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Keele BF, Okoye AA, Fennessey CM, Varco-Merth B, Immonen TT, Kose E, Conchas A, Pinkevych M, Lipkey L, Newman L, Macairan A, Bosche M, Bosche WJ, Berkemeier B, Fast R, Hull M, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Silipino L, Gorelick RJ, Duell D, Marenco A, Brantley W, Smedley J, Axthelm M, Davenport MP, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. Early antiretroviral therapy in SIV-infected rhesus macaques reveals a multiphasic, saturable dynamic accumulation of the rebound competent viral reservoir. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012135. [PMID: 38593120 PMCID: PMC11003637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The rebound competent viral reservoir (RCVR)-virus that persists during antiretroviral treatment (ART) and can reignite systemic infection when treatment is stopped-is the primary barrier to eradicating HIV. We used time to initiation of ART during primary infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) after intravenous challenge with barcoded SIVmac239 as a means to elucidate the dynamics of RCVR establishment in groups of RMs by creating a multi-log range of pre-ART viral loads and then assessed viral time-to-rebound and reactivation rates resulting from the discontinuation of ART after one year. RMs started on ART on days 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 or 12 post-infection showed a nearly 10-fold difference in pre-ART viral measurements for successive ART-initiation timepoints. Only 1 of 8 RMs initiating ART on days 3 and 4 rebounded after ART interruption despite measurable pre-ART plasma viremia. Rebounding plasma from the 1 rebounding RM contained only a single barcode lineage detected at day 50 post-ART. All RMs starting ART on days 5 and 6 rebounded between 14- and 50-days post-ART with 1-2 rebounding variants each. RMs starting ART on days 7, 9, and 12 had similar time-to-measurable plasma rebound kinetics despite multiple log differences in pre-ART plasma viral load (pVL), with all RMs rebounding between 7- and 16-days post-ART with 3-28 rebounding lineages. Calculated reactivation rates per pre-ART pVL were highest for RMs starting ART on days 5, 6, and 7 after which the rate of accumulation of the RCVR markedly decreased for RMs treated on days 9 and 12, consistent with multiphasic establishment and near saturation of the RCVR within 2 weeks post infection. Taken together, these data highlight the heterogeneity of the RCVR between RMs, the stochastic establishment of the very early RCVR, and the saturability of the RCVR prior to peak viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Afam A. Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Taina T. Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emek Kose
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Conchas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mykola Pinkevych
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leslie Lipkey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Agatha Macairan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mike Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lorna Silipino
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derick Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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Del Prete G, Nag M, Immonen T, Fennessey C, Bosch W, Conchas A, Swanstrom A, Lifson J, Keele B, Macairan A, Oswald K, Fast R, Shoemaker R, Silipino L, Hull M, Donohue D, Malys T, Muthua G, Breed M, Kramer J. OP 2.4 – 00145 No Evidence of Ongoing Viral Replication in SIV-Infected Macaques on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Initiated in the Chronic Phase of Infection Despite Elevated Residual Plasma Viral Loads. J Virus Erad 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Brooun A, Bae J, Chen H, Li P, Lin B, Fagan P, Irimia A, Nevarez R, Zhang J, Chen P, Olaharski D, Chiang G, Vernier J, Shoemaker R. Non-clinical identification and characterization of KRAS G12D inhibitors. Eur J Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(22)00853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hansen SG, Hancock MH, Malouli D, Marshall EE, Hughes CM, Randall KT, Morrow D, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Selseth AN, Trethewy RE, Bishop LM, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Silipino L, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Axthelm MK, Smedley J, Shao D, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Früh K, Nelson JA, Picker LJ. Myeloid cell tropism enables MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cell priming and vaccine efficacy by the RhCMV/SIV vaccine. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn9301. [PMID: 35714200 PMCID: PMC9387538 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccine for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can stringently protect rhesus macaques (RMs) from SIV challenge by arresting viral replication early in primary infection. This vaccine elicits unconventional SIV-specific CD8+ T cells that recognize epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II and MHC-E instead of MHC-Ia. Although RhCMV/SIV vaccines based on strains that only elicit MHC-II- and/or MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells do not protect against SIV, it remains unclear whether MHC-E-restricted T cells are directly responsible for protection and whether these responses can be separated from the MHC-II-restricted component. Using host microRNA (miR)-mediated vector tropism restriction, we show that the priming of MHC-II and MHC-E epitope-targeted responses depended on vector infection of different nonoverlapping cell types in RMs. Selective inhibition of RhCMV infection in myeloid cells with miR-142-mediated tropism restriction eliminated MHC-E epitope-targeted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-II epitope-targeted response. Inhibition with the endothelial cell-selective miR-126 eliminated MHC-II epitope-targeted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-E epitope-targeted response. Dual miR-142 + miR-126-mediated tropism restriction reverted CD8+ T cell responses back to conventional MHC-Ia epitope targeting. Although the magnitude and differentiation state of these CD8+ T cell responses were generally similar, only the vectors programmed to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses provided protection against SIV challenge, directly demonstrating the essential role of these responses in RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Emily E. Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Renee Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Lindsey M Bishop
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lorna Silipino
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
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Hancock M, Hansen S, Malouli D, Marshall E, Hughes C, Randall KT, Morrow D, Ford J, Gilbride R, Selseth A, Trethewy RE, Bishop L, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche W, Hull M, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes J, Axthelm M, Smedley J, Shao D, Edlefsen P, Lifson J, Fruh K, Nelson J, Picker LJ. RhCMV/SIV tropism modulation programs unconventional CD8+ T cell priming and vaccine efficacy. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.64.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens demonstrate a vaccine efficacy where 50–60% of vaccinated rhesus macaques are protected from SIV challenge. Intriguingly, RhCMV/SIV vectors elicit CD8+ T cells recognizing epitopes presented by MHC-II and MHC-E instead of MHC-Ia. We are studying how these unconventional T cell responses are elicited and contribute to the efficacy against SIV challenge. Here we utilize host microRNA (miRNA)-mediated vector tropism restriction to show that MHC-II- and MHC-E-restricted responses are primed by directly infected, non-overlapping cell types in rhesus macaques. Targeting essential RhCMV genes with myeloid cell-selective miR-142-3p eliminated MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-II-restricted response, whereas endothelial cell-selective miR-126-3p targeting eliminated MHC-II-restricted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-E-restricted response. Incorporation of both restriction elements reverts CD8+ T cell responses back to conventional MHC-Ia restriction. Using these otherwise isogenic vectors we show that although they demonstrate similar overall immunogenicity, only the vectors programmed to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses provided protection against SIV challenge. The MHC-E-only RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy did not exceed that of the parental 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vectors (that elicits both MHC-II and MHC-E responses) indicating that while the MHC-II-restricted CD8+ T cell responses are neutral to overall vaccine efficacy, an additional component of 68-1 RhCMV/SIV-induced immunity contributes to overall vaccine efficacy.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) grants UM1 AI124377 and U19 AI128741 to LJP; the Oregon National Primate Research Center Core grant from the National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director (P51 OD011092); contracts from the National Cancer Institute (# HHSN261200800001E) to JDL; and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1107409.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Hancock
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Scott Hansen
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Daniel Malouli
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Emily Marshall
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Collette Hughes
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - David Morrow
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Julia Ford
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Roxanne Gilbride
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Andrea Selseth
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | - Lindsey Bishop
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Kelli Oswald
- 2AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- 2AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- 2AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - William Bosche
- 2AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Michael Hull
- 2AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | | | - Jacob Estes
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Michael Axthelm
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Danica Shao
- 3Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Ctr
| | - Paul Edlefsen
- 3Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Ctr
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- 2AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Klaus Fruh
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Jay Nelson
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Louis J Picker
- 1Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University
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6
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Barrenäs F, Hansen SG, Law L, Driscoll C, Green RR, Smith E, Chang J, Golez I, Urion T, Peng X, Whitmore L, Newhouse D, Hughes CM, Morrow D, Randall KT, Selseth AN, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Randall BE, Ainslie E, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Fast R, Bosche WJ, Axthelm MK, Fukazawa Y, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Fourati S, Sekaly RP, Lifson JD, Komorowski J, Kosmider E, Shao D, Song W, Edlefsen PT, Picker LJ, Gale M. Interleukin-15 response signature predicts RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009278. [PMID: 34228762 PMCID: PMC8284654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge of rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with strain 68–1 Rhesus Cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing SIV proteins (RhCMV/SIV) results in a binary outcome: stringent control and subsequent clearance of highly pathogenic SIV in ~55% of vaccinated RMs with no protection in the remaining 45%. Although previous work indicates that unconventionally restricted, SIV-specific, effector-memory (EM)-biased CD8+ T cell responses are necessary for efficacy, the magnitude of these responses does not predict efficacy, and the basis of protection vs. non-protection in 68–1 RhCMV/SIV vector-vaccinated RMs has not been elucidated. Here, we report that 68–1 RhCMV/SIV vector administration strikingly alters the whole blood transcriptome of vaccinated RMs, with the sustained induction of specific immune-related pathways, including immune cell, toll-like receptor (TLR), inflammasome/cell death, and interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, significantly correlating with subsequent vaccine efficacy. Treatment of a separate RM cohort with IL-15 confirmed the central involvement of this cytokine in the protection signature, linking the major innate and adaptive immune gene expression networks that correlate with RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. This change-from-baseline IL-15 response signature was also demonstrated to significantly correlate with vaccine efficacy in an independent validation cohort of vaccinated and challenged RMs. The differential IL-15 gene set response to vaccination strongly correlated with the pre-vaccination activity of this pathway, with reduced baseline expression of IL-15 response genes significantly correlating with higher vaccine-induced induction of IL-15 signaling and subsequent vaccine protection, suggesting that a robust de novo vaccine-induced IL-15 signaling response is needed to program vaccine efficacy. Thus, the RhCMV/SIV vaccine imparts a coordinated and persistent induction of innate and adaptive immune pathways featuring IL-15, a known regulator of CD8+ T cell function, that support the ability of vaccine-elicited unconventionally restricted CD8+ T cells to mediate protection against SIV challenge. SIV insert-expressing vaccine vectors based on strain 68–1 RhCMV elicit robust, highly effector-memory-biased, unconventionally restricted T cell responses that are associated with an unprecedented level of SIV control after challenge (replication arrest leading to clearance) in slightly over half of vaccinated monkeys. Since efficacy among monkeys vaccinated with the effective 68–1 vaccine is not predicted by standard measures of immunogenicity, we used functional genomics analysis of RhCMV/SIV vaccinated monkeys with known challenge outcomes to identify immune correlates of protection. We found that vaccine efficacy significantly correlates with a vaccine-induced response to IL-15 that includes modulation of immune cell, inflammation, TLR signaling, and cell death programming response pathways. These data suggest that RhCMV/SIV efficacy results from a coordinated and sustained vaccine-mediated induction of innate and adaptive immune pathways featuring IL-15, a known regulator of CD8+ effector-memory T cell function, that cooperates with vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells to mediate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Barrenäs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lynn Law
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Connor Driscoll
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Green
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elise Smith
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Inah Golez
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Taryn Urion
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xinxia Peng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leanne Whitmore
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bryan E. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ewelina Kosmider
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Song
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MG)
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LP); (MG)
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7
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Verweij MC, Hansen SG, Iyer R, John N, Malouli D, Morrow D, Scholz I, Womack J, Abdulhaqq S, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ford JC, Selseth AN, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Shao J, Sacha JB, Axthelm MK, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Früh K. Modulation of MHC-E transport by viral decoy ligands is required for RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. Science 2021; 372:eabe9233. [PMID: 33766941 PMCID: PMC8354429 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens elicit CD8+ T cells recognizing epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and MHC-E but not MHC-Ia. These immune responses mediate replication arrest of SIV in 50 to 60% of monkeys. We show that the peptide VMAPRTLLL (VL9) embedded within the RhCMV protein Rh67 promotes intracellular MHC-E transport and recognition of RhCMV-infected fibroblasts by MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells. Deletion or mutation of viral VL9 abrogated MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell priming, resulting in CD8+ T cell responses exclusively targeting MHC-II-restricted epitopes. These responses were comparable in magnitude and differentiation to responses elicited by 68-1 vectors but did not protect against SIV. Thus, Rh67-enabled direct priming of MHC-E-restricted T cells is crucial for RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ravi Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nessy John
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Isabel Scholz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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8
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Malouli D, Hansen SG, Hancock MH, Hughes CM, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Ventura AB, Morrow D, Randall KT, Taher H, Uebelhoer LS, McArdle MR, Papen CR, Espinosa Trethewy R, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Greene JM, Axthelm MK, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Grey F, Nelson JA, Lifson JD, Streblow D, Sacha JB, Früh K, Picker LJ. Cytomegaloviral determinants of CD8 + T cell programming and RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg5413. [PMID: 33766849 PMCID: PMC8244349 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) insert-expressing, 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV/SIV) vectors elicit major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E)- and MHC-II-restricted, SIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, but the basis of these unconventional responses and their contribution to demonstrated vaccine efficacy against SIV challenge in the rhesus monkeys (RMs) have not been characterized. We show that these unconventional responses resulted from a chance genetic rearrangement in 68-1 RhCMV that abrogated the function of eight distinct immunomodulatory gene products encoded in two RhCMV genomic regions (Rh157.5/Rh157.4 and Rh158-161), revealing three patterns of unconventional response inhibition. Differential repair of these genes with either RhCMV-derived or orthologous human CMV (HCMV)-derived sequences (UL128/UL130; UL146/UL147) leads to either of two distinct CD8+ T cell response types-MHC-Ia-restricted only or a mix of MHC-II- and MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. Response magnitude and functional differentiation are similar to RhCMV 68-1, but neither alternative response type mediated protection against SIV challenge. These findings implicate MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses as mediators of anti-SIV efficacy and indicate that translation of RhCMV/SIV vector efficacy to humans will likely require deletion of all genes that inhibit these responses from the HCMV/HIV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Meaghan H Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kurt T Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Luke S Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Matthew R McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Courtney R Papen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Renee Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Finn Grey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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9
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Swanstrom AE, Immonen TT, Oswald K, Pyle C, Thomas JA, Bosche WJ, Silipino L, Hull M, Newman L, Coalter V, Wiles A, Wiles R, Kiser J, Morcock DR, Shoemaker R, Fast R, Breed MW, Kramer J, Donohue D, Malys T, Fennessey CM, Trubey CM, Deleage C, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Keele BF, Del Prete GQ. Antibody-mediated depletion of viral reservoirs is limited in SIV-infected macaques treated early with antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142421. [PMID: 33465055 DOI: 10.1172/jci142421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of virus-specific strategies, including administered HIV-specific mAbs, to target cells that persistently harbor latent, rebound-competent HIV genomes during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been limited by inefficient induction of viral protein expression. To examine antibody-mediated viral reservoir targeting without a need for viral induction, we used an anti-CD4 mAb to deplete both infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells. Ten rhesus macaques infected with barcoded SIVmac239M received cART for 93 weeks starting 4 days after infection. During cART, 5 animals received 5 to 6 anti-CD4 antibody administrations and CD4+ T cell populations were then allowed 1 year on cART to recover. Despite profound CD4+ T cell depletion in blood and lymph nodes, time to viral rebound following cART cessation was not significantly delayed in anti-CD4-treated animals compared with controls. Viral reactivation rates, determined based on rebounding SIVmac239M clonotype proportions, also were not significantly different in CD4-depleted animals. Notably, antibody-mediated depletion was limited in rectal tissue and negligible in lymphoid follicles. These results suggest that, even if robust viral reactivation can be achieved, antibody-mediated viral reservoir depletion may be limited in key tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Duncan Donohue
- DMS Applied Information and Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Malys
- DMS Applied Information and Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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10
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Hansen SG, Marshall EE, Malouli D, Ventura AB, Hughes CM, Ainslie E, Ford JC, Morrow D, Gilbride RM, Bae JY, Legasse AW, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Womack J, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Reed JS, Burwitz BJ, Sacha JB, Axthelm MK, Früh K, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. A live-attenuated RhCMV/SIV vaccine shows long-term efficacy against heterologous SIV challenge. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/501/eaaw2607. [PMID: 31316007 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that strain 68-1-derived rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) proteins (RhCMV/SIV) are able to elicit and maintain cellular immune responses that provide protection against mucosal challenge of highly pathogenic SIV in rhesus monkeys (RMs). However, these efficacious RhCMV/SIV vectors were replication and spread competent and therefore have the potential to cause disease in immunocompromised subjects. To develop a safer CMV-based vaccine for clinical use, we attenuated 68-1 RhCMV/SIV vectors by deletion of the Rh110 gene encoding the pp71 tegument protein (ΔRh110), allowing for suppression of lytic gene expression. ΔRh110 RhCMV/SIV vectors are highly spread deficient in vivo (~1000-fold compared to the parent vector) yet are still able to superinfect RhCMV+ RMs and generate high-frequency effector-memory-biased T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that ΔRh110 68-1 RhCMV/SIV-expressing homologous or heterologous SIV antigens are highly efficacious against intravaginal (IVag) SIVmac239 challenge, providing control and progressive clearance of SIV infection in 59% of vaccinated RMs. Moreover, among 12 ΔRh110 RhCMV/SIV-vaccinated RMs that controlled and progressively cleared an initial SIV challenge, 9 were able to stringently control a second SIV challenge ~3 years after last vaccination, demonstrating the durability of this vaccine. Thus, ΔRh110 RhCMV/SIV vectors have a safety and efficacy profile that warrants adaptation and clinical evaluation of corresponding HCMV vectors as a prophylactic HIV/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emily E Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jin Y Bae
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ben J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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11
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Swanstrom AE, Gorelick RJ, Wu G, Howell B, Vijayagopalan A, Shoemaker R, Oswald K, Datta SA, Keele BF, Del Prete GQ, Chertova E, Bess JW, Lifson JD. Ultrasensitive Immunoassay for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus p27 CA. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:993-1001. [PMID: 29869527 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although effective for suppressing viral replication, combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) does not represent definitive therapy for HIV infection due to persistence of replication-competent viral reservoirs. The advent of effective cART regimens for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates (NHP) has enabled the development of relevant models for studying viral reservoirs and intervention strategies targeting them. Viral reservoir measurements are crucial for such studies but are problematic. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays overestimate the size of the replication competent viral reservoir, as not all detected viral genomes are intact. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays measure replication competence, but they suffer from limited precision and dynamic range, and require large numbers of cells. Ex vivo virus induction assays to detect cells harboring inducible virus represent an experimental middle ground, but detection of inducible viral RNA in such assays does not necessarily indicate production of virions, while detection of more immunologically relevant viral proteins, including p27CA, by conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) lacks sensitivity. An ultrasensitive digital SIV Gag p27 assay was developed, which is 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional ELISA. In ex vivo virus induction assays, the quantification of SIV Gag p27 produced by stimulated CD4+ T cells from rhesus macaques receiving cART enabled earlier and more sensitive detection than conventional ELISA-based approaches and was highly correlated with SIV RNA, as measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. This ultrasensitive p27 assay provides a new tool to assess ongoing replication and reactivation of infectious virus from reservoirs in SIV-infected NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E. Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Anitha Vijayagopalan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Siddhartha A. Datta
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Julian W. Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
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12
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Hansen SG, Piatak M, Ventura AB, Hughes CM, Gilbride RM, Ford JC, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Li Y, Lewis MS, Gilliam AN, Xu G, Whizin N, Burwitz BJ, Planer SL, Turner JM, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Nelson JA, Früh K, Sacha JB, Estes JD, Keele BF, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. Addendum: Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection. Nature 2017. [PMID: 28636599 DOI: 10.1038/nature22984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nature12519.
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13
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Martin L, Walsh C, Uryu S, Joseph J, Franovic A, Schairer A, Patel R, Shoemaker R, Diliberto A, Murphy D, Christiansen J, Oliver J, Kowack E, Multani P, Li G. RXDX-105 demonstrates anti-tumor efficacy in multiple preclinical cancer models driven by molecular alterations in RET or BRAF oncogenes. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Wei G, Patel R, Walsh C, Barrera M, Fagan P, Murphy D, Christiansen J, Shoemaker R, Hornby Z, Li G. Entrectinib, a highly potent pan-Trk, ROS1, and ALK inhibitor, has broad-spectrum, histology-agnostic anti-tumor activity in molecularly defined cancers. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Jacob C, Roth G, Flanders J, Jackson C, Park-Davidson C, Grubrova T, Guynn J, Shoemaker R, Goldberg R, Chehayl C. Experiences with Counselor Training in Central Europe: Voices from Student Trainees. Int J Adv Counselling 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-016-9281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Christiansen J, Siena S, Valtorta E, Johnson A, Murphy D, Shoemaker R, Lamoureux J, Luo D, Patel R, Hornby Z, Multani P, Maneval EC, Duca M, Debraud F. Improved efficacy response attributed to diagnostic selection – Interim results of the phase 1 experience from ALKA-372-001. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw363.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Kudlow B, Haimes J, Bessette M, Manoj N, Griffin L, Murphy D, Shoemaker R, Myers J, Stahl J. Genetic aberrations driving MET deregulation detected with anchored multiplex PCR and next-generation sequencing. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw380.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Fukazawa Y, Lum R, Okoye AA, Park H, Matsuda K, Bae JY, Hagen SI, Shoemaker R, Deleage C, Lucero C, Morcock D, Swanson T, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Hesselgesser J, Geleziunas R, Hirsch VM, Edlefsen PT, Piatak M, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. B cell follicle sanctuary permits persistent productive simian immunodeficiency virus infection in elite controllers. Nat Med 2015; 21:132-9. [PMID: 25599132 PMCID: PMC4320022 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic-phase HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication is reduced by as much as 10,000-fold in elite controllers (ECs) compared with typical progressors (TPs), but sufficient viral replication persists in EC tissues to allow viral sequence evolution and induce excess immune activation. Here we show that productive SIV infection in rhesus monkey ECs, but not TPs, is markedly restricted to CD4(+) follicular helper T (TFH) cells, suggesting that these EC monkeys' highly effective SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells can effectively clear productive SIV infection from extrafollicular sites, but their relative exclusion from B cell follicles prevents their elimination of productively infected TFH cells. CD8(+) lymphocyte depletion in EC monkeys resulted in a dramatic re-distribution of productive SIV infection to non-TFH cells, with restriction of productive infection to TFH cells resuming upon CD8(+) T cell recovery. Thus, B cell follicles constitute 'sanctuaries' for persistent SIV replication in the presence of potent anti-viral CD8(+) T cell responses, potentially complicating efforts to cure HIV infection with therapeutic vaccination or T cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Fukazawa
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard Lum
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Afam A Okoye
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Kenta Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin Young Bae
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Shoko I Hagen
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carissa Lucero
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David Morcock
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tonya Swanson
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- 1] Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA. [2] Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health &Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Murphy D, Ely H, Patel R, Wei G, Diliberto A, Shoemaker R, Christiansen J. 436 Monitoring activity of RXDX-101 in Phase 1/2 patients using a pharmacodynamic assay for TrkA activation. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hansen SG, Piatak M, Ventura AB, Hughes CM, Gilbride RM, Ford JC, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Li Y, Lewis MS, Gilliam AN, Xu G, Whizin N, Burwitz BJ, Planer SL, Turner JM, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Nelson JA, Früh K, Sacha JB, Estes JD, Keele BF, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. Correction: Corrigendum: Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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van Steenbergen H, Luijk R, Heijmans B, Huizinga T, Shoemaker R, van der Helm-van Mil A. OP0194 Dna Methylation in Relation to Arthritis Persistency: an Epigenome Wide-Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Shoemaker R, Balaschak M, Alexander M, Boyd M. Therapeutic activity of 9-chloro-2-methylellipticinium acetate in an orthotopic model of human brain cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 2:663-7. [PMID: 21597795 DOI: 10.3892/or.2.4.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ellipticinium derivatives with selective cytotoxicity towards brain tumor cell lines has been identified through in vitro screening against disease-oriented panels of human tumor cell lines. Unfortunately 9-methoxy-2-methylellipticinium, the lead compound of this series, has shown only very limited evidence for in vivo activity when examined in a variety of human tumor xenograft models. This lack of activity has been postulated to be due to metabolism. To address this issue, a derivative was synthesized which was blocked at the theoretically vulnerable 9-position and yet could be shown to retain brain tumor selectivity in vitro. In vivo xenograft testing was performed to assess the therapeutic potential of this second generation compound. To maintain continuity with the in vitro screening data, in vivo experimental therapeutic models were devised employing one of the in vitro sensitive cell lines, the U-251 glioblastoma. Cells were cultivated in vitro and injected into female athymic nude mice for therapeutic studies. The 9-chloro-derivative of the lead compound produced growth delay of subcutaneously implanted tumor cells when. administered by seven-day continuous infusion. Based on this evidence for activity in a systemic chemotherapy mode, further studies were conducted using an orthotopic brain cancer model. In three separate experiments, intracranial implantation of 1x10(7) tumor cells resulted in 100% mortality of control mice with median survival ranging from 15-18.5 days. In all experiments, mice treated by subcutaneous infusion with 9-chloro-2-methylellipticinium acetate showed increases in survival. Statistically significant effects and individual long-term survivors were observed in two experiments; These results provide support for the further preclinical development of 9-chloro-2-methylellipticinium acetate as a candidate for clinical trials against human brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shoemaker
- NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,PROGRAM RESOURCES INC DYNCORP,FREDERICK,MD 21702
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Shelly T, Nishimoto J, Diaz A, Leathers J, War M, Shoemaker R, Al-Zubaidy M, Joseph D. Capture probability of released males of two Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in detection traps in California. J Econ Entomol 2010; 103:2042-2051. [PMID: 21309224 DOI: 10.1603/ec10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) includes approximately 70 polyphagous species that are major pests of fruit and vegetable crops. Most Bactrocera species have limited geographic distributions, but several species are invasive, and many countries operate continuous trapping programs to detect infestations. In the United States, California maintains approximately 25,000 traps (baited with male lures) specifically for Bactrocera detection distributed over an area of approximately 6,400 km2 (2,500 miles2) in the Los Angeles area. Although prior studies have used male lures to describe movement of Bactrocera males, they do not explicitly relate capture probability with fly distance from lure-baited traps; consequently, they do not address the relative effectiveness of male lures in detecting incipient populations of Bactrocera species. The objective of this study was to measure the distance-dependent capture probability of marked, released males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (methyl eugenol- and cue lure-responding species, respectively) within the detection trapping grid operating in southern California. These data were then used to compute simple probability estimates for detecting populations of different sizes of the two species. Methyl eugenol was the more powerful attractant, and based on the mark-recapture data, we estimated that B. dorsalis populations with as few as approximately 50 males would always (>99.9%) be detected using the current trap density of five methyl eugenol-baited traps per 2.6 km2 (1 mile2). By contrast, we estimated that certain detection of B. cucurbitae populations would not occur until these contained approximately 350 males. The implications of the results for the California trapping system are discussed, and the findings are compared with mark-release-recapture data obtained for the same two species in Hawaii.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shelly
- USDA-APHIS, 41-650 Ahiki St., Waimanalo, HI 96795, USA.
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Monks A, Reifsnider N, Shoemaker R, Cardellina J, Baker B. 515 POSTER Transcriptional profiling of palmerolide A, a putative inhibitor of V-ATPase, indicates perturbation of cholesterol biosynthesis. EJC Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(06)70520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Bhattacharyya MK, Narayanan NN, Gao H, Santra DK, Salimath SS, Kasuga T, Liu Y, Espinosa B, Ellison L, Marek L, Shoemaker R, Gijzen M, Buzzell RI. Identification of a large cluster of coiled coil-nucleotide binding site--leucine rich repeat-type genes from the Rps1 region containing Phytophthora resistance genes in soybean. Theor Appl Genet 2005; 111:75-86. [PMID: 15841357 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-1993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen Rps genes confer resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae, which causes root and stem rot disease in soybean. We have isolated a disease resistance gene-like sequence from the genomic region containing Rps1-k. Four classes of cDNA of the sequence were isolated from etiolated hypocotyl tissues that express the Rps1-k-encoded Phytophthora resistance. Sequence analyses of a cDNA clone showed that the sequence is a member of the coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR)-type of disease resistance genes. It showed 36% identity to the recently cloned soybean resistance gene Rpg1-b, which confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, and 56% and 38% sequence identity to putative resistance gene sequences from lotus and Medicago truncatula, respectively. The soybean genome contains about 38 copies of the sequence. Most of these copies are clustered in approximately 600 kb of contiguous DNA of the Rps1-k region. We have identified a recombinant that carries both rps1-k- and Rps1-k-haplotype-specific allelomorphs of two Rps1-k-linked molecular markers. An unequal crossover event presumably led to duplication of alleles for these two physically linked molecular markers. We hypothesize that the unequal crossing over was one of the mechanisms involved in tandem duplication of CC-NBS-LRR sequences in the Rps1-k region.
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Castration is one of the most common routine surgical procedures performed in the horse, from which a number of potential complications can arise. We undertook a prospective evaluation of short-term complications associated with castration of draught colts over a 3-year period (1998-2000). OBJECTIVES To compare castration complications in a large number of draught foals with previously published literature. METHODS Five hundred and sixty-eight draught colts, age 4 or 5 months, were castrated in field conditions. Foals were observed for complications for 24 h post operatively. RESULTS There was no significant difference in complication rates between open and closed surgical techniques. Inguinal/scrotal hernia rate was 4.6% (26/568) prior to surgery, and evisceration of the small intestine occurred in 4.8% (27/568). Foals observed to eviscerate underwent immediate surgical correction with an overall survival rate of 72.2% (13/18). Omental herniation was seen in 2.8% (16/568) of colts. CONCLUSIONS This study showed no difference between the closed and open techniques of castration and the rate of omental herniation or evisceration. The evisceration rate in combination with the omental and presurgical herniation rates approached 12.2%, which is high enough to warrant further examination. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Future investigation should help to assess predisposing factors for evisceration. Regardless of the technique employed, herniation appears to pose a significant risk to draught foals undergoing castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shoemaker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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27
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Rapisarda A, Uranchimeg B, Hollingshead M, Zalek J, Bonomi C, Borgel S, Carter J, Shoemaker R, Melillo G. 327 Schedule-dependent inhibition of HIF-1alpha protein accumulation, angiogenesis and tumor growth by topotecan in U251 glioblastoma xenografts. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Hollingshead MG, Bonomi CA, Borgel SD, Carter JP, Shoemaker R, Melillo G, Sausville EA. A potential role for imaging technology in anticancer efficacy evaluations. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:890-8. [PMID: 15120044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2003.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of imaging methods suitable for rodents offers opportunities for new anticancer efficacy models. Traditional models do not provide the level of sensitivity afforded by these precise and quantitative techniques. Bioluminescent endpoints, now feasible because of sensitive charge-coupled device cameras, can be non-invasively detected in live animals. Currently, the most common luminescence endpoint is firefly luciferase, which, in the presence of O(2) and ATP, catalyses the cleavage of the substrate luciferin and results in the emission of a photon of light. In vivo implantation of tumour cells transfected with the luciferase gene allows sequential monitoring of tumour growth within the viscera by measuring these photon signals. Furthermore, tumour cell lines containing the luciferase gene transcribed from an inducible promoter offer opportunities to study molecular-target modulation without the need for ex vivo evaluations of serial tumour samples. In conjunction with this, transgenic mice bearing a luciferase reporter mechanism can be used to monitor the tumour microenvironment as well as to signal when transforming events occur. This technology has the potential to reshape the efficacy evaluations and drug-testing algorithms of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hollingshead
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hornby JM, Jensen EC, Lisec AD, Tasto JJ, Jahnke B, Shoemaker R, Dussault P, Nickerson KW. Quorum sensing in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is mediated by farnesol. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2982-92. [PMID: 11425711 PMCID: PMC92970 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.7.2982-2992.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inoculum size effect in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans results from production of an extracellular quorum-sensing molecule (QSM). This molecule prevents mycelial development in both a growth morphology assay and a differentiation assay using three chemically distinct triggers for germ tube formation (GTF): L-proline, N-acetylglucosamine, and serum (either pig or fetal bovine). In all cases, the presence of QSM prevents the yeast-to-mycelium conversion, resulting in actively budding yeasts without influencing cellular growth rates. QSM exhibits general cross-reactivity within C. albicans in that supernatants from strain A72 are active on five other strains of C. albicans and vice versa. The QSM excreted by C. albicans is farnesol (C(15)H(26)O; molecular weight, 222.37). QSM is extracellular, and is produced continuously during growth and over a temperature range from 23 to 43 degrees C, in amounts roughly proportional to the CFU/milliliter. Production is not dependent on the type of carbon source nor nitrogen source or on the chemical nature of the growth medium. Both commercial mixed isomer and (E,E)-farnesol exhibited QSM activity (the ability to prevent GTF) at a level sufficient to account for all the QSM activity present in C. albicans supernatants, i.e., 50% GTF at ca. 30 to 35 microM. Nerolidol was ca. two times less active than farnesol. Neither geraniol (C(10)), geranylgeraniol (C(20)), nor farnesyl pyrophosphate had any QSM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hornby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA
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31
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Kabil O, Toaka S, LoBrutto R, Shoemaker R, Banerjee R. Pyridoxal phosphate binding sites are similar in human heme-dependent and yeast heme-independent cystathionine beta-synthases. Evidence from 31P NMR and pulsed EPR spectroscopy that heme and PLP cofactors are not proximal in the human enzyme. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19350-5. [PMID: 11278994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100029200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two classes of cystathionine beta-synthases have been identified in eukaryotes, the heme-independent enzyme found in yeast and the heme-dependent form found in mammals. Both classes of enzymes catalyze a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent condensation of serine and homocysteine to produce cystathionine. The role of the heme in the human enzyme and its location relative to the PLP in the active site are unknown. (31)P NMR spectroscopy revealed that spin-lattice relaxation rates of the phosphorus nucleus in PLP are similar in both the paramagnetic ferric (T(1) = 6.34 +/- 0.01 s) and the diamagnetic ferrous (T(1) = 5.04 +/- 0.06 s) enzyme, suggesting that the two cofactors are not proximal to each other. This is also supported by pulsed EPR studies that do not provide any evidence for strong or weak coupling between the phosphorus nucleus and the ferric iron. However, the (31)P signal in the reduced enzyme moved from 5.4 to 2.2 ppm, and the line width decreased from 73 to 16 Hz, providing the first structural evidence for transmission to the active site of an oxidation state change in the heme pocket. These results are consistent with a regulatory role for the heme as suggested by previous biochemical studies from our laboratory. The (31)P chemical shifts of the resting forms of the yeast and human enzymes are similar, suggesting that despite the difference in their heme content, the microenvironment of the PLP is similar in the two enzymes. The addition of the substrate, serine, resulted in an upfield shift of the phosphorus resonance in both enzymes, signaling formation of reaction intermediates. The resting enzyme spectra were recovered following addition of excess homocysteine, indicating that both enzymes retained catalytic activity during the course of the NMR experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kabil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664, USA
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Vaghchhipawala Z, Bassüner R, Clayton K, Lewers K, Shoemaker R, Mackenzie S. Modulations in gene expression and mapping of genes associated with cyst nematode infection of soybean. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2001; 14:42-54. [PMID: 11194870 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the soybean root by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) induces a well-documented, yet poorly understood, response by the host plant. The plant response, involving the differentiation of a feeding structure, or "syncytium," facilitates the feeding and reproduction of the nematode to the detriment of the host. We used a genetic system involving a single dominant soybean gene conferring susceptibility to an inbred nematode strain, VL1, to characterize the nematode-host interaction in susceptible line PI 89008. The restriction fragment length polymorphism marker pB053, shown to map to a major SCN resistance locus, cosegregates with resistance among F2 progeny from the PI 89008 x PI 88287 cross. Cytological examination of the infection process confirmed that syncytium development in this genetic system is similar to that reported by others who used noninbred nematode lines. Our study of infected root tissue in the susceptible line PI 89008 revealed a number of genes enhanced in expression. Among these are catalase, cyclin, elongation factor 1alpha, beta-1,3-endoglucanase, hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, heat shock protein 70, late embryonic abundant protein 14, and formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthase, all of which we have genetically positioned on the public linkage map of soybean. Formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthase was found to be tightly linked with a major quantitative trait locus for SCN resistance. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by others that feeding site development involves the dramatic modulation of gene expression relative to surrounding root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Vaghchhipawala
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Mikovits J, Ruscetti F, Zhu W, Bagni R, Dorjsuren D, Shoemaker R. Potential cellular signatures of viral infections in human hematopoietic cells. Dis Markers 2001; 17:173-8. [PMID: 11790884 PMCID: PMC3850588 DOI: 10.1155/2001/896953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression profiling of cellular genes was performed using a 10,000 cDNA human gene array in order to identify expression changes following chronic infection of human hematopoietic cells with Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Virus (KSHV) also known as Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) and Human T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1). We performed cell-free in vitro infection of primary bone marrow derived CD34+ cells using semi-purified HHV8 and a mature IL-2 dependent T cell line, KIT 225, using highly concentrated viral stocks prepared from an infectious molecular clone of HTLV-1. Thirty days post infection, mRNA was isolated from infected cultures and uninfected controls and submitted for microarray analysis. More than 400 genes were differentially expressed more than two-fold following HHV8 infection of primary bone marrow derived CD34+ cells. Of these 400, interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), cyclin B2, TBP-associated factor, eukaryotic elongation factor and pim 2 were up-regulated more than 3.5 fold. In contrast, less than 100 genes were differentially expressed more than two-fold following chronic infection of a mature T cell line with HTLV-1. Of these, only cdc7 was up-regulated more than 3.5 fold. These data may provide insight into cellular signatures of infection useful for diagnosis of infection as well as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikovits
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, SAIC Frederick, NCI-FCRDC, PO Box B, Bldg. 439, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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35
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Chen Z, Ilarslan H, Palmer R, Shoemaker R. Development of protein bodies and accumulation of carbohydrates in a soybean (Leguminosae) shriveled seed mutant. Am J Bot 1998; 85:492. [PMID: 21684931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The soybean seed mutant T311, when grown under specific environmental conditions, produces shriveled seed. This research investigated changes in development of protein bodies and accumulation of carbohydrates during seed development by comparing the mutant with P2180 seeds. The shriveled seeds contained larger protein bodies but fewer protein bodies per cell than round seeds. Protein bodies in T311 seeds included more dispersed crystals and less globoid regions than P2180 seeds. The elemental compositions of the crystals and of whole seeds in T311 were different from that in P2180 seeds. Starch breakdown was reduced with concomitant lower soluble sugar content in T311 seeds after the D11 stage (10.0-11.9 mm long seeds). The reduced starch breakdown and lowered soluble sugar content were consistent with lower a-amylase activity and earlier and greater water loss in T311 seeds. Changes in development of protein bodies and accumulation of carbohydrates were associated with the development of the shriveled seeds.
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Shoemaker R. Treatment of persistent Pfiesteria-human illness syndrome. Md Med J 1998; 47:64-6. [PMID: 9524412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with exposure to Pfiesteria toxin have developed an illness, Pfiesteria-human illness syndrome, characterized by skin lesions, headache, myalgias, conjunctival irritation, bronchospasm, abdominal pain, secretory diarrhea, recent memory loss, and difficulties with number sequencing. Not all patients demonstrated all features of the syndrome. The natural history of Pfiesteria-human illness syndrome shows that most patients' symptoms improve without treatment. This article reports the improvement of symptoms that had persisted for over one month in five patients, which the author attributes to treatment with cholestyramine. These patients were self-referred to the Pocomoke River Rash and Associated Illness Center, a clinic that opened on August 6, 1997, in response to the need for a central facility for diagnosis of human illness acquired from Pfiesteria. Until the Pfiesteria toxin(s) is isolated and characterized, and laboratory diagnostic tests are available, physicians must be able to recognize Pfiesteria-human illness syndrome and intervene when symptoms, particularly memory loss and diarrhea, cause significant impairment in daily activities. There are no precedents for the treatment of Pfiesteria or any dinoflagellate toxin-related human illness reported in the literature. The successful use of cholestyramine reported here may provide a model for understanding dinoflagellate toxin physiology in the human body. This paper reports an uncontrolled observational study. When identification of the toxin is completed, a basis for properly controlled studies will be available.
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37
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Peters A, Smythe A, Wu L, Monks A, Boyd M, Shoemaker R. Levels of messenger-RNA coding for DNA topoisomerase-ii isoforms do not correlate with in-vitro drug-sensitivity. Oncol Rep 1994; 1:907-11. [PMID: 21607464 DOI: 10.3892/or.1.5.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cellular levels of mRNA coding for DNA topoisomerase II, both the alpha and beta isoforms, and in vitro sensitivity to anticancer drugs were evaluated. Using a sensitive RNA-polymerase chain reaction technique, the levels of mRNA coding for the alpha and beta isoforms of topoisomerase II were estimated relative to beta-actin mRNA. A relatively narrow range of expression was observed across a broad range of approximately 60 human tumor cell lines representing eight major histological types which have been characterized in detail with respect to their in vitro sensitivity to standard anticancer drugs. No significant correlations were observed between mRNA level and cellular response to drugs thought to inhibit topoisomerase II or any of the other drugs studied. These results suggest that predictive tests for response to topoisomerase II-related drugs can not be based on estimation of levels of mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peters
- NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,DIV CANC TREATMENT,DEV THERAPEUT PROGRAM,FREDERICK,MD 21702. NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,PROGRAM RESOURCES INC DYNCORP,FREDERICK,MD 21702
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38
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Johnson BE, Parker R, Tsai CM, Baltz J, Miller MJ, Shoemaker R, Phelps R, Bastian A, Stocker J, Phares J. Phase I trial of dihydrolenperone in lung cancer patients: a novel compound with in vitro activity against lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 1993; 11:29-37. [PMID: 8349433 DOI: 10.1007/bf00873907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor activity of the butyrophenone dihydrolenperone in non-small cell lung cancer was initially suggested by in vitro screening against tumor cells derived from fresh surgical samples using the human tumor colony-forming assay. We have completed a directed phase I trial in patients with lung cancer. Thirty-two patients with lung cancer have completed 25 courses of therapy at doses of 10 to 60 mg/square meter orally on a twice daily schedule. Twenty-three men and 9 women with a median age of 55 (range 24-69) were entered. Twenty-four were performance status 0 or 1 and 8 were 2. The maximum tolerated dose was 50 mg/square meter orally twice daily and the dose limiting toxicity was somnolence. Of the 32 patients, 18 developed symptomatic hypotension (grade 1 or 2). There was no significant hematologic, renal, or hepatic toxicity. In vitro drug testing using the MTT [3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (thiazolyl blue)] assay confirmed 50% inhibition of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer cell line growth at 70-450 micromolar concentrations. Plasma dihydrolenperone levels were at least 75-fold less than levels at which in vitro activity was observed. We conclude: 1) the maximum tolerated dose in our study is 50 mg/square meter orally twice daily, 2) the dose-limiting side effect of dihydrolenperone is somnolence, and 3) the concentrations of dihydrolenperone observed in plasma are significantly lower than those associated with in vitro activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Johnson
- National Cancer Institute-Navy Medical Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105
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39
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Matalon S, Kirk KL, Bubien JK, Oh Y, Hu P, Yue G, Shoemaker R, Cragoe EJ, Benos DJ. Immunocytochemical and functional characterization of Na+ conductance in adult alveolar pneumocytes. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:C1228-38. [PMID: 1375433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.5.c1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document the existence, assess the spatial localization, and characterize some of the transport properties of proteins antigenically related to epithelial Na+ channels in freshly isolated rabbit and rat alveolar type II (ATII) cells. ATII cells, isolated by elastase digestion of lung tissue and purified by density-gradient centrifugation, were incubated with polyclonal antibodies raised against Na+ channel protein purified from beef kidney papilla (NaAb), followed by a secondary antibody (goat antirabbit immunoglobulin G conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate). Rat ATII cells exhibited specific staining with NaAb at the level of the plasma membrane, which, in most cells, colocalized with that of the lectin Maclura pomiferra agglutinin, an apical surface marker. In Western blots, NaAb specifically recognized a 135 +/- 10-kDa protein in rat ATII membrane vesicles. When patch clamped in the whole cell mode using symmetrical solutions (150 mM Na+ glutamate), ATII cells exhibited outwardly rectified Na+ currents that were diminished by amiloride (10-100 microM) instilled into the bath solution. Ion substitution studies showed that the conductive pathways were three times more permeable to Na+ than K+. Amiloride, benzamil, and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-2',4'-amiloride were equally effective in diminishing 22Na+ flux into rabbit and rat ATII cells (45% inhibition at 100 microM, with IC50 of approximately 1 microM for all inhibitors). Tetraethylammonium chloride (10 mM) or BaCl2 (2 mM), well-known K+ channel blockers, had no effect on 22Na+ uptake. These results indicate that ATII cells express an amiloride-sensitive Na+ conductance, probably a channel, with a lower affinity for amiloride and its structural analogues than the well-established amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels found in bovine renal papila and cultured amphibian A6 kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35233
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40
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Licht T, Fiebig HH, Bross KJ, Herrmann F, Berger DP, Shoemaker R, Mertelsmann R. Induction of multiple-drug resistance during anti-neoplastic chemotherapy in vitro. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:630-7. [PMID: 1917165 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910490427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Induction of P-glycoprotein-related multi-drug-resistance (MDR) has been shown in normal and malignant tissues to result from environmental stresses such as heat shock, exposure to carcinogens or X-ray irradiation. To identify conditions under which MDR is enhanced during anti-neoplastic chemotherapy, a cell line showing low-level intrinsic MDR was investigated. In the pleural mesothelioma cell line, PXF1118, less than 1% of cells expressed P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as shown by immunocytochemical staining with monoclonal antibody (MAb) MRK16. Exposure of PXF1118 to vincristine, vindesine, vinblastine or doxorubicin for 2-3 weeks led to an increase in the MDR cell fraction of up to 15-28% during 2 to 3 weeks. For doxorubicin and vindesine, dose-dependence was observed: drug concentrations not capable of eliciting cytotoxicity failed to induce significant P-gp expression. Nutrient starvation in aging medium, exposure to activated cyclophosphamide (even at high concentrations) or cisplatin caused only negligible MDR induction. After exposure to vindesine for 6 weeks, tumor colonies exhibited highly enhanced resistance to Vinca alkaloids, doxorubicin, etoposide and dacarbacine, whereas their sensitivity to mitomycin, activated cyclophosphamide or cisplatin remained unchanged. As determined by [3H]-thymidine uptake and proliferation antigen expression, induction of MDR phenotype was observed at minimal proliferative activity with no change in cell count during exposure to anti-cancer drugs, thus suggesting that the drug treatments changed the phenotype of the cells rather than selecting for a resistant sub-population. In addition, changes in cell differentiation were observed during MDR induction. Induction of P-gp during exposure to anti-cancer drugs thus provides a model for MDR development during initially successful chemotherapy. of P-gp during exposure to anti-cancer drugs thus provides
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Affiliation(s)
- T Licht
- University of Freiburg, Department of Internal Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Germany
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41
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Landau-Ellis D, Angermüller S, Shoemaker R, Gresshoff PM. The genetic locus controlling supernodulation in soybean (Glycine max L.) co-segregates tightly with a cloned molecular marker. Mol Gen Genet 1991; 228:221-6. [PMID: 1679527 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic locus (nts) controlling nitrate-tolerant nodulation, supernodulation, and diminished autoregulation of nodulation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) was mapped tightly to the pA-132 molecular marker using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) detected by subclone pUTG-132a. The nts (nitrate-tolerant symbiotic) locus of soybean was previously detected after its inactivation by chemical mutagenesis. Mutant plant lines were characterized by abundant nodulation (supernodulation) and tolerance to the inhibitory effects of nitrate on nodule cell proliferation and nitrogen fixation. The large number of RFLPs between G. max line nts382 (homozygous for the recessive nts allele) and the more primitive soybean G. soja (PI468.397) allowed the detection of co-segregation of several diagnostic markers with the supernodulation locus in F2 families. We located the nts locus on the tentative RFLP linkage group E about 10 cM distal to pA-36 and directly next to marker pA-132. This very close linkage of the molecular marker and the nts locus may allow the application of this clone as a diagnostic probe in breeding programs as well as an entry point for the isolation of the nts gene.
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Monks A, Scudiero D, Skehan P, Shoemaker R, Paull K, Vistica D, Hose C, Langley J, Cronise P, Vaigro-Wolff A. Feasibility of a high-flux anticancer drug screen using a diverse panel of cultured human tumor cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83:757-66. [PMID: 2041050 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/83.11.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2350] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the development and implementation of a pilot-scale, in vitro, anticancer drug screen utilizing a panel of 60 human tumor cell lines organized into subpanels representing leukemia, melanoma, and cancers of the lung, colon, kidney, ovary, and central nervous system. The ultimate goal of this disease-oriented screen is to facilitate the discovery of new compounds with potential cell line-specific and/or subpanel-specific antitumor activity. In the current screening protocol, each cell line is inoculated onto microtiter plates, then preincubated for 24-28 hours. Subsequently, test agents are added in five 10-fold dilutions and the culture is incubated for an additional 48 hours. For each test agent, a dose-response profile is generated. End-point determinations of the cell viability or cell growth are performed by in situ fixation of cells, followed by staining with a protein-binding dye, sulforhodamine B (SRB). The SRB binds to the basic amino acids of cellular macromolecules; the solubilized stain is measured spectrophotometrically to determine relative cell growth or viability in treated and untreated cells. Following the pilot screening studies, a screening rate of 400 compounds per week has been consistently achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monks
- NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21701-1013
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43
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McMahon J, Schmid S, Weislow O, Stinson S, Camalier R, Gulakowski R, Shoemaker R, Kiser R, Dykes D, Harrison S. Feasibility of cellular microencapsulation technology for evaluation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82:1761-5. [PMID: 2231771 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/82.22.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of micro-encapsulation technology for the evaluation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs in vivo. The ability to place human cells in microcapsules with semipermeable membranes for implantation into test animals led to the development of this assay. The anti-HIV activity assay involves microencapsulating human T-lymphoblastoid cells sensitive to the cytopathic effects of HIV; the encapsulated cells are then implanted into athymic nude mice and recovered after drug treatment in vivo. A positive antiviral effect of the test substance is indicated by growth or survival of the virus-infected cells in the microcapsules. Several HIV-sensitive cell lines of T-lymphocyte, monocyte, and nonlymphocyte origin were examined for growth in microcapsules in vitro and in vivo. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the capsules and the human cells contained therein revealed the invasion of mouse immune cells and other adverse effects that could not be overcome by any of numerous technical modifications attempted. We conclude that cellular microencapsulation technology is not feasible for in vivo drug-testing protocols because of immunogenic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McMahon
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21701-1013
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Abstract
In a machine vision system for the diagnostic assessment of histopathologic sections, human diagnostic knowledge and human ability to recognize components in a complex image need to be emulated. This is attempted by three integrated expert systems, supported by a multiprocessor computer with data-driven, dynamically reconfigurable architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Bartels
- Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson
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45
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Vickers PJ, Dickson RB, Shoemaker R, Cowan KH. A multidrug-resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line which exhibits cross-resistance to antiestrogens and hormone-independent tumor growth in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 1988; 2:886-92. [PMID: 3185565 DOI: 10.1210/mend-2-10-886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MCF-7 human breast cancer cells provide a useful in vitro model system to study hormone-responsive breast cancer as they contain receptors for estrogen and progesterone, and estrogen both induces the synthesis of specific proteins in these cells and increases their rate of proliferation. An MCF-7 cell line which was selected for resistance to adriamycin (MCF-7/AdrR) exhibits the phenotype of multidrug resistance (MDR), and displays multiple biochemical changes. MDR in MCF-7/AdrR is also associated with a loss of mitogenic response to estrogen and the development of cross-resistance to the antiestrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen. In addition, while the parental MCF-7 cell line responds to estrogen with increased levels of progesterone receptors and the secretion of specific proteins, these estrogen responses are lost in MCF-7/AdrR. Furthermore, while the formation of tumors in nude mice by wild-type MCF-7 cells is dependent upon the presence of estrogen, MCF-7/AdrR cells form tumors in the absence of exogenous estrogen administration. These changes in hormonal sensitivity and estrogen-independent tumorigenicity of the multidrug-resistant MCF-7 cell line are associated with a loss of the estrogen receptor and a concomitant increase in the level of receptors for epidermal growth factor. Thus, in MCF-7/AdrR cells, the development of MDR is associated with alterations in the expression of both cytosolic and membrane receptors, resulting in resistance to hormonal agents and the expression of hormone-independent tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Vickers
- Clinical Pharmacology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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46
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Gorelik E, Ovejera A, Shoemaker R, Jarvis A, Alley M, Duff R, Mayo J, Herberman R, Boyd M. Microencapsulated tumor assay: new short-term assay for in vivo evaluation of the effects of anticancer drugs on human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 1987; 47:5739-47. [PMID: 3664478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A new in vivo has been developed for evaluating the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic drugs. The assay is based on a microencapsulation technology developed by Damon Biotech, Inc., Boston, MA, which makes it possible to encapsulate human tumor cells in small (about 1 mm in diameter) microcapsules with semipermeable membranes. Microcapsules containing human tumor cells were injected i.p. into nude or C57BL/6 mice and drugs were administered i.v. The microcapsules were recovered at various intervals following treatment and determinations of drug effects were made based on the differences in the number of tumor cells recovered from the treated and nontreated animals. Using this assay we found that (a) encapsulated tumor cells grew better in the in vivo system than in vitro under the conditions tested; (b) drugs crossed the capsular membrane and killed or inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells; and (c) the antitumor effect was consistent with the relative therapeutic efficacy of drugs or level of resistance of tumor cells detected by other in vitro or in vivo tests. The tumor microencapsulation assay offers several properties which make it attractive for use in new drug development: (a) the antitumor activity of drugs can be tested against human tumor cells under conditions which provide for three-dimensional growth and in vivo supply of nutrients; (b) the sensitivity of tumor cells can be assessed following exposure to drugs at concentrations which are achievable in vivo; (c) compounds requiring in vivo metabolic activation can be tested; (d) the effect of each drug injection can be quickly evaluated; (e) inhibition of tumor cell proliferation versus cytoreductive effects of drugs can be discriminated; (f) the test is applicable to virtually all histological types of human tumor cells; and (g) the tumor microencapsulation assay is a short-term, simple, and relatively inexpensive assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gorelik
- Damon Biotech, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02194
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47
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Abstract
Previous studies suggested tumor colony-forming cells (CFC) grown from xenografts might be useful as a preclinical, in vitro drug screen. To further evaluate this possibility, eight melanoma and six ovarian carcinoma xenografts were established from untreated patients and tested for in vitro CFC growth. For each tumor, linear relationships between cells plated and colony (30 cells or greater than 75 micron diameter) and cluster (10-30 cells or 50-75 micron) growth were observed. All eight melanomas grew sufficient colonies (greater than or equal to 30) for in vitro drug assessment, although four required hypoxic (pO2 = 40) incubation to reliably attain this level of growth. Only one in six of the ovary xenografts consistently grew enough colonies, and growth was not significantly improved by hypoxic incubation, or addition of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or steroid hormones. Cloning efficiencies (colonies + clusters/cells plated) for tumors demonstrating adequate growth ranged from 0.01% to 0.3%. For most tumors, no direct relationship was observed between characteristics of xenograft tumors (size) or their resulting cell suspensions (viabilities, cell yield) and CFC growth. Cell suspensions were incubated with a 3 log concentration of nine established chemotherapeutic agents. Resulting dose-effect curves were linear and showed no plateaus of drug effect. Analyzing 447 in vitro drug trials on six melanomas and one ovarian carcinoma, interexperiment variability was high. Cell lines were established from three xenografts using a low concentration of fetal bovine serum (1%), and also examined for in vitro drug sensitivity. Using both liquid culture isotope incorporation and a colony-forming assay, drug sensitivity profiles for the cell lines were nearly identical to those for parent xenograft CFC. However, assays performed using the cell lines were more reproducible than those using xenograft tissue. The authors conclude that tumor CFC can be reliably grown from melanoma xenografts, but in vitro drug assays using these xenografts are poorly reproducible. The xenografts are a resource for establishing cell lines, and drug assays performed using these lines are highly reproducible. Similarities in drug sensitivity profiles for parent xenograft CFC and derived cell lines suggest that, despite poor reproducibility, repetitive assays using melanoma CFC accurately reflect some properties of cells which sustain tumor cell growth.
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Sasaki TM, Shoemaker R, Barry JM, McConnell DB, Yeager RA, Vetto RM. Segmental pancreatic canine neck autotransplantation with exocrine drainage to the parotid duct. Transplantation 1986; 42:437-9. [PMID: 3532455 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-198610000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Appel PL, Alley MC, Lieber MM, Shoemaker R, Powis G. Metabolic stability of experimental chemotherapeutic agents in hepatocyte:tumor cell co-cultures. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1986; 17:47-52. [PMID: 3698177 DOI: 10.1007/bf00299865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A U.S. National Cancer Institute screening program for new anticancer drugs, based on the growth of primary human tumor cells in an in vitro soft agar colony formation assay, has resulted in the identification of a number of compounds that have cytotoxic activity against primary human tumor cells in vitro but are inactive in the conventional in vivo murine P388 leukemia animal model pre-screen. To investigate whether metabolic inactivation ov the compounds might be a factor in the lack of in vivo cytotoxicity we have co-cultured rat hepatocytes with A204 rhabdomyosarcoma and murine P388 leukemia cell lines in the soft agarose colony formation assay for 24 h during exposure to the compounds. Twenty compounds with a range of in vitro activities were studied. Thirteen compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against A204 cells in culture; nine of them were less active when co-cultured with hepatocytes, two were activated by hepatocyte co-culture, and two showed no effect of hepatocyte co-culture. P388 cells were more sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of the compounds than A204 cells. Two compounds that were not active against A204 cells exhibited cytotoxicity against P388 cells. One compound was inactivated by hepatocyte co-culture and one showed no effect. Five compounds showed no cytotoxicity toward either A204 cells or P388 cells. Two of the compounds showing hepatocyte inactivation in vitro possess activity in one or more in vivo tumor models. Thus, evidence for metabolic inactivation in hepatocyte co-culture is not always an indication for lack of in vivo antitumor activity. Hepatocyte co-culture methodology provides a simple and objective means, amenable to large-scale screening, of distinguishing metabolic activation or inactivation of a given compound from other pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors with a minimum of material.
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Shoemaker R, Leapman SB, Turner M, Worth R. Carotid artery aneurysms: another approach to therapy. South Med J 1981; 74:1520-2. [PMID: 7313747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A patient had a large internal carotid artery aneurysm with extension to the base of the skull. Resection and reconstitution of flow was thought to be hazardous because of the difficulty in obtaining distal control. After assessment of collateral flow to the brain, placement of a Selverstone clamp resulted in gradual occlusion of the aneurysm. The aneurysm was subsequently resected.
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