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Mulazzani E, Kong K, Aróstegui JI, Ng AP, Ranathunga N, Abeysekera W, Garnham AL, Ng SL, Baker PJ, Jackson JT, Lich JD, Hibbs ML, Wicks IP, Louis C, Masters SL. G-CSF drives autoinflammation in APLAID. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:814-826. [PMID: 36997670 PMCID: PMC10154231 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMissense mutations in PLCG2 can cause autoinflammation with phospholipase C gamma 2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID). Here, we generated a mouse model carrying an APLAID mutation (p.Ser707Tyr) and found that inflammatory infiltrates in the skin and lungs were only partially ameliorated by removing inflammasome function via the deletion of caspase-1. Also, deleting interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor did not fully prevent APLAID mutant mice from autoinflammation. Overall, these findings are in accordance with the poor response individuals with APLAID have to treatments that block interleukin-1, JAK1/2 or tumor necrosis factor. Cytokine analysis revealed increased granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels as the most distinct feature in mice and individuals with APLAID. Remarkably, treatment with a G-CSF antibody completely reversed established disease in APLAID mice. Furthermore, excessive myelopoiesis was normalized and lymphocyte numbers rebounded. APLAID mice were also fully rescued by bone marrow transplantation from healthy donors, associated with reduced G-CSF production, predominantly from non-hematopoietic cells. In summary, we identify APLAID as a G-CSF-driven autoinflammatory disease, for which targeted therapy is feasible.
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2
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Wang W, Marinis JM, Beal AM, Savadkar S, Wu Y, Khan M, Taunk PS, Wu N, Su W, Wu J, Ahsan A, Kurz E, Chen T, Yaboh I, Li F, Gutierrez J, Diskin B, Hundeyin M, Reilly M, Lich JD, Harris PA, Mahajan MK, Thorpe JH, Nassau P, Mosley JE, Leinwand J, Kochen Rossi JA, Mishra A, Aykut B, Glacken M, Ochi A, Verma N, Kim JI, Vasudevaraja V, Adeegbe D, Almonte C, Bagdatlioglu E, Cohen DJ, Wong KK, Bertin J, Miller G. RIP1 Kinase Drives Macrophage-Mediated Adaptive Immune Tolerance in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Cell 2020; 38:585-590. [PMID: 33049209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Harris PA, Marinis JM, Lich JD, Berger SB, Chirala A, Cox JA, Eidam PM, Finger JN, Gough PJ, Jeong JU, Kang J, Kasparcova V, Leister LK, Mahajan MK, Miller G, Nagilla R, Ouellette MT, Reilly MA, Rendina AR, Rivera EJ, Sun HH, Thorpe JH, Totoritis RD, Wang W, Wu D, Zhang D, Bertin J, Marquis RW. Identification of a RIP1 Kinase Inhibitor Clinical Candidate (GSK3145095) for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:857-862. [PMID: 31223438 PMCID: PMC6580371 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
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RIP1
regulates cell death and inflammation and is believed to play an important
role in contributing to a variety of human pathologies, including
immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and cancer. While small-molecule
inhibitors of RIP1 kinase have been advanced to the clinic for inflammatory
diseases and CNS indications, RIP1 inhibitors for oncology indications
have yet to be described. Herein we report on the discovery and profile
of GSK3145095 (compound 6). Compound 6 potently
binds to RIP1 with exquisite kinase specificity and has excellent
activity in blocking RIP1 kinase-dependent cellular responses. Highlighting
its potential as a novel cancer therapy, the inhibitor was also able
to promote a tumor suppressive T cell phenotype in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
organ cultures. Compound 6 is currently in phase 1 clinical
studies for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and other selected solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James H. Thorpe
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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4
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Harris PA, Faucher N, George N, Eidam PM, King BW, White GV, Anderson NA, Bandyopadhyay D, Beal AM, Beneton V, Berger SB, Campobasso N, Campos S, Capriotti CA, Cox JA, Daugan A, Donche F, Fouchet MH, Finger JN, Geddes B, Gough PJ, Grondin P, Hoffman BL, Hoffman SJ, Hutchinson SE, Jeong JU, Jigorel E, Lamoureux P, Leister LK, Lich JD, Mahajan MK, Meslamani J, Mosley JE, Nagilla R, Nassau PM, Ng SL, Ouellette MT, Pasikanti KK, Potvain F, Reilly MA, Rivera EJ, Sautet S, Schaeffer MC, Sehon CA, Sun H, Thorpe JH, Totoritis RD, Ward P, Wellaway N, Wisnoski DD, Woolven JM, Bertin J, Marquis RW. Discovery and Lead-Optimization of 4,5-Dihydropyrazoles as Mono-Kinase Selective, Orally Bioavailable and Efficacious Inhibitors of Receptor Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1) Kinase. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5096-5110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Faucher
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas George
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Gemma V. White
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Niall A. Anderson
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | - Veronique Beneton
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Sebastien Campos
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | - Alain Daugan
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | - Frederic Donche
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Fouchet
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Grondin
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Susan E. Hutchinson
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Emilie Jigorel
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | - Pauline Lamoureux
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie E. Mosley
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - Pamela M. Nassau
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Florent Potvain
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Sautet
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 25-27 avenue du Québec, 91951 Les Ulis Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - James H. Thorpe
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | | | - Natalie Wellaway
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | | | - James M. Woolven
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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5
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Wang W, Marinis JM, Beal AM, Savadkar S, Wu Y, Khan M, Taunk PS, Wu N, Su W, Wu J, Ahsan A, Kurz E, Chen T, Yaboh I, Li F, Gutierrez J, Diskin B, Hundeyin M, Reilly M, Lich JD, Harris PA, Mahajan MK, Thorpe JH, Nassau P, Mosley JE, Leinwand J, Kochen Rossi JA, Mishra A, Aykut B, Glacken M, Ochi A, Verma N, Kim JI, Vasudevaraja V, Adeegbe D, Almonte C, Bagdatlioglu E, Cohen DJ, Wong KK, Bertin J, Miller G. RIP1 Kinase Drives Macrophage-Mediated Adaptive Immune Tolerance in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:757-774.e7. [PMID: 30423296 PMCID: PMC6836726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by immune tolerance and immunotherapeutic resistance. We discovered upregulation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIP1) in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in PDA. To study its role in oncogenic progression, we developed a selective small-molecule RIP1 inhibitor with high in vivo exposure. Targeting RIP1 reprogrammed TAMs toward an MHCIIhiTNFα+IFNγ+ immunogenic phenotype in a STAT1-dependent manner. RIP1 inhibition in TAMs resulted in cytotoxic T cell activation and T helper cell differentiation toward a mixed Th1/Th17 phenotype, leading to tumor immunity in mice and in organotypic models of human PDA. Targeting RIP1 synergized with PD1-and inducible co-stimulator-based immunotherapies. Tumor-promoting effects of RIP1 were independent of its co-association with RIP3. Collectively, our work describes RIP1 as a checkpoint kinase governing tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jill M Marinis
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Allison M Beal
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Shivraj Savadkar
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mohammed Khan
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pardeep S Taunk
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nan Wu
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wenyu Su
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jingjing Wu
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aarif Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emma Kurz
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Inedouye Yaboh
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Johana Gutierrez
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian Diskin
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mautin Hundeyin
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Reilly
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - John D Lich
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Philip A Harris
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Mukesh K Mahajan
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - James H Thorpe
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Pamela Nassau
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Julie E Mosley
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joshua Leinwand
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan A Kochen Rossi
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ankita Mishra
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Berk Aykut
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Glacken
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Atsuo Ochi
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Narendra Verma
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jacqueline I Kim
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Varshini Vasudevaraja
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dennis Adeegbe
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christina Almonte
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ece Bagdatlioglu
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Deirdre J Cohen
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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6
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Finger JN, Brusq JM, Campobasso N, Cook MN, Deutsch J, Haag H, Harris PA, Jenkins EL, Joglekar D, Lich JD, Maguire S, Nagilla R, Rivera EJ, Sun H, Votta BJ, Bertin J, Gough PJ. Identification of an antibody-based immunoassay for measuring direct target binding of RIPK1 inhibitors in cells and tissues. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5. [PMID: 29226625 PMCID: PMC5723705 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that suppress RIPK1 kinase activity are emerging as promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of multiple inflammatory disorders. The ability to directly measure drug binding of a RIPK1 inhibitor to its target is critical for providing insight into pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and clinical efficacy, especially for a first‐in‐class small‐molecule inhibitor where the mechanism has yet to be explored. Here, we report a novel method for measuring drug binding to RIPK1 protein in cells and tissues. This TEAR1 (Target Engagement Assessment for RIPK1) assay is a pair of immunoassays developed on the principle of competition, whereby a first molecule (ie, drug) prevents the binding of a second molecule (ie, antibody) to the target protein. Using the TEAR1 assay, we have validated the direct binding of specific RIPK1 inhibitors in cells, blood and tissues following treatment with benzoxazepinone (BOAz) RIPK1 inhibitors. The TEAR1 assay is a valuable tool for facilitating the clinical development of the lead RIPK1 clinical candidate compound, GSK2982772, as a first‐in‐class RIPK1 inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Finger
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Brusq
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Michael N Cook
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Deutsch
- Integrated Biological Platform Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Heather Haag
- Integrated Biological Platform Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Philip A Harris
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Earl L Jenkins
- Integrated Biological Platform Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Devika Joglekar
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - John D Lich
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Sean Maguire
- Integrated Biological Platform Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Rakesh Nagilla
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Rivera
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Helen Sun
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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7
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Harris PA, Berger SB, Jeong JU, Nagilla R, Bandyopadhyay D, Campobasso N, Capriotti CA, Cox JA, Dare L, Dong X, Eidam PM, Finger JN, Hoffman SJ, Kang J, Kasparcova V, King BW, Lehr R, Lan Y, Leister LK, Lich JD, MacDonald TT, Miller NA, Ouellette MT, Pao CS, Rahman A, Reilly MA, Rendina AR, Rivera EJ, Schaeffer MC, Sehon CA, Singhaus RR, Sun HH, Swift BA, Totoritis RD, Vossenkämper A, Ward P, Wisnoski DD, Zhang D, Marquis RW, Gough PJ, Bertin J. Discovery of a First-in-Class Receptor Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1) Kinase Specific Clinical Candidate (GSK2982772) for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1247-1261. [PMID: 28151659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RIP1 regulates necroptosis and inflammation and may play an important role in contributing to a variety of human pathologies, including immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Small-molecule inhibitors of RIP1 kinase that are suitable for advancement into the clinic have yet to be described. Herein, we report our lead optimization of a benzoxazepinone hit from a DNA-encoded library and the discovery and profile of clinical candidate GSK2982772 (compound 5), currently in phase 2a clinical studies for psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis. Compound 5 potently binds to RIP1 with exquisite kinase specificity and has excellent activity in blocking many TNF-dependent cellular responses. Highlighting its potential as a novel anti-inflammatory agent, the inhibitor was also able to reduce spontaneous production of cytokines from human ulcerative colitis explants. The highly favorable physicochemical and ADMET properties of 5, combined with high potency, led to a predicted low oral dose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts, and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 2AD London, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Vossenkämper
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts, and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 2AD London, U.K
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8
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Mandal P, Berger SB, Pillay S, Moriwaki K, Huang C, Guo H, Lich JD, Finger J, Kasparcova V, Votta B, Ouellette M, King BW, Wisnoski D, Lakdawala AS, DeMartino MP, Casillas LN, Haile PA, Sehon CA, Marquis RW, Upton J, Daley-Bauer LP, Roback L, Ramia N, Dovey CM, Carette JE, Chan FKM, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Mocarski ES, Kaiser WJ. RIP3 induces apoptosis independent of pronecrotic kinase activity. Mol Cell 2014; 56:481-95. [PMID: 25459880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3 or RIPK3) has emerged as a central player in necroptosis and a potential target to control inflammatory disease. Here, three selective small-molecule compounds are shown to inhibit RIP3 kinase-dependent necroptosis, although their therapeutic value is undermined by a surprising, concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis. These compounds interact with RIP3 to activate caspase 8 (Casp8) via RHIM-driven recruitment of RIP1 (RIPK1) to assemble a Casp8-FADD-cFLIP complex completely independent of pronecrotic kinase activities and MLKL. RIP3 kinase-dead D161N mutant induces spontaneous apoptosis independent of compound, whereas D161G, D143N, and K51A mutants, like wild-type, only trigger apoptosis when compound is present. Accordingly, RIP3-K51A mutant mice (Rip3(K51A/K51A)) are viable and fertile, in stark contrast to the perinatal lethality of Rip3(D161N/D161N) mice. RIP3 therefore holds both necroptosis and apoptosis in balance through a Ripoptosome-like platform. This work highlights a common mechanism unveiling RHIM-driven apoptosis by therapeutic or genetic perturbation of RIP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Mandal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Scott B Berger
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Sirika Pillay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chunzi Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D Lich
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joshua Finger
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Viera Kasparcova
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Bart Votta
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael Ouellette
- Molecular Discovery Research, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Bryan W King
- Molecular Discovery Research, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David Wisnoski
- Molecular Discovery Research, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ami S Lakdawala
- Molecular Discovery Research, Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael P DeMartino
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Linda N Casillas
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Pamela A Haile
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Clark A Sehon
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Robert W Marquis
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jason Upton
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Linda Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nancy Ramia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Cole M Dovey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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9
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Harris PA, Bandyopadhyay D, Berger SB, Campobasso N, Capriotti CA, Cox JA, Dare L, Finger JN, Hoffman SJ, Kahler KM, Lehr R, Lich JD, Nagilla R, Nolte RT, Ouellette MT, Pao CS, Schaeffer MC, Smallwood A, Sun HH, Swift BA, Totoritis RD, Ward P, Marquis RW, Bertin J, Gough PJ. Discovery of Small Molecule RIP1 Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pathologies Associated with Necroptosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1238-43. [PMID: 24900635 DOI: 10.1021/ml400382p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent inhibitors of RIP1 kinase from three distinct series, 1-aminoisoquinolines, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines, and furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, all of the type II class recognizing a DLG-out inactive conformation, were identified from screening of our in-house kinase focused sets. An exemplar from the furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine series showed a dose proportional response in protection from hypothermia in a mouse model of TNFα induced lethal shock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirsten M. Kahler
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert T. Nolte
- Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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10
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Allen IC, McElvania-TeKippe E, Wilson JE, Lich JD, Arthur JC, Sullivan JT, Braunstein M, Ting JPY. Characterization of NLRP12 during the in vivo host immune response to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60842. [PMID: 23577168 PMCID: PMC3618512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of nucleotide binding domain leucine rich repeats-containing (NLR) family members has yet to be functionally characterized. Of the described NLRs, most are considered to be proinflammatory and facilitate IL-1β production. However, a newly defined sub-group of NLRs that function as negative regulators of inflammation have been identified based on their abilities to attenuate NF-κB signaling. NLRP12 (Monarch-1) is a prototypical member of this sub-group that negatively regulates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling in biochemical assays and in colitis and colon cancer models. The role of NLRP12 in infectious diseases has not been extensively studied. Here, we characterized the innate immune response of Nlrp12−/− mice following airway exposure to LPS, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In response to E. coli LPS, Nlrp12−/− mice showed a slight decrease in IL-1β and increase in IL-6 production, but these levels were not statistically significant. During K. pneumoniae infection, we observed subtle differences in cytokine levels and significantly reduced numbers of monocytes and lymphocytes in Nlrp12−/− mice. However, the physiological relevance of these findings is unclear as no overt differences in the development of lung disease were observed in the Nlrp12−/− mice. Likewise, Nlrp12−/− mice demonstrated pathologies similar to those observed in the wild type mice following M. tuberculosis infection. Together, these data suggest that NLRP12 does not significantly contribute to the in vivo host innate immune response to LPS stimulation, Klebsiella pneumonia infection or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving C. Allen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ICA); (JPYT)
| | - Erin McElvania-TeKippe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin E. Wilson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John D. Lich
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Janelle C. Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan T. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jenny P. Y. Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ICA); (JPYT)
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11
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Finger JN, Lich JD, Dare LC, Cook MN, Brown KK, Duraiswami C, Bertin J, Gough PJ. Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity. J Biol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a112.378323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Finger JN, Lich JD, Dare LC, Cook MN, Brown KK, Duraiswami C, Bertin J, Bertin JJ, Gough PJ. Autolytic proteolysis within the function to find domain (FIIND) is required for NLRP1 inflammasome activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25030-7. [PMID: 22665479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) play a key role in immunity and disease through their ability to modulate inflammation in response to pathogen-derived and endogenous danger signals. Here, we identify the requirements for activation of NLRP1, an NLR protein associated with a number of human pathologies, including vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease. We demonstrate that NLRP1 activity is dependent upon ASC, which associates with the C-terminal CARD domain of NLRP1. In addition, we show that NLRP1 activity is dependent upon autolytic cleavage at Ser(1213) within the FIIND. Importantly, this post translational event is dependent upon the highly conserved distal residue His(1186). A disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphism near His(1186) and a naturally occurring mRNA splice variant lacking exon 14 differentially affect this autolytic processing and subsequent NLRP1 activity. These results describe key molecular pathways that regulate NLRP1 activity and offer insight on how small sequence variations in NLR genes may influence human disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Finger
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
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13
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Allen IC, Wilson JE, Schneider M, Lich JD, Roberts RA, Arthur JC, Woodford RMT, Davis BK, Uronis JM, Herfarth HH, Jobin C, Rogers AB, Ting JPY. NLRP12 suppresses colon inflammation and tumorigenesis through the negative regulation of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Immunity 2012; 36:742-54. [PMID: 22503542 PMCID: PMC3658309 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro data suggest that a subgroup of NLR proteins, including NLRP12, inhibits the transcription factor NF-κB, although physiologic and disease-relevant evidence is largely missing. Dysregulated NF-κB activity is associated with colonic inflammation and cancer, and we found Nlrp12(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer. Polyps isolated from Nlrp12(-/-) mice showed elevated noncanonical NF-κB activation and increased expression of target genes that were associated with cancer, including Cxcl13 and Cxcl12. NLRP12 negatively regulated ERK and AKT signaling pathways in affected tumor tissues. Both hematopoietic- and nonhematopoietic-derived NLRP12 contributed to inflammation, but the latter dominantly contributed to tumorigenesis. The noncanonical NF-κB pathway was regulated upon degradation of TRAF3 and activation of NIK. NLRP12 interacted with both NIK and TRAF3, and Nlrp12(-/-) cells have constitutively elevated NIK, p100 processing to p52 and reduced TRAF3. Thus, NLRP12 is a checkpoint of noncanonical NF-κB, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving C Allen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Allen IC, Lich JD, Arthur JC, Jania CM, Roberts RA, Callaway JB, Tilley SL, Ting JPY. Characterization of NLRP12 during the development of allergic airway disease in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30612. [PMID: 22291998 PMCID: PMC3264608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the 22 members of the nucleotide binding-domain, leucine rich repeat-containing (NLR) family, less than half have been functionally characterized. Of those that have been well studied, most form caspase-1 activating inflammasomes. NLRP12 is a unique NLR that has been shown to attenuate inflammatory pathways in biochemical assays and mediate the lymph node homing of activated skin dendritic cells in contact hypersensitivity responses. Since the mechanism between these two important observations remains elusive, we further evaluated the contribution of NLRP12 to organ specific adaptive immune responses by focusing on the lung, which, like skin, is exposed to both exogenous and endogenous inflammatory agents. In models of allergic airway inflammation induced by either acute ovalbumin (OVA) exposure or chronic house dust mite (HDM) antigen exposure, Nlrp12(-/-) mice displayed subtle differences in eosinophil and monocyte infiltration into the airways. However, the overall development of allergic airway disease and airway function was not significantly altered by NLRP12 deficiency. Together, the combined data suggest that NLRP12 does not play a vital role in regulating Th2 driven airway inflammation using common model systems that are physiologically relevant to human disease. Thus, the allergic airway inflammation models described here should be appropriate for subsequent studies that seek to decipher the contribution of NLRP12 in mediating the host response to agents associated with asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving C. Allen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Inflammatory Diseases and Center for Translational Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John D. Lich
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Inflammatory Diseases and Center for Translational Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Janelle C. Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Corey M. Jania
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Reid A. Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin B. Callaway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Tilley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jenny P.-Y. Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Inflammatory Diseases and Center for Translational Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Arthur JC, Lich JD, Ye Z, Allen IC, Gris D, Wilson JE, Schneider M, Roney KE, O'Connor BP, Moore CB, Morrison A, Sutterwala FS, Bertin J, Koller BH, Liu Z, Ting JPY. Cutting edge: NLRP12 controls dendritic and myeloid cell migration to affect contact hypersensitivity. J Immunol 2010; 185:4515-9. [PMID: 20861349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are regulators of inflammation and immunity. Although first described 8 y ago, a physiologic role for NLRP12 has remained elusive until now. We find that murine Nlrp12, an NLR linked to atopic dermatitis and hereditary periodic fever in humans, is prominently expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils. Nlrp12-deficient mice exhibit attenuated inflammatory responses in two models of contact hypersensitivity that exhibit features of allergic dermatitis. This cannot be attributed to defective Ag processing/presentation, inflammasome activation, or measurable changes in other inflammatory cytokines. Rather, Nlrp12(-/-) DCs display a significantly reduced capacity to migrate to draining lymph nodes. Both DCs and neutrophils fail to respond to chemokines in vitro. These findings indicate that NLRP12 is important in maintaining neutrophils and peripheral DCs in a migration-competent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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Arthur JC, Lich JD, Aziz RK, Kotb M, Ting JPY. Heat shock protein 90 associates with monarch-1 and regulates its ability to promote degradation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. J Immunol 2007; 179:6291-6. [PMID: 17947705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monarch-1/NLRP12 is expressed in myeloid cells and functions as a negative regulator of inflammation by inducing proteasome-mediated degradation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. Monarch-1 is a member of the CATERPILLER gene family, also known as the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat gene family. This family shares strong structural homology to major immune regulators expressed in lower organisms, including plants. In plants, these disease-resistance proteins (R proteins) sense pathogenic insult and initiate a protective response to limit pathogen growth. To perform this role, many R proteins require the highly conserved chaperone molecule, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90. Using a two-dimensional gel/mass spectrometry system, we detected the association of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein Monarch-1 with heat shock proteins. Further analysis indicates that analogous to plant R proteins, Hsp90 is required for Monarch-1 activity. In human monocytes, Monarch-1 associates with Hsp90, and these complexes are sensitive to treatment with specific Hsp90 inhibitors. Disruption of these complexes results in rapid degradation of Monarch-1 via the proteasome and prevents Monarch-1-induced proteolysis of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. This demonstrates that Hsp90 is a critical regulator of Monarch-1 anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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17
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Abstract
One of the most important advances in human immunology in the last decade has been the characterization of evolutionarily conserved molecular mediators important in controlling innate immunity. A prime example of this is the discovery of the mammalian Toll-like receptor family. Toll molecules were first discovered in Drosophila and were found to protect the organism from fungal infection. In mammals, Toll-like receptors respond to a wide variety of microbial products and serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. In the last 4 years, another important family of molecules has been discovered, and it is evolutionarily conserved from plants to humans. This family was first christened CATERPILLER by our laboratory, and is also known as NBD-LRR or NLR. CATERPILLER family members have rapidly gained prominence as important regulators of inflammatory responses to pathogens and their products. This article discusses some of the members of this family and their role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
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18
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Ye Z, Lich JD, Moore C, Williams KL, Duncan JA, Ting JP. ATP-binding to the CATERPILLER protein Monarch-1, is required for its inhibitory function (44.19). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.44.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The newly discovered CATERPILLER (NOD, NLR) family is defined by a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) that consists of the Walker A and B motifs and ten additional motifs. It is conserved from plants to humans, and is important in immune regulation and several genetic disorders. Although the NBD is a defining feature of this family, there is a paucity of data to indicate that these proteins bind nucleotides, or the binding of nucleotides modulate their functions. Monarch-1/Pypaf7 is a negative regulator of IRAK-1 and NIK. In this report, we successfully purified recombinant Monarch-1 proteins to homogeneity. Purified Monarch-1 binds ATP but not CTP, GTP and UTP and exhibits ATP hydrolysis activity. Intact Walker A/B sequences are required for nucleotide binding. Overexpression of Monarch-1 nucleotide-binding defective mutant in THP-1 cells resulted in a dramatic increase of IL-6, chemokine CCL1, CXCL6 and CXCL13 to the extent that is comparable to the THP-1 Monarch-1 shRNA knock down cells in response to TLR2 agonist. This indicates that ATP binding is required for the inhibitory function of Monarch-1 and the nucleotide binding-defective mutant displays a dominant negative effect. Intact nucleotide-binding domain is also required for IRAK-1 dephosphorylation and p100 processing suggesting a nucleotide binding-dependent mechanism of Monarch-1 function in both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A Duncan
- 3Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 102 MASON FARM RD, RM209, LINEBERGER CANCER CENTER, CB#7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
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19
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Abstract
CATERPILLER is a mammalian gene family with signature NBD and LRR domains. Several members of this family are positive regulators of inflammatory responses. Others, however, exert negative effects on proinflammatory responses. These data are particularly convincing when shRNA/siRNA are used. This review focuses on the Monarch-1/PYPAF7 gene with brief discussions of CLR16.2/NOD3, PYPAF2/PAN1/NALP2, and PYPAF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Lich
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Jenny Pan-Yun Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
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20
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Lich JD, Williams KL, Moore CB, Arthur JC, Davis BK, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY. Monarch-1 suppresses non-canonical NF-kappaB activation and p52-dependent chemokine expression in monocytes. J Immunol 2007; 178:1256-60. [PMID: 17237370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CATERPILLER (NOD, NBD-LRR) proteins are rapidly emerging as important mediators of innate and adaptive immunity. Among these, Monarch-1 operates as a novel attenuating factor of inflammation by suppressing inflammatory responses in activated monocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Monarch-1 performs this important function are not well understood. In this report, we show that Monarch-1 inhibits CD40-mediated activation of NF-kappaB via the non-canonical pathway in human monocytes. This inhibition stems from the ability of Monarch-1 to associate with and induce proteasome-mediated degradation of NF-kappaB inducing kinase. Congruently, silencing Monarch-1 with shRNA enhances the expression of p52-dependent chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Taxman DJ, Zhang J, Champagne C, Bergstralh DT, Iocca HA, Lich JD, Ting JPY. Cutting edge: ASC mediates the induction of multiple cytokines by Porphyromonas gingivalis via caspase-1-dependent and -independent pathways. J Immunol 2006; 177:4252-6. [PMID: 16982856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a major etiologic agent for chronic periodontitis. Tissue destruction by Pg results partly from induction of host inflammatory responses through TLR2 signaling. This work examines the role of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC), an adaptor molecule important for TLR-mediated caspase-1 activation. Results demonstrate that ASC levels are stable upon infection of human THP1 monocytic cells with Pg but decrease after cytokine induction. Using short hairpin RNA, we demonstrate an essential role for ASC in induction of IL-1beta by TLR2, 4, and 5 agonists, live Escherichia coli, and Pg. Induction of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF also requires ASC, but this induction is not inhibited by IL-1 receptor antagonist or caspase-1 inhibitor. Similar results in U937 indicate broad applicability of these findings. Pg-infected ASC knockdown THP1 cells exhibit reduced transcript levels and NF-kappaB activation. These results suggest a role for ASC in cytokine induction by Pg involving both caspase-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Taxman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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22
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Abstract
Mutations in CIAS1/cryopyrin are linked to several autoinflammatory diseases. In this issue of Immunity, a critical role for cryopyrin in the caspase-1/IL-1beta axis and reveal a broader role for cryopyrin than anticipated is uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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23
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Taxman DJ, Livingstone LR, Zhang J, Conti BJ, Iocca HA, Williams KL, Lich JD, Ting JPY, Reed W. Criteria for effective design, construction, and gene knockdown by shRNA vectors. BMC Biotechnol 2006; 6:7. [PMID: 16433925 PMCID: PMC1409772 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a powerful methodology recently developed for the specific knockdown of targeted genes. RNAi is most commonly achieved either transiently by transfection of small interfering (si) RNA oligonucleotides, or stably using short hairpin (sh) RNA expressed from a DNA vector or virus. Much controversy has surrounded the development of rules for the design of effective siRNA oligonucleotides; and whether these rules apply to shRNA is not well characterized. Results To determine whether published algorithms for siRNA oligonucleotide design apply to shRNA, we constructed 27 shRNAs from 11 human genes expressed stably using retroviral vectors. We demonstrate an efficient method for preparing wild-type and mutant control shRNA vectors simultaneously using oligonucleotide hybrids. We show that sequencing through shRNA vectors can be problematic due to the intrinsic secondary structure of the hairpin, and we determine a strategy for effective sequencing by using a combination of modified BigDye chemistries and DNA relaxing agents. The efficacy of knockdown for the 27 shRNA vectors was evaluated against six published algorithms for siRNA oligonucleotide design. Our results show that none of the scoring algorithms can explain a significant percentage of variance in shRNA knockdown efficacy as assessed by linear regression analysis or ROC curve analysis. Application of a modification based on the stability of the 6 central bases of each shRNA provides fair-to-good predictions of knockdown efficacy for three of the algorithms. Analysis of an independent set of data from 38 shRNAs pooled from previous publications confirms these findings. Conclusion The use of mixed oligonucleotide pairs provides a time and cost efficient method of producing wild type and mutant control shRNA vectors. The addition to sequencing reactions of a combination of mixed dITP/dGTP chemistries and DNA relaxing agents enables read through the intrinsic secondary structure of problematic shRNA vectors. Six published algorithms for siRNA oligonucleotide design that were tested in this study show little or no efficacy at predicting shRNA knockdown outcome. However, application of a modification based on the central shRNA stability should provide a useful improvement to the design of effective shRNA vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Taxman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura R Livingstone
- Program of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian J Conti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Heather A Iocca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristi L Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Reed
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Williams KL, Lich JD, Duncan JA, Reed W, Rallabhandi P, Moore C, Kurtz S, Coffield VM, Accavitti-Loper MA, Su L, Vogel SN, Braunstein M, Ting JPY. The CATERPILLER protein monarch-1 is an antagonist of toll-like receptor-, tumor necrosis factor alpha-, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pro-inflammatory signals. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:39914-24. [PMID: 16203735 PMCID: PMC4422647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502820200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CATERPILLER (CLR, also NOD and NLR) proteins share structural similarities with the nucleotide binding domain (NBD)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) superfamily of plant disease-resistance (R) proteins and are emerging as important immune regulators in animals. CLR proteins contain NBD-LRR motifs and are linked to a limited number of distinct N-terminal domains including transactivation, CARD (caspase activation and recruitment), and pyrin domains (PyD). The CLR gene, Monarch-1/Pypaf7, is expressed by resting primary myeloid/monocytic cells, and its expression in these cells is reduced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Monarch-1 reduces NFkappaB activation by TLR-signaling molecules MyD88, IRAK-1 (type I interleukin-1 receptor-associated protein kinase), and TRAF6 (TNF receptor (TNFR)-associated factor) as well as TNFR signaling molecules TRAF2 and RIP1 but not the downstream NFkappaB subunit p65. This indicates that Monarch-1 is a negative regulator of both TLR and TNFR pathways. Reducing Monarch-1 expression with small interference RNA in myeloid/monocytic cells caused a dramatic increase in NFkappaB activation and cytokine expression in response to TLR2/TLR4 agonists, TNFalpha, or M. tuberculosis infection, suggesting that Monarch-1 is a negative regulator of inflammation. Because Monarch-1 is the first CLR protein that interferes with both TLR2 and TLR4 activation, the mechanism of this interference is significant. We find that Monarch-1 associates with IRAK-1 but not MyD88, resulting in the blockage of IRAK-1 hyperphosphorylation. Mutants containing the NBD-LRR or PyD-NBD also blocked IRAK-1 activation. This is the first example of a CLR protein that antagonizes inflammatory responses initiated by TLR agonists via interference with IRAK-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Williams
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - John D. Lich
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph A. Duncan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - William Reed
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - Prasad Rallabhandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Christopher Moore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - Sherry Kurtz
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - V. McNeil Coffield
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | | | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
| | - Jenny P.-Y. Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, North Chapel Hill, Carolina 27599
- A Sandlers Program in Asthma Research Awardee. To whom correspondence should be addressed: University of North Carolina, CB7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Tel.: 919-966-5538; Fax: 919-966-8212;
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25
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MacKeigan JP, Clements CM, Lich JD, Pope RM, Hod Y, Ting JPY. Proteomic profiling drug-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma: identification of RS/DJ-1 and RhoGDIalpha. Cancer Res 2003; 63:6928-34. [PMID: 14583493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The growing knowledge of the tight connection between apoptosis and cancer has lead to an explosion of research revolving around apoptotic induction with chemotherapeutic agents and small molecule inhibitors. The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (Taxol) activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and, combined with MEK inhibition, synergistically enhances apoptosis. Here we implement a proteomic approach using two-dimensional gels coupled with mass spectrometry to identify proteins altered with this coordinated combination treatment. We found that the combined treatment of paclitaxel and MEK inhibitor uniquely altered the proteins RS/DJ-1 (RNA-binding regulatory subunit/DJ-1 PARK7) and RhoGDIalpha (Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor alpha). Functional proteomic analysis by exogenous expression or short interfering RNA targeting confirmed a role in survival and apoptosis for these proteins. Analysis of primary lung tumors with matched adjacent normal tissue confirmed RS/DJ-1 overexpression in non-small cell lung carcinoma. This study shows the power of proteomic profiling coupled with functional analysis for the discovery of novel molecular targets and potential cancer cell-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P MacKeigan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Abstract
HLA-DM stabilizes peptide-receptive class II alphabeta dimers and facilitates the capture of high affinity peptides, thus influencing the peptide repertoire presented by class II molecules. Variations in DM levels may therefore have a profound effect on the antigenic focus of T cell-mediated immune responses. Specifically, DM expression may influence susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune diseases. In this study the role of DM in HLA-DR4-restricted presentation of an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus autoantigen, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), was tested. Presentation of immunodominant GAD epitope 273-285 was regulated by endogenous DM levels in human B lymphoblasts. T cell responses to exogenous GAD as well as an endogenous cytoplasmic form of this Ag were significantly diminished with increasing cellular expression of DM. Epitope editing by DM was observed only using Ag and not small synthetic peptides, suggesting that this process occurred within endosomes. Results with cytoplasmic GAD also indicated that peptides from this compartment intersect class II proteins in endocytic vesicles where DM editing was facilitated. Changes in DM levels within APC may therefore influence the presentation of autoantigens and the development of autoimmune disorders such as type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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27
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Abstract
HLA-DM catalyzes the exchange and selection of ligands for MHC class II molecules within mature endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Here, evidence is provided that DM edits peptides in early endosomes, thus influencing presentation via recycling class II molecules. Maximal class II-restricted presentation of an albumin-derived peptide, dependent on endocytosis and recycling class II molecules, was observed in cells lacking HLA-DM. DM editing of this epitope was observed in early endocytic compartments as shown using inhibitors of early to late endosomal transport. Editing was tempered by coexpression of HLA-DO, suggesting that DM:DO ratio may be important in guiding epitope editing in early endosomal compartments. Thus, HLA-DM appears to interact with, and edit epitopes displayed by, recycling class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Pathak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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28
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Lich JD, Blum JS. Functional analysis of antigen processing and major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted presentation. Methods Mol Biol 2001; 156:49-56. [PMID: 11068749 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-062-4:49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Lich JD, Elliott JF, Blum JS. Cytoplasmic processing is a prerequisite for presentation of an endogenous antigen by major histocompatibility complex class II proteins. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1513-24. [PMID: 10790426 PMCID: PMC2213437 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.9.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and functional studies have demonstrated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted presentation of select epitopes derived from cytoplasmic antigens, with few insights into the processing reactions necessary for this alternate pathway. Efficient presentation of an immunodominant epitope derived from glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was observed regardless of whether this antigen was delivered exogenously or via a cytoplasmic route into human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class II-DR4(+) antigen-presenting cells. Presentation of exogenous as well as cytoplasmic GAD required the intersection of GAD peptides and newly synthesized class II proteins. By contrast, proteolytic processing of this antigen was highly dependent upon the route of antigen delivery. Exogenous GAD followed the classical pathway for antigen processing, with an absolute requirement for endosomal/lysosomal acidification as well as cysteine and aspartyl proteases resident within these organelles. Presentation of endogenous GAD was dependent upon the action of cytoplasmic proteases, including the proteasome and calpain. Thus, translocation of processed antigen from the cytoplasm into membrane organelles is necessary for class II-restricted presentation via this alternate pathway. Further trimming of these peptides after translocation was mediated by acidic proteases within endosomes/lysosomes, possibly after or before class II antigen binding. These studies suggest that processing of exogenous and cytoplasmic proteins occurs through divergent but overlapping pathways. Furthermore, two cytoplasmic proteases, the proteasome and calpain, appear to play important roles in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - John F. Elliott
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Janice S. Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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30
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Lich JD, Blum JS. Second international workshop on antigen processing and presentation (Bar Harbor, October 16-18, 1999). Traffic 2000; 1:189-90. [PMID: 11208100 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2000.010212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Lich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, 255 Medical Sciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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