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Wiessing L, Sypsa V, Abagiu AO, Arble A, Berndt N, Bosch A, Buskin S, Chemtob D, Combs B, Conyngham C, Feelemyer J, Fitzgerald M, Goldberg D, Hatzakis A, Patrascu RE, Keenan E, Khan I, Konrad S, Leahy J, McAuley A, Menza T, Merrick S, Metcalfe R, Rademaker T, Revivo S, Rosca P, Seguin-Devaux C, Skinner S, Smith C, Tinsley J, Wilberg M, Des Jarlais D. Impact of COVID-19 & Response Measures on HIV-HCV Prevention Services and Social Determinants in People Who Inject Drugs in 13 Sites with Recent HIV Outbreaks in Europe, North America and Israel. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:1140-1153. [PMID: 36367613 PMCID: PMC9651099 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV/HCV prevention among people who inject drugs (PWID) is of key public health importance. We aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 and associated response measures on HIV/HCV prevention services and socio-economic status of PWID in high-HIV-risk sites. Sites with recent (2011-2019) HIV outbreaks among PWID in Europe North America and Israel, that had been previously identified, were contacted early May 2020. Out of 17 sites invited to participate, 13 accepted. Semi-structured qualitative site reports were prepared covering data from March to May 2020, analyzed/coded and confirmed with a structured questionnaire, in which all sites explicitly responded to all 103 issues reported in the qualitative reports. Opioid maintenance treatment, needle/syringe programs and antiretroviral treatment /hepatitis C treatment continued, but with important reductions and operational changes. Increases in overdoses, widespread difficulties with food and hygiene needs, disruptions in drug supply, and increased homelessness were reported. Service programs rapidly reformed long established, and politically entrenched, restrictive service delivery policies. Future epidemic control measures should include mitigation of negative side-effects on service provision and socio-economic determinants in PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wiessing
- Public Health Unit, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - V Sypsa
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A O Abagiu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Arble
- Hamilton County Public Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - N Berndt
- Luxembourg National Focal Point of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Directorate of Health, Luxembourg-Hamm, Luxembourg
| | - A Bosch
- STD, HIV, and TB Section - Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Prevention and Control, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - S Buskin
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Chemtob
- Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Combs
- Scott County Health Department, Scottsburg, IN, USA
| | - C Conyngham
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Feelemyer
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Fitzgerald
- National Social Inclusion Office, Health Services Executive, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Goldberg
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - A Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - R E Patrascu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - E Keenan
- National Social Inclusion Office, Health Services Executive, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Khan
- First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Indigenous Services Canada, Regina, Canada
| | - S Konrad
- First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Indigenous Services Canada, Regina, Canada
| | - J Leahy
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, OR, USA
| | - A McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - T Menza
- Oregon Health Authority, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S Merrick
- Hamilton County Public Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Metcalfe
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Sandyford Sexual Health Service, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - T Rademaker
- Hamilton County Public Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Revivo
- Izhar Needle and Syringe Programme, Public Health Association, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - P Rosca
- Department for the Treatment of Substance Abuse, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - C Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - S Skinner
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - C Smith
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Tinsley
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Wilberg
- Minnesota Department of Human Services, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - D Des Jarlais
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Clark TC, Tinsley J, Sigholt T, Macqueen DJ, Martin SAM. Arginine, ornithine and citrulline supplementation in rainbow trout: Free amino acid dynamics and gene expression responses to bacterial infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 98:374-390. [PMID: 31968266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplementing the diet with functional ingredients is a key strategy to improve fish performance and health in aquaculture. The amino acids of the urea and nitric oxide (NO) cycles - arginine, ornithine and citrulline - perform crucial roles in the immune response through the generation of NO and the synthesis of polyamine used for tissue repair. We previously found that citrulline supplementation improves and maintains circulating free arginine levels in rainbow trout more effectively than arginine supplementation. Here, to test whether supplementation of urea cycle amino acids modulates the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we supplemented a commercial diet with high levels (2% of total diet) of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline during a 7-week feeding trial, before challenging fish with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida. We carried out two separate experiments to investigate fish survival and 24 h post-infection to investigate the immediate response of free amino acid levels, and transcriptional changes in genes encoding urea cycle, NO cycle and polyamine synthesis enzymes. There were no differences in percentage fish mortality between diets, however there were numerous highly significant changes in free amino acid levels and gene expression to both dietary supplementation and infection. Out of 26 amino acids detected in blood plasma, 8 were significantly changed by infection and 9 by dietary supplementation of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline. Taurine, glycine and aspartic acid displayed the largest decreases in circulating levels in infected fish, while ornithine and isoleucine were the only amino acids that increased in concentration. We investigated transcriptional responses of the enzymes involved in arginine metabolism in liver and head kidney; transcripts for polyamine synthesis enzymes showed highly significant increases in both tissues across all diets following infection. The paralogous arginase-encoding genes, Arg1a, Arg1b, Arg2a and Arg2b, displayed complex responses across tissues and also due to diet and infection. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of amino acid metabolism following infection and suggests new potential amino acid targets for improving the immune response in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Tinsley
- BioMar AS, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, UK
| | | | - D J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK.
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Clark TC, Tinsley J, Sigholt T, Macqueen DJ, Martin SAM. Supplementation of arginine, ornithine and citrulline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth, amino acid levels in plasma and gene expression responses in liver tissue. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 241:110632. [PMID: 31812671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional amino acids (FAA) regulate metabolic pathways directly linked to health, survival, growth and development. Arginine is a FAA with crucial roles in protein deposition and the immune response. In mammals, supplementation of arginine's precursor amino acid, citrulline, is known to increase circulating arginine to levels beyond direct arginine supplementation, however, citrulline supplementation is poorly studied in fish. To address this knowledge gap, we supplemented the diet of rainbow trout with arginine and its precursor amino acids, ornithine and citrulline, at 3 levels (0.5%, 1% and 2% of the total diet) during a 14-week experiment. We sampled fish at 3 h and 24 h post-feeding to investigate immediate and steady-state effects, respectively. There were no differences in fish growth for any of the diets across a range of indicators. In blood plasma, out of 26 amino acids detected, 11 and 6 displayed significant changes 24 h and 3 h post-prandial, respectively. Arginine, ornithine and citrulline levels were all significantly increased by the citrulline supplemented diets. In muscle, 8 amino acids were significantly altered by supplemented diets, while there were no significant changes in liver. Arginine was increased by 2% citrulline supplementation in muscle tissue. We also investigated the transcriptional responses of urea cycle, nitric oxide cycle and rate-limiting polyamine synthesis enzymes, related to arginine's metabolism, in liver. At both time points, only 2 enzymes were significantly altered by the supplemented diets, however several significant changes were observed comparing 3 h and 24 h post-prandial expression levels. Of these, the paralogous polyamine synthesis enzyme encoding genes ODC1 and ODC2 displayed the largest increases in 3 h post-prandial fish. These findings demonstrate that endogenous synthesis of arginine is possible from a citrulline supplemented diet and improve our understanding of arginine metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Tinsley
- BioMar AS, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, UK
| | | | - D J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, UK.
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Clark TC, Tinsley J, Macqueen DJ, Martin SAM. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) urea cycle and polyamine synthesis gene families show dynamic expression responses to inflammation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 89:290-300. [PMID: 30946957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The urea cycle is an endogenous source of arginine that also supports removal of nitrogenous waste following protein metabolism. This cycle is considered inefficient in salmonids, where only 10-15% of nitrogenous waste is excreted as urea. In rainbow trout, arginine is an essential amino acid that has attracted attention due to its many functional roles. These roles include the regulation of protein deposition, immune responses and polyamine synthesis; the latter is directly linked to the urea cycle and involved in tissue repair. The key enzymes used in the urea cycle, namely arginase, ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthase and argininosuccinate lyase, in addition to two rate limiting enzymes required for polyamine synthesis (ornithine decarboxylase and s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) are poorly studied in fishes, and their responses to inflammation remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we characterised these gene families using phylogenetics and comparative genomics, investigated their mRNA distribution among a panel of tissues and established their transcriptional responses to an acute inflammatory response caused by bacterial infection in liver and muscle. Gene duplicates (paralogues) were identified for arginase (ARG1a, 1b, 2a and 2b), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1 and 2) and s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMdc1 and 2), including paralogues retained from an ancestral salmonid-specific whole genome duplication. ARG2a and 2b were highly upregulated following bacterial infection in liver, whereas ARG1b was downregulated, while both paralogues of SAMdc and ODC were upregulated in liver and unchanged in muscle. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the molecules supporting the urea cycle and polyamine synthesis in fish, highlighting major changes in the regulation of these systems during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Clark
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - J Tinsley
- BioMar Ltd, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, UK
| | - D J Macqueen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Cerkovnik L, Patterson-Kane J, Ryall K, Milici A, Tinsley J, Moore S, Faelan C. Computational alignment of duplex immunohistochemically-stained muscle sections in support of therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Muntoni F, Maresh K, Davies K, Harriman S, Layton G, Rosskamp R, Russell A, Tejura B, Tinsley J. PhaseOut DMD: a Phase 2, proof of concept, clinical study of utrophin modulation with ezutromid. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wynne G, Vuorinen A, Emer E, Conole D, Chatzopoulou M, Davies S, Russell A, Guiraud S, Squire S, Berg A, Edwards B, Hemming S, Kennedy T, Moir L, Davies K, Harriman S, Tinsley J, Wilson F. Discovery of small molecule utrophin modulators for the therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tinsley J, Frank D, Dworzak J, Faelan C, Patterson-Kane J, Wolff H, Muntoni F. Collection of high quality muscle biopsies for use in DMD clinical trial analysis; process development and implementation. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Braceland M, Tinsley J, Cockerill D, Bickerdike R, McLoughlin MF, Eckersall PD. Selective precipitation reaction: a novel diagnostic test for tissue pathology in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, infected with salmonid alphavirus (SAV3). J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1077-1087. [PMID: 27905123 PMCID: PMC5516131 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
While investigating biomarkers for infection with salmonid alphavirus (SAV), the cause of pancreas disease (PD), a selective precipitation reaction (SPR) has been discovered in serum which could be an on-farm qualitative test and an in-laboratory quantitative assay for health assessments in aquaculture. Mixing serum from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with SAV infection with a sodium acetate buffer caused a visible precipitation which does not occur with serum from healthy salmon. Proteomic examination of the precipitate has revealed that the components are a mix of muscle proteins, for example enolase and aldolase, along with serum protein such as serotransferrin and complement C9. The assay has been optimized for molarity, pH, temperature and wavelength so that the precipitation can be measured as the change in optical density at 340 nm (Δ340 ). Application of the SPR assay to serum samples from a cohabitation trial of SAV infection in salmon showed that the Δ340 in infected fish rose from undetectable to a maximum at 6 weeks post-infection correlating with histopathological score of pancreas, heart and muscle damage. This test may have a valuable role to play in the diagnostic evaluation of stock health in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braceland
- Institute of Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Present address:
Center for Aquaculture Technologies20 Hope StreetSourisPECanada
| | | | | | | | | | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Guiraud S, Chen H, Kennedy T, Squire S, Edwards B, Burns D, Shah N, Babbs A, Davies S, Wynne G, Russell A, Elsey D, Wilson F, Tinsley J, Davies K. Utrophin modulators significantly improve the muscular dystrophy in the mdx diaphragm. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Araujo N, Vuorinen A, Fairclough R, Guiraud S, Donald J, Cairnduff C, Hewings D, Martinez F, Csatayova K, Willis N, Squire S, Babbs A, Edwards B, Shah N, Tinsley J, Wilson F, Davies S, Wynne G, Davies K, Russell A. Discovery of small molecule utrophin modulators for the therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tinsley J, Muntoni F, Spinty S, Roper H, Hughes I, Ricotti R, Tejura B, Layton G, Davies K. Utrophin modulators to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): Results from a Phase 1b Clinical Trial of SMT C1100. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Guiraud S, Chen H, Squire S, Edwards B, Burns D, Shah N, Davies S, Wynne G, Russell A, Elsey D, Wilson F, Tinsley J, Davies K. Utrophin modulators significantly improve muscular dystrophy in the mdx diaphragm. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guiraud S, Squire S, Edwards B, Chen H, Burns D, Shah N, Babbs A, Davies S, Wynne G, Russell A, Elsey D, Wilson F, Tinsley J, Davies K. Second generation utrophin modulator for the therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tinsley J, Janghra N, Morgan J, Sewry C, Muntoni F, Elsey D, Wilson F, Davies K. Biomarker development to support the clinical development of utrophin modulators for Duchenne muscular dystrophy therapy. Neuromuscul Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.06.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Braceland M, McLoughlin MF, Tinsley J, Wallace C, Cockerill D, McLaughlin M, Eckersall PD. Serum enolase: a non-destructive biomarker of white skeletal myopathy during pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:821-831. [PMID: 25168106 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Diseases which cause skeletal muscle myopathy are some of the most economically damaging diseases in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., aquaculture. Despite this, there are limited means of assessing fish health non-destructively. Previous investigation of the serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during pancreas disease (PD) has identified proteins in serum that have potential as biomarkers of the disease. Amongst these proteins, the enzyme enolase was selected as the most viable for use as a biomarker of muscle myopathy associated with PD. Western blot and immunoassay (ELISA) validated enolase as a biomarker for PD, whilst immunohistochemistry identified white muscle as the source of enolase. Enolase was shown to be a specific marker for white muscle myopathy in salmon, rising in serum concentration significantly correlating with pathological damage to the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braceland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - C Wallace
- VESO Vikan, Aquamedical Contract Research, Vikan, Namsos, Norway
| | - D Cockerill
- Marine Harvest Scotland, Farms Office Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, UK
| | - M McLaughlin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Tinsley J, Janghra N, Wilson F, Sewry C, Horne G, Morgan J. G.P.103. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Muntoni F, Spinty S, Roper H, Hughes I, Ricotti V, Bracchi A, Horne G, Tinsley J. G.P.102. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Fairclough R, Guiraud S, Squire S, Babbs A, Edward B, Shah N, Bracchi A, Wilson F, Horne G, Robinson N, Araujo N, Hewings D, Vuorinen A, Davies S, Wynne G, Russell A, Tinsley J, Davies K. G.P.89. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Trainham R, Tinsley J. Directional gamma sensing from covariance processing of inter-detector Compton crosstalk energy asymmetries. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:063504. [PMID: 24985816 DOI: 10.1063/1.4882319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Energy asymmetry of inter-detector crosstalk from Compton scattering can be exploited to infer the direction to a gamma source. A covariance approach extracts the correlated crosstalk from data streams to estimate matched signals from Compton gammas split over two detectors. On a covariance map the signal appears as an asymmetric cross diagonal band with axes intercepts at the full photo-peak energy of the original gamma. The asymmetry of the crosstalk band can be processed to determine the direction to the radiation source. The technique does not require detector shadowing, masking, or coded apertures, thus sensitivity is not sacrificed to obtain the directional information. An angular precision of better than 1° of arc is possible, and processing of data streams can be done in real time with very modest computing hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trainham
- Special Technologies Laboratory of National Security Technologies, LLC, 5520 Ekwill Street, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA
| | - J Tinsley
- Special Technologies Laboratory of National Security Technologies, LLC, 5520 Ekwill Street, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA
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21
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Braceland M, Bickerdike R, Tinsley J, Cockerill D, Mcloughlin M, Graham D, Burchmore R, Weir W, Wallace C, Eckersall P. The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3). J Proteomics 2013; 94:423-36. [PMID: 24145143 PMCID: PMC3878379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus is the aetological agent of pancreas disease (PD) in marine Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with most outbreaks in Norway caused by SAV subtype 3 (SAV3). This atypical alphavirus is transmitted horizontally causing a significant economic impact on the aquaculture industry. This histopathological and proteomic study, using an established cohabitational experimental model, investigated the correlation between tissue damage during PD and a number of serum proteins associated with these pathologies in Atlantic salmon. The proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting. A number of humoral components of immunity which may act as biomarkers of the disease were also identified. For example, creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase serum concentrations were shown to correlate with pathology during PD. In contrast, hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, amongst others, altered during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. This approach has given new insight into not only PD but also fish disease as a whole, by characterisation of the protein response to infection, through pathological processes to tissue recovery. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Salmonid alphavirus causes pancreas disease (PD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and has a major economic impact on the aquaculture industry. A proteomic investigation of the change to the serum proteome during PD has been made with an established experimental model of the disease. Serum proteins were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis, trypsin digest and peptide MS/MS fingerprinting with 72 protein spots being shown to alter significantly over the 12week period of the infection. The concentrations of certain proteins in serum such as creatine kinase, enolase and malate dehydrogenase were shown to correlate with tissue pathology while other proteins such as hemopexin, transferrin, and apolipoprotein, altered in concentration during later stages of the disease and did not correlate with tissue pathologies. The protein response to infection may be used to monitor disease progression and enhance understanding of the pathology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Braceland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - R. Bickerdike
- BioMar Ltd., North Shore Road, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, Scotland, UK
| | - J. Tinsley
- BioMar Ltd., North Shore Road, Grangemouth Docks, Grangemouth, FK3 8UL, Scotland, UK
| | - D. Cockerill
- Marine Harvest Scotland, Farms Office Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, PH33 7PT, Scotland, UK
| | - M.F. Mcloughlin
- Aquatic Vet Services, 35 Cherryvalley Pk, Belfast, BT5 6PN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - D.A. Graham
- Fish Diseases Unit, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Rd, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R.J. Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - W. Weir
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - C. Wallace
- VESO Vikan, Aquamedical Contract Research, Vikan, N-7800 Namsos, Norway
| | - P.D. Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
The covariance method exploits fluctuations in signals to recover information encoded in correlations which are usually lost when signal averaging occurs. In nuclear spectroscopy it can be regarded as a generalization of the coincidence technique. The method can be used to extract signal from uncorrelated noise, to separate overlapping spectral peaks, to identify escape peaks, to reconstruct spectra from Compton continua, and to generate secondary spectral fingerprints. We discuss a few statistical considerations of the covariance method and present experimental examples of its use in gamma spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trainham
- Special Technologies Laboratory of National Security Technologies, LLC, 5520 Ekwill Street, Santa Barbara, California 93111, USA.
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23
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Stevens E, Torelli S, Tinsley J, Muntoni F. P2.14 The versatility of flow cytometry in the assessment of functional alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation. Neuromuscul Disord 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.06.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Andersen M, Hockman E, Smereck G, Tinsley J, Milfort D, Wilcox R, Smith T, Connelly C, Adams L, Thomas R. Retaining women in HIV medical care. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2007; 18:33-41. [PMID: 17570298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an ancillary service assignment protocol to improve women's retention in HIV medical care. HIV-positive women with acknowledged difficulty in keeping regularly scheduled HIV clinic appointments were assigned to an intervention based on presenting characteristics: 6 months transportation plus nursing case management followed by 6 months transportation only for women currently using heroin and/or showing mental illness problems or transportation only for 12 months. Self-report and HIV clinic data provided measures of kept and missed appointments. Results were as hypothesized. The Transportation Only sample maintained number of kept appointments and significantly decreased number of missed appointments. The Transportation Plus sample significantly increased number of appointments kept and significantly decreased number of missed appointments. When intensive intervention was reduced to transportation only, charted HIV medical appointments significantly decreased. Positive influence on retention in HIV medical care requires level of intervention to be determined by current relevant client characteristics.
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25
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Bartlett S, Henry KM, Kon SK, Osborne LW, Thompson SY, Tinsley J. The effect of different methods of drying on the biological value and digestibility of the proteins and on the carotene content of grass. Biochem J 2006; 32:2024-30. [PMID: 16746842 PMCID: PMC1264289 DOI: 10.1042/bj0322024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bartlett
- The National Institute for Research in Dairying, University of Reading
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26
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Andersen M, Tinsley J, Milfort D, Wilcox R, Smereck G, Pfoutz S, Creech S, Mood D, Smith T, Adams L, Thomas R, Connelly C. HIV health care access issues for women living with HIV, mental illness, and substance abuse. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:449-59. [PMID: 16053402 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurses at the Well-Being Institute, a community-based nursing outreach clinic in Detroit, Michigan, located 75 women living with HIV, mental illness, and substance abuse who were lost to follow-up at their HIV medical clinic as part of a nursing research study. Women who had been scheduled for an appointment in the last 4 months but who had missed that appointment were considered "lost to follow-up" in the HIV clinic. The purpose of the research was to study factors related to health care access in women not participating in regular health care for their HIV infection. Women were randomly assigned to two study groups. Women assigned to "care as usual" study group (n = 37) received no additional services beyond study interviews for 1 year. Women assigned to the "nursing intervention" group (n = 38) were provided with nursing services designed to facilitate their return to and continued connection with their HIV clinic. Findings showed that factors related to the women's vulnerability, such as mental illness and drug use, were more related to their use of expensive health care services such as hospital emergency departments or hospital inpatient admissions than was assignment to either the "nursing intervention" or "care as usual" study groups. Two case studies describing the cost of care for 2 of the multiply diagnosed women in the study is presented. The women differed on whether they had stable housing and were accessing care for their mental illness.
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27
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Andersen M, Smereck GAD, Hockman E, Tinsley J, Milfort D, Shekoski C, Connelly C, Faber-Bermudez I, Schuman P, Emrich K, Paliwoda J, Harris C. Integrating Health Care for Women Diagnosed with HIV Infection, Substance Abuse, and Mental Illness in Detroit, Michigan. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2003; 14:49-58. [PMID: 14571686 DOI: 10.1177/1055329003252055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the evolution of Personalized Nursing, a comprehensive nursing practice model of care. Findings from several nursing research studies contributed to the development of Personalized Nursing. The model includes a practice model of the art of nursing care based on nursing theory and a specific nursing process that directs nursing care delivery. The process of care delivery includes location of hard-to-reach clients; linkage to health care providers; integration of care among providers for clients diagnosed with HIV, mental illness, and substance abuse; and strategies to promote retention in health care. Use of Personalized Nursing is designed to assist clients to improve their well-being and increase positive health-related behaviors. Personalized Nursing has been used in urban landscapes to serve multiply diagnosed clients at risk for HIV infection. The model is currently being used in a study targeting multiply diagnosed women who are lost to follow-up from medical care.
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28
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Squire S, Raymackers JM, Vandebrouck C, Potter A, Tinsley J, Fisher R, Gillis JM, Davies KE. Prevention of pathology in mdx mice by expression of utrophin: analysis using an inducible transgenic expression system. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:3333-44. [PMID: 12471059 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/11.26.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy results from the absence of dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein. Previously, we have shown in a transgenic mouse model of the disease (mdx) that high levels of expression of the dystrophin-related protein, utrophin can prevent pathology. We developed a new transgenic mouse model where muscle specific utrophin expression was conditioned by addition of tetracycline in water. Transgene expression was turned on at different time points: in utero, at birth, 10 and 30 days after birth. We obtained moderate levels of expression, variable from fibre to fibre (mosaicism) but sufficient to induce a correct localization of the dystro-sarcoglycan complex. Histology revealed a reduction of necrotic foci and of the percentage of centronucleated fibres, which remained still largely above the normal level. Isometric force was not improved but the resistance to eccentric contractions was significantly stronger. When utrophin expression was activated 30 days after birth, improvements were marginal, suggesting that the age at which utrophin therapy is initiated could be an important factor. Our results also provide an unexpected insight into the pathogenesis of the dystrophinopathies. We observed a complete normalization of the characteristics of the mechano-sensitive/voltage-independent Ca(2+) channels (occurrence, open probabilities and Ca(2+) currents), while the classical markers of dystrophy were still abnormal. These observations question the role of increased Ca(2+) channel activity in initiating the dystrophic process. The new model shows that utrophin therapy, initiated after birth, can be effective, but the extent of correction of the various symptoms of dystrophinopathy critically depends on the amount of utrophin expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Squire
- MRC Functional Genetics Unit, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
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29
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Wu HM, Yuan Y, Zawieja DC, Tinsley J, Granger HJ. Role of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and calcium in VEGF-induced venular hyperpermeability. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:H535-42. [PMID: 9950855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.2.h535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-elicited increase in the permeability of coronary venules was blocked by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). The aim of this study was to delineate in more detail the signaling pathways upstream from NO production in VEGF-induced venular hyperpermeability. The apparent permeability coefficient of albumin (Pa) and endothelial cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured in intact perfused porcine coronary venules using fluorescence microscopy. VEGF (10(-10) M) induced a two- to threefold increase in Pa, which was blocked by a monoclonal antibody directed against the VEGF receptor Flk-1/KDR, the phospholipase C (PLC) antagonist U-73122, or the protein kinase C (PKC) antagonist bisindolylmaleimide (BIM). In 12 venules that displayed the [Ca2+]i response to bradykinin (10(-6) M) and ionomycin (10(-6) M), only 4 vessels responded to VEGF with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed that VEGF increased tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma and serine phosphorylation of endothelial constitutive NO synthase (ecNOS). The hyperphosphorylation of PLC-gamma was greatly attenuated by the KDR receptor antibody and U-73122, but not by BIM or L-NMMA. In contrast, U-73122 and BIM were able to inhibit VEGF-elicited serine phosphorylation of ecNOS. The results suggest that VEGF induces venular hyperpermeability through a KDR receptor-mediated activation of PLC. In turn, ecNOS is activated by PLC-mediated PKC and/or cytosolic Ca2+ elevation stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Wu
- Departments of Medical Physiology and Surgery, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
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30
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Tinsley J, Deconinck N, Fisher R, Kahn D, Phelps S, Gillis JM, Davies K. Expression of full-length utrophin prevents muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. Nat Med 1998; 4:1441-4. [PMID: 9846586 DOI: 10.1038/4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, progressive muscle wasting disease caused by a loss of sarcolemmal bound dystrophin, which results in the death of the muscle fiber leading to the gradual depletion of skeletal muscle. The molecular structure of dystrophin is very similar to that of the related protein utrophin. Utrophin is found in all tissues and is confined to the neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions in mature muscle. Sarcolemmal localization of a truncated utrophin transgene in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse significantly improves the dystrophic muscle phenotype. Therefore, up-regulation of utrophin by drug therapy is a plausible therapeutic approach in the treatment of DMD. Here we demonstrate that expression of full-length utrophin in mdx mice prevents the development of muscular dystrophy. We assessed muscle morphology, fiber regeneration and mechanical properties (force development and resistance to stretch) of mdx and transgenic mdx skeletal and diaphragm muscle. The utrophin levels required in muscle are significantly less than the normal endogenous utrophin levels seen in lung and kidney, and we provide evidence that the pathology depends on the amount of utrophin expression. These results also have important implications for DMD therapies in which utrophin replacement is achieved by delivery using exogenous vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tinsley
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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31
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Andersen M, Booth R, Smereck G, Tinsley J, Ross D, Haith D, Britton L, Simmons D, Anderson A, Larry C, Tinsley A, Matzger H. AIDS Behav 1998; 2:23-29. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1022351105997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Deconinck N, Tinsley J, De Backer F, Fisher R, Kahn D, Phelps S, Davies K, Gillis JM. Expression of truncated utrophin leads to major functional improvements in dystrophin-deficient muscles of mice. Nat Med 1997; 3:1216-21. [PMID: 9359695 DOI: 10.1038/nm1197-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dystrophin-deficient mice (mdx) expressing a truncated (trc) utrophin transgene show amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype. Here we report a multifunctional study demonstrating that trcutrophin expression leads to major improvements of the mechanical performance of muscle (that is, force development, mechanical resistance to forced lengthenings and maximal spontaneous activity) and of the maintenance of the intracellular calcium homeostasis. These are two essential functions of muscle fibers, known to be impaired in mdx mouse muscles and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. Our results bring strong support to the hypothesis that muscle wasting in dystrophin-deficient DMD patients could be prevented by upregulation of utrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Deconinck
- Département de Physiologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Knudson JN, Bowman JD, Penttilä SI, Comfort JR, Tinsley J, Ritchie BG, Görgen J, Mathis D, Hanna SS, King B, Pocanic D, Loveman RA, Fritz LS, Dixon NS. Neutron deformation in 165Ho. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 50:909-917. [PMID: 9969734 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.50.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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34
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Hoffmann GW, Barlett ML, Kielhorn W, Pauletta G, Purcell M, Ray L, Amann JF, Jarmer JJ, Jones KW, Penttilä S, Tanaka N, Burleson G, Faucett J, Gilani M, Kyle G, Stevens L, Mack AM, Mihailidis D, Averett T, Comfort J, Görgen J, Tinsley J. Spin correlation measurements for p. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1994; 49:630-632. [PMID: 9969267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.49.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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35
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Blake DJ, Love DR, Tinsley J, Morris GE, Turley H, Gatter K, Dickson G, Edwards YH, Davies KE. Characterization of a 4.8kb transcript from the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus expressed in Schwannoma cells. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1:103-9. [PMID: 1301145 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14kb dystrophin transcript from the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus, which encodes a 427kDa protein, is differentially spliced at the amino terminal end giving rise to alternative transcripts expressed in muscle and brain. Here we present evidence for a 4.8kb transcript from the DMD locus which is ubiquitously expressed but is particularly abundant in Schwannoma cells where dystrophin could not be detected. The hybridisation of Western blots with dystrophin antibodies also identifies a protein of approximately 80kDa of variable abundance in different human and mdx tissues. Immunocytochemistry studies confirm the expression of this protein in nerve cells, a tissue in which full length dystrophin is not detected. Sequencing of the 5' end of a clone isolated from a rat Schwannoma cDNA library, shows that the 4.8kb transcript shares exons with the carboxy terminal end of dystrophin but the 5' untranslated region is not contained within the dystrophin transcript. We propose that the 4.8kb gene product be called apodystrophin-1 as its expression is distinct from the dystrophin 14kb mRNA but it is transcribed from the same locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Blake
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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36
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Baer HW, Leitch MJ, Mishra CS, Weinfeld Z, Piasetzky E, Comfort JR, Tinsley J, Wright DH. Pion double-charge-exchange reaction on 44Ca at 50 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 43:1458-1461. [PMID: 9967186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.43.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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37
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Knudson JN, Bowman JD, Penttilä SI, Comfort JR, Ritchie BG, Goergen J, Mathis D, Tinsley J, Hanna SS, King B, Pocanic D, Loveman RA, Fritz LS, Dixon NS. Neutron deformation in 165Ho. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 66:1026-1029. [PMID: 10043977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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38
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Hoffmann GW, Barlett ML, Kielhorn W, Pauletta G, Purcell M, Ray L, Amann JF, Jarmer JJ, Jones KW, Penttilä S, Tanaka N, Burleson G, Faucett J, Gilani M, Kyle G, Stevens L, Mack AM, Mihailidis D, Averett T, Comfort J, Görgen J, Tinsley J, Clark BC, Hama S, Mercer RL. Polarized-proton elastic scattering from polarized 13C. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 65:3096-3099. [PMID: 10042780 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.65.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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39
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Görgen JJ, Comfort JR, Averett T, DeKorse J, Franklin B, Ritchie BG, Tinsley J, Kyle G, Berman B, Burleson G, Cranston K, Klein A, Faucett JA, Jarmer JJ, Knudson JN, Penttilä S, Tanaka N, Brinkmöller B, Dehnhard D, Yen YF, Hoibrråten S, Breuer H, Flanders BS, Khandaker MA, Naples DL, Zhang D, Barlett ML, Hoffmann GW, Purcell M. Anaylyzing powers for the reaction pi -p. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1990; 42:2374-2376. [PMID: 10013096 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.42.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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40
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Ransome RD, Cupps VR, Dawson S, Fergerson RW, Green A, Morris CL, McGill JA, Comfort JR, Ritchie BG, Tinsley J, Zumbro JD, Loveman RA, Gugelot PC, Watson DL, Moore CF. Charged-particle multiplicities following pion absorption on 6Li. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 64:372-375. [PMID: 10041963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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41
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Abegg R, Hutcheon DA, Miller CA, Antonuk L, Cameron JM, Gaillard G, Greben JM, Kitching P, Liljestrand RP, McDonald WJ, Olsen WC, Stinson GM, Tinsley J, Kunz PD. Cross section and analyzing power measurements for the (p,d) reaction on 16O and 40Ca at 200 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1989; 39:65-69. [PMID: 9955159 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.39.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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42
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Ellegaard C, Gaarde C, Jorgensen TS, Larsen JS, Goodman C, Bergqvist I, Brockstedt A, Ekström P, Bedjidian M, Contardo D, Grossiord JY, Guichard A, Bachelier D, Boyard JL, Hennino T, Jourdain JC, Roy-Stephan M, Radvanyi P, Tinsley J. Reaction (dpol,2He) at intermediate energies. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 59:974-977. [PMID: 10035926 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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43
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Marrs RH, Tinsley J, Darbyshire JF. Biological Processes and Soil Fertility. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences. J Appl Ecol 1985. [DOI: 10.2307/2403192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Siggens K, Slocombe P, Easton A, Boseley P, Meager A, Tinsley J, Burke D. Expression of the human interferon-beta gene cloned in phage M13 mp7. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 741:65-9. [PMID: 6311267 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(83)90010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The single-stranded DNA phage, M13 mp7 was used in the construction of an expression vector containing the coding sequence for mature interferon-beta (IFN-beta). Two clones expressed a fused polypeptide showing the biological and physicochemical properties of IFN-beta, despite the fact that the N-terminal amino acid sequence had been changed; 10(6) I.U./l of culture were produced with a molecular weight of 20 000.
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45
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Howells RE, Tinsley J, Devaney E, Smith G. The effect of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorocytosine on the development of the filarial nematodes Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis. Acta Trop 1981; 38:289-304. [PMID: 6118037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine at 30 mg/kg body weight daily for four days inhibit microfilarial production in Brugia pahangi in the jird. Disruption of intrauterine embryogenesis was observed in treated female worms but the compounds were not macrofilaricidal or microfilaricidal under the conditions employed. 5-fluorocytosine possessed no filaricidal or embryostatic activity. The inhibition of microfilaria production by 5-fluorouracil was temporary and larval production was resumed within nine weeks. The compound also inhibited the development of B. pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis larvae in the mosquito Aedes aegypti, when administered to cages of mosquitoes as a 0.01 or 0.001% solution in a 10% aqueous sucrose solution on cotton wool wicks. The development of infective larvae of B. pahangi in the jird was inhibited by 5-fluorouracil.
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Tinsley J, Taylor TG, Moore JH. The determination of carbon dioxide derived from carbonates in agricultural and biological materials. Analyst 1951. [DOI: 10.1039/an9517600300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tinsley J, Pizer NH. The morgan method of soil testing. Part IV. Use of the spekker absorptiometer for estimating phosphate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1946. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5000650706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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