1
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Wu HL, Busman-Sahay K, Weber WC, Waytashek CM, Boyle CD, Bateman KB, Reed JS, Hwang JM, Shriver-Munsch C, Swanson T, Northrup M, Armantrout K, Price H, Robertson-LeVay M, Uttke S, Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Taylor-Brill S, Bondoc S, Agnor R, Junell SL, Legasse AW, Moats C, Bochart RM, Sciurba J, Bimber BN, Sullivan MN, Dozier B, MacAllister RP, Hobbs TR, Martin LD, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Colgin LMA, Siliciano RF, Siliciano JD, Estes JD, Smedley JV, Axthelm MK, Meyers G, Maziarz RT, Burwitz BJ, Stanton JJ, Sacha JB. Allogeneic immunity clears latent virus following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in SIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques. Immunity 2023; 56:1649-1663.e5. [PMID: 37236188 PMCID: PMC10524637 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) from donors lacking C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5Δ32/Δ32) can cure HIV, yet mechanisms remain speculative. To define how alloHSCT mediates HIV cure, we performed MHC-matched alloHSCT in SIV+, anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCMs) and demonstrated that allogeneic immunity was the major driver of reservoir clearance, occurring first in peripheral blood, then peripheral lymph nodes, and finally in mesenteric lymph nodes draining the gastrointestinal tract. While allogeneic immunity could extirpate the latent viral reservoir and did so in two alloHSCT-recipient MCMs that remained aviremic >2.5 years after stopping ART, in other cases, it was insufficient without protection of engrafting cells afforded by CCR5-deficiency, as CCR5-tropic virus spread to donor CD4+ T cells despite full ART suppression. These data demonstrate the individual contributions of allogeneic immunity and CCR5 deficiency to HIV cure and support defining targets of alloimmunity for curative strategies independent of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Whitney C Weber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Courtney M Waytashek
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Carla D Boyle
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Katherine B Bateman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Joseph M Hwang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Christine Shriver-Munsch
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Tonya Swanson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Mina Northrup
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Kimberly Armantrout
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Heidi Price
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Mitch Robertson-LeVay
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Samantha Uttke
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Mithra R Kumar
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Emily J Fray
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sol Taylor-Brill
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Stephen Bondoc
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephanie L Junell
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Cassandra Moats
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Rachele M Bochart
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Joseph Sciurba
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Michelle N Sullivan
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Brandy Dozier
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Rhonda P MacAllister
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Theodore R Hobbs
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Lauren D Martin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Lois M A Colgin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Jeremy V Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Gabrielle Meyers
- Division of Blood and Marrow Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Richard T Maziarz
- Division of Blood and Marrow Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97007, USA.
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2
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Malouli D, Gilbride RM, Wu HL, Hwang JM, Maier N, Hughes CM, Newhouse D, Morrow D, Ventura AB, Law L, Tisoncik-Go J, Whitmore L, Smith E, Golez I, Chang J, Reed JS, Waytashek C, Weber W, Taher H, Uebelhoer LS, Womack JL, McArdle MR, Gao J, Papen CR, Lifson JD, Burwitz BJ, Axthelm MK, Smedley J, Früh K, Gale M, Picker LJ, Hansen SG, Sacha JB. Cytomegalovirus-vaccine-induced unconventional T cell priming and control of SIV replication is conserved between primate species. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1207-1218.e7. [PMID: 35981532 PMCID: PMC9927879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens (RhCMV/SIV) primes MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells that control SIV replication in 50%-60% of the vaccinated rhesus macaques. Whether this unconventional SIV-specific immunity and protection is unique to rhesus macaques or RhCMV or is intrinsic to CMV remains unknown. Here, using cynomolgus CMV vectors expressing SIV antigens (CyCMV/SIV) and Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we demonstrate that the induction of MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells requires matching CMV to its host species. RhCMV does not elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells in cynomolgus macaques. However, cynomolgus macaques vaccinated with species-matched 68-1-like CyCMV/SIV mounted MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells, and half of the vaccinees stringently controlled SIV post-challenge. Protected animals manifested a vaccine-induced IL-15 transcriptomic signature that is associated with efficacy in rhesus macaques. These findings demonstrate that the ability of species-matched CMV vectors to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells that are required for anti-SIV efficacy is conserved in nonhuman primates, and these data support the development of HCMV/HIV for a prophylactic HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Joseph M Hwang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nicholas Maier
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Lynn Law
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Leanne Whitmore
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elise Smith
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Inah Golez
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Courtney Waytashek
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Whitney Weber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Luke S Uebelhoer
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie L Womack
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Matthew R McArdle
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Junwei Gao
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Courtney R Papen
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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3
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Chang XL, Reed JS, Webb GM, Wu HL, Le J, Bateman KB, Greene JM, Pessoa C, Waytashek C, Weber WC, Hwang J, Fischer M, Moats C, Shiel O, Bochart RM, Crank H, Siess D, Giobbi T, Torgerson J, Agnor R, Gao L, Dhody K, Lalezari JP, Bandar IS, Carnate AM, Pang AS, Corley MJ, Kelly S, Pourhassan N, Smedley J, Bimber BN, Hansen SG, Ndhlovu LC, Sacha JB. Suppression of human and simian immunodeficiency virus replication with the CCR5-specific antibody Leronlimab in two species. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010396. [PMID: 35358290 PMCID: PMC8970399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCR5-specific antibody Leronlimab is being investigated as a novel immunotherapy that can suppress HIV replication with minimal side effects. Here we studied the virological and immunological consequences of Leronlimab in chronically CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infected humans (n = 5) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and in ART-naïve acutely CCR5-tropic SHIV infected rhesus macaques (n = 4). All five human participants transitioned from daily combination ART to self-administered weekly subcutaneous (SC) injections of 350 mg or 700 mg Leronlimab and to date all participants have sustained virologic suppression for over seven years. In all participants, Leronlimab fully occupied CCR5 receptors on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and monocytes. In ART-naïve rhesus macaques acutely infected with CCR5-tropic SHIV, weekly SC injections of 50 mg/kg Leronlimab fully suppressed plasma viremia in half of the macaques. CCR5 receptor occupancy by Leronlimab occurred concomitant with rebound of CD4+ CCR5+ T-cells in peripheral blood, and full CCR5 receptor occupancy was found in multiple anatomical compartments. Our results demonstrate that weekly, self-administered Leronlimab was safe, well-tolerated, and efficacious for long-term virologic suppression and should be included in the arsenal of safe, easily administered, longer-acting antiretroviral treatments for people living with HIV-1. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02175680 and NCT02355184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao L. Chang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gabriela M. Webb
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Le
- Quest Clinical Research, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Bateman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Greene
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cleiton Pessoa
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Courtney Waytashek
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Whitney C. Weber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joseph Hwang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Miranda Fischer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Moats
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Oriene Shiel
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachele M. Bochart
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hugh Crank
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Don Siess
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Travis Giobbi
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Torgerson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kush Dhody
- Amarex Clinical Research LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob P. Lalezari
- Quest Clinical Research, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ivo Sah Bandar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alnor M. Carnate
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alina S. Pang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott Kelly
- CytoDyn Inc., Vancouver, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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4
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Abdulhaqq S, Ventura AB, Reed JS, Bashirova AA, Bateman KB, McDonald E, Wu HL, Greene JM, Schell JB, Morrow D, Wisskirchen K, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Carrington M, Protzer U, Früh K, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Sacha JB, Bimber BN. Identification and Characterization of Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cells Using Surface-Trapped TNF-α and Single-Cell Sequencing. J Immunol 2021; 207:2913-2921. [PMID: 34810222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are key mediators of antiviral and antitumor immunity. The isolation and study of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as mapping of their MHC restriction, has practical importance to the study of disease and the development of therapeutics. Unfortunately, most experimental approaches are cumbersome, owing to the highly variable and donor-specific nature of MHC-bound peptide/TCR interactions. Here we present a novel system for rapid identification and characterization of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, particularly well suited for samples with limited primary cells. Cells are stimulated ex vivo with Ag of interest, followed by live cell sorting based on surface-trapped TNF-α. We take advantage of major advances in single-cell sequencing to generate full-length sequence data from the paired TCR α- and β-chains from these Ag-specific cells. The paired TCR chains are cloned into retroviral vectors and used to transduce donor CD8+ T cells. These TCR transductants provide a virtually unlimited experimental reagent, which can be used for further characterization, such as minimal epitope mapping or identification of MHC restriction, without depleting primary cells. We validated this system using CMV-specific CD8+ T cells from rhesus macaques, characterizing an immunodominant Mamu-A1*002:01-restricted epitope. We further demonstrated the utility of this system by mapping a novel HLA-A*68:02-restricted HIV Gag epitope from an HIV-infected donor. Collectively, these data validate a new strategy to rapidly identify novel Ags and characterize Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, with applications ranging from the study of infectious disease to immunotherapeutics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Arman A Bashirova
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD.,Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine B Bateman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Eric McDonald
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD.,Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR; .,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
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5
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Chang XL, Wu HL, Webb GM, Tiwary M, Hughes C, Reed JS, Hwang J, Waytashek C, Boyle C, Pessoa C, Sylwester AW, Morrow D, Belica K, Fischer M, Kelly S, Pourhassan N, Bochart RM, Smedley J, Recknor CP, Hansen SG, Sacha JB. CCR5 Receptor Occupancy Analysis Reveals Increased Peripheral Blood CCR5+CD4+ T Cells Following Treatment With the Anti-CCR5 Antibody Leronlimab. Front Immunol 2021; 12:794638. [PMID: 34868084 PMCID: PMC8640501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 plays a central role in infectious disease, host defense, and cancer progression, thereby making it an ideal target for therapeutic development. Notably, CCR5 is the major HIV entry co-receptor, where its surface density correlates with HIV plasma viremia. The level of CCR5 receptor occupancy (RO) achieved by a CCR5-targeting therapeutic is therefore a critical predictor of its efficacy. However, current methods to measure CCR5 RO lack sensitivity, resulting in high background and overcalculation. Here, we report on two independent, flow cytometric methods of calculating CCR5 RO using the anti-CCR5 antibody, Leronlimab. We show that both methods led to comparable CCR5 RO values, with low background on untreated CCR5+CD4+ T cells and sensitive measurements of occupancy on both blood and tissue-resident CD4+ T cells that correlated longitudinally with plasma concentrations in Leronlimab-treated macaques. Using these assays, we found that Leronlimab stabilized cell surface CCR5, leading to an increase in the levels of circulating and tissue-resident CCR5+CD4+ T cells in vivo in Leronlimab-treated macaques. Weekly Leronlimab treatment in a chronically SIV-infected macaque led to increased CCR5+CD4+ T cells levels and fully suppressed plasma viremia, both concomitant with full CCR5 RO on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that CCR5+CD4+ T cells were protected from viral replication by Leronlimab binding. Finally, we extended these results to Leronlimab-treated humans and found that weekly 700 mg Leronlimab led to complete CCR5 RO on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and a statistically significant increase in CCR5+CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. Collectively, these results establish two RO calculation methods for longitudinal monitoring of anti-CCR5 therapeutic antibody blockade efficacy in both macaques and humans, demonstrate that CCR5+CD4+ T cell levels temporarily increase with Leronlimab treatment, and facilitate future detailed investigations into the immunological impacts of CCR5 inhibition in multiple pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao L. Chang
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gabriela M. Webb
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Meenakshi Tiwary
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Colette Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joseph Hwang
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Courtney Waytashek
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Carla Boyle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cleiton Pessoa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Andrew W. Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Karina Belica
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Miranda Fischer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | | | - Rachele M. Bochart
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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6
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Chang XL, Webb GM, Wu HL, Greene JM, Abdulhaqq S, Bateman KB, Reed JS, Pessoa C, Weber WC, Maier N, Chew GM, Gilbride RM, Gao L, Agnor R, Giobbi T, Torgerson J, Siess D, Burnett N, Fischer M, Shiel O, Moats C, Patterson B, Dhody K, Kelly S, Pourhassan N, Magnani DM, Smedley J, Bimber BN, Haigwood NL, Hansen SG, Brown TR, Ndhlovu LC, Sacha JB. Antibody-based CCR5 blockade protects Macaques from mucosal SHIV transmission. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3343. [PMID: 34099693 PMCID: PMC8184841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of a prophylactic vaccine, the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV acquisition by uninfected individuals is a promising approach to slowing the epidemic, but its efficacy is hampered by incomplete patient adherence and ART-resistant variants. Here, we report that competitive inhibition of HIV Env-CCR5 binding via the CCR5-specific antibody Leronlimab protects rhesus macaques against infection following repeated intrarectal challenges of CCR5-tropic SHIVSF162P3. Injection of Leronlimab weekly at 10 mg/kg provides significant but partial protection, while biweekly 50 mg/kg provides complete protection from SHIV acquisition. Tissue biopsies from protected macaques post challenge show complete CCR5 receptor occupancy and an absence of viral nucleic acids. After Leronlimab washout, protected macaques remain aviremic, and adoptive transfer of hematologic cells into naïve macaques does not transmit viral infection. These data identify CCR5 blockade with Leronlimab as a promising approach to HIV prophylaxis and support initiation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao L Chang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Travis Giobbi
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Torgerson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Don Siess
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nicole Burnett
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Miranda Fischer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Oriene Shiel
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cassandra Moats
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Kush Dhody
- Amarex Clinical Research LLC, Germantown, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Diogo M Magnani
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Portland, OR, USA.
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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7
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Rosen BC, Pedreño-Lopez N, Ricciardi MJ, Reed JS, Sacha JB, Rakasz EG, Watkins DI. Rhesus Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8 + Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Do Not Become Functionally Exhausted in Chronic SIVmac239 Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1960. [PMID: 32922404 PMCID: PMC7457070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exert potent antiviral activity after HIV/SIV infection. However, efforts to harness the antiviral efficacy of CTLs for HIV/SIV prophylaxis and therapy have been severely hindered by two major problems: viral escape and exhaustion. By contrast, CTLs directed against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a ubiquitous chronic herpesvirus, seldom select for escape mutations and remain functional and refractory to exhaustion during chronic HCMV and HIV infection. Recently, attempts have been made to retarget HCMV-specific CTLs for cancer immunotherapy. We speculate that such a strategy may also be beneficial in the context of HIV/SIV infection, facilitating CTL-mediated control of HIV/SIV replication. As a preliminary assessment of the validity of this approach, we investigated the phenotypes and functionality of rhesus CMV (RhCMV)-specific CTLs in SIVmac239-infected Indian rhesus macaques (RMs), a crucial HIV animal model system. We recently identified two immunodominant, Mamu-A∗02-restricted CTL epitopes derived from RhCMV proteins and sought to evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics of these CTL populations in chronic SIVmac239 infection. We analyzed and directly compared RhCMV- and SIVmac239-specific CTLs during SIVmac239 infection in a cohort of Mamu-A∗01 + and Mamu-A∗02 + RMs. CTL populations specific for at least one of the RhCMV-derived CTL epitopes were detected in ten of eleven Mamu-A∗02 + animals tested, and both populations were detected in five of these animals. Neither RhCMV-specific CTL population exhibited significant changes in frequency, memory phenotype, granzyme B expression, exhaustion marker (PD-1 and CTLA-4) expression, or polyfunctionality between pre- and chronic SIVmac239 infection timepoints. In chronic SIVmac239 infection, RhCMV-specific CTLs exhibited higher levels of granzyme B expression and polyfunctionality, and lower levels of exhaustion marker expression, than SIVmac239-specific CTLs. Additionally, compared to SIVmac239-specific CTLs, greater proportions of RhCMV-specific CTLs were of the terminally differentiated effector memory phenotype (CD28- CCR7-) during chronic SIVmac239 infection. These results suggest that, in contrast to SIVmac239-specific CTLs, RhCMV-specific CTLs maintain their phenotypes and cytolytic effector functions during chronic SIVmac239 infection, and that retargeting RhCMV-specific CTLs might be a promising SIV immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Rosen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michael J Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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8
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Hansen SG, Marshall EE, Malouli D, Ventura AB, Hughes CM, Ainslie E, Ford JC, Morrow D, Gilbride RM, Bae JY, Legasse AW, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Womack J, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Reed JS, Burwitz BJ, Sacha JB, Axthelm MK, Früh K, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. A live-attenuated RhCMV/SIV vaccine shows long-term efficacy against heterologous SIV challenge. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/501/eaaw2607. [PMID: 31316007 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that strain 68-1-derived rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteins (RhCMV/SIV) are able to elicit and maintain cellular immune responses that provide protection against mucosal challenge of highly pathogenic SIV in rhesus monkeys (RMs). However, these efficacious RhCMV/SIV vectors were replication and spread competent and therefore have the potential to cause disease in immunocompromised subjects. To develop a safer CMV-based vaccine for clinical use, we attenuated 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vectors by deletion of the Rh110 gene encoding the pp71 tegument protein (ΔRh110), allowing for suppression of lytic gene expression. ΔRh110 RhCMV/SIV vectors are highly spread deficient in vivo (~1000-fold compared to the parent vector) yet are still able to superinfect RhCMV+ RMs and generate high-frequency effector-memory-biased T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that ΔRh110 68-1 RhCMV/SIV-expressing homologous or heterologous SIV antigens are highly efficacious against intravaginal (IVag) SIVmac239 challenge, providing control and progressive clearance of SIV infection in 59% of vaccinated RMs. Moreover, among 12 ΔRh110 RhCMV/SIV-vaccinated RMs that controlled and progressively cleared an initial SIV challenge, 9 were able to stringently control a second SIV challenge ~3 years after last vaccination, demonstrating the durability of this vaccine. Thus, ΔRh110 RhCMV/SIV vectors have a safety and efficacy profile that warrants adaptation and clinical evaluation of corresponding HCMV vectors as a prophylactic HIV/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emily E Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jin Y Bae
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ben J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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9
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Webb GM, Molden J, Busman-Sahay K, Abdulhaqq S, Wu HL, Weber WC, Bateman KB, Reed JS, Northrup M, Maier N, Tanaka S, Gao L, Davey B, Carpenter BL, Axthelm MK, Stanton JJ, Smedley J, Greene JM, Safrit JT, Estes JD, Skinner PJ, Sacha JB. The human IL-15 superagonist N-803 promotes migration of virus-specific CD8+ T and NK cells to B cell follicles but does not reverse latency in ART-suppressed, SHIV-infected macaques. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008339. [PMID: 32163523 PMCID: PMC7093032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to halt viral replication and slow disease progression, this treatment is not curative and there remains an urgent need to develop approaches to clear the latent HIV reservoir. The human IL-15 superagonist N-803 (formerly ALT-803) is a promising anti-cancer biologic with potent immunostimulatory properties that has been extended into the field of HIV as a potential “shock and kill” therapeutic for HIV cure. However, the ability of N-803 to reactivate latent virus and modulate anti-viral immunity in vivo under the cover of ART remains undefined. Here, we show that in ART-suppressed, simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)SF162P3-infected rhesus macaques, subcutaneous administration of N-803 activates and mobilizes both NK cells and SHIV-specific CD8+ T cells from the peripheral blood to lymph node B cell follicles, a sanctuary site for latent virus that normally excludes such effector cells. We observed minimal activation of memory CD4+ T cells and no increase in viral RNA content in lymph node resident CD4+ T cells post N-803 administration. Accordingly, we found no difference in the number or magnitude of plasma viremia timepoints between treated and untreated animals during the N-803 administration period, and no difference in the size of the viral DNA cell-associated reservoir post N-803 treatment. These results substantiate N-803 as a potent immunotherapeutic candidate capable of activating and directing effector CD8+ T and NK cells to the B cell follicle during full ART suppression, and suggest N-803 must be paired with a bona fide latency reversing agent in vivo to facilitate immune-mediated modulation of the latent viral reservoir. IL-15 regulates NK and memory T cell homeostasis and is therefore being explored for clinical immunotherapy of chronic diseases like cancer and HIV. To explore the applicability of the clinical grade IL-15 superagonist N-803 to HIV cure strategies we tested the impact of N-803 on host immunity and latent virus in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. Our results suggest that N-803 beneficially modulates effector NK and CD8+ T cells by expanding the numbers of these cells and redistributing them to lymph node B cell follicles, a site known to harbor persistent latent virus during ART. However, our results further suggest that N-803 does not perturb the viral reservoir present in memory CD4+ T cells and that in order to fully unlock the immunotherapeutic potential of N-803 it must be paired with latency reversal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Webb
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jhomary Molden
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Whitney C. Weber
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Bateman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mina Northrup
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Maier
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- ImmunityBio, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brianna Davey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Carpenter
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Greene
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Burwitz BJ, Hashiguchi PK, Mansouri M, Meyer C, Gilbride RM, Biswas S, Womack JL, Reed JS, Wu HL, Axthelm MK, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Früh K, Sacha JB. MHC-E-Restricted CD8 + T Cells Target Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Human Hepatocytes. J Immunol 2020; 204:2169-2176. [PMID: 32161099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently 247 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), and the development of novel curative treatments is urgently needed. Immunotherapy is an attractive approach to treat CHB, yet therapeutic approaches to augment the endogenous hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cell response in CHB patients have demonstrated little success. In this study, we show that strain 68-1 rhesus macaque (RM) CMV vaccine vectors expressing HBV Ags engender HBV-specific CD8+ T cells unconventionally restricted by MHC class II and the nonclassical MHC-E molecule in RM. Surface staining of human donor and RM primary hepatocytes (PH) ex vivo revealed the majority of PH expressed MHC-E but not MHC class II. HBV-specific, MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells from RM vaccinated with RM CMV vaccine vectors expressing HBV Ags recognized HBV-infected PH from both human donor and RM. These results provide proof-of-concept that MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells could be harnessed for the treatment of CHB, either through therapeutic vaccination or adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Patrick K Hashiguchi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Sreya Biswas
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jennie L Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; .,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; .,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; and
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11
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Wu HL, Weber WC, Shriver-Munsch C, Swanson T, Northrup M, Price H, Armantrout K, Robertson-LeVay M, Reed JS, Bateman KB, Mahyari E, Thomas A, Junell SL, Hobbs TR, Martin LD, MacAllister R, Bimber BN, Slifka MK, Legasse AW, Moats C, Axthelm MK, Smedley J, Lewis AD, Colgin L, Meyers G, Maziarz RT, Burwitz BJ, Stanton JJ, Sacha JB. Viral opportunistic infections in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation mirror human transplant infectious disease complications. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12578. [PMID: 31930750 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and xenotransplantation are accompanied by viral reactivations and virus-associated complications resulting from immune deficiency. Here, in a Mauritian cynomolgus macaque model of fully MHC-matched allogeneic HSCT, we report reactivations of cynomolgus polyomavirus, lymphocryptovirus, and cytomegalovirus, macaque viruses analogous to HSCT-associated human counterparts BK virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human cytomegalovirus. Viral replication in recipient macaques resulted in characteristic disease manifestations observed in HSCT patients, such as polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis and tubulointerstitial nephritis or lymphocryptovirus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. However, in most cases, the reconstituted immune system, alone or in combination with short-term pharmacological intervention, exerted control over viral replication, suggesting engraftment of functional donor-derived immunity. Indeed, the donor-derived reconstituted immune systems of two long-term engrafted HSCT recipient macaques responded to live attenuated yellow fever 17D vaccine (YFV 17D) indistinguishably from untransplanted controls, mounting 17D-targeted neutralizing antibody responses and clearing YFV 17D within 14 days. Together, these data demonstrate that this macaque model of allogeneic HSCT recapitulates clinical situations of opportunistic viral infections in transplant patients and provides a pre-clinical model to test novel prophylactic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Whitney C Weber
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | | | - Tonya Swanson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Mina Northrup
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Heidi Price
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Kimberly Armantrout
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | | | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Katherine B Bateman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Archana Thomas
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Stephanie L Junell
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Medical Physics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Theodore R Hobbs
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Lauren D Martin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Rhonda MacAllister
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Cassandra Moats
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Lois Colgin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Gabrielle Meyers
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Richard T Maziarz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jeffrey J Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
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12
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Wu HL, Weber W, Abdulhaqq SA, Shriver-Munsch C, Swanson T, Northrup M, Armantrout K, Price H, Robertson-LeVay M, Reed JS, Bateman KB, Bimber BN, Junell SL, MacAllister R, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Moats C, Smedley J, Hobbs TR, Martin LD, Meyers G, Maziarz RT, Burwitz BJ, Stanton JJ, Sacha JB. Donor T cell chimerism correlates with viral reservoir clearance following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in fully cART-suppressed Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Wu HL, Wiseman RW, Hughes CM, Webb GM, Abdulhaqq SA, Bimber BN, Hammond KB, Reed JS, Gao L, Burwitz BJ, Greene JM, Ferrer F, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Park BS, Brackenridge S, Maness NJ, McMichael AJ, Picker LJ, O'Connor DH, Hansen SG, Sacha JB. The Role of MHC-E in T Cell Immunity Is Conserved among Humans, Rhesus Macaques, and Cynomolgus Macaques. J Immunol 2018; 200:49-60. [PMID: 29150562 PMCID: PMC5736429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC-E is a highly conserved nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule that predominantly binds and presents MHC class Ia leader sequence-derived peptides for NK cell regulation. However, MHC-E also binds pathogen-derived peptide Ags for presentation to CD8+ T cells. Given this role in adaptive immunity and its highly monomorphic nature in the human population, HLA-E is an attractive target for novel vaccine and immunotherapeutic modalities. Development of HLA-E-targeted therapies will require a physiologically relevant animal model that recapitulates HLA-E-restricted T cell biology. In this study, we investigated MHC-E immunobiology in two common nonhuman primate species, Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) and Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM). Compared to humans and MCM, RM expressed a greater number of MHC-E alleles at both the population and individual level. Despite this difference, human, RM, and MCM MHC-E molecules were expressed at similar levels across immune cell subsets, equivalently upregulated by viral pathogens, and bound and presented identical peptides to CD8+ T cells. Indeed, SIV-specific, Mamu-E-restricted CD8+ T cells from RM recognized antigenic peptides presented by all MHC-E molecules tested, including cross-species recognition of human and MCM SIV-infected CD4+ T cells. Thus, MHC-E is functionally conserved among humans, RM, and MCM, and both RM and MCM represent physiologically relevant animal models of HLA-E-restricted T cell immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shaheed A Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Fidel Ferrer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Byung S Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Simon Brackenridge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70118; and
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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14
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Burwitz BJ, Wu HL, Abdulhaqq S, Shriver-Munsch C, Swanson T, Legasse AW, Hammond KB, Junell SL, Reed JS, Bimber BN, Greene JM, Webb GM, Northrup M, Laub W, Kievit P, MacAllister R, Axthelm MK, Ducore R, Lewis A, Colgin LMA, Hobbs T, Martin LD, Ferguson B, Thomas CR, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Meyers G, Stanton JJ, Maziarz RT, Sacha JB. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in fully MHC-matched Mauritian cynomolgus macaques recapitulates diverse human clinical outcomes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1418. [PMID: 29127275 PMCID: PMC5681693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a critically important therapy for hematological malignancies, inborn errors of metabolism, and immunodeficiency disorders, yet complications such as graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) limit survival. Development of anti-GvHD therapies that do not adversely affect susceptibility to infection or graft-vs.-tumor immunity are hampered by the lack of a physiologically relevant, preclinical model of allogeneic HSCT. Here we show a spectrum of diverse clinical HSCT outcomes including primary and secondary graft failure, lethal GvHD, and stable, disease-free full donor engraftment using reduced intensity conditioning and mobilized peripheral blood HSCT in unrelated, fully MHC-matched Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques. Anti-GvHD prophylaxis of tacrolimus, post-transplant cyclophosphamide, and CD28 blockade induces multi-lineage, full donor chimerism and recipient-specific tolerance while maintaining pathogen-specific immunity. These results establish a new preclinical allogeneic HSCT model for evaluation of GvHD prophylaxis and next-generation HSCT-mediated therapies for solid organ tolerance, cure of non-malignant hematological disease, and HIV reservoir clearance. Rhesus macaques are not ideal for studying response to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) owing to complex MHC genetics that prevent full MHC-matching. Here the authors show that inbred Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques are a superior preclinical model of allogeneic stem cell transplantation that mimics diverse clinical outcomes of human allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Christine Shriver-Munsch
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Tonya Swanson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Stephanie L Junell
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Mina Northrup
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Wolfram Laub
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Rhonda MacAllister
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Rebecca Ducore
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Anne Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Lois M A Colgin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Theodore Hobbs
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Lauren D Martin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Charles R Thomas
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Gabrielle Meyers
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Richard T Maziarz
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA. .,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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15
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Burwitz BJ, Malouli D, Bimber BN, Reed JS, Ventura AB, Hancock MH, Uebelhoer LS, Bhusari A, Hammond KB, Espinosa Trethewy RG, Klug A, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Nelson JA, Park BS, Streblow DN, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Früh K, Sacha JB. Cross-Species Rhesus Cytomegalovirus Infection of Cynomolgus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006014. [PMID: 27829026 PMCID: PMC5102353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are highly species-specific due to millennia of co-evolution and adaptation to their host, with no successful experimental cross-species infection in primates reported to date. Accordingly, full genome phylogenetic analysis of multiple new CMV field isolates derived from two closely related nonhuman primate species, Indian-origin rhesus macaques (RM) and Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM), revealed distinct and tight lineage clustering according to the species of origin, with MCM CMV isolates mirroring the limited genetic diversity of their primate host that underwent a population bottleneck 400 years ago. Despite the ability of Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) laboratory strain 68-1 to replicate efficiently in MCM fibroblasts and potently inhibit antigen presentation to MCM T cells in vitro, RhCMV 68-1 failed to productively infect MCM in vivo, even in the absence of host CD8+ T and NK cells. In contrast, RhCMV clone 68-1.2, genetically repaired to express the homologues of the HCMV anti-apoptosis gene UL36 and epithelial cell tropism genes UL128 and UL130 absent in 68-1, efficiently infected MCM as evidenced by the induction of transgene-specific T cells and virus shedding. Recombinant variants of RhCMV 68-1 and 68-1.2 revealed that expression of either UL36 or UL128 together with UL130 enabled productive MCM infection, indicating that multiple layers of cross-species restriction operate even between closely related hosts. Cumulatively, these results implicate cell tropism and evasion of apoptosis as critical determinants of CMV transmission across primate species barriers, and extend the macaque model of human CMV infection and immunology to MCM, a nonhuman primate species with uniquely simplified host immunogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Luke S. Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Renee G. Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alex Klug
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Byung S. Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hansen SG, Wu HL, Burwitz BJ, Hughes CM, Hammond KB, Ventura AB, Reed JS, Gilbride RM, Ainslie E, Morrow DW, Ford JC, Selseth AN, Pathak R, Malouli D, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Nelson JA, Gillespie GM, Walters LC, Brackenridge S, Sharpe HR, López CA, Früh K, Korber BT, McMichael AJ, Gnanakaran S, Sacha JB, Picker LJ. Broadly targeted CD8⁺ T cell responses restricted by major histocompatibility complex E. Science 2016; 351:714-20. [PMID: 26797147 PMCID: PMC4769032 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule with limited polymorphism that is primarily involved in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cells. We found that vaccinating rhesus macaques with rhesus cytomegalovirus vectors in which genes Rh157.5 and Rh157.4 are deleted results in MHC-E-restricted presentation of highly varied peptide epitopes to CD8αβ(+) T cells, at ~4 distinct epitopes per 100 amino acids in all tested antigens. Computational structural analysis revealed that MHC-E provides heterogeneous chemical environments for diverse side-chain interactions within a stable, open binding groove. Because MHC-E is up-regulated to evade NK cell activity in cells infected with HIV, simian immunodeficiency virus, and other persistent viruses, MHC-E-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses have the potential to exploit pathogen immune-evasion adaptations, a capability that might endow these unconventional responses with superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Katherine B. Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David W. Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Reesab Pathak
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - Lucy C. Walters
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX37FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Brackenridge
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX37FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R. Sharpe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX37FZ, United Kingdom
| | - César A. López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX37FZ, United Kingdom
| | - S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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17
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Chew GM, Fujita T, Webb GM, Burwitz BJ, Wu HL, Reed JS, Hammond KB, Clayton KL, Ishii N, Abdel-Mohsen M, Liegler T, Mitchell BI, Hecht FM, Ostrowski M, Shikuma CM, Hansen SG, Maurer M, Korman AJ, Deeks SG, Sacha JB, Ndhlovu LC. TIGIT Marks Exhausted T Cells, Correlates with Disease Progression, and Serves as a Target for Immune Restoration in HIV and SIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005349. [PMID: 26741490 PMCID: PMC4704737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces phenotypic and functional changes to CD8+ T cells defined by the coordinated upregulation of a series of negative checkpoint receptors that eventually result in T cell exhaustion and failure to control viral replication. We report that effector CD8+ T cells during HIV infection in blood and SIV infection in lymphoid tissue exhibit higher levels of the negative checkpoint receptor TIGIT. Increased frequencies of TIGIT+ and TIGIT+ PD-1+ CD8+ T cells correlated with parameters of HIV and SIV disease progression. TIGIT remained elevated despite viral suppression in those with either pharmacological antiretroviral control or immunologically in elite controllers. HIV and SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were dysfunctional and expressed high levels of TIGIT and PD-1. Ex-vivo single or combinational antibody blockade of TIGIT and/or PD-L1 restored viral-specific CD8+ T cell effector responses. The frequency of TIGIT+ CD4+ T cells correlated with the CD4+ T cell total HIV DNA. These findings identify TIGIT as a novel marker of dysfunctional HIV-specific T cells and suggest TIGIT along with other checkpoint receptors may be novel curative HIV targets to reverse T cell exhaustion. HIV-1 infection contributes substantially to global morbidity and mortality, with no immediate promise of an effective vaccine. One major obstacle to vaccine development and therapy is to understand why HIV-1 replication persists in a person despite the presence of viral specific immune responses. The emerging consensus has been that these immune cells are functionally ‘exhausted’ or anergic, and thus, although they can recognize HIV-1 specific target cells, they are unable to effectively keep up with rapid and dynamic viral replication in an individual. We have identified a novel combination pathway that can be targeted, TIGIT and PD-L1which may be responsible, at least in part, for making these immune cells dysfunctional and exhausted and thus unable to control the virus. We show that by blocking the TIGIT and PD-L1 pathway, we can reverse the defects of these viral specific immune cells. Our findings will give new directions to vaccines and therapies that will potentially reverse these dysfunctional cells and allow them to control HIV-1 replication, but also serve in “Shock and Kill” HIV curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen M. Chew
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gabriela M. Webb
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Katherine B. Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teri Liegler
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brooks I. Mitchell
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark Maurer
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Korman
- Biologics Discovery California, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Hawaii Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Fujita T, Burwitz BJ, Chew GM, Reed JS, Pathak R, Seger E, Clayton KL, Rini JM, Ostrowski MA, Ishii N, Kuroda MJ, Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Ndhlovu LC. Expansion of dysfunctional Tim-3-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells during simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. J Immunol 2014; 193:5576-83. [PMID: 25348621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The T cell Ig- and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) negative immune checkpoint receptor demarcates functionally exhausted CD8(+) T cells arising from chronic stimulation in viral infections like HIV. Tim-3 blockade leads to improved antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses in vitro and, therefore, represents a novel intervention strategy to restore T cell function in vivo and protect from disease progression. However, the Tim-3 pathway in the physiologically relevant rhesus macaque SIV model of AIDS remains uncharacterized. We report that Tim-3(+)CD8(+) T cell frequencies are significantly increased in lymph nodes, but not in peripheral blood, in SIV-infected animals. Tim-3(+)PD-1(+)CD8(+) T cells are similarly increased during SIV infection and positively correlate with SIV plasma viremia. Tim-3 expression was found primarily on effector memory CD8(+) T cells in all tissues examined. Tim-3(+)CD8(+) T cells have lower Ki-67 content and minimal cytokine responses to SIV compared with Tim-3(-)CD8(+) T cells. During acute-phase SIV replication, Tim-3 expression peaked on SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells by 2 wk postinfection and then rapidly diminished, irrespective of mutational escape of cognate Ag, suggesting non-TCR-driven mechanisms for Tim-3 expression. Thus, rhesus Tim-3 in SIV infection partially mimics human Tim-3 in HIV infection and may serve as a novel model for targeted studies focused on rejuvenating HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Glen M Chew
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Reesab Pathak
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Elizabeth Seger
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813;
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19
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Burwitz BJ, Reed JS, Hammond KB, Ohme MA, Planer SL, Legasse AW, Ericsen AJ, Richter Y, Golomb G, Sacha JB. Technical advance: liposomal alendronate depletes monocytes and macrophages in the nonhuman primate model of human disease. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:491-501. [PMID: 24823811 PMCID: PMC4632165 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ta0713-373r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critical animal models for the study of human disorders and disease and offer a platform to assess the role of immune cells in pathogenesis via depletion of specific cellular subsets. However, this model is currently hindered by the lack of reagents that safely and specifically ablate myeloid cells of the monocyte/macrophage Lin. Given the central importance of macrophages in homeostasis and host immunity, development of a macrophage-depletion technique in nonhuman primates would open new avenues of research. Here, using LA at i.v. doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg, we show a >50% transient depletion of circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages in RMs by an 11-color flow cytometric analysis. Diminution of monocytes was followed rapidly by emigration of monocytes from the bone marrow, leading to a rebound of monocytes to baseline levels. Importantly, LA was well-tolerated, as no adverse effects or changes in gross organ function were observed during depletion. These results advance the ex vivo study of myeloid cells by flow cytometry and pave the way for in vivo studies of monocyte/macrophage biology in nonhuman primate models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Merete A Ohme
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shannon L Planer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Adam J Ericsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Gershon Golomb
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA;
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20
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Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Hughes CM, Ford JC, Burwitz BJ, Scholz I, Gilbride RM, Lewis MS, Gilliam AN, Ventura AB, Malouli D, Xu G, Richards R, Whizin N, Reed JS, Hammond KB, Fischer M, Turner JM, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Edlefsen PT, Nelson JA, Lifson JD, Früh K, Picker LJ. Cytomegalovirus vectors violate CD8+ T cell epitope recognition paradigms. Science 2013; 340:1237874. [PMID: 23704576 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cell responses focus on a small fraction of pathogen- or vaccine-encoded peptides, and for some pathogens, these restricted recognition hierarchies limit the effectiveness of antipathogen immunity. We found that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) protein-expressing rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors elicit SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells that recognize unusual, diverse, and highly promiscuous epitopes, including dominant responses to epitopes restricted by class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Induction of canonical SIV epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses is suppressed by the RhCMV-encoded Rh189 gene (corresponding to human CMV US11), and the promiscuous MHC class I- and class II-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses occur only in the absence of the Rh157.5, Rh157.4, and Rh157.6 (human CMV UL128, UL130, and UL131) genes. Thus, CMV vectors can be genetically programmed to achieve distinct patterns of CD8(+) T cell epitope recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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21
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Sacha JB, Kim IJ, Chen L, Ullah JH, Goodwin DA, Simmons HA, Schenkman DI, von Pelchrzim F, Gifford RJ, Nimityongskul FA, Newman LP, Wildeboer S, Lappin PB, Hammond D, Castrovinci P, Piaskowski SM, Reed JS, Beheler KA, Tharmanathan T, Zhang N, Muscat-King S, Rieger M, Fernandes C, Rumpel K, Gardner JP, Gebhard DH, Janies J, Shoieb A, Pierce BG, Trajkovic D, Rakasz E, Rong S, McCluskie M, Christy C, Merson JR, Jones RB, Nixon DF, Ostrowski MA, Loudon PT, Pruimboom-Brees IM, Sheppard NC. Vaccination with cancer- and HIV infection-associated endogenous retrotransposable elements is safe and immunogenic. J Immunol 2012; 189:1467-79. [PMID: 22745376 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of endogenous retrotransposable elements, including long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) and human endogenous retrovirus, accompanies neoplastic transformation and infection with viruses such as HIV. The ability to engender immunity safely against such self-antigens would facilitate the development of novel vaccines and immunotherapies. In this article, we address the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination with these elements. We used immunohistochemical analysis and literature precedent to identify potential off-target tissues in humans and establish their translatability in preclinical species to guide safety assessments. Immunization of mice with murine L1 open reading frame 2 induced strong CD8 T cell responses without detectable tissue damage. Similarly, immunization of rhesus macaques with human LINE-1 open reading frame 2 (96% identity with macaque), as well as simian endogenous retrovirus-K Gag and Env, induced polyfunctional T cell responses to all Ags, and Ab responses to simian endogenous retrovirus-K Env. There were no adverse safety or pathological findings related to vaccination. These studies provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that immune responses can be induced safely against this class of self-antigens and pave the way for investigation of them as HIV- or tumor-associated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah B Sacha
- AIDS Vaccine Laboratory and Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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22
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Reed JS, Sidney J, Piaskowski SM, Glidden CE, León EJ, Burwitz BJ, Kolar HL, Eernisse CM, Furlott JR, Maness NJ, Walsh AD, Rudersdorf RA, Bardet W, McMurtrey CP, O’Connor DH, Hildebrand WH, Sette A, Watkins DI, Wilson NA. The role of MHC class I allele Mamu-A*07 during SIV(mac)239 infection. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:789-807. [PMID: 21732180 PMCID: PMC3706270 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8(+) T cells play an important role in controlling HIV/SIV replication. These T cells recognize intracellular pathogen-derived peptides displayed on the cell surface by individual MHC class I molecules. In the SIV-infected rhesus macaque model, five Mamu class I alleles have been thoroughly characterized with regard to peptide binding, and a sixth was shown to be uninvolved. In this study, we describe the peptide binding of Mamu-A1*007:01 (formerly Mamu-A*07), an allele present in roughly 5.08% of Indian-origin rhesus macaques (n = 63 of 1,240). We determined a preliminary binding motif by eluting and sequencing endogenously bound ligands. Subsequently, we used a positional scanning combinatorial library and panels of single amino acid substitution analogs to further characterize peptide binding of this allele and derive a quantitative motif. Using this motif, we selected and tested 200 peptides derived from SIV(mac)239 for their capacity to bind Mamu-A1*007:01; 33 were found to bind with an affinity of 500 nM or better. We then used PBMC from SIV-infected or vaccinated but uninfected, A1*007:01-positive rhesus macaques in IFN-γ Elispot assays to screen the peptides for T-cell reactivity. In all, 11 of the peptides elicited IFN-γ(+) T-cell responses. Six represent novel A1*007:01-restricted epitopes. Furthermore, both Sanger and ultradeep pyrosequencing demonstrated the accumulation of amino acid substitutions within four of these six regions, suggestive of selective pressure on the virus by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, it appears that Mamu-A1*007:01 presents SIV-derived peptides to antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and is part of the immune response to SIV(mac)239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Shari M. Piaskowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Chrystal E. Glidden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Enrique J. León
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Holly L. Kolar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | | | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Andrew D. Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Richard A. Rudersdorf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Wilfried Bardet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Curtis P. McMurtrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - William H. Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711
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23
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Maness NJ, Wilson NA, Reed JS, Piaskowski SM, Sacha JB, Walsh AD, Thoryk E, Heidecker GJ, Citron MP, Liang X, Bett AJ, Casimiro DR, Watkins DI. Robust, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T lymphocyte response against an out-of-frame epitope. J Immunol 2009; 184:67-72. [PMID: 19949108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rational vaccines designed to engender T cell responses require intimate knowledge of how epitopes are generated and presented. Recently, we vaccinated 8 Mamu-A*02(+) rhesus macaques with every SIV protein except Envelope (Env). Surprisingly, one of the strongest T cell responses engendered was against the Env protein, the Mamu-A*02-restricted epitope, Env(788-795)RY8. In this paper, we show that translation from an alternate reading frame of both the Rev-encoding DNA plasmid and the rAd5 vector engendered Env(788-795)RY8-specific CD8(+) T cells of greater magnitude than "normal" SIV infection. Our data demonstrate both that the pathway from vaccination to immune response is not well understood and that products of alternate reading frames may be rich and untapped sources of T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
The readability level of informed consent forms used in clinical trials on contraceptives was determined. Three different formulas for measuring readability were used. Some forms received relatively high scores by all three methods. The most common problems associated with high readability scores were the use of 'unfamiliar' words, long words and long sentences. At present all forms used must be readable, using the SMOG formula, at a grade 6 level or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rivera
- Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Delayed breast cellulitis is an infrequently reported entity after conservation therapy for breast cancer. We describe our experience with this entity at Naval Medical Center, San Diego. METHODS Eight patients who presented with delayed cellulitis after wide local excision/axillary dissection and breast radiotherapy (RT) are presented. Their clinical characteristics and therapy are described and possible causative factors are analyzed. RESULTS The latency of breast cellulitis is variable after breast conservation therapy, although most cases in our experience and in the literature occur within a year post-RT. These infections are frequently refractory to a single course of antibiotics (n = 4 cases in our experience). Some patients suffer multiple episodes separated by months. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer patients are at risk for delayed cellulitis after conservative surgery and RT. The mechanism of such events probably involves lymph stasis, however, therapy is no different from the more frequently occurring cases of cellulitis presenting perioperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Miller
- Breast Health Center, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California 92134-5000, USA
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26
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Reed JS, Ragan CI. The effect of rate limitation by cytochrome c on the redox state of the ubiquinone pool in reconstituted NADH: cytochrome c reductase. Biochem J 1987; 247:657-62. [PMID: 2827635 PMCID: PMC1148462 DOI: 10.1042/bj2470657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic model of Ragan & Cottingham [(1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 811, 13-31] for electron transport through a mobile pool of quinone predicts that, under certain conditions, the normal linear dependence of electron flow on the degree of reduction (or oxidation) of the quinone should no longer be found. These conditions can be met by reconstituted NADH: cytochrome c reductase (Complex I-III from bovine heart) when electron flow is rate-limited by a low concentration of cytochrome c. We show that, in such a system, the dependence of activity (varied by inhibition with rotenone) on the steady-state level of quinone reduction is indeed non-linear and very closely accounted for by the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Reed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southampton, U.K
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Reed JS, Liskow BI. Current medical treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Ration Drug Ther 1987; 21:1-6. [PMID: 3615897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Strong evidence for a random collisional mechanism for ubiquinone-mediated electron transfer is provided by the characteristic kinetic properties of respiratory chains originally explored by Kröger, A., and Klingenberg, M. (1973), Eur. J. Biochem. 34, 313-323. A kinetic model which leads to this so-called "simple Q-pool behavior" has been described and we use this in reviewing evidence that electron transfer is diffusion-controlled as well as diffusion-coupled. We also consider mechanisms by which the kinetics of electron transfer might deviate from simple Q-pool behavior and how these might be implicated in the regulation of electron transport.
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Racela LS, Tegtmeier GE, Hodges GR, Reed JS. Comparison of two testing methods to determine hepatitis B surface antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine among health-care workers. Am J Clin Pathol 1986; 86:527-9. [PMID: 2945426 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/86.4.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of variations in reported seroconversion rates and to compare enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods to assess hepatitis B vaccine response, hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) was tested in 116 of 174 high-risk hospital employees enrolled in a hepatitis B vaccine program. All individuals were vaccinated with three injections of Heptavax-B, 1.0 ml containing 20 micrograms of HBsAg intramuscularly in the deltoid. The same lot of appropriately stored vaccine was used. Of the 41 individuals tested within zero to six months postvaccination, 35 (85%) and 38 (93%) were positive by EIA and RIA, respectively. Of the 75 individuals tested 7-24 months postvaccination, 61 (81%) and 71 (95%) were positive by EIA and RIA, respectively. Results of EIA tests performed at two laboratories were similar. Of 109 individuals positive by RIA, 13 did not have protective antibody levels. In contrast, of 96 individuals positive by EIA, only one did not have a protective antibody level. RIA may be a more sensitive test for anti-HBs, but a positive EIA result correlates better with protective antibody levels.
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Abstract
The liver of a 19-year-old woman with argininosuccinase deficiency was studied ultrastructurally under conditions for excellent tissue fixation. Dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial crystalloids were the most prominent abnormalities found. These features were compared to fine-structural abnormalities found in other disorders of the Krebs-Henseleit pathway. No change was considered specific or related to subcellular enzyme localization.
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Egbert AM, Reed JS, Powell BJ, Liskow BI, Liese BS. Alcoholics who drink mouthwash: the spectrum of nonbeverage alcohol use. J Stud Alcohol 1985; 46:473-81. [PMID: 4087909 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1985.46.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonbeverage alcohol (NBA), or substitutes for traditional forms of beverage alcohol, includes such substances as mouthwash, aftershave lotion and alcohol-based fuels. Literature pertaining to the prevalence, clinical significance and toxicity of this practice is reviewed, using illustrative cases from a series of 48 NBA consumers. It was found that 10-15% of alcoholics hospitalized in detoxication units have consumed NBA; half of these patients are regular consumers. Addiction to NBA itself may occur. Its use is primarily related to easy accessibility, rather than social or monetary factors. Polydrug misuse and antisocial personality disorder are more frequent in NBA users, but use is not pathognomic of end-stage alcoholism. The 48 NBA users reported surprisingly few toxic symptoms from acute ingestion, perhaps because tolerance to some substances in NBA may occur. Isopropyl alcohol was the exception, reproducibly causing symptoms suggestive of severe gastritis.
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Hodges GR, Worley SE, Kemner JM, Reed JS. Effect of exchange transfusion with an oxygen-carrying resuscitation fluid on the efficacy of penicillin therapy of pneumococcal infection in rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 26:903-8. [PMID: 6524905 PMCID: PMC180047 DOI: 10.1128/aac.26.6.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of exchange transfusion with Fluosol DA (FDA) or stroma-free hemoglobin on the outcome of pneumococcal infection in rats were determined. Rats were sham transfused or exchange transfused with 25 ml of FDA or stroma-free hemoglobin. They were then challenged intraperitoneally with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 and treated with penicillin for 120 h. Only 2 of 15 (13.3%) FDA-transfused rats were alive at 312 h compared with 11 of 15 (73.3%) concurrently studied sham-transfused control rats (P = 0.0016). Of 10 stroma-free hemoglobin-transfused rats and 10 concurrently studied sham-transfused control rats (P = 0.98), 8 from each group (80%) were alive at 312 h. Penicillin therapy only suppressed pneumococcal infection in FDA-transfused rats, and relapse occurred after therapy was stopped. This effect could not be attributed to interference with the bactericidal activity of penicillin against pneumococci, to an alteration in the pneumococcal burden before penicillin therapy or to an alteration of the leukocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte response by FDA. In contrast, pneumococcal infection in stroma-free hemoglobin-transfused rats was cured with penicillin therapy. These data showed that FDA altered the ability of rats to respond to pneumococcal infection.
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Abstract
An 85-year-old man with unexplained hemorrhagic pseudoascites of four years' duration was discovered to have a primary omental leiomyosarcoma. Neoplasms arising in the greater omentum are rare. To date, only three primary omental leiomyosarcomas have been described. Clinical and pathologic findings of this case are presented and the topic of primary omental neoplasms is reviewed.
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Johnson BE, Reed JS. Prolongation of the prodrome to acute hepatitis B infection by corticosteroids. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143:1810-1. [PMID: 6615107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A 56-year-old woman had rash, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy. Prednisone therapy caused the symptoms to abate but not disappear. Medication was continued for almost eight weeks, during which time the symptoms persisted. While the patient was receiving therapy, serologic evidence of hepatitis B infection was noted. When prednisone therapy was stopped, the patient rapidly passed from the prodrome to typical, acute, icteric hepatitis. Prednisone may have suppressed normal immunologic responses to the hepatitis virus, resulting in persistence of the serum sickness-like state. Corticosteroids are not indicated in the treatment of the prodrome to hepatitis B infection.
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Fleming JL, Reed JS. Ascites. A diagnostic and therapeutic approach. J Kans Med Soc 1982; 83:579-83, 591. [PMID: 7175327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tavoloni N, Reed JS, Boyer JL. Effect of chlorpromazine on hepatic clearance and excretion of bile acids by the isolated perfused rat liver. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982; 170:486-92. [PMID: 7122478 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-170-41463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
In the isolated perfused liver of the little skate, Raja erinacea, bile flow averaged 5.07 +/- 0.58 (mean +/- SE) microliters.h-1.g liver-1 in 21 experiments at a perfusion pressure of 5.0 cm Ringer compared to 3.79 +/- 0.32 in 38 experiments at 2.5 cm (P less than 0.05). [14C]inulin readily entered skate bile. Bile-to-plasma [14C]inulin ratios corrected for delay in transit time, averaged 0.46 +/- 0.07 at 1 h and rose to 0.74 +/- 0.06 by 4 h, although bile flow remained constant. In experiments in which [14C]inulin reached equilibrium between bile and plasma, the bile-to-plasma ratio conformed to the theoretical relationship between bile flow, solvent drag, and inert solute diffusion predicted at extremely low bile flows, but demonstrated that the skate biliary tree is more permeable to inulin than that of the rat. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that ionic lanthanum could traverse the tight junctions. However, freeze-fracture studies of junction structure did not differ qualitatively from similar studies in the rat. Partial dependence of bile flow on perfusion pressure, high bile-to-plasma inulin ratios, and permeability of the canalicular tight junctions to ionic lanthanum all suggest that the paracellular pathway may be an important component of bile formation in the skate.
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Abstract
A technique is described for perfusion of livers from the little skate, Raja erinacea, in the isolated state at 15 degrees C utilizing a recirculating, well-oxygenated elasmobranch Ringer solution. Bile flow and oxygen consumption were optimal and remained relatively constant over a 4- to 5-h perfusion at portal vein pressures of 2.5-5.0 cm Ringer. At these pressures, bile flow rates were comparable to values previously observed in the free-swimming skate. In contrast to mammalian species, bile secretion in the elasmobranch is particularly sensitive to small changes in perfusion pressure. Hepatic clearance of sulfobromophthalein and [14C]sodium taurocholate demonstrated initial fractional disappearance rates that were also similar to values obtained in vivo. Only small amounts of sulfobromophthalein appeared in bile by 5 h, whereas 78.5 +/- 6.5% of [14C]sodium taurocholate was recovered in bile at this time. These experiments establish portal vein perfusion pressures for study of skate livers in the isolated state in which oxygen consumption is maximal and organic anion clearance from perfusate to bile exceeds values obtained in vivo.
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Abstract
During 1979, all hospital personnel who were victims of needlestick or puncture wounds completed an incident questionnaire so that the epidemiology of these events could be determined. The attack rate varied from a high of 20 to a low of 0.8 incident/100 employee years worked (mean 7.5) for different employee groups. Personal carelessness accounted for 55% of the 81 incidents, whereas 35% of the involved personnel were innocent victims. Needles were responsible for 58% of the incidents. Screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) revealed no positive patient or employee associated with needlestick or puncture wounds. Only 2 of 45 employees were hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) positive. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) was recommended for 4 employees, immune serum globulin (ISG) for 13, and no globulin for 65. The estimated cost of this surveillance program and globulin therapy was $60 per incident. This data is being used as the basis for in-service training of high-risk personnel in order to decrease the number of incidents.
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Reed JS, Meredith SC, Nemchausky BA, Rosenberg IH, Boyer JL. Bone disease in primary biliary cirrhosis: reversal of osteomalacia with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Gastroenterology 1980; 78:512-7. [PMID: 7351289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone disease and the response to oral 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were assessed in 7 women with primary biliary cirrhosis utilizing histomorphometric analysis of undecalcified iliac crest bone biopsies. Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D rose from 9.2 +/- 6.7 (SD) to 151.0 +/- 103.7 ng/ml on oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D therapy (100--200 micrograms daily). On initial biopsy 5 of 7 patients had osteomalacia. Repeat bone biopsy in 6 patients after 6--8 mo of continued therapy revealed significant improvement in bone mineralization as reflected in fractional osteoid surface and relative osteoid volume. Osteomalacia healed in 4, improved in 1, and remained absent in 1. Trabecular bone volume, an index of mineralized bone mass, was diminished in 6 of 7 patients and did not change significantly over the 6--8-mo treatment period. We conclude that oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D corrects vitamin D deficiency and reverses osteomalacia in primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Tavoloni N, Reed JS, Hruban Z, Boyer JL. Effect of chlorpromazine on hepatic perfusion and bile secretory function in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94:726-41. [PMID: 227976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hepatotoxicity of CPZ was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver in order to more closely define possible mechanisms of phenothiazine-induced cholestasis. Perfusate concentrations of CPZ were increased from 5 x 10(-6) M to 5 x 10(-4) M until bile secretion was significantly inhibited. Measurements were then made of determinants of bile secretory function, including the magnitude of lobar distribution of perfusate flow, BAIF, and liver plasma membrane enzyme activity, Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg++-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase. BAIF diminished significantly from control values of 1.76 +/- 0.07 microliter min-1gm-1 of liver to 1.34 +/- 0.15 and 0.80 +/- 0.09 following 2.5 and 5 x 10(-4) M CPZ, respectively. Perfusate flow also diminished from 5.64 +/- 0.44 to 1.24 +/- 0.12 ml min-1 gm-1 of liver 20 min following 5 x 10(-4) M CPZ and was associated with reduced flow to peripheral areas of the hepatic lobes as demonstrated by Tc-HAM. By 30 min, perfusate flow had returned to baseline values. CPZ also transiently diminished the excretion of bile acids in livers receiving a constant infusion of 40 mumol hr-1 sodium taurocholate. Defects in hepatic perfusion could not account entirely for the impairment in BAIF, since comparable mechanical restriction of perfusate flow in controls only diminished BAIF to 1.49 +/- 0.08 microliter min-1gm-1 of liver. CPZ signofocamt;u rediced tje secofoc actovotu pf Mg++-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase but did not affect Na+,K+-ATPase in liver plasma membrane isolated 20 min after 5 x 10(-4) M CPZ. CPZ also resulted in a profound shift in the recovery of protein in isolated liver plasma membrane fractions from the light (density = 1.16) to heavier (density = 1.18) fractions. These findings, together with previous observations demonstrating alterations in hepatic ultrastructure, indicate that CPZ interacts in a complex manner with hepatocyte plasma and cytoplasmic membrane components and suggest that these drug-membrane interactions independently result in diminished hepatic perfusion, impairment of bile acid excretion, and inhibition of bile acid-independent bile secretion.
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Abstract
On 17 May 1954 the Supreme Court, in its decision in Brown v. Board of Education, declared de jure segregation of the public schools to be unconstitutional. It is argued here that a consequence of that decision was a decline in childbearing among white Southerners. In the nation as a whole, period fertility rates increased between 1954 and 1955, but in 9 of the 11 former Confederate states they decreased. Further analysis shows that these Southern fertility decreases began about 12 months after the Supreme Court decision. This variation in behavior in reaction to a historical event has important implications for the explanation and prediction of fertility.
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Hruban Z, Tavoloni N, Reed JS, Boyer JL. Ultrastructural changes during cholestasis induced by chlorpromazine in the isolated perfused rat liver. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1978; 26:289-305. [PMID: 416590 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Addition of cholestatic doses of chlorpromazine-HC1 to the perfusate of isolated rat livers produces widespread changes in hepatocyte membrane structure. These findings include a marked increase in intrasinusoidal cytoplasmic bullae, appearance of intracellular vacuoles within hepatocytes at both sinusoidal and biliary poles, dilation of bile canaliculi and evagination of canalicular diverticuli, and the formation of myeloid bodies within hepatocytes. These findings obtained in the bile acid depleted perfused liver may result from physiochemical interactions between chlorpromazine or its metabolites and lipid-protein components of cell membranes, consistent with chlorpromazine's properties as a cationic detergent. They occur independently of the vasoconstrictive effects of chlorpromazine and suggest that chlorpromazine may produce cholestasis by altering hepatocyte membrane function.
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Wagonfeld JB, Baker AL, Reed JS, Platz CE, Kirsner JB. Acute dilation of the colon in malignant lymphoma. Gastroenterology 1976; 70:264-7. [PMID: 1248688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Acute dilatation of the colon with signs of systemic toxicity developed in an elderly man with malignant lymphoma. Although barium contrast X-rays taken previously were interpreted as consistent with granulomatous colitis, rectal biopsy had revealed features characteristic of malignant lymphoma, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type. Bone marrow and lymph nodes were also involved. The onset of dilatation was temporally related to therapy with opiates and anticholinergics, and the acute episode was resolved with nasogastric suction, intravenous fluids, albumin, and antibiotics.
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