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Dusingizimana T, Ramilan T, Weber JL, Iversen PO, Mugabowindekwe M, Ahishakiye J, Brough L. Predictors for achieving adequate antenatal care visits during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in rural Northwest Rwanda. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 36703102 PMCID: PMC9878946 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate antenatal care (ANC) in low-income countries has been identified as a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome. While many countries, including Rwanda, have near universal ANC coverage, a significant proportion of pregnant women do not achieve the recommended regimen of four ANC visits. The present study aimed to explore the factors associated with achieving the recommendation, with an emphasis on the distance from household to health facilities. METHODS A geo-referenced cross-sectional study was conducted in Rutsiro district, Western province of Rwanda with 360 randomly selected women. Multiple logistic regression analysis including adjusted odd ratio (aOR) were performed to identify factors associated with achieving the recommended four ANC visits. RESULTS The majority (65.3%) of women had less than four ANC visits during pregnancy. We found a significant and negative association between distance from household to health facility and achieving the recommended four ANC visits. As the distance increased by 1 km, the odds of achieving the four ANC visits decreased by 19% (aOR = 0.81, P = 0.024). The odds of achieving the recommended four ANC visits were nearly two times higher among mothers with secondary education compared with mothers with primary education or less (aOR = 1.90, P = 0.038). In addition, mothers who responded that their household members always seek health care when necessary had 1.7 times higher odds of achieving four ANC visits compared with those who responded as unable to seek health care (aOR = 1.7, P = 0.041). Furthermore, mothers from poor households had 2.1 times lower odds of achieving four ANC visits than mothers from slightly better-off households (aOR = 2.1, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Findings from the present study suggest that, in Rutsiro district, travel distance to health facility, coupled with socio-economic constraints, including low education and poverty can make it difficult for pregnant women to achieve the recommended ANC regimen. Innovative strategies are needed to decrease distance by bringing ANC services closer to pregnant women and to enhance ANC seeking behaviour. Interventions should also focus on supporting women to attain at least secondary education level as well as to improve the household socioeconomic status of pregnant women, with a particular focus on women from poor households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theogene Dusingizimana
- grid.10818.300000 0004 0620 2260Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Thiagarajah Ramilan
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Janet L. Weber
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317 Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0424 Norway ,grid.11956.3a0000 0001 2214 904XDivision of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Maurice Mugabowindekwe
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.10818.300000 0004 0620 2260Centre for Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.0. Box 3900, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jeannine Ahishakiye
- grid.10818.300000 0004 0620 2260Human Nutrition and Dietetics Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 3286, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Louise Brough
- grid.148374.d0000 0001 0696 9806School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
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Sinopoulou E, Rosenzweig ES, Conner JM, Gibbs D, Weinholtz CA, Weber JL, Brock JH, Nout-Lomas YS, Ovruchesky E, Takashima Y, Biane JS, Kumamaru H, Havton LA, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Rhesus macaque versus rat divergence in the corticospinal projectome. Neuron 2022; 110:2970-2983.e4. [PMID: 35917818 PMCID: PMC9509478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We used viral intersectional tools to map the entire projectome of corticospinal neurons associated with fine distal forelimb control in Fischer 344 rats and rhesus macaques. In rats, we found an extraordinarily diverse set of collateral projections from corticospinal neurons to 23 different brain and spinal regions. Remarkably, the vast weighting of this "motor" projection was to sensory systems in both the brain and spinal cord, confirmed by optogenetic and transsynaptic viral intersectional tools. In contrast, rhesus macaques exhibited far heavier and narrower weighting of corticospinal outputs toward spinal and brainstem motor systems. Thus, corticospinal systems in macaques primarily constitute a final output system for fine motor control, whereas this projection in rats exerts a multi-modal integrative role that accesses far broader CNS regions. Unique structural-functional correlations can be achieved by mapping and quantifying a single neuronal system's total axonal output and its relative weighting across CNS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Sinopoulou
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James M Conner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Gibbs
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chase A Weinholtz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janet L Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Eric Ovruchesky
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshio Takashima
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Biane
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Dusingizimana T, Weber JL, Ramilan T, Iversen PO, Brough L. A Mixed-Methods Study of Factors Influencing Access to and Use of Micronutrient Powders in Rwanda. Glob Health Sci Pract 2021; 9:274-285. [PMID: 34048359 PMCID: PMC8324192 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gaps in complementary feeding practices hinder the use of multiple micronutrients powder (MNP) in Rutsiro district in Rwanda. Successful MNP program implementation requires uninterrupted availability and accessibility to the product, as well as greater understanding of health benefits of the MNP. The World Health Organization recommends point-of-use fortification with multiple micronutrients powder (MNP) for foods consumed by children aged 6–23 months in populations where anemia prevalence among children under 2 years or under 5 years of age is 20% or higher. In Rwanda, anemia affects 37% of children under 5 years. The MNP program was implemented to address anemia, but research on factors affecting the implementation of the MNP program is limited. We conducted a mixed-methods study to examine the factors influencing access to and use of MNP among mothers (N=379) in Rutsiro district, northwest Rwanda. Inductive content analysis was used for qualitative data. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the use of MNP. Qualitative results indicated that the unavailability of MNP supplies and distribution issues were major barriers to accessing MNP. Factors influencing the use of MNP included mothers' perceptions of side effects and health benefits of MNP, as well as inappropriate complementary feeding practices. Mothers of older children (aged 12–23 months) were more likely to use MNP than those of younger children (aged 6–11 months) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.63, P<.001). Mothers whose children participated in the supplementary food program were nearly 3 times more likely to use MNP than those whose children had never participated in the program (aOR=2.84, P=.001). Increasing household hunger score was significantly associated with lower odds of using MNP (aOR=0.80, P=.038). Mechanisms to monitor MNP supply and program implementation need to be strengthened to ensure mothers have access to the product. MNP program implementers should address gaps in complementary feeding practices and ensure mothers have access to adequate complementary foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theogene Dusingizimana
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. .,Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Janet L Weber
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Thiagarajah Ramilan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Per Ole Iversen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medical Health Sciences, Stellebosh University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Louise Brough
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Rosenzweig ES, Salegio EA, Liang JJ, Weber JL, Weinholtz CA, Brock JH, Moseanko R, Hawbecker S, Pender R, Cruzen CL, Iaci JF, Caggiano AO, Blight AR, Haenzi B, Huie JR, Havton LA, Nout-Lomas YS, Fawcett JW, Ferguson AR, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Chondroitinase improves anatomical and functional outcomes after primate spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1269-1275. [PMID: 31235933 PMCID: PMC6693679 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory extracellular matrices form around mature neurons as perineuronal nets containing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that limit axonal sprouting after CNS injury. The enzyme chondroitinase (Chase) degrades the inhibitory CSPGs and improves axonal sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents. We evaluated the effects of Chase in Rhesus monkeys that had undergone C7 spinal cord hemisection. Four weeks after hemisection, multiple intraparenchymal Chase injections targeted spinal cord circuits controlling hand function below the lesion. Hand function improved significantly in Chase-treated monkeys relative to vehicle-injected controls. Moreover, Chase significantly increased corticospinal axon growth and the number of synapses formed by corticospinal terminals in gray matter caudal to the lesion. No detrimental effects were detected. This approach appears to merit clinical translation in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ernesto A Salegio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Justine J Liang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Janet L Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chase A Weinholtz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John H Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rod Moseanko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Roger Pender
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christina L Cruzen
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - J Russell Huie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Jin Y, Coad J, Weber JL, Thomson JS, Brough L. Selenium Intake in Iodine-Deficient Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in New Zealand. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010069. [PMID: 30609662 PMCID: PMC6356683 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium plays a role in antioxidant status and, together with iodine, in thyroid function. Iodine deficiency exists in New Zealand during pregnancy and lactation, and selenium deficiency may further affect thyroid function. This study investigated selenium intakes of pregnant and lactating women, in Palmerston North, in the North Island of New Zealand. Dietary intake was estimated using three repeated 24-h dietary recalls. Dietary intake in pregnancy was also estimated from 24-h urinary excretion of selenium. Selenium concentrations were determined in urine and breastmilk using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Median selenium intakes based on dietary data were 51 (39, 65) μg/day in pregnancy and 51 (36, 80) μg/day in lactation, with 61% and 68% below estimated average requirement (EAR). Median daily selenium intake in pregnancy based on urinary excretion was 49 (40, 60) µg/day, with 59% below EAR. Median selenium concentration in breastmilk was 11 (10, 13) µg/L and estimated median selenium intake for infants was 9 (8, 10) µg/day, with 91% below the Adequate Intake of 12 μg/day. These pregnant and breastfeeding women were at risk of dietary selenium inadequacy. Further research is required to assess selenium status in relation to thyroid function and health in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jane Coad
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Janet L Weber
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jasmine S Thomson
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Louise Brough
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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6
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Rosenzweig ES, Brock JH, Lu P, Kumamaru H, Salegio EA, Kadoya K, Weber JL, Liang JJ, Moseanko R, Hawbecker S, Huie JR, Havton LA, Nout-Lomas YS, Ferguson AR, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Restorative effects of human neural stem cell grafts on the primate spinal cord. Nat Med 2018; 24:484-490. [PMID: 29480894 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We grafted human spinal cord-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into sites of cervical spinal cord injury in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Under three-drug immunosuppression, grafts survived at least 9 months postinjury and expressed both neuronal and glial markers. Monkey axons regenerated into grafts and formed synapses. Hundreds of thousands of human axons extended out from grafts through monkey white matter and synapsed in distal gray matter. Grafts gradually matured over 9 months and improved forelimb function beginning several months after grafting. These findings in a 'preclinical trial' support translation of NPC graft therapy to humans with the objective of reconstituting both a neuronal and glial milieu in the site of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John H Brock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul Lu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ernesto A Salegio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Janet L Weber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Justine J Liang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rod Moseanko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Russell Huie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California, USA
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Brough L, Gunn CA, Weber JL, Coad J, Jin Y, Thomson JS, Mauze M, Kruger MC. Iodine and Selenium Intakes of Postmenopausal Women in New Zealand. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030254. [PMID: 28282932 PMCID: PMC5372917 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine and selenium are required for thyroid function. This study investigated iodine and selenium intakes in healthy, women aged 50–70 years (n = 97) from three cities in the North Island of New Zealand, after mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt. Iodine and selenium concentrations were determined in 24-h urine samples; daily intakes were extrapolated from amounts in urine (90% and 55% of daily intake, respectively). Three day diet diaries (3DDD) also estimated selenium and iodine (excluding iodised salt) intake. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 57 (41, 78) µg/L, indicating mild iodine deficiency. Estimated median iodine intake based on urine was 138 (100, 172) µg/day, below Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) (150 µg/day) with 25% below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (100 µg/day). Estimated median selenium intake was 50 (36, 71) µg/day based on urine and 45 (36, 68) µg/day using 3DDD, below RDI (60 µg/day) with 49%–55% below EAR (50 µg/day). Median bread intakes were low at 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) serves/day; 25% consumed ≤1 serve/day. Although population iodine intakes improved following mandatory fortification, some had low intakes. Selenium intakes remain low. Further research should investigate thyroid function of low consumers of iodine fortified bread and/or selenium in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brough
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Caroline A Gunn
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Fonterra Research & Development Centre, Private Bag 11029, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Janet L Weber
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jane Coad
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ying Jin
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Jasmine S Thomson
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Mathilde Mauze
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate diet and nutrition-related factors associated with bone loss in a group of postmenopausal (PM) women. Nutritional intake, inflammatory markers and body composition (weight, body mass index, fat/lean mass) were analysed for associations with bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN A cross sectional study examining correlations between BMD (Duel-energy X ray absorptiometry; (DXA) and dietary intake (3-day diaries), body composition and plasma bone and inflammatory markers: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type I N propeptide (P1NP), C- reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL-6, IL-10), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). SETTING Community dwelling women from the Auckland, Hawke's Bay and Manawatu regions in New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS 142 healthy, PM women aged 50-70 years. RESULTS OPG (per kilogram fat mass) was increased in women with osteoporosis (p<0.001) compared to groups classified with normal BMD and osteopenia. Protein, vitamin B12, zinc, potassium and dairy intake were all positively correlated with higher BMD while dairy and potassium intakes also inversely correlated with CTX. Body composition (weight, BMI and fat/lean mass) had strong positive associations with BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed body weight, potassium and dairy intake were predictors of increased BMD in PM women and explained 39% (r2=0.39, p< 0.003) of variance. CONCLUSION BMD was negatively correlated with OPG and positively with weight, dairy and potassium intake. This study highlights the importance of maintaining adequate body weight and emphasising dairy and potassium predominantly sourced from fruit/vegetables to reduce bone loss at midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gunn
- C.A. Gunn, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand,
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Brough L, Jin Y, Shukri NH, Wharemate ZR, Weber JL, Coad J. Iodine intake and status during pregnancy and lactation before and after government initiatives to improve iodine status, in Palmerston North, New Zealand: a pilot study. Matern Child Nutr 2013; 11:646-55. [PMID: 23782592 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation may adversely affect fetal and infant development. Two initiatives were introduced in New Zealand to prevent deficiency: (1) mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt; and (2) provision of a subsidised iodine supplement (150 μg) for all pregnant and breastfeeding women. The aim of this study was to assess iodine intake and status among a self-selecting sample of pregnant and lactating women in Palmerston North, both before and after the two initiatives. Pregnant and breastfeeding women were recruited before (n = 25 and 32; 2009) and after (n = 34 and 36; 2011) the initiatives. Iodine concentration was determined in 24-h urine and breast milk samples using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Use of supplements and salt, knowledge of iodine deficiency, and awareness of the initiatives were determined by questionnaire. Median urine iodine concentration (UIC) was higher in 2011 compared with 2009 for both pregnant (85 and 47 μg L(-1) ) and breastfeeding (74 and 34 μg L(-1) ) participants; median UIC were below the cut-offs for adequate iodine status. However, in 2011, the estimated daily iodine intake during pregnancy was 217 μg day(-1) ; 74% of women achieved the Estimated Average Requirement. Knowledge of the initiatives was low, only 28-56% were aware of the need for iodine supplements and only 15-22% were aware of the mandatory addition of iodised salt to bread. Despite initiatives, UIC of these women indicates iodine deficiency, however, dietary intakes appear adequate. Ongoing surveillance of supplement use and iodine status among pregnant and lactating women throughout New Zealand is needed to fully assess the efficacy of the initiatives. Alternative strategies may require evaluation to ensure all women have adequate iodine during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Brough
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ying Jin
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nurul Husna Shukri
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Janet L Weber
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Amagloh FK, Mutukumira AN, Brough L, Weber JL, Hardacre A, Coad J. Carbohydrate composition, viscosity, solubility, and sensory acceptance of sweetpotato- and maize-based complementary foods. Food Nutr Res 2013; 57:18717. [PMID: 23516115 PMCID: PMC3600427 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.18717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cereal-based complementary foods from non-malted ingredients form a relatively high viscous porridge. Therefore, excessive dilution, usually with water, is required to reduce the viscosity to be appropriate for infant feeding. The dilution invariably leads to energy and nutrient thinning, that is, the reduction of energy and nutrient densities. Carbohydrate is the major constituent of food that significantly influences viscosity when heated in water. Objectives To compare the sweetpotato-based complementary foods (extrusion-cooked ComFa, roller-dried ComFa, and oven-toasted ComFa) and enriched Weanimix (maize-based formulation) regarding their 1) carbohydrate composition, 2) viscosity and water solubility index (WSI), and 3) sensory acceptance evaluated by sub-Sahara African women as model caregivers. Methods The level of simple sugars/carbohydrates was analysed by spectrophotometry, total dietary fibre by enzymatic-gravimetric method, and total carbohydrate and starch levels estimated by calculation. A Rapid Visco™ Analyser was used to measure viscosity. WSI was determined gravimetrically. A consumer sensory evaluation was used to evaluate the product acceptance of the roller-dried ComFa, oven-toasted ComFa, and enriched Weanimix. Results The sweetpotato-based complementary foods were, on average, significantly higher in maltose, sucrose, free glucose and fructose, and total dietary fibre, but they were markedly lower in starch content compared with the levels in the enriched Weanimix. Consequently, the sweetpotato-based complementary foods had relatively low apparent viscosity, and high WSI, than that of enriched Weanimix. The scores of sensory liking given by the caregivers were highest for the roller-dried ComFa, followed by the oven-toasted ComFa, and, finally, the enriched Weanimix. Conclusion The sweetpotato-based formulations have significant advantages as complementary food due to the high level of endogenous sugars and low starch content that reduce the viscosity, increase the solubility, impart desirable sensory characteristics, and potentially avoid excessive energy and nutrient thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kweku Amagloh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana
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11
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Gunn CA, Weber JL, Kruger MC. Midlife women, bone health, vegetables, herbs and fruit study. The Scarborough Fair study protocol. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:23. [PMID: 23305630 PMCID: PMC3552690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone loss is accelerated in middle aged women but increased fruit/vegetable intake positively affects bone health by provision of micronutrients essential for bone formation, buffer precursors which reduce acid load and phytochemicals affecting inflammation and oxidative stress. Animal studies demonstrated bone resorption inhibiting properties of specific vegetables, fruit and herbs a decade ago. Objective: To increase fruit/vegetable intake in post menopausal women to 9 servings/day using a food specific approach to significantly reduce dietary acid load and include specific vegetables, fruit and herbs with bone resorbing inhibiting properties to assess effect on bone turnover, metabolic and inflammatory markers. Methods/Design The Scarborough Fair Study is a randomised active comparator controlled multi centre trial. It aimed to increase fruit and vegetable intake in 100 post menopausal women from ≤ 5 servings/day to ≥ 9 servings/day for 3 months. The women in the dietary intervention were randomly assigned to one of the two arms of the study. Both groups consumed ≥ 9 servings/day of fruit/vegetables and selected herbs but the diet of each group emphasised different fruit/vegetables/herbs with one group (B) selecting from a range of vegetables, fruit and culinary herbs with bone resorbing inhibiting properties. 50 women formed a negative control group (Group C usual diet). Primary outcome variables were plasma bone markers assessed at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Secondary outcome variables were plasma inflammation and metabolic markers and urinary electrolytes (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Dietary intake and urine pH change also were outcome variables. The dietary change was calculated with 3 day diet diaries and a 24 hour recall. Intervention participants kept a twice weekly record of fruit, vegetable and herb intake and urine pH. Discussion This study will provide information on midlife women’s bone health and how a dietary intervention increasing fruit and vegetable/herb intake affects bone, inflammatory and metabolic markers and urinary electrolyte excretion. It assesses changes in nutrient intake, estimated dietary acid load and sodium: potassium ratios. The study also explores whether specific fruit/vegetables and herbs with bone resorbing properties has an effect on bone markers. Trial registration ACTRN 12611000763943
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Gunn
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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12
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Amagloh FK, Brough L, Weber JL, Mutukumira AN, Hardacre A, Coad J. Sweetpotato-based complementary food would be less inhibitory on mineral absorption than a maize-based infant food assessed by compositional analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:957-63. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.687368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Amagloh FK, Hardacre A, Mutukumira AN, Weber JL, Brough L, Coad J. Sweet Potato-Based Complementary Food for Infants in Low-Income Countries. Food Nutr Bull 2012; 33:3-10. [DOI: 10.1177/156482651203300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Amagloh FK, Hardacre A, Mutukumira AN, Weber JL, Brough L, Coad J. A household-level sweet potato-based infant food to complement vitamin A supplementation initiatives. Matern Child Nutr 2011; 8:512-21. [PMID: 22145941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa is high in spite of vitamin A supplementation programmes among children in most countries. Plant-based complementary foods remain the key source of nutrients in addition to breast milk for infants in lower income countries. Cereal-legume blends are superior in protein and energy densities compared with maize, millet or sorghum-only porridge. However, unfortified cereal-legume and cereal-only porridges are low in vitamin A. A household-level sweet potato-based infant food, rich in vitamin A, has been developed to complement vitamin A supplementation initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. A composite flour containing sweet potato, soybean, soybean oil and fishmeal was processed as complementary food by oven toasting (denoted oven-toasted ComFa). The oven-toasted ComFa and enriched Weanimix (processed from dehulled maize, dehulled soybean, groundnut and fishmeal) were assessed for suitability as complementary food based on the nutrient composition using specifications in the Codex Standard (CS) as a reference. The sweet potato-based formulation and enriched Weanimix met the energy, protein, fructose and fat specifications but barely met the amino acid score as indicated in the CS. However, only the oven-toasted ComFa met the calcium and almost half the vitamin A levels as specified in the CS. Oven-toasted ComFa was slightly lower in energy, protein and fat by a difference not greater than 4.0% but was higher by more than 100% in fructose and vitamin A levels. Therefore, the sweet potato-based complementary food is likely to support vitamin A supplementation initiatives in low-income countries better than the cereal-based formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis K Amagloh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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15
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Wu Y, Weber JL, Vladutiu GD, Tarnopolsky MA. Six novel mutations in the myophosphorylase gene in patients with McArdle disease and a family with pseudo-dominant inheritance pattern. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:587-91. [PMID: 21880526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive glycogenosis due to deficiency of the enzyme myophosphorylase. It results from homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the gene for this enzyme, PYGM. We report six novel mutations in the PYGM gene based upon sequencing data including three missense mutations (p.D51G, p.P398L, and p.N648Y), one nonsense mutation (p.Y75X), one frame-shift mutation (p.Y114SfsX181), and one amino acid deletion (p.Y53del) in six patients with McArdle disease. We also report on a Caucasian family that appeared to transmit McArdle disease in an autosomal dominant manner. In order to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of the sequence variants, we performed in silico analysis using PolyPhen-2 and SIFT BLink, along with species conservation analysis using UCSC Genome Browser. The above mutations were all predicted to be disease associated with high probability and with at least the same level of certainty as several confirmed mutations. The current data add to the list of pathogenic mutations in the PYGM gene associated with McArdle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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16
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De Jonckheere J, Jeanne M, Grillet A, Weber S, Chaud P, Logier R, Weber JL. OFSETH: optical fibre embedded into technical textile for healthcare, an efficient way to monitor patient under magnetic resonance imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:3950-3. [PMID: 18002864 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare monitoring is a general concern for patients requiring a continuous medical assistance and treatment. In order to increase mobility of such patients, a huge effort is pursued worldwide for the development of wearable monitoring systems able to measure vital physiological parameters such as respiratory movements, cardiac activity, pulse oximetry, temperature of the body [1]. Technical or smart textiles that incorporate different sensors play a growing role in these developments as they are well suited for wearability and can ensure comfort to the user [2, 3]. While most developments up to now have been focused on the use of electrical sensors, the aim of OFSETH [4] is to take advantage of pure optical sensing technologies for extending the capabilities of medical technical textiles for wearable health monitoring. OFSETH expects to achieve a breakthrough in healthcare monitoring applications where standard (non-optical) monitoring techniques show significant limits such as for the monitoring of anesthetized patients under Medical Resonance Imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Jonckheere
- Institut de Technologie Médicale, EA1049, CHRU de Lille, Lille Cedex, France
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17
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Ocaka L, Zhao C, Reed JA, Ebenezer ND, Brice G, Morley T, Mehta M, O'Dowd J, Weber JL, Hardcastle AJ, Child AH. Assignment of two loci for autosomal dominant adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to chromosomes 9q31.2-q34.2 and 17q25.3-qtel. J Med Genet 2007; 45:87-92. [PMID: 17932119 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.051896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of spinal deformity, affecting up to 4% of children worldwide. Familial inheritance of AIS is now recognised and several potential candidate loci have been found. METHODS We studied 25 multi-generation AIS families of British descent with at least 3 affected members in each family. A genomewide screen was performed using microsatellite markers spanning approximately 10-cM intervals throughout the genome. This analysis revealed linkage to several candidate chromosomal regions throughout the genome. Two-point linkage analysis was performed in all families to evaluate candidate loci. After identification of candidate loci, two-point linkage analysis was performed in the 10 families that segregated, to further refine disease intervals. RESULTS Significant linkage was obtained in a total of 10 families: 8 families to the telomeric region of chromosome 9q, and 2 families to the telomeric region of 17q. A significant LOD score was detected at marker D9S2157 Z(max) = 3.64 ( theta= 0.0) in a four-generation family (SC32). Saturation mapping of the 9q region in family SC32 defined the critical disease interval to be flanked by markers D9S930 and D9S1818, spanning approximately 21 Mb at 9q31.2-q34.2. In addition, seven other families segregated with this locus on 9q. In two multi-generation families (SC36 and SC23) not segregating with the 9q locus, a maximum combined LOD score of Z(max) = 4.08 ( = 0.0) was obtained for marker AAT095 on 17q. Fine mapping of the 17q candidate region defined the AIS critical region to be distal to marker D17S1806, spanning approximately 3.2 Mb on chromosome 17q25.3-qtel. CONCLUSION This study reports a common locus for AIS in the British population, mapping to a refined interval on chromosome 9q31.2-q34.2 and defines a novel AIS locus on chromosome 17q25.3-qtel.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ocaka
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Medical School, University of London, UK
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18
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Noury N, Dittmar A, Corroy C, Baghai R, Weber JL, Blanc D, Klefstat F, Blinovska A, Vaysse S, Comet B. VTAMN--a smart clothe for ambulatory remote monitoring of physiological parameters and activity. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2004:3266-9. [PMID: 17270978 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1403919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prototype of a communicating underclothe for medical remote monitoring was realized. It delivers physiological information on the subject (Cardiac Frequency, Breathing Frequency, surface and mid-temperature) as well as the environment and activity parameters (ambient temperature, fall detection). It also enables the automatic data transfer on event, with the localization of the subject.
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19
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Carothers AD, Rudan I, Kolcic I, Polasek O, Hayward C, Wright AF, Campbell H, Teague P, Hastie ND, Weber JL. Estimating Human Inbreeding Coefficients: Comparison of Genealogical and Marker Heterozygosity Approaches. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:666-76. [PMID: 16907711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have used genealogies and genomic polymorphisms to estimate individual inbreeding coefficients (F) in 50 subjects with an expected range (based on recent genealogies) of F from 0.0 to 0.0625. The estimates were based on two approaches, using genotypes respectively from 410 microsatellite markers (410-STR panel) and from 10,000 SNPs (10K-SNP panel). The latter was performed in a sub-sample of 15 individuals. We concluded that for both marker panels measures of inbreeding based on the excess of homozygosity over Hardy-Weinberg expectation were not closely correlated with 4-5 generation genealogical F-values. For the 10K-SNP panel we found two alternative measures which correlated more closely with F, based respectively on standard errors and on paired homozygosity of nearby SNPs over distances of 2-4 cM. We propose an empirical method for estimating standard errors and hence individual F-values, based on the variation between individual autosomes. This method could provide useful estimates of average F-values for groups of individuals in population-based studies of the effects of inbreeding/homozygosity on quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Carothers
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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20
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21
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Giampietro PF, Raggio CL, Reynolds CE, Shukla SK, McPherson E, Ghebranious N, Jacobsen FS, Kumar V, Faciszewski T, Pauli RM, Rasmussen K, Burmester JK, Zaleski C, Merchant S, David D, Weber JL, Glurich I, Blank RD. An analysis of PAX1 in the development of vertebral malformations. Clin Genet 2005; 68:448-53. [PMID: 16207213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of PAX1 in the development of vertebral malformations. Due to the sporadic occurrence of congenital vertebral malformations, traditional linkage approaches to identify genes associated with human vertebral development are not possible. We therefore identified PAX1 as a candidate gene in vertebral malformations and congenital scoliosis due to its mutation in the undulated mouse. We performed DNA sequence analysis of the PAX1 gene in a series of 48 patients with congenital vertebral malformations, collectively spanning the entire vertebral column length. DNA sequence coding variants were identified in the heterozygous state in exon 4 in two male patients with thoracic vertebral malformations. One patient had T9 hypoplasia, T12 hemivertebrae and absent T10 pedicle, incomplete fusion of T7 posterior elements, ventricular septal defect, and polydactyly. This patient had a CCC (Pro)-->CTC (Leu) change at amino acid 410. This variant was not observed in 180 chromosomes tested in the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) database and occurred at a frequency of 0.3% in a diversity panel of 1066 human samples. The second patient had a T11 wedge vertebra and a missense mutation at amino acid 413 corresponding to CCA (Pro)-->CTA (Leu). This particular variant has been reported to occur in one of 164 chromosomes in the NIEHS SNP database and was found to occur with a similar frequency of 0.8% in a diversity panel of 1066 human samples. Although each patient's mother was clinically asymptomatic and heterozygous for the respective variant allele, the possibility that these sequence variants have clinical significance is not excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Giampietro
- Medical Genetic Services, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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22
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Anton ES, Ghashghaei HT, Weber JL, McCann C, Fischer TM, Cheung ID, Gassmann M, Messing A, Klein R, Schwab MH, Lloyd KCK, Lai C. Receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4 modulates neuroblast migration and placement in the adult forebrain. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:1319-28. [PMID: 15543145 DOI: 10.1038/nn1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor proliferation, differentiation and migration are continually active in the rostral migratory stream of the adult brain. Here, we show that the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4 is expressed prominently by the neuroblasts present in the subventricular zone and the rostral migratory stream. The neuregulins (NRG1-NRG3), which have been identified as ErbB4 ligands, are detected either in the stream or in adjacent regions. Mice deficient in ErbB4 expressed under the control of either the nestin or the hGFAP promoter have altered neuroblast chain organization and migration and deficits in the placement and differentiation of olfactory interneurons. These findings suggest that ErbB4 activation helps to regulate the organization of neural chains that form the rostral migratory stream and influences the differentiation of olfactory interneuronal precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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23
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Rimer M, Prieto AL, Weber JL, Colasante C, Ponomareva O, Fromm L, Schwab MH, Lai C, Burden SJ. Neuregulin-2 is synthesized by motor neurons and terminal Schwann cells and activates acetylcholine receptor transcription in muscle cells expressing ErbB4. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:271-81. [PMID: 15207852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) genes are transcribed selectively in synaptic nuclei of skeletal muscle fibers, leading to accumulation of the mRNAs encoding AChR subunits at synaptic sites. The signals that regulate synapse-specific transcription remain elusive, though Neuregulin-1 is considered a favored candidate. Here, we show that motor neurons and terminal Schwann cells express neuregulin-2, a neuregulin-1-related gene. In skeletal muscle, Neuregulin-2 protein is concentrated at synaptic sites, where it accumulates adjacent to terminal Schwann cells. Neuregulin-2 stimulates AChR transcription in cultured myotubes expressing ErbB4, as well as ErbB3 and ErbB2, but not in myotubes expressing only ErbB3 and ErbB2. Thus, Neuregulin-2 is a candidate for a signal that regulates synaptic differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Motor Neurons/cytology
- Motor Neurons/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Neuromuscular Junction/cytology
- Neuromuscular Junction/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, ErbB-2
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-4
- Receptors, Cholinergic/genetics
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/cytology
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Synaptic Membranes/genetics
- Synaptic Membranes/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendell Rimer
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical School, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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24
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Weber JL, Reid PM, Greaves KA, DeLany JP, Stanford VA, Going SB, Howell WH, Houtkooper LB. Validity of self-reported energy intake in lean and obese young women, using two nutrient databases, compared with total energy expenditure assessed by doubly labeled water. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55:940-50. [PMID: 11641742 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2000] [Revised: 03/01/2001] [Accepted: 04/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare self-reported total energy intake (TEI) estimated using two databases with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water in physically active lean and sedentary obese young women, and to compare reporting accuracy between the two subject groups. DESIGN A cross-sectional study in which dietary intakes of women trained in diet-recording procedures were analyzed using the Minnesota Nutrition Data System (NDS; versions 2.4/6A/21, 2.6/6A/23 and 2.6/8.A/23) and Nutritionist III (N3; version 7.0) software. Reporting accuracy was determined by comparison of average TEI assessed by an 8 day estimated diet record with average TEE for the same period. RESULTS Reported TEI differed from TEE for both groups irrespective of nutrient database (P<0.01). Measured TEE was 11.10+/-2.54 and 11.96+/-1.21 MJ for lean and obese subjects, respectively. Reported TEI, using either database, did not differ between groups. For lean women, TEI calculated by NDS was 7.66+/-1.73 MJ and by N3 was 8.44+/-1.59 MJ. Corresponding TEI for obese women were 7.46+/-2.17 MJ from NDS and 7.34+/-2.27 MJ from N3. Lean women under-reported by 23% (N3) and 30% (NDS), and obese women under-reported by 39% (N3) and 38% (NDS). Regardless of database, lean women reported higher carbohydrate intakes, and obese women reported higher total fat and individual fatty acid intakes. Higher energy intakes from mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids were estimated by NDS than by N3 in both groups of women (P< or =0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both physically active lean and sedentary obese women under-reported TEI regardless of database, although the magnitude of under-reporting may be influenced by the database for the lean women. SPONSORSHIP USDA Hatch Project award (ARZT-136528-H-23-111) to LB Houtkooper and WH Howell.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Weber
- Department of Pediatrics/CARE, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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Giglio S, Broman KW, Matsumoto N, Calvari V, Gimelli G, Neumann T, Ohashi H, Voullaire L, Larizza D, Giorda R, Weber JL, Ledbetter DH, Zuffardi O. Olfactory receptor-gene clusters, genomic-inversion polymorphisms, and common chromosome rearrangements. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:874-83. [PMID: 11231899 PMCID: PMC1275641 DOI: 10.1086/319506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2000] [Accepted: 01/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory receptor (OR)-gene superfamily is the largest in the mammalian genome. Several of the human OR genes appear in clusters with > or = 10 members located on almost all human chromosomes, and some chromosomes contain more than one cluster. We demonstrate, by experimental and in silico data, that unequal crossovers between two OR gene clusters in 8p are responsible for the formation of three recurrent chromosome macrorearrangements and a submicroscopic inversion polymorphism. The first two macrorearrangements are the inverted duplication of 8p, inv dup(8p), which is associated with a distinct phenotype, and a supernumerary marker chromosome, +der(8)(8p23.1pter), which is also a recurrent rearrangement and is associated with minor anomalies. We demonstrate that it is the reciprocal of the inv dup(8p). The third macrorearrangment is a recurrent 8p23 interstitial deletion associated with heart defect. Since inv dup(8p)s originate consistently in maternal meiosis, we investigated the maternal chromosomes 8 in eight mothers of subjects with inv dup(8p) and in the mother of one subject with +der(8), by means of probes included between the two 8p-OR gene clusters. All the mothers were heterozygous for an 8p submicroscopic inversion that was delimited by the 8p-OR gene clusters and was present, in heterozygous state, in 26% of a population of European descent. Thus, inversion heterozygosity may cause susceptibility to unequal recombination, leading to the formation of the inv dup(8p) or to its reciprocal product, the +der(8p). After the Yp inversion polymorphism, which is the preferential background for the PRKX/PRKY translocation in XX males and XY females, the OR-8p inversion is the second genomic polymorphism that confers susceptibility to the formation of common chromosome rearrangements. Accordingly, it may be possible to develop a profile of the individual risk of having progeny with chromosome rearrangements.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Contig Mapping
- Crossing Over, Genetic/genetics
- DNA Probes/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Female
- Genes, Duplicate/genetics
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Odorant/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giglio
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Simonic I, Nyholt DR, Gericke GS, Gordon D, Matsumoto N, Ledbetter DH, Ott J, Weber JL. Further evidence for linkage of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24 in South African Afrikaners. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:163-7. [PMID: 11304830 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing DNA samples from 91 Afrikaner nuclear families with one or more affected children, five genomic regions on chromosomes 2p, 8q, 11q, 20q, and 21q that gave evidence for association with GTS in previous case-control association studies were investigated for linkage and association with GTS. Highly polymorphic markers with mean heterozygosity of 0.77 were typed and resulting genotypes evaluated using single marker transmission disequilibrium (TDT), single marker haplotype relative risk (HRR), and multi-marker "extended" TDT and HRR methods. Single marker TDT analysis showed evidence for linkage or association, with p-values near 0.05, for markers D2S139, GATA28F12, and D11S1377 on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24, respectively. Extended, two-locus TDT and HRR analysis provided further evidence for linkage or association on chromosome 2 with p-values of 0.007 and 0.025, and chromosome 8 with p-values of 0.059 and 0.013, respectively. These results provide important additional evidence for the location of GTS susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- MRC Neurogenetics Research Initiative, Pretoria, South Africa
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27
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Abstract
Efficient and effective whole-genome 10-cM short tandem repeat polymorphism (STRP) scans are now available. Doubling or tripling STRP density to an average spacing of 3-5 cM is readily achievable. However, if typing costs for diallelic polymorphisms can be brought close to, or preferably less than, one-third those of STRPs, then diallelics may gradually supplement or supplant STRPs in whole-genome scans. The power of higher density genome scans for gene map ping by association and for many other research and clinical applications is great. It would be wise to continue investing heavily for many years in genotyping technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Weber
- Center for Medical Genetics, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Wisconsin 54449, USA
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Yu A, Zhao C, Fan Y, Jang W, Mungall AJ, Deloukas P, Olsen A, Doggett NA, Ghebranious N, Broman KW, Weber JL. Comparison of human genetic and sequence-based physical maps. Nature 2001; 409:951-3. [PMID: 11237020 DOI: 10.1038/35057185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombination is the exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The rate of recombination per nucleotide, which profoundly affects the evolution of chromosomal segments, is calculated by comparing genetic and physical maps. Human physical maps have been constructed using cytogenetics, overlapping DNA clones and radiation hybrids; but the ultimate and by far the most accurate physical map is the actual nucleotide sequence. The completion of the draft human genomic sequence provides us with the best opportunity yet to compare the genetic and physical maps. Here we describe our estimates of female, male and sex-average recombination rates for about 60% of the genome. Recombination rates varied greatly along each chromosome, from 0 to at least 9 centiMorgans per megabase (cM Mb(-1)). Among several sequence and marker parameters tested, only relative marker position along the metacentric chromosomes in males correlated strongly with recombination rate. We identified several chromosomal regions up to 6 Mb in length with particularly low (deserts) or high (jungles) recombination rates. Linkage disequilibrium was much more common and extended for greater distances in the deserts than in the jungles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Wisconsin 54449, USA
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29
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Kong H, Boulter J, Weber JL, Lai C, Chao MV. An evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein that is a novel downstream target of neurotrophin and ephrin receptors. J Neurosci 2001; 21:176-85. [PMID: 11150334 PMCID: PMC6762419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate development of nervous system connectivity involves a variety of processes, including neuronal life-and-death decisions, differentiation, axon guidance and migration, and synaptogenesis. Although these activities likely require specialized signaling events, few substrates unique to these neurotrophic functions have been identified. Here we describe the cloning of ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS), which encodes a novel downstream target of neurotrophin and ephrin receptor tyrosine kinases, Trk and Eph, respectively. The amino acid sequence of ARMS is highly conserved from nematode to human, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role for this protein. The ARMS protein consists of 1715 amino acids containing four putative transmembrane domains, multiple ankyrin repeats, a sterile alpha motif domain, and a potential PDZ-binding motif. In the rat, ARMS is specifically expressed in the developing nervous system and in highly plastic areas of the adult brain, regions enriched in Trks and Eph receptors. ARMS can physically associate with TrkA and p75 neurotrophin receptors. Moreover, endogenous ARMS protein is tyrosine phosphorylated after neurotrophin treatment of pheochromocytoma 12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons or ephrin B treatment of NG108-15 cells, demonstrating that ARMS is a downstream target for both neurotrophin and ephrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kong
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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30
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Matsumoto N, David DE, Johnson EW, Konecki D, Burmester JK, Ledbetter DH, Weber JL. Breakpoint sequences of an 1;8 translocation in a family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2000; 8:875-83. [PMID: 11093278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a common, heritable neurological disorder manifested by chronic motor and vocal tics with childhood onset. Previous extensive linkage analysis failed to identify a GTS gene based on an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Recently, a family was reported with a balanced chromosomal translocation t(1;8)(q21.1;q22.1) in family members with GTS or tics. Chromosome 8q22.1 was previously implicated in GTS by both association and linkage results. We therefore cloned and sequenced both translocation breakpoints from this family. The CBFA2T1 gene was identified 11 kb distal to the 8q22.1 breakpoint. Sequencing of CBFA2TI exons within 37 unrelated GTS patients failed to identify any mutations. However, it is possible that the translocation altered the expression of this gene or another nearby gene. Examination of the breakpoint sequences revealed a duplication of six nucleotides from chromosome 8 but no change in the chromosome 1 sequence. The sequences immediately flanking the breakpoints on the two chromosomes were modestly similar, but the breakpoints did not occur within known interspersed repeats. Our results add to our knowledge of the genetics of GTS and the mechanisms of balanced chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Prieto AL, Weber JL, Lai C. Expression of the receptor protein-tyrosine kinases Tyro-3, Axl, and mer in the developing rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2000; 425:295-314. [PMID: 10954847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer are three related receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (RPTKs) characterized by an extracellular domain exhibiting significant amino acid sequence similarity to neural cell adhesion molecules. The molecule Gas6 (for growth arrest-specific gene-6) has been shown to activate each of these receptors. Gas6 is expressed extensively in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting that interactions between Gas6 and its receptors are likely to have physiologically relevant functions. To identify and localize the relevant Gas6/RPTK pairs, we have characterized the developmental expression of Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer in rat CNS using blotting and mRNA in situ hybridization analyses. Throughout development, Tyro-3 was the most widely expressed of the three receptors in the CNS, with Axl and Mer detected in only a limited number of sites in the adult. Tyro-3 expression was low in the embryo and increased markedly during early postnatal stages, with a time course paralleling that of synaptogenesis. Axl and Mer were expressed at low but relatively constant levels throughout development. In the cerebellum, all three receptors were found in Purkinje cells, and Tyro-3 was also detected in both granule neurons and Bergmann glia. Insofar as Gas6 has been previously shown to also be expressed by Purkinje cells, it may be engaged in both autocrine and paracrine signaling. The three receptors were also detected in cerebellar white matter, primarily during myelination. In the cortex, Tyro-3 was expressed at high levels during postnatal development and in the adult. Beginning at P6 in the hippocampus, Tyro-3 was expressed at high levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons and at lower levels in CA3 and was not detected in dentate granule neurons. Axl and Mer were found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and were absent from the pyramidal and dentate granule neurons. In that Gas6 is expressed throughout the pyramidal cell layer, it may activate these cells in both an autocrine and a paracrine manner. These studies provide initial clues for elucidating the cellular functions of the Axl subfamily members and suggest potential complex Gas6/RPTK as well as RPTK/RPTK signaling interactions in the mature and developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Prieto
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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32
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Lohman TG, Caballero B, Himes JH, Davis CE, Stewart D, Houtkooper L, Going SB, Hunsberger S, Weber JL, Reid R, Stephenson L. Estimation of body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in Native American children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2000; 24:982-8. [PMID: 10951536 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity, as measured by body mass index, is highly prevalent in Native American children, yet there are no valid equations to estimate total body fatness for this population. This study was designed to develop equations to estimate percentage body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance as a critical part of Pathways, a multi-site study of primary prevention of obesity in Native American children. DESIGN Percentage fat was estimated from deuterium oxide dilution in 98 Native American children (Pima/Maricopa, Tohono O'odham and White Mountain Apache tribes) between 8 and 11 y of age. The mean fat content (38.4%+/-8. 1%) was calculated assuming the water content of the fat-free body was 76%. Initial independent variables were height, weight, waist circumference, six skinfolds and whole-body resistance and reactance from bioelectrical impedance (BIA). RESULTS Using all-possible-subsets regressions with the Mallows C (p) criterion, and with age and sex included in each regression model, waist circumference, calf and biceps skinfolds contributed least to the multiple regression analysis. The combination of weight, two skinfolds (any two out of the four best: triceps, suprailiac, subscapular and abdomen) and bioelectrical impedance variables provided excellent predictability. Equations without BIA variables yielded r2 almost as high as those with BIA variables. The recommended equation predicts percentage fat with a root mean square error=3.2% fat and an adjusted r2=0.840. CONCLUSION The combination of anthropometry and BIA variables can be used to estimate total body fat in field studies of Native American children. The derived equation yields considerably higher percentage fat values than other skinfold equations in children.
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33
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Witte JS, Goddard KA, Conti DV, Elston RC, Lin J, Suarez BK, Broman KW, Burmester JK, Weber JL, Catalona WJ. Genomewide scan for prostate cancer-aggressiveness loci. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:92-9. [PMID: 10825281 PMCID: PMC1287106 DOI: 10.1086/302960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2000] [Accepted: 05/02/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggressiveness of prostate cancer (PCa) varies widely: some tumors progress to invasive, potentially life-threatening disease, whereas others stay latent for the remainder of an individual's lifetime. The mechanisms resulting in this variability are not yet understood, but they are likely to involve both genetic and environmental influences. To investigate genetic factors, we conducted a genomewide linkage analysis of 513 brothers with PCa, using the Gleason score, which reflects tumor histology, as a quantitative measure of PCa aggressiveness. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a measure of PCa aggressiveness has been directly investigated as a quantitative trait in a genomewide scan. We employed a generalized multipoint Haseman-Elston linkage-analysis approach that regresses the mean-corrected cross product between the brothers' Gleason scores on the estimated proportion of alleles shared by brothers identical by descent at each marker location. Our results suggest that candidate regions on chromosomes 5q, 7q, and 19q give evidence for linkage to PCa-aggressiveness genes. In particular, the strongest signals detected in these regions were at the following markers (with corresponding P values): for chromosome 5q31-33, between markers D5S1480 and D5S820 (P=.0002); for chromosome 7q32, between markers D7S3061 and D7S1804 (P=.0007); and, for chromosome 19q12, at D19S433 (P=.0004). This indicates that one or more of these candidate regions may contain genes that influence the progression of PCa from latent to invasive disease. Identification of such genes would be extremely valuable for elucidation of the mechanism underlying PCa progression and for determination of treatment in men in whom this disease has been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
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34
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Abstract
We describe a method for identifying, from a comprehensive genetic map, the most dense framework of confidently ordered markers. The approach uses the number of observed recombination events between each pair of markers, and finds the largest subset of markers for which adjacent loci are separated by at least one recombination. We illustrate the approach using a short region of chromosome 7p.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Broman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, WI 54449, USA.
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35
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Abstract
We present an analysis of crossover interference over the entire human genome, on the basis of genotype data from more than 8,000 polymorphisms in eight CEPH families. Overwhelming evidence was found for strong positive crossover interference, with average strength lying between the levels of interference implied by the Kosambi and Carter-Falconer map functions. Five mathematical models of interference were evaluated: the gamma model and four versions of the count-location model. The gamma model fit the data far better than did any of the other four models. Analysis of intercrossover distances was greatly superior to the analysis of crossover counts, in both demonstrating interference and distinguishing between the five models. In contrast to earlier suggestions, interference was found to continue uninterrupted across the centromeres. No convincing differences in the levels of interference were found between the sexes or among chromosomes; however, we did detect possible individual variation in interference among the eight mothers. Finally, we present an equation that provides the probability of the occurrence of a double crossover between two nonrecombinant, informative polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Broman
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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36
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Ehm MG, Karnoub MC, Sakul H, Gottschalk K, Holt DC, Weber JL, Vaske D, Briley D, Briley L, Kopf J, McMillen P, Nguyen Q, Reisman M, Lai EH, Joslyn G, Shepherd NS, Bell C, Wagner MJ, Burns DK. Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in four American populations. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1871-81. [PMID: 10793009 PMCID: PMC1378057 DOI: 10.1086/302950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1999] [Accepted: 04/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a serious, genetically influenced disease for which no fully effective treatments are available. Identification of biochemical or regulatory pathways involved in the disease syndrome could lead to innovative therapeutic interventions. One way to identify such pathways is the genetic analysis of families with multiple affected members where disease predisposing genes are likely to be segregating. We undertook a genomewide screen (389-395 microsatellite markers) in samples of 835 white, 591 Mexican American, 229 black, and 128 Japanese American individuals collected as part of the American Diabetes Association's GENNID study. Multipoint nonparametric linkage analyses were performed with diabetes, and diabetes or impaired glucose homeostasis (IH). Linkage to diabetes or IH was detected near markers D5S1404 (map position 77 cM, LOD = 2.80), D12S853 (map position 82 cM, LOD = 2.81) and GATA172D05 (X-chromosome map position 130 cM, LOD = 2.99) in whites, near marker D3S2432 (map position 51 cM, LOD = 3.91) in Mexican Americans, and near marker D10S1412 (map position 14 cM, LOD = 2.39) in African Americans mainly collected in phase 1 of the study. Further analyses showed evidence for interactions between the chromosome 5 locus and region on chromosome 12 containing the MODY 3 gene (map position 132 cM) and between the X-chromosome locus and region near D12S853 (map position 82 cM) in whites. Although these results were not replicated in samples collected in phase 2 of the GENNID study, the region on chromosome 12 was replicated in samples from whites described by Bektas et al. (1999).
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ehm
- Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Yuan B, Neuman R, Duan SH, Weber JL, Kwok PY, Saccone NL, Wu JS, Liu KY, Schonfeld G. Linkage of a gene for familial hypobetalipoproteinemia to chromosome 3p21.1-22. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1699-704. [PMID: 10762553 PMCID: PMC1378026 DOI: 10.1086/302904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/1999] [Accepted: 02/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is an apparently autosomal dominant disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by less than fifth percentile age- and sex-specific levels of apolipoprotein beta (apobeta) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In a minority of cases, FHBL is due to truncation-producing mutations in the apobeta gene on chromosome 2p23-24. Previously, we reported on a four-generation FHBL kindred in which we had ruled out linkage of the trait to the apobeta gene. To locate other loci containing genes for low apobeta levels in the kindred, a genomewide search was conducted. Regions on 3p21.1-22 with two-point LOD scores >1.5 were identified. Additional markers were typed in the region of these signals. Two-point LOD scores in the region of D3S2407 increased to 3.35 at O = 0. GENEHUNTER confirmed this finding with an nonparametric multipoint LOD score of 7.5 (P=.0004). Additional model-free analyses were conducted with the square root of the apobeta level as the phenotype. Results from the Loki and SOLAR programs further confirmed linkage of FHBL to 3p21.1-22. Weaker linkage to a region near D19S916 was also indicated by Loki and SOLAR. Thus, a heretofore unidentified genetic susceptibility locus for FHBL may reside on chromosome 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yuan
- Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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38
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Reinartz GE, Karron JD, Phillips RB, Weber JL. Patterns of microsatellite polymorphism in the range-restricted bonobo (Pan paniscus): considerations for interspecific comparison with chimpanzees (P. troglodytes). Mol Ecol 2000; 9:315-28. [PMID: 10736029 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The endangered great ape, Pan paniscus (bonobo) has the smallest range of the African apes. Virtually nothing is known about the genetic diversity or genetic structure of this species, while substantial amounts of polymorphism have been reported for the bonobo's widespread congener, the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes). Given its restricted range, what is the extent of genetic variation in the bonobo relative to the chimpanzee, and is the bonobo genetically depauperate? To investigate patterns of genetic polymorphism, bonobos of wild origin were genotyped for 28 microsatellite loci. The mean number of alleles per locus (5.2) and the mean observed heterozygosity (0.52) in bonobos were similar to variation observed in a wild chimpanzee community (P. t. schweinfurthii). The rarer bonobo is not genetically depauperate and may have genetic diversity comparable to the eastern chimpanzee subspecies. Bonobos have approximately 55% of the allelic diversity and 66% of the observed heterozygosity exhibited by all three chimpanzee subspecies sampled across equatorial Africa. Resampling techniques were used to quantify the effects of sample size differences and number and choice of loci between bonobos and chimpanzees. The examination of these variables underscores their importance in accurately interpreting interspecific comparisons of diversity estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Reinartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Using genotypes from nearly 8,000 short tandem-repeat polymorphisms typed in eight of the reference families from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), we identified numerous long chromosomal segments of marker homozygosity in many CEPH individuals. These segments are likely to represent autozygosity, the result of the mating of related individuals. Confidence that the complete segment is homozygous is gained only with markers of high density. The longest segment in the eight families spanned 77 cM and included 118 homozygous markers. All individuals in family 884 showed at least one segment of homozygosity: the father and mother were homozygous in 8 and 10 segments with an average length of 13 and 16 cM, respectively, and covering a total of 105 and 160 cM, respectively. The progeny in family 884 were homozygous over 5-16 segments with average length 11 cM. The progeny in family 102 were homozygous over 4-12 segments with average length 19 cM. Of the 100 individuals in the other six families, 1 had especially long homozygous segments, and 19 had short but significant homozygous segments. Our results indicate that long homozygous segments are common in humans and that these segments could have a substantial impact on gene mapping and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Broman
- Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA.
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41
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Weber JL, Cunningham-Sabo L, Skipper B, Lytle L, Stevens J, Gittelsohn J, Anliker J, Heller K, Pablo JL. Portion-size estimation training in second- and third-grade American Indian children. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:782S-787S. [PMID: 10195603 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.4.782s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Training in portion-size estimation is known to improve the accuracy of dietary self-reporting in adults, but there is no comparable evidence for children. To obtain this information, we studied 110 second- and third-grade American Indian schoolchildren (34 control subjects were not trained), testing the hypotheses that a 45-min portion-size estimation training session would reduce children's food quantity estimation error, and that the improvement would be dependent on food type, measurement type, or both. Training was a hands-on, 4-step estimation and measurement skill-building process. Mixed linear models (using logarithmic-transformed data) were used to evaluate within- and between-group differences from pre- to posttest. Test scores were calculated as percentage estimation errors by difference and absolute value methods. Mean within-group estimation error decreased significantly (P<0.05) from pre- to posttest for 7 of 12 foods (trained group) by both calculation methods, plus 3 additional foods by the difference method and one additional food by the absolute value method. Significant (P<0.05) between-group differences occurred for 3 foods, reflecting a greater decrease in estimation error for the trained group. Improvement was greatest for solid foods estimated by dimensions (P>0.05) or in cups (P<0.05), for liquids estimated by volume or by label reading (P<0.001), and for one amorphous food estimated in cups (P<0.01). Despite these significant improvements in estimation ability, the error for several foods remained >100% of the true quantity, indicating that more than one training session would be necessary to further increase dietary reporting accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Weber
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
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Snyder P, Anliker J, Cunningham-Sabo L, Dixon LB, Altaha J, Chamberlain A, Davis S, Evans M, Hurley J, Weber JL. The Pathways study: a model for lowering the fat in school meals. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69:810S-815S. [PMID: 10195607 PMCID: PMC4878706 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.4.810s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the development and implementation of the Pathways school food service intervention during the feasibility phase of the Pathways study. The purpose of the intervention was to lower the amount of fat in school meals to 30% of energy to promote obesity prevention in third- through fifth-grade students. The Pathways nutrition staff and the food service intervention staff worked together to develop 5 interrelated components to implement the intervention. These components were nutrient guidelines, 8 skill-building behavioral guidelines, hands-on materials, twice yearly trainings, and monthly visits to the kitchens by the Pathways nutrition staff. The components were developed and implemented over 18 mo in a pilot intervention in 4 schools. The results of an initial process evaluation showed that 3 of the 4 schools had implemented 6 of the 8 behavioral guidelines. In an analysis of 5 d of school menus from 3 control schools, the lunch menus averaged from 34% to 40% of energy from fat; when the menus were analyzed by using the food preparation and serving methods in the behavioral guidelines, they averaged 31% of energy from total fat. This unique approach of 5 interrelated food service intervention components was accepted in the schools and is now being implemented in the full-scale phase of the Pathways study in 40 schools for 5 y.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Snyder
- University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA
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Prieto AL, Weber JL, Tracy S, Heeb MJ, Lai C. Gas6, a ligand for the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase Tyro-3, is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Brain Res 1999; 816:646-61. [PMID: 9878891 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest specific gene-6) is a ligand for members of the Axl subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. One of these receptors, Tyro-3, is widely expressed in the central nervous system. We have used biochemical and histological techniques, including in situ hybridization, to determine the expression patterns of Gas6 mRNA and protein during development. Gas6 is widely expressed in the rat central nervous system (CNS) beginning at late embryonic stages and its levels remain high in the adult. Gas6 is detected as a single 85 kDa protein, which is encoded by a single 2.5 kb mRNA species. At embryonic day 14 it is detected in the heart, blood vessels, testes, choroid plexus, and in the ventral spinal cord. In the adult, Gas6 is expressed in the cerebral cortex, (predominantly in layer V), the piriform cortex, and the hippocampus (areas CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus). It is also expressed in thalamic and hypothalamic structures, the midbrain, and in a subset of motor and trigeminal nuclei. In the cerebellum, it is expressed in Purkinje neurons and deep cerebellar nuclei. Protein S, a protein related to Gas6, is only detected at low levels in the CNS. The spatial and temporal profiles of Gas6 expression suggest that it could potentially serve as the physiologically relevant ligand for Tyro-3 in the postnatal rat nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Prieto
- Department of Neuropharmacology CVN12, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Hizawa N, Collins G, Rafnar T, Huang SK, Duffy DL, Weber JL, Freidhoff LR, Ehrlich E, Marsh DG, Beaty TH, Barnes KC. Linkage analysis of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific IgE responsiveness with polymorphic markers on chromosome 6p21 (HLA-D region) in Caucasian families by the transmission/disequilibrium test. Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102:443-8. [PMID: 9768586 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we have obtained evidence for linkage between Der p 1-specific IgE antibodies and markers on chromosome 6p21 (HLA-D region) in a genome-wide screening in Caucasian families recruited as a part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). OBJECTIVE Specific IgE antibodies toward different Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) polypeptides were detected by immunoblotting analysis, and the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) was performed between specific IgE responsiveness toward each different Der p polypeptide and markers on chromosome 6p21 to better clarify the genetic contribution of HLA-D genes. METHODS We studied 299 individuals in 45 Caucasian families participating in the CSGA. Serum samples from 137 individuals that showed elevated specific IgE antibodies toward the Der p crude allergen (> -0.5 log IU/mL) by ACCESS immunoassay were subjected to immunoblotting analysis. TDT was conducted between the presence of specific IgE antibodies toward each of 12 different Der p polypeptides and 4 polymorphic markers on chromosome 6p21. RESULTS The 196-bp allele of D6S1281 and the 104-bp allele of DQCAR showed significant excess transmission to specific IgE responders toward a particular Der p polypeptide (120 kd, 55 kd, 45 kd, or 37 kd). In contrast, the 200-bp allele of D6S1281 and the 204-bp allele of D6S291 showed significantly decreased transmission to specific IgE responders toward a particular Der p polypeptide (120 kd, 90 kd, 52 kd, or 45 kd). Deviation from the expected 50% transmission in heterozygous parents was statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION This study supported our previous findings that genes on chromosome 6p21 (HLA-D region) may influence the expression of Der p-specific IgE responsiveness in this Caucasian population. Our results, however, reveal the complexity of genetic regulations of Der p-specific IgE responsiveness by HLA-D genes, suggesting the strong influence of non-HLA loci and perhaps environmental factors for the development of Der p-specific IgE responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hizawa
- Division of Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Hizawa N, Freidhoff LR, Chiu YF, Ehrlich E, Luehr CA, Anderson JL, Duffy DL, Dunston GM, Weber JL, Huang SK, Barnes KC, Marsh DG, Beaty TH. Genetic regulation of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific IgE responsiveness: a genome-wide multipoint linkage analysis in families recruited through 2 asthmatic sibs. Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102:436-42. [PMID: 9768585 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) is one of the most frequently implicated allergens in atopic diseases. Although HLA could play an important role in the development of the IgE response to the Der p allergens, genetic regulation by non-HLA genes influences certain HLA-associated IgE responses to complex allergens. OBJECTIVE To clarify genetic control for the expression of Der p-specific IgE responsiveness, we conducted a genome-wide search for genes influencing Der p-specific IgE antibody levels by using 45 Caucasian and 53 African American families ascertained as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). METHODS Specific IgE antibody levels to the Der p crude allergen and to the purified allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 were measured. Multipoint, nonparametric linkage analysis of 370 polymorphic markers was performed with the GENEHUNTER program. RESULTS The best evidence of genes controlling specific IgE response to Der p was obtained in 2 novel regions: chromosomes 2q21-q23 (P = .0033 for Caucasian subjects) and 8p23-p21 (P = .0011 for African American subjects). Three regions previously proposed as candidate regions for atopy, total IgE, or asthma also showed evidence for linkage to Der p-specific IgE responsiveness: 6p21 (P = .0064) and 13q32-q34 (P = 0.0064) in Caucasian subjects and 5q23-q33 (P = 0.0071) in African American subjects. CONCLUSIONS No single locus generated overwhelming evidence for linkage in terms of established criteria and guidelines for a genome-wide screening, which supports previous assertions of a heterogeneous etiology for Der p-specific IgE responsiveness. Two novel regions, 2q21-q23 and 8p23-p21, that were identified in this study merit additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hizawa
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Broman KW, Murray JC, Sheffield VC, White RL, Weber JL. Comprehensive human genetic maps: individual and sex-specific variation in recombination. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:861-9. [PMID: 9718341 PMCID: PMC1377399 DOI: 10.1086/302011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 810] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive human genetic maps were constructed on the basis of nearly 1 million genotypes from eight CEPH families; they incorporated >8,000 short tandem-repeat polymorphisms (STRPs), primarily from Généthon, the Cooperative Human Linkage Center, the Utah Marker Development Group, and the Marshfield Medical Research Foundation. As part of the map building process, 0.08% of the genotypes that resulted in tight double recombinants and that largely, if not entirely, represent genotyping errors, mutations, or gene-conversion events were removed. The total female, male, and sex-averaged lengths of the final maps were 44, 27, and 35 morgans, respectively. Numerous (267) sets of STRPs were identified that represented the exact same loci yet were developed independently and had different primer pairs. The distributions of the total number of recombination events per gamete, among the eight mothers of the CEPH families, were significantly different, and this variation was not due to maternal age. The female:male ratio of genetic distance varied across individual chromosomes in a remarkably consistent fashion, with peaks at the centromeres of all metacentric chromosomes. The new linkage maps plus much additional information, including a query system for use in the construction of reliably ordered maps for selected subsets of markers, are available from the Marshfield Website.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Human
- Genomic Imprinting
- Genotype
- Humans
- Male
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sex Characteristics
- United States
- Utah
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Broman
- Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Simonic I, Gericke GS, Ott J, Weber JL. Identification of genetic markers associated with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in an Afrikaner population. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:839-46. [PMID: 9718333 PMCID: PMC1377391 DOI: 10.1086/302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because gene-mapping efforts, using large kindreds and parametric methods of analysis, for the neurologic disorder Tourette syndrome have failed, efforts are being redirected toward association studies in young, genetically isolated populations. The availability of dense marker maps makes it feasible to search for association throughout the entire genome. We report the results of such a genome scan using DNA samples from Tourette patients and unaffected control subjects from the South African Afrikaner population. To optimize mapping efficiency, we chose a two-step strategy. First, we screened pools of DNA samples from both affected and control individuals, using a dense collection of 1,167 short tandem-repeat polymorphisms distributed throughout the genome. Second, we typed those markers displaying evidence of allele frequency-distribution shifts, along with additional tightly linked markers, using DNA from each affected and unaffected individual. To reduce false positives, we tested two independent groups of case and control subjects. Strongest evidence for association (P values 10-2 to 10-5) were obtained for markers within chromosomal regions encompassing D2S1790 near the chromosome 2 centromere, D6S477 on distal 6p, D8S257 on 8q, D11S933 on 11q, D14S1003 on proximal 14q, D20S1085 on distal 20q, and D21S1252 on 21q.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- False Positive Reactions
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Netherlands/ethnology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Reference Values
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- South Africa
- Tourette Syndrome/genetics
- White People/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- MRC Neurogenetics Research Laboratory, Arcadia, South Africa
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Fenske CD, Jeffery S, Weber JL, Houlston RS, Leonard JV, Lee PJ. Localisation of the gene for glycogen storage disease type 1c by homozygosity mapping to 11q. J Med Genet 1998; 35:269-72. [PMID: 9598717 PMCID: PMC1051271 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.4.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) complex regulates the final step in glucose production from glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycogen storage disease type 1c (GSD-1c) results from deficient activity of the phosphate/ pyrophosphate transporter of this complex and is associated with neutropenia as well as hepatomegaly and hypoglycaemia. Using three affected subjects from a single highly consanguineous family, we have used homozygosity mapping to localise the gene responsible for GSD-1c to a 10.2 cM region on 11q23.3-24.2. The maximum lod score was 3.12. GSD-1c is therefore distinct from GSD-1a, which has been shown previously to be caused by mutations in the G6Pase gene on chromosome 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Fenske
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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Finckh U, Xu S, Kumaramanickavel G, Schürmann M, Mukkadan JK, Fernandez ST, John S, Weber JL, Denton MJ, Gal A. Homozygosity mapping of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa locus (RP22) on chromosome 16p12.1-p12.3. Genomics 1998; 48:341-5. [PMID: 9545639 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous and progressive degenerative disorder of the retina, leading usually to severe visual handicap in adulthood. To date, disease loci/genes have been mapped/identified only in a minority of cases. DNA samples were collected from 20 large consanguineous Indian families, in which arRP segregated and that were suitable for homozygosity mapping of the disease locus. After excluding linkage to all known arRP loci, a genome-wide scan was initiated. In two families, homozygosity mapping, haplotype analysis, and linkage data mapped the disease locus (RP22) in an approximately 16-cM region between D16S287 and D16S420 on the proximal short arm of chromosome 16. No mutation has been found by direct sequencing in the gene (CRYM) encoding micron crystallin, which maps in the critical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Finckh
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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