1
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Sterrenberg VT, Stalling D, Knaack JIH, Soh TK, Bosse JB, Meier C. A TriPPPro-Nucleotide Reporter with Optimized Cell-Permeable Dyes for Metabolic Labeling of Cellular and Viral DNA in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308271. [PMID: 37435767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic labeling of nucleic acids in living cells is highly desirable to track the dynamics of nucleic acid metabolism in real-time and has the potential to provide novel insights into cellular biology as well as pathogen-host interactions. Catalyst-free inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions (iEDDA) with nucleosides carrying highly reactive moieties such as axial 2-trans-cyclooctene (2TCOa) would be an ideal tool to allow intracellular labeling of DNA. However, cellular kinase phosphorylation of the modified nucleosides is needed after cellular uptake as triphosphates are not membrane permeable. Unfortunately, the narrow substrate window of most endogenous kinases limits the use of highly reactive moieties. Here, we apply our TriPPPro (triphosphate pronucleotide) approach to directly deliver a highly reactive 2TCOa-modified 2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate reporter into living cells. We show that this nucleoside triphosphate is metabolically incorporated into de novo synthesized cellular and viral DNA and can be labeled with highly reactive and cell-permeable fluorescent dye-tetrazine conjugates via iEDDA to visualize DNA in living cells directly. Thus, we present the first comprehensive method for live-cell imaging of cellular and viral nucleic acids using a two-step labeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincente T Sterrenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Stalling
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Iven H Knaack
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K Soh
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, Building 15, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Lewis HC, Kelnhofer-Millevolte LE, Brinkley MR, Arbach HE, Arnold EA, Sanders S, Bosse JB, Ramachandran S, Avgousti DC. HSV-1 exploits host heterochromatin for nuclear egress. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202304106. [PMID: 37516914 PMCID: PMC10373338 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) progeny form in the nucleus and exit to successfully infect other cells. Newly formed capsids navigate complex chromatin architecture to reach the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and egress. Here, we demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that HSV-1 capsids traverse heterochromatin associated with trimethylation on histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and the histone variant macroH2A1. Through chromatin profiling during infection, we revealed global redistribution of these marks whereby massive host genomic regions bound by macroH2A1 and H3K27me3 correlate with decreased host transcription in active compartments. We found that the loss of these markers resulted in significantly lower viral titers but did not impact viral genome or protein accumulation. Strikingly, we discovered that loss of macroH2A1 or H3K27me3 resulted in nuclear trapping of capsids. Finally, by live-capsid tracking, we quantified this decreased capsid movement. Thus, our work demonstrates that HSV-1 takes advantage of the dynamic nature of host heterochromatin formation during infection for efficient nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Lewis
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurel E Kelnhofer-Millevolte
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- UW Medical Scientist Training Program , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mia R Brinkley
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah E Arbach
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edward A Arnold
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saskia Sanders
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV) , Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology , Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV) , Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology , Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Srinivas Ramachandran
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daphne C Avgousti
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Bogdanow B, Gruska I, Mühlberg L, Protze J, Hohensee S, Vetter B, Bosse JB, Lehmann M, Sadeghi M, Wiebusch L, Liu F. Spatially resolved protein map of intact human cytomegalovirus virions. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1732-1747. [PMID: 37550507 PMCID: PMC10465357 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses assemble large enveloped particles that are difficult to characterize structurally due to their size, fragility and complex multilayered proteome with partially amorphous nature. Here we used crosslinking mass spectrometry and quantitative proteomics to derive a spatially resolved interactome map of intact human cytomegalovirus virions. This enabled the de novo allocation of 32 viral proteins into four spatially resolved virion layers, each organized by a dominant viral scaffold protein. The viral protein UL32 engages with all layers in an N-to-C-terminal radial orientation, bridging nucleocapsid to viral envelope. We observed the layer-specific incorporation of 82 host proteins, of which 39 are selectively recruited. We uncovered how UL32, by recruitment of PP-1 phosphatase, antagonizes binding to 14-3-3 proteins. This mechanism assures effective viral biogenesis, suggesting a perturbing role of UL32-14-3-3 interaction. Finally, we integrated these data into a coarse-grained model to provide global insights into the native configuration of virus and host protein interactions inside herpesvirions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bogdanow
- Research group 'Structural Interactomics', Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Iris Gruska
- Labor für Pädiatrische Molekularbiologie, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mühlberg
- Research group 'Structural Interactomics', Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Research group 'Structural Bioinformatics', Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Svea Hohensee
- Cellular Imaging core facility, Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Vetter
- Labor für Pädiatrische Molekularbiologie, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Cellular Imaging core facility, Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lüder Wiebusch
- Labor für Pädiatrische Molekularbiologie, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fan Liu
- Research group 'Structural Interactomics', Leibniz Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Sanders S, Jensen Y, Reimer R, Bosse JB. From the beginnings to multidimensional light and electron microscopy of virus morphogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:45-88. [PMID: 37524482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Individual functional viral morphogenesis events are often dynamic, short, and infrequent and might be obscured by other pathways and dead-end products. Volumetric live cell imaging has become an essential tool for studying viral morphogenesis events. It allows following entire dynamic processes while providing functional evidence that the imaged process is involved in viral production. Moreover, it allows to capture many individual events and allows quantitative analysis. Finally, the correlation of volumetric live-cell data with volumetric electron microscopy (EM) can provide crucial insights into the ultrastructure and mechanisms of viral morphogenesis events. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of suitable imaging methods for volumetric correlative imaging of viral morphogenesis and frame them in a historical summary of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Sanders
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannick Jensen
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Soh TK, Pfefferle S, Wurr S, von Possel R, Oestereich L, Rieger T, Uetrecht C, Rosenthal M, Bosse JB. A validated protocol to UV-inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and herpesvirus-infected cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0274065. [PMID: 37163509 PMCID: PMC10171616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Downstream analysis of virus-infected cell samples, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) or mass spectrometry, often needs to be performed at lower biosafety levels than their actual cultivation, and thus the samples require inactivation before they can be transferred. Common inactivation methods involve chemical crosslinking with formaldehyde or denaturing samples with strong detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, these protocols destroy the protein quaternary structure and prevent the analysis of protein complexes, albeit through different chemical mechanisms. This often leads to studies being performed in over-expression or surrogate model systems. To address this problem, we generated a protocol that achieves the inactivation of infected cells through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. UV irradiation damages viral genomes and crosslinks nucleic acids to proteins but leaves the overall structure of protein complexes mostly intact. Protein analysis can then be performed from intact cells without biosafety containment. While UV treatment protocols have been established to inactivate viral solutions, a protocol was missing to inactivate crude infected cell lysates, which heavily absorb light. In this work, we develop and validate a UV inactivation protocol for SARS-CoV-2, HSV-1, and HCMV-infected cells. A fluence of 10,000 mJ/cm2 with intermittent mixing was sufficient to completely inactivate infected cells, as demonstrated by the absence of viral replication even after three sequential passages of cells inoculated with the treated material. The herein described protocol should serve as a reference for inactivating cells infected with these or similar viruses and allow for the analysis of protein quaternary structure from bona fide infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Soh
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Pfefferle
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Virology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wurr
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- DZIF German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald von Possel
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center for Internal Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- DZIF German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toni Rieger
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, Germany
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Discovery Research ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Flomm FJ, Soh TK, Schneider C, Wedemann L, Britt HM, Thalassinos K, Pfitzner S, Reimer R, Grünewald K, Bosse JB. Intermittent bulk release of human cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010575. [PMID: 35925870 PMCID: PMC9352052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can infect a variety of cell types by using virions of varying glycoprotein compositions. It is still unclear how this diversity is generated, but spatio-temporally separated envelopment and egress pathways might play a role. So far, one egress pathway has been described in which HCMV particles are individually enveloped into small vesicles and are subsequently exocytosed continuously. However, some studies have also found enveloped virus particles inside multivesicular structures but could not link them to productive egress or degradation pathways. We used a novel 3D-CLEM workflow allowing us to investigate these structures in HCMV morphogenesis and egress at high spatio-temporal resolution. We found that multiple envelopment events occurred at individual vesicles leading to multiviral bodies (MViBs), which subsequently traversed the cytoplasm to release virions as intermittent bulk pulses at the plasma membrane to form extracellular virus accumulations (EVAs). Our data support the existence of a novel bona fide HCMV egress pathway, which opens the gate to evaluate divergent egress pathways in generating virion diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K. Soh
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Linda Wedemann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah M. Britt
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Wedemann L, Flomm FJ, Bosse JB. The unconventional way out-Egress of HCMV through multiviral bodies. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1317-1323. [PMID: 35607767 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus and the leading cause of congenital disabilities as well as a significant cause of disease in immunocompromised patients. The envelopment and egress of HCMV particles is an essential step of the viral life cycle as it determines viral spread and potentially tropism. Here we review the current literature on HCMV envelopment and egress with a particular focus on the role of virus-containing multivesicular body-like vesicles for virus egress and spread. We discuss the difficulties of determining the cellular provenance of these structures in light of viral redistribution of cellular marker proteins and provide potential paths to illuminate their genesis. Finally, we discuss how divergent egress pathways could result in virions of different tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wedemann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix J Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Caragliano E, Brune W, Bosse JB. Herpesvirus Replication Compartments: Dynamic Biomolecular Condensates? Viruses 2022; 14:960. [PMID: 35632702 PMCID: PMC9147375 DOI: 10.3390/v14050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress has provided clear evidence that many RNA-viruses form cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates mediated by liquid-liquid phase separation to facilitate their replication. In contrast, seemingly contradictory data exist for herpesviruses, which replicate their DNA genomes in nuclear membrane-less replication compartments (RCs). Here, we review the current literature and comment on nuclear condensate formation by herpesviruses, specifically with regard to RC formation. Based on data obtained with human cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5), we propose that liquid and homogenous early RCs convert into more heterogeneous RCs with complex properties over the course of infection. We highlight how the advent of DNA replication leads to the maturation of these biomolecular condensates, likely by adding an additional DNA scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caragliano
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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9
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Caragliano E, Bonazza S, Frascaroli G, Tang J, Soh TK, Grünewald K, Bosse JB, Brune W. Human cytomegalovirus forms phase-separated compartments at viral genomes to facilitate viral replication. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110469. [PMID: 35263605 PMCID: PMC8924372 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replicates its DNA genome in specialized replication compartments (RCs) in the host cell nucleus. These membrane-less organelles originate as spherical structures and grow in size over time. However, the mechanism of RC biogenesis has remained understudied. Using live-cell imaging and photo-oligomerization, we show that a central component of RCs, the UL112-113 proteins, undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form RCs in the nucleus. We show that the self-interacting domain and large intrinsically disordered regions of UL112-113 are required for LLPS. Importantly, viral DNA induces local clustering of these proteins and lowers the threshold for phase separation. The formation of phase-separated compartments around viral genomes is necessary to recruit the viral DNA polymerase for viral genome replication. Thus, HCMV uses its UL112-113 proteins to generate RCs around viral genomes by LLPS to ensure the formation of a pro-replicative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caragliano
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefano Bonazza
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giada Frascaroli
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jiajia Tang
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K Soh
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.
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10
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Pfitzner S, Bosse JB, Hofmann-Sieber H, Flomm F, Reimer R, Dobner T, Grünewald K, Franken LE. Human Adenovirus Type 5 Infection Leads to Nuclear Envelope Destabilization and Membrane Permeability Independently of Adenovirus Death Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13034. [PMID: 34884837 PMCID: PMC8657697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) infects epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The virus causes lysis of infected cells and thus enables spread of progeny virions to neighboring cells for the next round of infection. The mechanism of adenovirus virion egress across the nuclear barrier is not known. The human adenovirus death protein (ADP) facilitates the release of virions from infected cells and has been hypothesized to cause membrane damage. Here, we set out to answer whether ADP does indeed increase nuclear membrane damage. We analyzed the nuclear envelope morphology using a combination of fluorescence and state-of-the-art electron microscopy techniques, including serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and electron cryo-tomography of focused ion beam-milled cells. We report multiple destabilization phenotypes of the nuclear envelope in HAdV5 infection. These include reduction of lamin A/C at the nuclear envelope, large-scale membrane invaginations, alterations in double membrane separation distance and small-scale membrane protrusions. Additionally, we measured increased nuclear membrane permeability and detected nuclear envelope lesions under cryoconditions. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to previous hypotheses, ADP did not have an effect on lamin A/C reduction or nuclear permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Pfitzner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Felix Flomm
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda E. Franken
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (S.P.); (J.B.B.); (H.H.-S.); (F.F.); (R.R.); (T.D.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Aho V, Salminen S, Mattola S, Gupta A, Flomm F, Sodeik B, Bosse JB, Vihinen-Ranta M. Infection-induced chromatin modifications facilitate translocation of herpes simplex virus capsids to the inner nuclear membrane. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010132. [PMID: 34910768 PMCID: PMC8673650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus capsids are assembled and packaged in the nucleus and move by diffusion through the nucleoplasm to the nuclear envelope for egress. Analyzing their motion provides conclusions not only on capsid transport but also on the properties of the nuclear environment during infection. We utilized live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking to characterize capsid motion relative to the host chromatin. The data indicate that as the chromatin was marginalized toward the nuclear envelope it presented a restrictive barrier to the capsids. However, later in infection this barrier became more permissive and the probability of capsids to enter the chromatin increased. Thus, although chromatin marginalization initially restricted capsid transport to the nuclear envelope, a structural reorganization of the chromatin counteracted that to promote capsid transport later. Analyses of capsid motion revealed that it was subdiffusive, and that the diffusion coefficients were lower in the chromatin than in regions lacking chromatin. In addition, the diffusion coefficient in both regions increased during infection. Throughout the infection, the capsids were never enriched at the nuclear envelope, which suggests that instead of nuclear export the transport through the chromatin is the rate-limiting step for the nuclear egress of capsids. This provides motivation for further studies by validating the importance of intranuclear transport to the life cycle of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Salminen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alka Gupta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Felix Flomm
- HPI, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- HPI, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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12
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Jung JM, Ching W, Baumdick ME, Hofmann-Sieber H, Bosse JB, Koyro T, Möller KJ, Wegner L, Niehrs A, Russu K, Ohms M, Zhang W, Ehrhardt A, Duisters K, Spierings E, Hölzemer A, Körner C, Jansen SA, Peine S, Königs I, Lütgehetmann M, Perez D, Reinshagen K, Lindemans CA, Altfeld M, Belderbos M, Dobner T, Bunders MJ. KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe2942. [PMID: 34533978 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Jung
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Ching
- Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin E Baumdick
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Koyro
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kimberly J Möller
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucy Wegner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Niehrs
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Russu
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Ohms
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Faculty of Health, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Human Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Kevin Duisters
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric Spierings
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angelique Hölzemer
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Suze A Jansen
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Königs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline A Lindemans
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Belderbos
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Research Department Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Rink MR, Baptista MAP, Flomm FJ, Hennig T, Whisnant AW, Wolf N, Seibel J, Dölken L, Bosse JB. Concatemeric Broccoli reduces mRNA stability and induces aggregates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244166. [PMID: 34347781 PMCID: PMC8336797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorogenic aptamers are an alternative to established methodology for real-time imaging of RNA transport and dynamics. We developed Broccoli-aptamer concatemers ranging from 4 to 128 substrate-binding site repeats and characterized their behavior fused to an mCherry-coding mRNA in transient transfection, stable expression, and in recombinant cytomegalovirus infection. Concatemerization of substrate-binding sites increased Broccoli fluorescence up to a concatemer length of 16 copies, upon which fluorescence did not increase and mCherry signals declined. This was due to the combined effects of RNA aptamer aggregation and reduced RNA stability. Unfortunately, both cellular and cytomegalovirus genomes were unable to maintain and express high Broccoli concatemer copy numbers, possibly due to recombination events. Interestingly, negative effects of Broccoli concatemers could be partially rescued by introducing linker sequences in between Broccoli repeats warranting further studies. Finally, we show that even though substrate-bound Broccoli is easily photobleached, it can still be utilized in live-cell imaging by adapting a time-lapse imaging protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R. Rink
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa A. P. Baptista
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adam W. Whisnant
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Wolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Pearson VR, Bosse JB, Koyuncu OO, Scherer J, Toruno C, Robinson R, Abegglen LM, Schiffman JD, Enquist LW, Rall GF. Identification of African Elephant Polyomavirus in wild elephants and the creation of a vector expressing its viral tumor antigens to transform elephant primary cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244334. [PMID: 33544724 PMCID: PMC7864673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild elephant populations are declining rapidly due to rampant killing for ivory and body parts, range fragmentation, and human-elephant conflict. Wild and captive elephants are further impacted by viruses, including highly pathogenic elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses. Moreover, while the rich genetic diversity of the ancient elephant lineage is disappearing, elephants, with their low incidence of cancer, have emerged as a surprising resource in human cancer research for understanding the intrinsic cellular response to DNA damage. However, studies on cellular resistance to transformation and herpesvirus reproduction have been severely limited, in part due to the lack of established elephant cell lines to enable in vitro experiments. This report describes creation of a recombinant plasmid, pAelPyV-1-Tag, derived from a wild isolate of African Elephant Polyomavirus (AelPyV-1), that can be used to create immortalized lines of elephant cells. This isolate was extracted from a trunk nodule biopsy isolated from a wild African elephant, Loxodonta africana, in Botswana. The AelPyV-1 genome contains open-reading frames encoding the canonical large (LTag) and small (STag) tumor antigens. We cloned the entire early region spanning the LTag and overlapping STag genes from this isolate into a high-copy vector to construct a recombinant plasmid, pAelPyV-1-Tag, which effectively transformed primary elephant endothelial cells. We expect that the potential of this reagent to transform elephant primary cells will, at a minimum, facilitate study of elephant-specific herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia R. Pearson
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- RESIST Cluster of Excellence, Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School, Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Julian Scherer
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cristhian Toruno
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Abegglen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Glenn F. Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Pfitzner S, Hofmann-Sieber H, Bosse JB, Franken LE, Grünewald K, Dobner T. Fluorescent protein tagging of adenoviral proteins pV and pIX reveals 'late virion accumulation compartment'. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008588. [PMID: 32584886 PMCID: PMC7343190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) causes disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The early steps of HAdV5 entry up to genome replication in the host nucleus have been extensively studied. However, late stages of infection remain poorly understood. Here, we set out to elucidate the spatiotemporal orchestration of late adenovirus nuclear remodeling in living cells. We generated virus mutants expressing fluorescently tagged protein IX (pIX) and protein V (pV), a capsid and viral genome associated protein, respectively. We found that during progeny virion production both proteins localize to a membrane-less, nuclear compartment, which is highly impermeable such that in immunofluorescence microscopy antibodies can hardly penetrate it. We termed this compartment ‘late virion accumulation compartment’ (LVAC). Correlation between light- and electron microscopy revealed that the LVAC contains paracrystalline arrays of viral capsids that arrange tightly packed within a honeycomb-like organization of viral DNA. Live-cell microscopy as well as FRAP measurements showed that the LVAC is rigid and restricts diffusion of larger molecules, indicating that capsids are trapped inside. Understanding the regulation of adenovirus morphogenesis is not only of interest to cell biologists but is also key to define novel drug targets as well as to optimize adenoviruses as tools for gene therapy. While early steps of the adenovirus ‘life cycle’ are well understood, it is currently debated how, when and where capsid components associate with viral DNA. Here we used a combination of imaging methods to detail virus-induced spatiotemporal changes at late stages of infection. We found that HAdV5 induces a structured, membrane-less nuclear compartment. In this compartment capsids are closely packed within a honeycomb-like organization of replicated DNA, such that the newly formed particles appear to be trapped and show very little motility. Interestingly, we found a clear discrepancy between immunostaining and fluorescent fusion tagging, indicating a limited penetration of immunostains into this compartment. Since other pathogens induce similar compartments during replication, interpretation of immunostaining data requires careful evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Pfitzner
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- RESIST Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Linda E. Franken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Langeneckert AE, Lunemann S, Martrus G, Salzberger W, Hess LU, Ziegler AE, Poch T, Ravichandran G, Matschl U, Bosse JB, Tiegs G, Fischer L, Koch M, Herkel J, Oldhafer KJ, Schramm C, Altfeld M. CCL21-expression and accumulation of CCR7 + NK cells in livers of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:758-769. [PMID: 30785638 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), an autoimmune liver disease, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize peripheral blood and intrahepatic NK cells from patients with PSC. Peripheral blood samples from patients with PSC, other autoimmune liver diseases, and from healthy control individuals were used, as well as liver tissues from PSC patients undergoing liver transplantation. Multiparameter flow cytometry showed that peripheral blood NK cells from PSC patients were significantly enriched for CCR7+ and CXCR3+ cells, and CCR7+ but not CXCR3+ cells were also significantly increased within intrahepatic NK cells. PSC patients undergoing liver transplantation furthermore had significantly higher plasma levels of the CCR7-ligand CCL21, and the CXCR3-ligands CXCL10 and CXCL11, and significantly higher levels of CCL21, but not CXCL10, were detected in liver tissues. CCR7+ and CXCR3+ NK cells from PSC patients exhibited significantly higher functional capacity in peripheral blood, but not liver tissues, consistent with chronic activation of these NK cells in the inflamed liver. These data show that PSC is characterized by intrahepatic CCL21 expression and accumulation of CCR7+ NK cells in the inflamed liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Glòria Martrus
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard U Hess
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annerose E Ziegler
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Urte Matschl
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Research Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J Oldhafer
- Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Nauth T, Huschka F, Schweizer M, Bosse JB, Diepold A, Failla AV, Steffen A, Stradal TEB, Wolters M, Aepfelbacher M. Visualization of translocons in Yersinia type III protein secretion machines during host cell infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007527. [PMID: 30586431 PMCID: PMC6324820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are essential virulence factors of numerous bacterial pathogens. Upon host cell contact the T3SS machinery—also named injectisome—assembles a pore complex/translocon within host cell membranes that serves as an entry gate for the bacterial effectors. Whether and how translocons are physically connected to injectisome needles, whether their phenotype is related to the level of effector translocation and which target cell factors trigger their formation have remained unclear. We employed the superresolution fluorescence microscopy techniques Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) and Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) as well as immunogold electron microscopy to visualize Y. enterocolitica translocons during infection of different target cell types. Thereby we were able to resolve translocon and needle complex proteins within the same injectisomes and demonstrate that these fully assembled injectisomes are generated in a prevacuole, a PI(4,5)P2 enriched host cell compartment inaccessible to large extracellular proteins like antibodies. Furthermore, the operable translocons were produced by the yersiniae to a much larger degree in macrophages (up to 25% of bacteria) than in HeLa cells (2% of bacteria). However, when the Rho GTPase Rac1 was activated in the HeLa cells, uptake of the yersiniae into the prevacuole, translocon formation and effector translocation were strongly enhanced reaching the same levels as in macrophages. Our findings indicate that operable T3SS translocons can be visualized as part of fully assembled injectisomes with superresolution fluorescence microscopy techniques. By using this technology, we provide novel information about the spatiotemporal organization of T3SS translocons and their regulation by host cell factors. Many human, animal and plant pathogenic bacteria employ a molecular machine termed injectisome to inject their toxins into host cells. Because injectisomes are crucial for these bacteria’s infectious potential they have been considered as targets for antiinfective drugs. Injectisomes are highly similar between the different bacterial pathogens and most of their overall structure is well established at the molecular level. However, only little information is available for a central part of the injectisome named the translocon. This pore-like assembly integrates into host cell membranes and thereby serves as an entry gate for the bacterial toxins. We used state of the art fluorescence microscopy to watch translocons of the diarrheagenic pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica during infection of human host cells. Thereby we could for the first time—with fluorescence microscopy—visualize translocons connected to other parts of the injectisome. Furthermore, because translocons mark functional injectisomes we could obtain evidence that injectisomes only become active for secretion of translocators when the bacteria are almost completely enclosed by host cells. These findings provide a novel view on the organization and regulation of bacterial translocons and may thus open up new strategies to block the function of infectious bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Nauth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Huschka
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diepold
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuel Wolters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Buch A, Müller O, Ivanova L, Döhner K, Bialy D, Bosse JB, Pohlmann A, Binz A, Hegemann M, Nagel CH, Koltzenburg M, Viejo-Borbolla A, Rosenhahn B, Bauerfeind R, Sodeik B. Inner tegument proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus are sufficient for intracellular capsid motility in neurons but not for axonal targeting. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006813. [PMID: 29284065 PMCID: PMC5761964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon reactivation from latency and during lytic infections in neurons, alphaherpesviruses assemble cytosolic capsids, capsids associated with enveloping membranes, and transport vesicles harboring fully enveloped capsids. It is debated whether capsid envelopment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is completed in the soma prior to axonal targeting or later, and whether the mechanisms are the same in neurons derived from embryos or from adult hosts. We used HSV mutants impaired in capsid envelopment to test whether the inner tegument proteins pUL36 or pUL37 necessary for microtubule-mediated capsid transport were sufficient for axonal capsid targeting in neurons derived from the dorsal root ganglia of adult mice. Such neurons were infected with HSV1-ΔUL20 whose capsids recruited pUL36 and pUL37, with HSV1-ΔUL37 whose capsids associate only with pUL36, or with HSV1-ΔUL36 that assembles capsids lacking both proteins. While capsids of HSV1-ΔUL20 were actively transported along microtubules in epithelial cells and in the somata of neurons, those of HSV1-ΔUL36 and -ΔUL37 could only diffuse in the cytoplasm. Employing a novel image analysis algorithm to quantify capsid targeting to axons, we show that only a few capsids of HSV1-ΔUL20 entered axons, while vesicles transporting gD utilized axonal transport efficiently and independently of pUL36, pUL37, or pUL20. Our data indicate that capsid motility in the somata of neurons mediated by pUL36 and pUL37 does not suffice for targeting capsids to axons, and suggest that capsid envelopment needs to be completed in the soma prior to targeting of herpes simplex virus to the axons, and to spreading from neurons to neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF—German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Müller
- Institute for Information Processing, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lyudmila Ivanova
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmara Bialy
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Hegemann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bodo Rosenhahn
- Institute for Information Processing, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- NRENNT–Niedersachsen Research Network on Neuroinfectiology, Hannover, Germany
- DZIF—German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH—From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Hagen C, Dent KC, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T, Grange M, Bosse JB, Whittle C, Klupp BG, Siebert CA, Vasishtan D, Bäuerlein FJB, Cheleski J, Werner S, Guttmann P, Rehbein S, Henzler K, Demmerle J, Adler B, Koszinowski U, Schermelleh L, Schneider G, Enquist LW, Plitzko JM, Mettenleiter TC, Grünewald K. Structural Basis of Vesicle Formation at the Inner Nuclear Membrane. Cell 2016; 163:1692-701. [PMID: 26687357 PMCID: PMC4701712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular nucleo-cytoplasmic transport is becoming recognized as a general cellular mechanism for translocation of large cargoes across the nuclear envelope. Cargo is recruited, enveloped at the inner nuclear membrane (INM), and delivered by membrane fusion at the outer nuclear membrane. To understand the structural underpinning for this trafficking, we investigated nuclear egress of progeny herpesvirus capsids where capsid envelopment is mediated by two viral proteins, forming the nuclear egress complex (NEC). Using a multi-modal imaging approach, we visualized the NEC in situ forming coated vesicles of defined size. Cellular electron cryo-tomography revealed a protein layer showing two distinct hexagonal lattices at its membrane-proximal and membrane-distant faces, respectively. NEC coat architecture was determined by combining this information with integrative modeling using small-angle X-ray scattering data. The molecular arrangement of the NEC establishes the basic mechanism for budding and scission of tailored vesicles at the INM. Multimodal imaging reveals mechanism of vesicle formation at inner nuclear membrane Nucleo-cytoplasmic cargo vesicle coat in situ comprises two distinct lattices Lattices are formed by hexameric building blocks made of the nuclear egress complex Induction of membrane curvature based solely on heterodimeric interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hagen
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kyle C Dent
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Tzviya Zeev-Ben-Mordehai
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Michael Grange
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cathy Whittle
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Alistair Siebert
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daven Vasishtan
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Felix J B Bäuerlein
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Juliana Cheleski
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stephan Werner
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Rehbein
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Henzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Justin Demmerle
- Micron Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar Schermelleh
- Micron Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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20
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that utilize the host nucleus for genome replication as well as capsid assembly. After maturation, these 125 nm large capsid assemblies must cross the nucleoplasm to engage the nuclear envelope and bud into the cytoplasm. Here we summarize our recent findings how this motility is facilitated. We suggest that herpesvirus induced nuclear remodeling allows capsids to move by diffusion in the nucleus and not by motor-dependent transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B Bosse
- a Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- b Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University , Princeton , USA.,c Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University , Princeton , USA
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21
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Hogue IB, Bosse JB, Engel EA, Scherer J, Hu JR, Del Rio T, Enquist LW. Fluorescent Protein Approaches in Alpha Herpesvirus Research. Viruses 2015; 7:5933-61. [PMID: 26610544 PMCID: PMC4664988 DOI: 10.3390/v7112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nearly two decades since the popularization of green fluorescent protein (GFP), fluorescent protein-based methodologies have revolutionized molecular and cell biology, allowing us to literally see biological processes as never before. Naturally, this revolution has extended to virology in general, and to the study of alpha herpesviruses in particular. In this review, we provide a compendium of reported fluorescent protein fusions to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) structural proteins, discuss the underappreciated challenges of fluorescent protein-based approaches in the context of a replicating virus, and describe general strategies and best practices for creating new fluorescent fusions. We compare fluorescent protein methods to alternative approaches, and review two instructive examples of the caveats associated with fluorescent protein fusions, including describing several improved fluorescent capsid fusions in PRV. Finally, we present our future perspectives on the types of powerful experiments these tools now offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Hogue
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Esteban A Engel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Julian Scherer
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Jiun-Ruey Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Tony Del Rio
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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22
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Bosse JB, Hogue IB, Feric M, Thiberge SY, Sodeik B, Brangwynne CP, Enquist LW. Remodeling nuclear architecture allows efficient transport of herpesvirus capsids by diffusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5725-33. [PMID: 26438852 PMCID: PMC4620878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513876112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear chromatin structure confines the movement of large macromolecular complexes to interchromatin corrals. Herpesvirus capsids of approximately 125 nm assemble in the nucleoplasm and must reach the nuclear membranes for egress. Previous studies concluded that nuclear herpesvirus capsid motility is active, directed, and based on nuclear filamentous actin, suggesting that large nuclear complexes need metabolic energy to escape nuclear entrapment. However, this hypothesis has recently been challenged. Commonly used microscopy techniques do not allow the imaging of rapid nuclear particle motility with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we use a rotating, oblique light sheet, which we dubbed a ring-sheet, to image and track viral capsids with high temporal and spatial resolution. We do not find any evidence for directed transport. Instead, infection with different herpesviruses induced an enlargement of interchromatin domains and allowed particles to diffuse unrestricted over longer distances, thereby facilitating nuclear egress for a larger fraction of capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B Bosse
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Ian B Hogue
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Marina Feric
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Stephan Y Thiberge
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clifford P Brangwynne
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;
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23
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Pogoda M, Bosse JB, Conzelmann KK, Koszinowski UH, Ruzsics Z. A modified screening system for loss-of-function and dominant negative alleles of essential MCMV genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94918. [PMID: 24733555 PMCID: PMC3986410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of gene products by dominant negative mutants is a valuable tool to assign functions to yet uncharacterized proteins, to map protein-protein interactions or to dissect physiological pathways. Detailed functional and structural knowledge about the target protein would allow the construction of inhibitory mutants by targeted mutagenesis. Yet, such data are limited for the majority of viral proteins, so that the target gene needs to be subjected to random mutagenesis to identify suitable mutants. However, for cytomegaloviruses this requires a two-step screening approach, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Here, we report the establishment of a high-throughput suitable screening system for the identification of inhibitory alleles of essential genes of the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). In this screen, the site-specific recombination of a specifically modified MCMV genome was transferred from the bacterial background to permissive host cells, thereby combining the genetic engineering and the rescue test in one step. Using a reference set of characterized pM53 mutants it was shown that the novel system is applicable to identify non-complementing as well as inhibitory mutants in a high-throughput suitable setup. The new cis-complementation assay was also applied to a basic genetic characterization of pM99, which was identified as essential for MCMV growth. We believe that the here described novel genetic screening approach can be adapted for the genetic characterization of essential genes of any large DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Pogoda
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
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24
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Marcinowski L, Lidschreiber M, Windhager L, Rieder M, Bosse JB, Rädle B, Bonfert T, Györy I, de Graaf M, da Costa OP, Rosenstiel P, Friedel CC, Zimmer R, Ruzsics Z, Dölken L. Real-time transcriptional profiling of cellular and viral gene expression during lytic cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002908. [PMID: 22969428 PMCID: PMC3435240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections cellular gene expression is subject to rapid alterations induced by both viral and antiviral mechanisms. In this study, we applied metabolic labeling of newly transcribed RNA with 4-thiouridine (4sU-tagging) to dissect the real-time kinetics of cellular and viral transcriptional activity during lytic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Microarray profiling on newly transcribed RNA obtained at different times during the first six hours of MCMV infection revealed discrete functional clusters of cellular genes regulated with distinct kinetics at surprising temporal resolution. Immediately upon virus entry, a cluster of NF-κB- and interferon-regulated genes was induced. Rapid viral counter-regulation of this coincided with a very transient DNA-damage response, followed by a delayed ER-stress response. Rapid counter-regulation of all three clusters indicated the involvement of novel viral regulators targeting these pathways. In addition, down-regulation of two clusters involved in cell-differentiation (rapid repression) and cell-cycle (delayed repression) was observed. Promoter analysis revealed all five clusters to be associated with distinct transcription factors, of which NF-κB and c-Myc were validated to precisely match the respective transcriptional changes observed in newly transcribed RNA. 4sU-tagging also allowed us to study the real-time kinetics of viral gene expression in the absence of any interfering virion-associated-RNA. Both qRT-PCR and next-generation sequencing demonstrated a sharp peak of viral gene expression during the first two hours of infection including transcription of immediate-early, early and even well characterized late genes. Interestingly, this was subject to rapid gene silencing by 5–6 hours post infection. Despite the rapid increase in viral DNA load during viral DNA replication, transcriptional activity of some viral genes remained remarkably constant until late-stage infection, or was subject to further continuous decline. In summary, this study pioneers real-time transcriptional analysis during a lytic herpesvirus infection and highlights numerous novel regulatory aspects of virus-host-cell interaction. Cytomegaloviruses are large DNA viruses, which establish life-long latent infections, leaving the infected individual at risk of reactivation and disease. Here, we applied 4-thiouridine-(4sU)-tagging of newly transcribed RNA to monitor the real-time kinetics of transcriptional activity of both cellular and viral genes during lytic murine CMV (MCMV) infection. We observed a cascade of MCMV-induced signaling events including a rapid inflammatory/interferon-response, a transient DNA-damage-response and a delayed ER-stress-response. All of these were heavily counter-regulated by viral gene expression. Besides dramatically increasing temporal resolution, our approach provides the unique opportunity to study viral transcriptional activity in absence of any interfering virion-associated-RNA. Virion-associated-RNA consists of transcripts that are unspecifically incorporated into the virus particles thereby resembling the cellular RNA profile of late stage infection. A clear picture of which viral genes are expressed, particularly at very early times of infection, could thus not be obtained. By overcoming this problem, we provide intriguing insights into the regulation of viral gene expression, namely 1) a peak of viral gene expression during the first two hours of infection including the expression of well-characterized late genes and 2) remarkably constant or even continuously declining expression of some viral genes despite the onset of rapid viral DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marcinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lidschreiber
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Windhager
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rieder
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Bernd Rädle
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bonfert
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ildiko Györy
- School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Centre for Research in Translational Biomedicine, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Zimmer
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Bosse JB, Bauerfeind R, Popilka L, Marcinowski L, Taeglich M, Jung C, Striebinger H, von Einem J, Gaul U, Walther P, Koszinowski UH, Ruzsics Z. A beta-herpesvirus with fluorescent capsids to study transport in living cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40585. [PMID: 22792376 PMCID: PMC3394720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent tagging of viral particles by genetic means enables the study of virus dynamics in living cells. However, the study of beta-herpesvirus entry and morphogenesis by this method is currently limited. This is due to the lack of replication competent, capsid-tagged fluorescent viruses. Here, we report on viable recombinant MCMVs carrying ectopic insertions of the small capsid protein (SCP) fused to fluorescent proteins (FPs). The FPs were inserted into an internal position which allowed the production of viable, fluorescently labeled cytomegaloviruses, which replicated with wild type kinetics in cell culture. Fluorescent particles were readily detectable by several methods. Moreover, in a spread assay, labeled capsids accumulated around the nucleus of the newly infected cells without any detectable viral gene expression suggesting normal entry and particle trafficking. These recombinants were used to record particle dynamics by live-cell microscopy during MCMV egress with high spatial as well as temporal resolution. From the resulting tracks we obtained not only mean track velocities but also their mean square displacements and diffusion coefficients. With this key information, we were able to describe particle behavior at high detail and discriminate between particle tracks exhibiting directed movement and tracks in which particles exhibited free or anomalous diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B. Bosse
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Department of Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonhard Popilka
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Marcinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Taeglich
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Striebinger
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gaul
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Unit for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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