derived DC in this assay. Both DC populations could also induce cytotoxic activity in vivo. In vitro cytoxicity assays showed that, while cytotoxic activity induced by immunization with spleen DC was clearly peptide-specific, a high non-specific cytotoxic activity was consistently observed after immunization with bone-marrow-derived DC, whether peptide-pulsed or not. Regardless of such high non-specific activity in vitro, only tumor-peptide-pulsed DC could provide protection against subsequent inoculation of tumor cells. DC not pulsed with tumor peptide were ineffective. We conclude that DC isolated from spleen or generated in vitro from bone marrow precursors are suitable reagents for use in tumor vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand Tel. 64 4 389 5096; Fax: 64 4 389 5095 e-mail: , , , , NZ
| | - Angela Daish
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand Tel. 64 4 389 5096; Fax: 64 4 389 5095 e-mail: , , , , NZ
| | - Pisana Moroni-Rawson
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand Tel. 64 4 389 5096; Fax: 64 4 389 5095 e-mail: , , , , NZ
| | - F. Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand Tel. 64 4 389 5096; Fax: 64 4 389 5095 e-mail: , , , , NZ
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49
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Gohara R, Nakao M, Ogata Y, Isomoto H, Oizumi K, Itoh K. Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-A2402-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing adenocarcinoma in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of patients with colon cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:198-204. [PMID: 9119749 PMCID: PMC5921357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To cast light on T cell-mediated specific immunity at the tumor site of colon cancer, we investigated whether interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from colon cancer show histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I-restricted cytotoxicity against adenocarcinoma. IL 2-activated TIL from all four HLA-A24 patients examined lysed HLA-A2402+ adenocarcinomas, but not HLA-A2402- tumors. Those of two of the four cases also lysed HLA-A2402+ squamous cell carcinomas. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones recognizing HLA-A2402+ adenocarcinomas were established from one CTL line. This CTL line produced IFN-gamma upon recognition of an HLA-A2402- adenocarcinoma transfected with HLA-A2402 cDNA. These results suggest the presence of HLA-A2402-restricted CTL recognizing adenocarcinoma at the tumor site of colon cancer. Furthermore, HLA-A31-restricted CTL activity was found in IL-2-activated TIL from one of two HLA-A31+ patients, suggesting the existence of HLA-class I-restricted CTL involving an allele other than A24.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gohara
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine
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50
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Strehlau J, Pavlakis M, Lipman M, Shapiro M, Vasconcellos L, Harmon W, Strom TB. Quantitative detection of immune activation transcripts as a diagnostic tool in kidney transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:695-700. [PMID: 9012847 PMCID: PMC19576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.2.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Procedures to diagnose renal allograft rejection depend upon detection of graft dysfunction and the presence of a mononuclear leukocytic infiltrate; however, the presence of a modest cellular infiltrate is often not conclusive and can be detected in non-rejecting grafts. We have pursued a molecular approach utilizing reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to test the diagnostic accuracy of multiple immune activation gene analysis as means to diagnose renal allograft rejection. The magnitude of intragraft gene expression of 15 immune activation genes was quantified by competitive RT-PCR in 60 renal allograft core biopsies obtained for surveillance or to diagnose the etiology of graft dysfunction. Results were compared with a clinicopathological analysis based upon the histological diagnosis (Banff criteria) and the response to antirejection treatment. During acute renal allograft rejection intragraft expression of the interleukin (IL)-7 (P < 0.001), IL-10 (P < 0.0001), IL-15 (P < 0.0001), Fas ligand (P < 0.0001), perforin (P < 0.0001), and granzyme B (P < 0.0015), but not IL-2, interferon gamma, or IL-4, genes is significantly heightened. Amplified RANTES and IL-8 gene transcripts are sensitive but nonspecific markers of rejection. A simultaneous RT-PCR evaluation of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas ligand identifies acute rejection, including cases with mild infiltration, with extraordinary sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). Effective antirejection therapy results in a rapid down-regulation of gene expression. The combined analysis of Fas ligand, perforin, and granzyme B gene expression by quantitative RT-PCR provides a reliable tool for diagnosis and follow-up of acute renal allograft rejection. Its accuracy and a potential rapid application within few hours suggest its use in the clinical management of renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Strehlau
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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