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Theobald H, Bejarano DA, Katzmarski N, Haub J, Schulte-Schrepping J, Yu J, Bassler K, Ament AL, Osei-Sarpong C, Piattini F, Vornholz L, T'Jonck W, Györfi AH, Hayer H, Yu X, Sheoran S, Al Jawazneh A, Chakarov S, Haendler K, Brown GD, Williams DL, Bosurgi L, Distler JHW, Ginhoux F, Ruland J, Beyer MD, Greter M, Bain CC, Vazquez-Armendariz AI, Kopf M, Schultze JL, Schlitzer A. Apolipoprotein E controls Dectin-1-dependent development of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages upon pulmonary β-glucan-induced inflammatory adaptation. Nat Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41590-024-01830-z. [PMID: 38671323 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The lung is constantly exposed to the outside world and optimal adaptation of immune responses is crucial for efficient pathogen clearance. However, mechanisms that lead to lung-associated macrophages' functional and developmental adaptation remain elusive. To reveal such mechanisms, we developed a reductionist model of environmental intranasal β-glucan exposure, allowing for the detailed interrogation of molecular mechanisms of pulmonary macrophage adaptation. Employing single-cell transcriptomics, high-dimensional imaging and flow cytometric characterization paired with in vivo and ex vivo challenge models, we reveal that pulmonary low-grade inflammation results in the development of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-dependent monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (ApoE+CD11b+ AMs). ApoE+CD11b+ AMs expressed high levels of CD11b, ApoE, Gpnmb and Ccl6, were glycolytic, highly phagocytic and produced large amounts of interleukin-6 upon restimulation. Functional differences were cell intrinsic, and myeloid cell-specific ApoE ablation inhibited Ly6c+ monocyte to ApoE+CD11b+ AM differentiation dependent on macrophage colony-stimulating factor secretion, promoting ApoE+CD11b+ AM cell death and thus impeding ApoE+CD11b+ AM maintenance. In vivo, β-glucan-elicited ApoE+CD11b+ AMs limited the bacterial burden of Legionella pneumophilia after infection and improved the disease outcome in vivo and ex vivo in a murine lung fibrosis model. Collectively these data identify ApoE+CD11b+ AMs generated upon environmental cues, under the control of ApoE signaling, as an essential determinant for lung adaptation enhancing tissue resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Theobald
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D A Bejarano
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - N Katzmarski
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Haub
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Schulte-Schrepping
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - J Yu
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Bassler
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A L Ament
- University of Bonn, Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Organoid Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Osei-Sarpong
- Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - F Piattini
- Institute of Molecular Health Science, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - L Vornholz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - W T'Jonck
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A H Györfi
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Hayer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - X Yu
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Sheoran
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Al Jawazneh
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Chakarov
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - K Haendler
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE & University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, University of Luebeck & Kiel University, Luebeck, Germany
| | - G D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - D L Williams
- Department of Surgery and Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - L Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J H W Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Hiller Research Center, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - F Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - J Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M D Beyer
- Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE & University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C C Bain
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A I Vazquez-Armendariz
- University of Bonn, Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Organoid Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Science, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J L Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE & University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Thion MS, Low D, Silvin A, Chen J, Grisel P, Schulte-Schrepping J, Blecher R, Ulas T, Squarzoni P, Hoeffel G, Coulpier F, Siopi E, David FS, Scholz C, Shihui F, Lum J, Amoyo AA, Larbi A, Poidinger M, Buttgereit A, Lledo PM, Greter M, Chan JKY, Amit I, Beyer M, Schultze JL, Schlitzer A, Pettersson S, Ginhoux F, Garel S. Microbiome Influences Prenatal and Adult Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner. Cell 2017; 172:500-516.e16. [PMID: 29275859 PMCID: PMC5786503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are embryonically seeded macrophages that contribute to brain development, homeostasis, and pathologies. It is thus essential to decipher how microglial properties are temporally regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sexual identity and the microbiome. Here, we found that microglia undergo differentiation phases, discernable by transcriptomic signatures and chromatin accessibility landscapes, which can diverge in adult males and females. Remarkably, the absence of microbiome in germ-free mice had a time and sexually dimorphic impact both prenatally and postnatally: microglia were more profoundly perturbed in male embryos and female adults. Antibiotic treatment of adult mice triggered sexually biased microglial responses revealing both acute and long-term effects of microbiota depletion. Finally, human fetal microglia exhibited significant overlap with the murine transcriptomic signature. Our study shows that microglia respond to environmental challenges in a sex- and time-dependent manner from prenatal stages, with major implications for our understanding of microglial contributions to health and disease. Microglia undergo sequential phases of differentiation during development The maternal microbiome influences microglial properties during prenatal stages The absence of the microbiome has a sex- and time-specific impact on microglia Microbiome depletions have acute and long-term effects on microglial properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Pauline Grisel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonas Schulte-Schrepping
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronnie Blecher
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Paola Squarzoni
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Hoeffel
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eleni Siopi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, CNRS, UMR 3571, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Friederike Sophie David
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claus Scholz
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Foo Shihui
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Anne Buttgereit
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, CNRS, UMR 3571, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim Ludwig Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Platform of Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Myeloid Cell Biology, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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Milanez-Almeida P, Ulas T, Pasztoi M, Glage S, Schughart K, Lutz MB, Schultze JL, Huehn J. CD11b(+)Ly6C(++)Ly6G(-) Cells with Suppressive Activity Towards T Cells Accumulate in Lungs of Influenza a Virus-Infected Mice. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:246-55. [PMID: 26716013 PMCID: PMC4681352 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes an acute respiratory disease characterized by a strong inflammatory immune response and severe immunopathology. Proinflammatory mechanisms are well described in the murine IAV infection model, but less is known about the mechanisms leading to the resolution of inflammation. Here, we analyzed the contribution of CD11b+Ly6C++Ly6G– cells to this process. An accumulation of CD11b+Ly6C++Ly6G– cells within the lungs was observed during the course of IAV infection. Phenotypic characterization of these CD11b+Ly6C++Ly6G– cells by flow cytometry and RNA-Seq revealed an activated phenotype showing both pro- and anti-inflammatory features, including the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by a fraction of cells in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Moreover, CD11b+Ly6C++Ly6G– cells isolated from lungs of IAV-infected animals displayed suppressive activity when tested in vitro, and iNOS inhibitors could abrogate this suppressive activity. Collectively, our data suggest that during IAV infection, CD11b+Ly6C++Ly6G– cells acquire immunoregulatory function, which might contribute to the prevention of pathology during this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Milanez-Almeida
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES - Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - M Pasztoi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - K Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, USA
| | - M B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - J L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES - Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - J Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany
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McInnes N, Sadlon TJ, Brown CY, Pederson S, Beyer M, Schultze JL, McColl S, Goodall GJ, Barry SC. FOXP3 and FOXP3-regulated microRNAs suppress SATB1 in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2011; 31:1045-54. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maecker B, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Anderson KS, Vonderheide RH, Anderson KC, Nadler LM, Schultze JL. Rare naturally occurring immune responses to three epitopes from the widely expressed tumour antigens hTERT and CYP1B1 in multiple myeloma patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:558-62. [PMID: 16045747 PMCID: PMC1809449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed tumour antigens hTERT and CYP1B1 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Several trials targeting these antigens by immunotherapy have been initiated. The aim of this study was to explore whether patients with MM have an endogenous pre-existing immune response against recently identified epitopes from hTERT and CYP1B1. Peripheral blood T cells from 27 HLA-A*0201+ multiple myeloma patients at different stages of disease and 20 healthy HLA-A*0201+ donors were enriched and studied for the presence of hTERT- and CYP1B1-specific cytotoxic T cells using MHC tetramer detection and short-term ex vivo expansion. No significant expansion of tetramer-positive cells was detected in the peripheral blood of either MM patients or healthy controls when cells were stained with tetramers containing the dominant hTERT-derived epitope or two peptides derived from CYP1B1. A single ex vivo peptide stimulation led to the detection of a small population (0.3-0.5%) of hTERT-specific cells in two of 27 patients with MM. None of the patients or controls showed significant expansion of CYP1B1-specific cells after a single peptide stimulation. Thus, endogenous in vivo priming of T cells against hTERT and CYP1B1 is a rare event in MM patients. These results suggest that strategies targeting hTERT and CYP1B1 may have to utilize techniques to induce T cell responses from a naive precursor frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maecker
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Thomas RK, Schmitz R, Harttrampf AC, Abdil-Hadi A, Wickenhauser C, Distler V, Hansmann ML, Schultze JL, Küppers R, Wolf J. Apoptosis-resistant phenotype of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is not mediated by somatic mutations within genes encoding members of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Leukemia 2005; 19:1079-82. [PMID: 15815717 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Debey S, Schoenbeck U, Hellmich M, Gathof BS, Pillai R, Zander T, Schultze JL. Comparison of different isolation techniques prior gene expression profiling of blood derived cells: impact on physiological responses, on overall expression and the role of different cell types. Pharmacogenomics J 2004; 4:193-207. [PMID: 15037859 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its clinical accessibility, peripheral blood is probably the best source for the assessment of differences or changes in gene expression associated with disease or drug response and therapy. Gene expression patterns in peripheral blood cells greatly depend on temporal and interindividual variations. However, technical aspects of blood sampling, isolation of cellular components, RNA isolation techniques and clinical aspects such as time to analysis and temperature during processing have been suggested to affect gene expression patterns. We therefore assessed gene expression patterns in peripheral blood from 29 healthy individuals by using Affymetrix microarrays. When RNA isolation was delayed for 20-24 h-a typical situation in clinical studies-gene signatures related to hypoxia were observed, and downregulation of genes associated with metabolism, cell cycle or apoptosis became dominant preventing the assessment of gene signatures of interindividual variation. Similarly, gene expression patterns were strongly dependent on choice of cell and RNA isolation and preparation techniques. We conclude that for large clinical studies, it is crucial to reduce maximally the time to RNA isolation. Furthermore, prior to study initiation, the cell type of interest should already be defined. Our data therefore will help to optimize clinical studies applying gene expression analysis of peripheral blood to exploit drug responses and to better understand changes associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Debey
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology, Center for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology, Internal Medicine I, Hematology and Oncology Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Beyer M, Kochanek M, von Bergwelt-baildon M, Popov A, Wolf J, Schultze J. Cancer Cell Int 2004; 4:S5. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-4-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Zander T, Re D, Beyer S, Hellmich M, Popov A, Büchmann I, Wolf J, Debey S, Schultze J. Cancer Cell Int 2004; 4:S29. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-4-s1-s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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11
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von Bergwelt-baildon M, Maecker B, Fiore F, Nadler L, Schultze J. Cancer Cell Int 2004; 4:S49. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-4-s1-s49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Jensen M, Ernestus K, Kemshead J, Klehr M, Von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Schinköthe T, Schultze JL, Berthold F. The bi-specific CD3 x NCAM antibody: a model to preactivate T cells prior to tumour cell lysis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:253-63. [PMID: 14616785 PMCID: PMC1808859 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To target the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, CD56) on neuroblastoma by T cell-based immunotherapy we have generated a bi-specific CD3 x NCAM antibody (OE-1). This antibody can be used to redirect T cells to NCAM+ cells. Expectedly, the antibody binds specifically to NCAM+ neuroblastoma cells and CD3+ T cells. OE-1 induces T cell activation, expansion and effector function in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. T cell activation was shown to depend on the presence of normal natural killer (NK) cells in the culture. Interestingly, while PBMC- derived T cells were activated by OE-1, NK cells were almost completely depleted, suggesting that T cells activated by OE-1 deleted the NK cells. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differentiate into a larger CCR7+ central memory and a smaller CCR7- effector memory cell population. Most importantly, preactivated T cells were highly cytotoxic for neuroblastoma cells. In eight of 11 experiments tumour-directed cytotoxicity was enhanced when NK cells were present during preactivation with OE-1. These data strongly support a bi-phasic therapeutic concept of primarily stimulating T cells with the bi-specific antibody in the presence of normal NCAM+ cells to induce T cell activation, migratory capacity and finally tumour cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jensen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Cologne, Germany.
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Thomas RK, Kallenborn A, Wickenhauser C, Schultze JL, Draube A, Vockerodt M, Re D, Diehl V, Wolf J. Constitutive expression of c-FLIP in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:1521-8. [PMID: 11943736 PMCID: PMC1867202 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinking of the transmembrane receptor CD95/Fas leads to activation of a signaling cascade resulting in apoptosis. c-FLIP is a recently described protein that potently inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis and has been shown to be a key factor in germinal center B cell survival. Because Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in classical Hodgkin's disease (cHD) are also resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis we studied the role of c-FLIP in classical HD. High levels of c-FLIP protein were identified in two Fas-resistant Hodgkin-derived cell lines. In contrast to other tumor cells, inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not lead to down-regulation of c-FLIP protein in these HD cell lines. Furthermore, Fas-mediated apoptosis was only partially restored suggesting that normal regulation of c-FLIP was disrupted. The in vivo relevance of these findings was supported by demonstration of significant c-FLIP expression by immunohistochemistry in 18 of 19 evaluable cases of primary HD. Taken together, c-FLIP is constitutively expressed in HD and may therefore be a major mechanism responsible for Fas-resistance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kurt Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Vonderheide RH, Schultze JL, Anderson KS, Maecker B, Butler MO, Xia Z, Kuroda MJ, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Bedor MM, Hoar KM, Schnipper DR, Brooks MW, Letvin NL, Stephans KF, Wucherpfennig KW, Hahn WC, Nadler LM. Equivalent induction of telomerase-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from tumor-bearing patients and healthy individuals. Cancer Res 2001; 61:8366-70. [PMID: 11731409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Although high frequencies of T lymphocytes specific for certain tumor-associated antigens have been detected in some cancer patients, increasing evidence suggests that these T cells may be functionally defective in vivo and fail to induce meaningful clinical responses. One strategy to overcome this limitation is to target novel antigens that are ignored during the natural antitumor immune response but are nevertheless capable of triggering effector T-cell responses against tumors after optimal presentation by antigen-presenting cells. Here, we show that the telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT)-a nearly universal tumor antigen identified by epitope deduction rather than from patient immune responses-is immunologically ignored by patients despite progressive tumor burden. Nevertheless, HLA-A2-restricted CTLs against hTERT are equivalently induced ex vivo from patients and healthy individuals and efficiently kill human tumor cell lines and primary tumors. Thus, telomerase-specific T cells from cancer patients are spared functional inactivation because of immunological ignorance. These findings support clinical efforts to target the hTERT as a tumor antigen with broad therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Vonderheide
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The disclosure of the human genome sequence and rapid advances in genomic expression profiling have revolutionized our knowledge about molecular changes in malignant diseases. Rapidly growing gene expression databases and improvements in bioinformatics tools set the stage for new approaches using large-scale molecular information to develop specific therapeutics in cancer. On one hand, the ability to detect clusters of genes differentially expressed in normal and malignant tissue may lead to widely applicable targeting of defined molecular structures. On the other hand, analyzing the 'molecular fingerprint' of an individual tumor raises the possibility of developing customized therapeutics. One approach to use the emerging new datasets for the development of novel therapeutics is to identify genes that are specifically expressed in tumors as targets for immune intervention. This review will focus on the process from in silico analysis of expression databases and screening of potential candidate genes by bioinformatics to the in vitro and in vivo analysis to determine the immunogenicity of candidate tumor antigens. Basic biological principles of 'reverse immunology' as well as technical advantages and difficulties will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maecker
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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16
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Vonderheide RH, Anderson KS, Hahn WC, Butler MO, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. Characterization of HLA-A3-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive against the widely expressed tumor antigen telomerase. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7:3343-8. [PMID: 11705846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have reported previously that the telomerase catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by CTLs. A nine-amino acid peptide derived from hTERT binds strongly to HLA-A2 antigen and elicits CTL responses against a broad panel of hTERT+ tumors (but not hTERT+ hematopoietic progenitor cells). The applicability of hTERT as a potential target for anticancer immunotherapy would be widened by the identification of epitopes restricted to other common HLA alleles, such as HLA-A3 antigen. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a method of epitope deduction, HLA-A3-restricted peptide epitopes were screened from hTERT and tested for immunogenicity in a human in vitro T-cell system. RESULTS The hTERT peptide K973 was used to generate specific CD8+ CTLs from HLA-A3+ cancer patients and healthy individuals. These CTLs lysed hTERT+ tumors from multiple histologies in an MHC-restricted fashion, suggesting that the epitope is naturally processed and presented by tumors. In contrast, highly enriched HLA-A3+ CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells or activated T cells were not lysed. CONCLUSION Given the expression of HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 antigen in the general population, these findings extend the potential applicability of hTERT as a therapeutic target to >60% of all cancer patients. The characterization of hTERT as a polyepitope, polyallelic tumor-associated antigen may provide an approach for circumventing therapy-induced resistance potentially mediated by antigenic- and allelic-loss tumor escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Vonderheide
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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Vonderheide RH, Butler MO, Liu JF, Battle TE, Hirano N, Gribben JG, Frank DA, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. CD40 activation of carcinoma cells increases expression of adhesion and major histocompatibility molecules but fails to induce either CD80/CD86 expression or T cell alloreactivity. Int J Oncol 2001; 19:791-8. [PMID: 11562757 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.19.4.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle for the development of cancer immunotherapy is the poor capacity of most tumor cells to present antigen. It has previously been shown that ligation of CD40 on the surface of malignant B cells results in the induction of efficient antigen presentation primarily because of upregulated expression of MHC, costimulatory, and adhesion molecules. Ongoing clinical trials are testing the impact of CD40 ligation as immunotherapy for B cell malignancies. Because CD40 is also widely expressed in carcinomas, we studied whether CD40 activation of these cells using soluble recombinant trimeric human CD40 ligand (srhCD40L) can also induce T cell responses. Here, we show that carcinoma cells upregulate expression of CD54 and MHC molecules following in vitro exposure to srhCD40L but do not upregulate CD80 or CD86. CD40-activated carcinoma cells failed to trigger mixed lymphocyte reactions, in sharp contrast to CD40-activated lymphoma cells for which CD40 activation, as expected, resulted in increased expression of MHC, adhesion, and costimulatory molecules, and generated brisk allogeneic lymphocyte reactions. Retroviral-mediated expression of CD80 in carcinoma cells, with or without CD40 activation, triggered mixed lymphocyte reactions, provided cells were treated with IFN-gamma. Thus, the cell surface phenotype induced on carcinoma cells following CD40 activation is not fully capable of inducing T cell proliferation; however, these results support ongoing efforts to exploit costimulation in clinical efforts aimed at increasing carcinoma immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Vonderheide
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Clinically successful specific cancer immunotherapy depends on the identification of tumor-rejection antigens (Ags). Historically, tumor Ags have been identified by analyzing either T-cell or antibody responses of cancer patients against the autologous cancer cells. The unveiling of the sequence of the human genome, improved bioinformatics tools and optimized immunological analytical tools have made it possible to screen any given protein for immunogenic epitopes. Overexpressed genes in cancer can be identified by gene-expression profiling; immunogenic epitopes can be predicted based on HLA-binding motifs; candidate peptides can be identified by mass spectrometry of tumor-cell-derived HLA molecules; and peptide-specific T cells can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed at the single-cell level using ELISPOT and tetramer technologies. Here, we suggest that, based on these advancements, a new class of tumor Ags can be identified by directly linking cancer genomics to cancer immunology and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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Trojan A, Witzens M, Schultze JL, Vonderheide RH, Harig S, Krackhardt AM, Stahel RA, Gribben JG. Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against native and altered peptides of human leukocyte antigen-A*0201 restricted epitopes from the human epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4761-5. [PMID: 11406549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of human tumor antigens have been described that can be recognized by CTLs in a MHC class I restricted fashion. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) is expressed in a variety of human tumors and has attracted attention as a therapeutic target for monoclonal antibody serotherapy. We have identified immunogenic peptides derived from Ep-CAM, that bind to human leukocyte antigen-A*0201 and elicit strong peptide-specific human CTL responses, demonstrating that there is an effective T-cell repertoire against these Ep-CAM-derived peptides that can be recruited. Alterations to these peptides were made to increase their binding affinity to MHC class I molecules. The use of such "heteroclitic" peptides allowed generation of cytotoxic T cells that demonstrated increased killing of target cells pulsed not only with the heteroclitic but also with the native peptide. Most important, CTL cell lines that are generated against these peptides specifically lyse epithelial tumor cells expressing Ep-CAM but not normal hematopoietic or bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trojan
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 02114 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Schultze JL, Anderson KC, Gilleece MH, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. A pilot study of combined immunotherapy with autologous adoptive tumour-specific T-cell transfer, vaccination with CD40-activated malignant B cells and interleukin 2. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:455-60. [PMID: 11380416 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most B-cell malignancies are incurable diseases and therefore warrant new therapeutic approaches. In a pilot study, we tested the feasibility and safety of combined immunotherapy consisting of adoptive transfer of autologous tumour-specific T cells, low-dose interleukin 2 (IL-2) and a cellular vaccine of CD40-activated plasma cell leukaemia (PCL) cells in a patient who failed tandem repeat stem cell transplantation and idiotype vaccination. Autologous tumour-specific T cells for adoptive T-cell transfer were propagated in vitro by repetitive stimulation with autologous ex vivo CD40-activated PCL cells. CD40-activated PCL cells for vaccination were similarly generated ex vivo by co-culture with CD40 ligand transfectants. Autologous T cells (5 x 108 and 2.5 x 109 for two separate treatment cycles) generated ex vivo and cytotoxic against autologous tumours were infused and well tolerated by the patient. Fever and myalgias were closely related to IL-2 injections and no other adverse effects were observed. A temporary decrease of PCL cells in peripheral blood was seen after the first cycle of adoptive T-cell therapy, tumour cell vaccination and low-dose IL-2. Tumour progression was associated with tumour cells that (1) expressed a complex karyotype, (2) demonstrated loss of MHC class II, and (3) did not induce autologous tumour-specific T-cell lines ex vivo. We demonstrated the safety and feasibility in combining autologous tumour-specific T-cell therapy with low-dose IL-2 and that clinical trials based on the use of CD40-activated autologous tumour cell vaccines are warranted in patients with CD40-activated autologous tumour cells, either as a vaccine or for ex vivo stimulation of autologous T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Tumour immunology has seen many exciting developments in the last few years. In addition to tumour antigens that are defined by antitumour T- and B-cell responses in patients, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase has been identified by 'reverse immunology' as the first truly universal tumour antigen. Molecular remission has been associated with a cancer vaccine that targets the clonal idiotype of B-cell malignancies, and sophisticated cellular vaccines (including fusions of tumour cells and antigen-presenting cells) have demonstrated promising results. Moreover, our capabilities of measuring immunity have been significantly enhanced by novel technology, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide tetramers and ELISPOT analysis. We are now capable of tracking antigen-specific T cells at a single cell level. This review will analyse recent developments and highlight some important issues that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, D540C, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Trojan A, Schultze JL, Witzens M, Vonderheide RH, Ladetto M, Donovan JW, Gribben JG. Immunoglobulin framework-derived peptides function as cytotoxic T-cell epitopes commonly expressed in B-cell malignancies. Nat Med 2000; 6:667-72. [PMID: 10835683 DOI: 10.1038/76243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the idiotypic structures of immunoglobulin from malignant B cells were the first tumor-specific determinants recognized, and clinical vaccination trials have demonstrated induction of tumor-specific immunity, the function of immunoglobulin-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tumor rejection remains elusive. Here, we combined bioinformatics and a T cell-expansion system to identify human immunoglobulin-derived peptides capable of inducing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Immunogenic peptides were derived from framework regions of the variable regions of the immunoglobulin that were shared among patients. Human-leukocyte-antigen-matched and autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for these peptides killed primary malignant B cells, demonstrating that malignant B cells are capable of processing and presenting such peptides. Targeting shared peptides to induce T-cell responses might further improve current vaccination strategies in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trojan
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Vonderheide RH, Hahn WC, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. The telomerase catalytic subunit is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1999; 10:673-9. [PMID: 10403642 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in certain human malignancies has prompted renewed efforts to develop antigen-specific immunotherapy of cancer. However, most TAA described thus far are expressed in one or a few tumor types, and, among patients with these types of tumors, TAA expression is not universal. Here, we characterize the telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) as a widely expressed TAA capable of triggering antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. More than 85% of human cancers exhibit strong telomerase activity, but normal adult tissues, with few exceptions, do not. In a human system, CD8+ CTL specific for an hTERT peptide and restricted to MHC HLA-A2 lysed hTERT+ tumors from multiple histologies. These findings identify hTERT as a potentially important and widely applicable target for anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Vonderheide
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that chemotherapy does not cure the majority of patients with B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Therefore new treatment modalities are necessary. Immunotherapy of B cell lymphomas using monoclonal antibodies has been shown to be efficacious in murine model systems and also in patients. With the identification of tumor-specific antigens as targets for autologous T cells, T cell mediated immunity has been revived as an immunotherapeutic modality in B cell lymphomas. For B cell lymphomas the lymphoma-specific idiotype can be used as a tumor-specific antigen to stimulate T cells. Alternatively, the malignant B cells can be modified to become efficient antigen-presenting cells and present peptides from their own tumor-specific antigens to the autologous T cells. Here we discuss previous and currently explored immunotherapeutic strategies for B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Disease Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Detection of clonal tumor cells in leukemias and lymphomas by PCR in minimal residual disease (MRD) has been shown to be a valuable parameter for identifying patients who may require further treatment. Here we introduce the studies underway in our own and other institutions addressing the value of PCR technology in detecting residual CLL cells either in the autologous stem cell product or after induction of MRD in patients after autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplant. The PCR technology used for these questions and the results are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Purging
- Cell Separation
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/analysis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myeloablative Agonists/therapeutic use
- Neoplasm, Residual/diagnosis
- Neoplasm, Residual/immunology
- Neoplasm, Residual/prevention & control
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Transplantation, Autologous
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Disease Center for Hematological Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Schultze JL, Michalak S, Lowne J, Wong A, Gilleece MH, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. Human non-germinal center B cell interleukin (IL)-12 production is primarily regulated by T cell signals CD40 ligand, interferon gamma, and IL-10: role of B cells in the maintenance of T cell responses. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1-12. [PMID: 9874559 PMCID: PMC1887700 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1998] [Revised: 10/27/1998] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 is expressed mainly in antigen-presenting cells after challenge with microbial material or after CD40 activation. Although IL-12 was cloned from human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell lines, surprisingly, CD40 ligation on murine B cells did not lead to IL-12 production, suggesting that murine B cells do not produce IL-12. Here we demonstrate that a subset of human tonsillar B cells can be induced to express and secrete bioactive IL-12. The major stimulus to produce IL-12 in human B cells was CD40 ligation. In contrast, B cell receptor cross-linking did not induce IL-12. Expression of IL-12 after CD40 activation was restricted to CD38(-)IgD+/- non-germinal center (non-GC) B cells. CD40 ligation and interferon (IFN)-gamma exhibited synergistic effects on IL-12 production, whereas IL-10 abrogated and IL-4 significantly inhibited IL-12 production by these B cells. In contrast to IL-12, production of IL-6 is conversely regulated, leading to significant increase after CD40 ligation in the presence of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-4. Cord blood T cells skewed towards either a Th1 or a Th2 phenotype maintained their cytokine expression pattern when restimulated with allogeneic resting B cells. Blockade of CD40 and/or IL-12 during T-B interaction significantly reduced IFN-gamma production by the T cells. This suggests a model whereby B cells produce either IL-12 or IL-6 after contact with T cells previously differentiated towards Th1 or Th2. Furthermore, IL-12 and IL-6 might provide a positive feedback during cognate T-B interactions, thereby maintaining T cells' differentiation pattern during amplification of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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27
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Abstract
There is no doubt that human B cell lymphoma does not elicit a clinically sufficient T cell mediated immune response that results in tumor rejection. However, the mechanisms leading to this lack of T cell recognition and effector function are still not fully understood. Many potential mechanisms such as "ignorance" including "antigen silencing", "tolerance" including "infectious tolerance" and "anergy" or "immunosuppression" have been identified in different model systems and all these could, in part, account for the lack of immune recognition in B cell lymphoma. Malignant B cells are poor antigen presenting cells and T cells in close proximity to the malignant cells are hyporesponsive with detects in T cell receptor signaling and cytotoxic effector function. This review will discuss recent in vitro findings in context of in vivo data in murine model systems relevant to B cell lymphoma. Understanding these complex defects of anti-lymphoma immune responses should allow us to redefine our immunotherapeutic strategies to overcome these detects and induce clinically sufficient T cell mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Hart DN, Schultze JL, Stewart AK. Presentation of tumor antigens. Semin Hematol 1999; 36:21-5. [PMID: 9989485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells, with their extraordinary capacity for initiating primary and secondary T-lymphocyte responses, may be pivotal in the development of immunotherapeutic strategies for multiple myeloma. Although host lymphocytes are able to recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), many tumors are able to avoid dendritic cell-mediated immune surveillance. One reason may be that the tumor environment inhibits the maturation and activation of dendritic cells. A recently developed strategy to use dendritic cells in immunotherapy involves removing them from the tumor, pulsing them in vitro with antigen, and reinfusing them into the patient to generate responding T cells in vivo. Methods for reliably obtaining dendritic cells for therapeutic use are currently being investigated. Among other efforts to induce T-cell-mediated immunity against cancer, the presentation of tumor antigens by the tumor cells themselves is being investigated. Issues to be resolved include defects of antigen presentation by tumor cells and whether all cells present the same set of peptides. Moreover, as long as all the tumor antigens have not been identified, the tumor cell itself remains the primary source of unknown antigens and, therefore, is a worthwhile subject for study. Phase I trials of immunotherapy using adenovirus-infected autologous plasma cells have recently been undertaken. The adenoviral vectors carry genes with therapeutic potential, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12, and B7-1. Initial results showed that the vector can be readily detected in tumor cells at 13 days postinjection, and IL-2 expression was evident at 7 days. The chief side effect reported was inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Hart
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Abstract
It is now widely accepted that current standard therapy does not lead to cure for the majority of patients with B-cell malignancies. In the search for novel treatment modalities and with the discovery of tumor-antigen--derived peptides recognized by T cells in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules, active and passive immunotherapy has moved to center stage once again. Whereas most lymphoma research in this area has focused on vaccination strategies using the tumor-specific idiotype as a target antigen, this review focuses on the potential of a new strategy of adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T- for B-cell malignancies. Murine in vivo models and preclinical experiments suggest that we are now ready to enter the clinical arena to evaluate whether adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic antigen-specific T cells is a feasible and efficacious therapy approach for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Potential obstacles to this strategy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Bleul CC, Schultze JL, Springer TA. B lymphocyte chemotaxis regulated in association with microanatomic localization, differentiation state, and B cell receptor engagement. J Exp Med 1998; 187:753-62. [PMID: 9480985 PMCID: PMC2212170 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.5.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/1997] [Revised: 12/09/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of mature B lymphocytes within secondary lymphoid organs and recirculation between these sites are thought to allow B cells to obtain T cell help, to undergo somatic hypermutation, to differentiate into effector cells, and to home to sites of antibody production. The mechanisms that direct migration of B lymphocytes are unknown, but there is evidence that G protein-coupled receptors, and possibly chemokine receptors, may be involved. Stromal cell- derived factor (SDF)-1alpha is a CXC chemokine previously characterized as an efficacious chemoattractant for T lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood. Here we show with purified tonsillar B cells that SDF-1alpha also attracts naive and memory, but not germinal center (GC) B lymphocytes. Furthermore, GC B cells could be converted to respond to SDF-1alpha by in vitro differentiation into memory B lymphocytes. Conversely, the migratory response in naive and memory B cells was significantly reduced after B cell receptor engagement and CD40 signaling. The receptor for SDF-1, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), was found to be expressed on responsive as well as unresponsive B cell subsets, but was more rapidly downregulated on responsive cells by ligand. Finally, messenger RNA for SDF-1 was detected by in situ hybridization in a layer of cells surrounding the GC. These findings show that responsiveness to the chemoattractant SDF-1alpha is regulated during B lymphocyte activation, and correlates with positioning of B lymphocytes within a secondary lymphoid organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Bleul
- The Center for Blood Research and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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31
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Ghia P, Boussiotis VA, Schultze JL, Cardoso AA, Dorfman DM, Gribben JG, Freedman AS, Nadler LM. Unbalanced expression of bcl-2 family proteins in follicular lymphoma: contribution of CD40 signaling in promoting survival. Blood 1998; 91:244-51. [PMID: 9414291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly responsive, advanced stage follicular lymphoma (FL) is not curable with conventional treatment. This relative resistance is thought to be due to the t(14;18) that results in the constitutive overexpression of the death-inhibiting protein bcl-2. However, the observation that FL cells are sensitive to treatment in vivo and prone to apoptosis on in vitro culture questions whether bcl-2 alone is responsible for the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of this disease. Therefore, multiple genes are likely to be involved in both the lymphomagenesis and the clinical course of FL. We examined whether expression of other bcl-2 family genes might also be operative. Here, we show that FL cells display a different pattern of expression of bcl-2 family proteins from normal germinal center (GC) B cells that are thought to be their normal counterpart. FL cells express the death-suppressor proteins bcl-2, bcl-xL, and mcl-1; whereas GC B cells express bcl-xL and mcl-1 but also the proapoptotic proteins bax-alpha and bad. Although maintaining constitutive levels of bcl-2 and mcl-1, FL cells are not protected from apoptosis when cultured in vitro. Their propensity to undergo apoptosis is temporally associated with downregulation of bcl-xL. More importantly, activation of FL cells via CD40 not only prevents downregulation but increases the level of bcl-xL expression and results in promotion of survival. These results support the hypothesis that the overexpression of bcl-2 is not the only antiapoptotic mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis of FL. Survival of FL cells is determined by a number of death-inhibiting proteins, among which bcl-xL appears to have the most critical role. Moreover, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, although FL cells are malignant, they respond to microenvironmental signals such as CD40L that appear to contribute to their survival through the upregulation of death-inhibiting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghia
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Schultze JL, Michalak S, Seamon MJ, Dranoff G, Jung K, Daley J, Delgado JC, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. CD40-activated human B cells: an alternative source of highly efficient antigen presenting cells to generate autologous antigen-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2757-65. [PMID: 9389740 PMCID: PMC508480 DOI: 10.1172/jci119822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple clinical trials have shown the efficacy of adoptively transferred allogeneic antigen-specific T cells for the treatment of viral infections and relapsed hematologic malignancies. In contrast, the therapeutic potential of autologous antigen-specific T cells has yet to be established since it has been technically difficult to generate sufficient numbers of these T cells, ex vivo. A major obstacle to the success of this objective derives from our inability to simply and rapidly isolate and/or expand large numbers of highly efficient antigen presenting cells (APCs) for repetitive stimulations of antigen-specific T cells in vitro. We show that autologous CD40-activated B cells represent a readily available source of highly efficient APC that appear to have several important advantages over other APCs for ex vivo T cell expansion including: (a) methodological simplicity necessary to generate continuously large numbers of APCs from just 50 cm3 of peripheral blood without loss of APC function; (b) capacity to induce high peak T cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production without IL-10 production; (c) ease in cryopreservation; and (d) markedly reduced cost. We, therefore, contend that CD40-activated B cells are an alternative source of highly efficient APCs with which to generate antigen-specific T cells ex vivo for autologous adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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33
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Dorfman DM, Schultze JL, Shahsafaei A, Michalak S, Gribben JG, Freeman GJ, Pinkus GS, Nadler LM. In vivo expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by follicular lymphoma cells can prevent induction of T-cell anergy but is insufficient to induce significant T-cell proliferation. Blood 1997; 90:4297-306. [PMID: 9373240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of B7 family costimulatory molecules on B cells defines their capacity to function as antigen presenting cells (APCs). B cells that do not express B7 costimulatory molecules induce T-cell tolerance. Therefore, the expression of B7 costimulatory molecules on malignant B cells might be critical for their recognition by anti-tumor-specific T cells. Here we show that virtually all germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell lymphomas including follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large cell lymphoma, but not mantle cell lymphoma or small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL/CLL), express B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) on their cell surface in situ, although at extremely low levels. Despite their expression of low levels of B7-1 and B7-2, FL cells could not induce significant allogeneic T-cell proliferation. However, B7 costimulatory molecules on FL appeared to be functional because they were capable of increasing T-cell proliferation of preactivated T cells in a secondary allogeneic mixed lymphocyte response. Moreover, low B7 expression was sufficient to prevent the induction of alloantigen-specific anergy in vitro. Therefore, we postulate that whereas low-level expression of B7 is not sufficient to initiate a productive antilymphoma T-cell response, it might be sufficient to prevent T-cell tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Dorfman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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34
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Abstract
Current therapy does not cure the majority of patients with B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and further intensification does not benefit the patient. Therefore, new approaches are necessary. Immunotherapy has become again a major interest as a new treatment modality for B cell lymphoma since the discovery that the lymphoma specific Id can be presented to antigen-specific T cells. Vaccination of the tumour-bearing host is one of the major strategies to induce a T cell mediated anti-tumour immunity in vivo. For B cell lymphomas the lymphoma specific Id can be used as a tumour-specific antigen to stimulate T cells. Alternatively, the malignant B cells can be modified to become efficient antigen presenting cells (APCs) and present peptides from their own tumour-specific antigens to the autologous T cells. Currently explored and future vaccination strategies for B cell lymphoma will be discussed here.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Leukemia, Experimental/immunology
- Leukemia, Experimental/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Adult Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Schultze JL, Seamon MJ, Michalak S, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. Autologous tumor infiltrating T cells cytotoxic for follicular lymphoma cells can be expanded in vitro. Blood 1997; 89:3806-16. [PMID: 9160688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphomas (FLs) rarely induce clinically significant T-cell-mediated responses. We showed that freshly isolated tumor infiltrating T cells (T-TILs) lack tumor-specific cytotoxicity. Stimulation of these T cells with FL cells in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and/or costimulation via CD28 does not lead to T-cell activation and expansion. In contrast, when stimulated with FL cells preactivated via CD40, autologous T-TILs can be expanded by the addition of exogenous IL-2. These T cells can be further expanded in vitro by the addition of exogenous IL-4, IL-7, or interferon-gamma, but not IL-12. Once activated, these T cells showed FL-directed cytotoxicity in four of five patients tested. We concluded that autologous cytotoxic anti-FL-specific T cells exist, but can only be detected in vitro under optimized conditions for T-cell stimulation and expansion. This suggests that their frequency in vivo is either very low or that the microenvironment does not provide the necessary signals to activate these T cells. This model system allows dissection of the requisite conditions for activation and expansion of lymphoma-directed cytotoxicity and may permit expansion of previously activated cytotoxic T cells for adoptive transfer.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/ultrastructure
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Gribben JG, Cardoso AA, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. Biologic response modifiers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1997; 11 Suppl 4:S31-3. [PMID: 9179280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the presence of tumor antigens, the paucity of clinically significant T-cell mediated immune responses against human tumors is striking. This may, in part, be because of the inability of cancer cells to function as efficient antigen-presenting cells. For full activation, T cells must receive two signals delivered by antigen-presenting cells. The first is antigen-specific and is delivered by presentation of antigenic peptide by the major histocompatibility complex molecules to the T-cell receptor. This signal, although necessary, is in itself insufficient to mediate T-cell activation, cytokine release, and subsequent T-cell proliferation and function. For full T-cell activation, T cells require delivery of a secondary, costimulatory signal, such as that delivered by members of the B7 family to their receptor on the T-cell, CD28. Delivery of an antigen signal in the absence of costimulation does not result in productive immunity, but rather in anergy, a state of antigen-specific T-cell nonresponsiveness. To induce T-cell proliferation against B-cell malignancies, the tumor cell must first be induced to express B7 or the tumor antigen must be presented by an efficient antigen-presenting cell. Simple expression of B7 on the tumor cell alone, however, cannot reverse anergy. Reversal of anergy is a complex process involving stepwise repair of the T-cell defect and can be accomplished by prolonged exposure to interleukin-2, signaling through the CD2 pathway, followed by antigen presentation with B7-mediated costimulation. Successful immunotherapeutic strategies in the B-cell malignancies will likely require steps to reverse established anergy in the tumor-bearing host as well as effective tumor-antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Gribben
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Gribben
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Hall KT, Boumsell L, Schultze JL, Boussiotis VA, Dorfman DM, Cardoso AA, Bensussan A, Nadler LM, Freeman GJ. Human CD100, a novel leukocyte semaphorin that promotes B-cell aggregation and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11780-5. [PMID: 8876214 PMCID: PMC38135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the molecular characterization of the human leukocyte activation antigen CD100 and identify it as the first semaphorin, to our knowledge, in the immune system. Semaphorins have recently been described as neuronal chemorepellants that direct pioneering neurons during nervous system development. In this study we demonstrate that CD100 induces B cells to aggregate and improves their viability in vitro. We show that CD100 modifies CD40-CD40L B-cell signaling by augmenting B-cell aggregation and survival and down-regulating CD23 expression. Thus, these results suggest that semaphorins as exemplified by CD100 also play a functional role in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Hall
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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39
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Cardoso AA, Schultze JL, Boussiotis VA, Freeman GJ, Seamon MJ, Laszlo S, Billet A, Sallan SE, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. Pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells may induce T-cell anergy to alloantigen. Blood 1996; 88:41-8. [PMID: 8704200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if neoplastic cells express tumor associated antigens they still may fail to function as antigen presenting cells (APC) if they lack expression of one or more molecules critical for the induction of productive immunity. These cellular defects can be repaired by physiologic activation, transfection, or fusion of tumor cells with professional APC. Although such defects can be repaired, antitumor specific T cells may still fail to respond in vivo if they may have been tolerized. Here, human pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) was used as a model to determine if primary human tumor cells can function as alloantigen presenting cells (alloAPC) or alternatively whether they induce anergy. In the present report, we show that pre-B cell ALL express alloantigen and adhesion molecules but uniformly lack B7-1 (CD80) and only a subset express B7-2 (CD86). Pre-B ALL cells are inefficient or ineffective alloAPC and those cases that lack expression of B7-1 and B7-2 also induce alloantigen specific T-cell unresponsiveness. Under these circumstances, T-cell unresponsiveness could be prevented by physiologic activation of tumor cells via CD40, cross-linking CD28, or signaling through the common gamma chain of the interleukin-2 receptor on T cells. Taken together, these results suggest that pre-B ALL may be incapable of inducing clinically significant T-cell-mediated antileukemia responses. This defect may be not only due to their inability to function as APC, but also due to their potential to induce tolerance. Attempts to induce clinically significant antitumor immune responses may then require not only mechanisms to repair the antigen presenting capacity of the tumor cells, but also reversal of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Cardoso
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Abstract
Recent advances in the sensitivity of detection methods have clearly illustrated that patients in complete clinical remission often harbor residual lymphoma cells that are below the limit of detection using standard staging techniques. However, the clinical significance of this detection is by no means clear. Patients have been identified who remain in very long-term clinical remission despite detection of residual lymphoma cells. In contrast, the eradication of lymphoma is associated with improved outcome in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation. We review the methodologies for the detection of minimal residual lymphoma and discusses the clinical significance of this detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Schultze JL, Cardoso AA, Freeman GJ, Seamon MJ, Daley J, Pinkus GS, Gribben JG, Nadler LM. Follicular lymphomas can be induced to present alloantigen efficiently: a conceptual model to improve their tumor immunogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:8200-4. [PMID: 7545296 PMCID: PMC41124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor-bearing host, T cells invariably fail to induce a clinically significant antitumor immune response. Although model systems support the existence of tumor peptide antigens, the molecular interactions critical for antigen presentation by the tumor cell remain unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that human follicular lymphoma cells are highly inefficient at presenting alloantigen despite their strong expression of major histocompatibility complex and low-to-intermediate expression of some adhesion and B7 costimulatory molecules. Activation of follicular lymphoma cells via CD40 induces or up-regulates both adhesion and B7 costimulatory molecules essential to repair this defect. More importantly, once primed, alloreactive T cells efficiently recognize unstimulated follicular lymphoma cells. Thus, correction of defective tumor immunity requires not only expression of major histocompatibility complex but also sufficient expression of multiple adhesion and costimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Schultze JL, Stettin A, Berg PA. Demonstration of specifically sensitized lymphocytes in patients treated with an aqueous mistletoe extract (Viscum album L.). Klin Wochenschr 1991; 69:397-403. [PMID: 1921242 DOI: 10.1007/bf01647413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of 25 patients treated with an aqueous mistletoe extract (Viscum album L.) for up to 6 months (group 1), up to 2 years (group 2), and more than 2 years (group 3) were examined in 3- and 7-day cultures for specifically sensitized lymphocytes. The whole extract (HM), the lectin-polysaccharide fraction (HM-LP), and the 'viscotoxin' fraction (HM-V) were added at concentrations ranging from 0.5 micrograms to 12.5 mg extract/ml. Lymphocytes from four of the nine group 2 patients and five of the ten group 3 patients reacted specifically with HM and HM-LP at an optimal dose of 5.0 mg/ml, but did not react with HM-V. Stimulation indices varied between 1.6 and 16. In the patients of group 3 this effect was observed only when their lymphocytes were co-stimulated in the 3-day cultures with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), in contrast to the four patients of group 2 who reacted only in the 7-day cultures with HM-LP without PHA co-stimulation. Patients' lymphocytes had to be protected from mistletoe lectin-induced cytotoxicity by the addition of their own sera containing anti-mistletoe lectin antibodies. Lymphocytes from tumor patients (n = 18) never treated with mistletoe extracts and healthy individuals (n = 18) showed no specific proliferative response when tested in 3- and 7-day cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung II, Universität Tübingen
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43
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Stettin A, Schultze JL, Stechemesser E, Berg PA. Anti-mistletoe lectin antibodies are produced in patients during therapy with an aqueous mistletoe extract derived from Viscum album L. and neutralize lectin-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Klin Wochenschr 1990; 68:896-900. [PMID: 2124308 DOI: 10.1007/bf01649034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The humoral response components of an aqueous mistletoe extract (HM) was evaluated in 23 tumor patients who had been treated from 2 months up to 6 years with increasing dosages of HM. IgG antibodies against mistletoe lectin and other components of this extract were detected by ELISA, immunodiffusion, and blotting technique, using either the aqueous extract (HM) or a purified lectin preparation (ML). Their activity depended upon dosage of HM and length of therapy. No anti-HM/ML antibodies of the IgM type could be detected. Immunoblotting revealed lectin-specific antigens at 62 kD, 33k D, and 29 kD. In the presence of ML or HM, PHA-induced proliferation of normal lymphocytes was decreased in a dose-dependent manner; this effect was neutralized by adding the IgG fraction from pooled anti-HM-antibody-positive sera, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of lectins was eliminated by these specific antibodies. In view of these findings, it is questionable whether exposing tumor cells to mistletoe extracts in vivo exerts the same direct effect on tumor cells that is observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stettin
- Medizinischen Klinik, Abteilung II, Universität Tübingen
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