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Tobochnik S, Regan MS, Dorotan MKC, Reich D, Lapinskas E, Hossain MA, Stopka SA, Santagata S, Murphy MM, Arnaout O, Bi WL, Chiocca EA, Golby AJ, Mooney MA, Smith TR, Ligon KL, Wen PY, Agar NYR, Lee JW. Pilot trial of perampanel on peritumoral hyperexcitability and clinical outcomes in newly diagnosed high-grade glioma. medRxiv 2024:2024.04.11.24305666. [PMID: 38645003 PMCID: PMC11030478 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.24305666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Glutamatergic neuron-glioma synaptogenesis and peritumoral hyperexcitability promote glioma growth in a positive feedback loop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and estimated effect sizes of the AMPA-R antagonist, perampanel, on intraoperative electrophysiologic hyperexcitability and clinical outcomes. Methods An open-label trial was performed comparing perampanel to standard of care (SOC) in patients undergoing resection of newly-diagnosed radiologic high-grade glioma. Perampanel was administered as a pre-operative loading dose followed by maintenance therapy until progressive disease or up to 12-months. SOC treatment involved levetiracetam for 7-days or as clinically indicated. The primary outcome of hyperexcitability was defined by intra-operative electrocorticography high frequency oscillation (HFO) rates. Seizure-freedom and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Tissue concentrations of perampanel, levetiracetam, and metabolites were measured by mass spectrometry. Results HFO rates were similar between perampanel-treated and SOC cohorts. The trial was terminated early after interim analysis for futility, and outcomes assessed in 11 patients (7 perampanel-treated, 4 SOC). Over a median 281 days of post-enrollment follow-up, 27% of patients had seizures, including 14% treated with perampanel and 50% treated with SOC. OS in perampanel-treated patients was similar to a glioblastoma reference cohort (p=0.81). Glutamate concentrations in surface biopsies were positively correlated with HFO rates in adjacent electrode contacts and were not significantly associated with treatment assignment or drug concentrations. Conclusions A peri-operative loading regimen of perampanel was safe and well-tolerated, with similar peritumoral hyperexcitability as in levetiracetam-treated patients. Maintenance anti-glutamatergic therapy was not observed to impact survival outcomes.
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Jimenez AD, Gopaul M, Asbell H, Aydemir S, Basha MM, Batra A, Damien C, Day GS, Eka O, Eschbach K, Fatima S, Fields MC, Foreman B, Gerard EE, Gofton TE, Haider HA, Hantus ST, Hocker S, Jongeling A, Kalkach Aparicio M, Kandula P, Kang P, Kazazian K, Kellogg MA, Kim M, Lee JW, Marcuse LV, McGraw CM, Mohamed W, Orozco J, Pimentel C, Punia V, Ramirez AM, Steriade C, Struck AF, Taraschenko O, Treister AK, Yoo JY, Zafar S, Zhou DJ, Zutshi D, Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, Hanin A. Comparative analysis of patients with new onset refractory status epilepticus preceded by fever (febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome) versus without prior fever: An interim analysis. Epilepsia 2024. [PMID: 38625055 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a subset of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) that involves a febrile infection prior to the onset of the refractory status epilepticus. It is unclear whether FIRES and non-FIRES NORSE are distinct conditions. Here, we compare 34 patients with FIRES to 30 patients with non-FIRES NORSE for demographics, clinical features, neuroimaging, and outcomes. Because patients with FIRES were younger than patients with non-FIRES NORSE (median = 28 vs. 48 years old, p = .048) and more likely cryptogenic (odds ratio = 6.89), we next ran a regression analysis using age or etiology as a covariate. Respiratory and gastrointestinal prodromes occurred more frequently in FIRES patients, but no difference was found for non-infection-related prodromes. Status epilepticus subtype, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging findings, and outcomes were similar. However, FIRES cases were more frequently cryptogenic; had higher CSF interleukin 6, CSF macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1a), and serum chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) levels; and received more antiseizure medications and immunotherapy. After controlling for age or etiology, no differences were observed in presenting symptoms and signs or inflammatory biomarkers, suggesting that FIRES and non-FIRES NORSE are very similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Margaret Gopaul
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hannah Asbell
- Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Seyhmus Aydemir
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maysaa M Basha
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ayush Batra
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Charlotte Damien
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gregory S Day
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Onome Eka
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Krista Eschbach
- Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Safoora Fatima
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Brandon Foreman
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Gerard
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Teneille E Gofton
- University Hospital London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiba A Haider
- Epilepsy Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen T Hantus
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Hocker
- Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy Jongeling
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Padmaja Kandula
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Kang
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karnig Kazazian
- University Hospital London Health Sciences Center, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Minjee Kim
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lara V Marcuse
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher M McGraw
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wazim Mohamed
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Janet Orozco
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cederic Pimentel
- Neurocritical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vineet Punia
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ramirez
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Claude Steriade
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron F Struck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Olga Taraschenko
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Ji Yeoun Yoo
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sahar Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J Zhou
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deepti Zutshi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lawrence J Hirsch
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aurelie Hanin
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neurosciences, Epilepsy Unit and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Paris, France
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Agarwalla SK, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Alameddine JM, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Athanasiadou S, Axani SN, Bai X, Balagopal VA, Baricevic M, Barwick SW, Basu V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Beise J, Bellenghi C, Benning C, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bontempo F, Book JY, Boscolo Meneguolo C, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Braun J, Brinson B, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burley RT, Busse RS, Butterfield D, Campana MA, Carloni K, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chattopadhyay S, Chau N, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi S, Clark BA, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Connolly A, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Delgado D, Deng S, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Domi A, Dujmovic H, DuVernois MA, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Ellinger E, El Mentawi S, Elsässer D, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fang K, Farrag K, Fazely AR, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goehlke N, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Gray SJ, Gries O, Griffin S, Griswold S, Groth KM, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Hamdaoui H, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Hatch P, Haungs A, Helbing K, Hellrung J, Henningsen F, Heuermann L, Heyer N, Hickford S, Hidvegi A, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hori S, Hoshina K, Hou W, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacquart M, Janik O, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kelley JL, Khatee Zathul A, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Kochocki A, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Krishnamoorthi J, Kruiswijk K, Krupczak E, Kumar A, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lamoureux M, Larson MJ, Latseva S, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard DeHolton K, Leszczyńska A, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Love C, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lucarelli F, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Manao E, Mancina S, Marie Sainte W, Mariş IC, Marka S, Marka Z, Marsee M, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, Mayhew F, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Merckx Y, Merten L, Micallef J, Mitchell J, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morii Y, Morse R, Moulai M, Mukherjee T, Naab R, Nagai R, Nakos M, Naumann U, Necker J, Negi A, Neumann M, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Noell A, Novikov A, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, O'Dell V, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, Orsoe R, Osborn J, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Pontén A, Popovych Y, Prado Rodriguez M, Pries B, Procter-Murphy R, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Rawlins K, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Riedel B, Rifaie A, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Rodan S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruohan L, Ryckbosch D, Safa I, Saffer J, Salazar-Gallegos D, Sampathkumar P, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Savelberg J, Savina P, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schlickmann L, Schlüter B, Schlüter F, Schmeisser N, Schmidt T, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seikh M, Seunarine S, Shah R, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Søgaard A, Soldin D, Soldin P, Sommani G, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thiesmeyer M, Thompson WG, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tung CF, Turcotte R, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Upadhyay AK, Upshaw K, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Vara J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Venugopal M, Vereecken M, Verpoest S, Veske D, Vijai A, Walck C, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weldert J, Wen AY, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Willey N, Williams DR, Witthaus L, Wolf A, Wolf M, Wrede G, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Young R, Yu F, Yu S, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P, Zilberman P, Zimmerman M. Observation of Seven Astrophysical Tau Neutrino Candidates with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:151001. [PMID: 38682982 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.151001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We report on a measurement of astrophysical tau neutrinos with 9.7 yr of IceCube data. Using convolutional neural networks trained on images derived from simulated events, seven candidate ν_{τ} events were found with visible energies ranging from roughly 20 TeV to 1 PeV and a median expected parent ν_{τ} energy of about 200 TeV. Considering backgrounds from astrophysical and atmospheric neutrinos, and muons from π^{±}/K^{±} decays in atmospheric air showers, we obtain a total estimated background of about 0.5 events, dominated by non-ν_{τ} astrophysical neutrinos. Thus, we rule out the absence of astrophysical ν_{τ} at the 5σ level. The measured astrophysical ν_{τ} flux is consistent with expectations based on previously published IceCube astrophysical neutrino flux measurements and neutrino oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | - M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S K Agarwalla
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - S Athanasiadou
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S N Axani
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - V A Balagopal
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Baricevic
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Beise
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Benning
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Y Book
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C Boscolo Meneguolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J Brostean-Kaiser
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Butterfield
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - K Carloni
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - S Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Chau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Connolly
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Deng
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Domi
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Ellinger
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S El Mentawi
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Elsässer
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Fang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Farrag
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Fischer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Goehlke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S J Gray
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - O Gries
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Griffin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - K M Groth
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H Hamdaoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Hatch
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hellrung
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Heuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Heyer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Hidvegi
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hori
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Hou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jacquart
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - O Janik
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Khatee Zathul
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154, USA
- Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Kochocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Krishnamoorthi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Kruiswijk
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - E Krupczak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Kumar
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Lagunas Gualda
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Lamoureux
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Latseva
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard DeHolton
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Love
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Manao
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35122 Padova PD, Italy
| | - W Marie Sainte
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Marka
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Z Marka
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - M Marsee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - F Mayhew
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mechbal
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Y Merckx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Merten
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J Mitchell
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Y Morii
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Mukherjee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Naab
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Nakos
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Necker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Negi
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - M Neumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Noell
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Novikov
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Obertacke Pollmann
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - V O'Dell
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Orsoe
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Osborn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Pontén
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Procter-Murphy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - J Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Reusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Rifaie
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Rodan
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - L Ruohan
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Salazar-Gallegos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Sampathkumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J Savelberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Savina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Schlickmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Schlüter
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - F Schlüter
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Schmeisser
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Seikh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - R Shah
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Søgaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Soldin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Soldin
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Sommani
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - M Thiesmeyer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - W G Thompson
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Trettin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A K Upadhyay
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Upshaw
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Vara
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Venugopal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Vereecken
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - S Verpoest
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Veske
- Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - A Vijai
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Weldert
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Y Wen
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Willey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Witthaus
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Wolf
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Wolf
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Young
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - F Yu
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P Zilberman
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Zimmerman
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Jha R, Blitz SE, Chua MMJ, Warren AEL, Lee JW, Rolston JD. Surgical management of status epilepticus: A systematic review. Epilepsia Open 2024. [PMID: 38456595 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Status Epilepticus (SE), unresponsive to medical management, is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Surgical management is typically considered in these refractory cases. The best surgical approach for affected patients remains unclear; however, given the lack of controlled trials exploring the role of surgery. We performed a systematic review according to PRIMSA guidelines, including case reports and series describing surgical interventions for patients in SE. Cases (157 patients, median age 12.9 years) were followed for a median of 12 months. Patients were in SE for a median of 21 days before undergoing procedures including: focal resection (36.9%), functional hemispherectomy (21%), lobar resection (12.7%), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) (12.7%), deep brain stimulation (DBS) (6.4%), multiple subpial transection (MST) (3.8%), responsive neurostimulation (RNS) (1.9%), and cortical stimulator placement (1.27%), with 24 patients undergoing multiple procedures. Multiple SE semiologies were identified. 47.8% of patients had focal seizures, and 65% of patients had focal structural abnormalities on MRI. SE persisted for 36.8 ± 47.7 days prior to surgical intervention. SE terminated following surgery in 81.5%, terminated with additional adjuncts in 10.2%, continued in 1.9%, and was not specified in 6.4% of patients. Long-term seizure outcomes were favorable, with the majority improved and 51% seizure-free. Eight patients passed away in follow-up, of which three were in SE. Seizures emerging from one hemisphere were both more likely to immediately terminate (OR 4.7) and lead to long-term seizure-free status (OR 3.9) compared to nonunilateral seizures. No other predictors, including seizure focality, SE duration, or choice of surgical procedure, were predictors of SE termination. Surgical treatment of SE can be effective in terminating SE and leading to sustained seizure freedom, with many different procedures showing efficacy if matched appropriately with SE semiology and etiology. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Patients with persistent seizures (Status Epilepticus) that do not stop following medications can be treated effectively with surgery. Here, we systematically review the entirety of existing literature on surgery for treating status epilepticus to better identify how and when surgery is used and what patients do after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Jha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah E Blitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa M J Chua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron E L Warren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John D Rolston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lee JW, Drennan IR. Are we failing injured pediatrics in rural Canada? CAN J EMERG MED 2024; 26:143-144. [PMID: 38436910 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-024-00668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Lee
- Air Ambulance and Critical Care Transport, Ornge, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
| | - I R Drennan
- Air Ambulance and Critical Care Transport, Ornge, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Emergency Services and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tobochnik S, Dorotan MKC, Ghosh HS, Lapinskas E, Vogelzang J, Reardon DA, Ligon KL, Bi WL, Smirnakis SM, Lee JW. Glioma genetic profiles associated with electrophysiologic hyperexcitability. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:323-334. [PMID: 37713468 PMCID: PMC10836775 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct genetic alterations determine glioma aggressiveness, however, the diversity of somatic mutations contributing to peritumoral hyperexcitability and seizures over the course of the disease is uncertain. This study aimed to identify tumor somatic mutation profiles associated with clinically significant hyperexcitability. METHODS A single center cohort of adults with WHO grades 1-4 glioma and targeted exome sequencing (n = 1716) was analyzed and cross-referenced with a validated EEG database to identify the subset of individuals who underwent continuous EEG monitoring (n = 206). Hyperexcitability was defined by the presence of lateralized periodic discharges and/or electrographic seizures. Cross-validated discriminant analysis models trained exclusively on recurrent somatic mutations were used to identify variants associated with hyperexcitability. RESULTS The distribution of WHO grades and tumor mutational burdens were similar between patients with and without hyperexcitability. Discriminant analysis models classified the presence or absence of EEG hyperexcitability with an overall accuracy of 70.9%, regardless of IDH1 R132H inclusion. Predictive variants included nonsense mutations in ATRX and TP53, indel mutations in RBBP8 and CREBBP, and nonsynonymous missense mutations with predicted damaging consequences in EGFR, KRAS, PIK3CA, TP53, and USP28. This profile improved estimates of hyperexcitability in a multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, tumor location, integrated pathologic diagnosis, recurrence status, and preoperative epilepsy. Predicted somatic mutation variants were over-represented in patients with hyperexcitability compared to individuals without hyperexcitability and those who did not undergo continuous EEG. CONCLUSION These findings implicate diverse glioma somatic mutations in cancer genes associated with peritumoral hyperexcitability. Tumor genetic profiling may facilitate glioma-related epilepsy prognostication and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hia S Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Lapinskas
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jayne Vogelzang
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stelios M Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Amorim E, Zheng WL, Ghassemi MM, Aghaeeaval M, Kandhare P, Karukonda V, Lee JW, Herman ST, Sivaraju A, Gaspard N, Hofmeijer J, van Putten MJAM, Sameni R, Reyna MA, Clifford GD, Westover MB. The International Cardiac Arrest Research Consortium Electroencephalography Database. Crit Care Med 2023; 51:1802-1811. [PMID: 37855659 PMCID: PMC10841086 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000006074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop the International Cardiac Arrest Research (I-CARE), a harmonized multicenter clinical and electroencephalography database for acute hypoxic-ischemic brain injury research involving patients with cardiac arrest. DESIGN Multicenter cohort, partly prospective and partly retrospective. SETTING Seven academic or teaching hospitals from the United States and Europe. PATIENTS Individuals 16 years old or older who were comatose after return of spontaneous circulation following a cardiac arrest who had continuous electroencephalography monitoring were included. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Clinical and electroencephalography data were harmonized and stored in a common Waveform Database-compatible format. Automated spike frequency, background continuity, and artifact detection on electroencephalography were calculated with 10-second resolution and summarized hourly. Neurologic outcome was determined at 3-6 months using the best Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale. This database includes clinical data and 56,676 hours (3.9 terabytes) of continuous electroencephalography data for 1,020 patients. Most patients died ( n = 603, 59%), 48 (5%) had severe neurologic disability (CPC 3 or 4), and 369 (36%) had good functional recovery (CPC 1-2). There is significant variability in mean electroencephalography recording duration depending on the neurologic outcome (range, 53-102 hr for CPC 1 and CPC 4, respectively). Epileptiform activity averaging 1 Hz or more in frequency for at least 1 hour was seen in 258 patients (25%) (19% for CPC 1-2 and 29% for CPC 3-5). Burst suppression was observed for at least 1 hour in 207 (56%) and 635 (97%) patients with CPC 1-2 and CPC 3-5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The I-CARE consortium electroencephalography database provides a comprehensive real-world clinical and electroencephalography dataset for neurophysiology research of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. This dataset covers the spectrum of abnormal electroencephalography patterns after cardiac arrest, including epileptiform patterns and those in the ictal-interictal continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilberto Amorim
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei-Long Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN
| | - Mohammad M. Ghassemi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mahsa Aghaeeaval
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pravinkumar Kandhare
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vishnu Karukonda
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan T. Herman
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Adithya Sivaraju
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Clinical Neurophysiology Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J. A. M. van Putten
- Clinical Neurophysiology Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Sameni
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew A. Reyna
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gari D. Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M. Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Eckhardt CA, Sun H, Malik P, Quadri S, Santana Firme M, Jones DK, van Sleuwen M, Jain A, Fan Z, Jing J, Ge W, Danish HH, Jacobson CA, Rubin DB, Kimchi EY, Cash SS, Frigault MJ, Lee JW, Dietrich J, Westover MB. Automated detection of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome via quantitative EEG. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1776-1789. [PMID: 37545104 PMCID: PMC10578889 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an automated, physiologic metric of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome among patients undergoing chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy. METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study from 2016 to 2020 at two tertiary care centers among patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy with a CD19 or B-cell maturation antigen ligand. We determined the daily neurotoxicity grade for each patient during EEG monitoring via chart review and extracted clinical variables and outcomes from the electronic health records. Using quantitative EEG features, we developed a machine learning model to detect the presence and severity of neurotoxicity, known as the EEG immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome score. RESULTS The EEG immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome score significantly correlated with the grade of neurotoxicity with a median Spearman's R2 of 0.69 (95% CI of 0.59-0.77). The mean area under receiving operator curve was greater than 0.85 for each binary discrimination level. The score also showed significant correlations with maximum ferritin (R2 0.24, p = 0.008), minimum platelets (R2 -0.29, p = 0.001), and dexamethasone usage (R2 0.42, p < 0.0001). The score significantly correlated with duration of neurotoxicity (R2 0.31, p < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION The EEG immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome score possesses high criterion, construct, and predictive validity, which substantiates its use as a physiologic method to detect the presence and severity of neurotoxicity among patients undergoing chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.
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9
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Han GR, Lim E, Kang J, Hwang D, Heo J, Kim SK, Lee JW. Alcoholic Solvent-Mediated Excited-State Proton Transfer Dynamics of a Novel Dihydroxynaphthalene Dye. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7884-7891. [PMID: 37723599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) reaction is an important primary photochemical process because it is closely related to photophysical properties. Although ESPT research in aqueous solutions is predominant, alcoholic solvent-mediated ESPT studies are also significant in terms of photoacid-based reactions. Especially, the research for dihydroxynaphthalenes (DHNs) has been largely neglected due to the challenging data interpretation of two hydroxyl groups. A novel fluorescent dye, resveratrone, synthesized by light irradiation of resveratrol, which is famous for its antioxidant properties, can be regarded as a type of DHN, and it has distinctive optical properties, including high quantum yield, a large two-photon absorption coefficient, a large Stokes shift, and very high biocompatibility. In this study, we investigate the overall kinetics of the optical properties of resveratrone and find evidence for alcoholic solvent-mediated ESPT involvement in the radiative properties of resveratrone with a large Stokes shift. Our investigation provides an opportunity to revisit the overlooked photophysical properties of intriguing photoacid behavior and the large Stokes shift of the dihydroxynaphthalene dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Rim Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhak Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyk Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Heo
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Chungnam 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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Amorim E, Zheng WL, Jing J, Ghassemi MM, Lee JW, Wu O, Herman ST, Pang T, Sivaraju A, Gaspard N, Hirsch L, Ruijter BJ, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Hofmeijer J, van Putten MJAM, Westover MB. Neurophysiology State Dynamics Underlying Acute Neurologic Recovery After Cardiac Arrest. Neurology 2023; 101:e940-e952. [PMID: 37414565 PMCID: PMC10501085 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epileptiform activity and burst suppression are neurophysiology signatures reflective of severe brain injury after cardiac arrest. We aimed to delineate the evolution of coma neurophysiology feature ensembles associated with recovery from coma after cardiac arrest. METHODS Adults in acute coma after cardiac arrest were included in a retrospective database involving 7 hospitals. The combination of 3 quantitative EEG features (burst suppression ratio [BSup], spike frequency [SpF], and Shannon entropy [En]) was used to define 5 distinct neurophysiology states: epileptiform high entropy (EHE: SpF ≥4 per minute and En ≥5); epileptiform low entropy (ELE: SpF ≥4 per minute and <5 En); nonepileptiform high entropy (NEHE: SpF <4 per minute and ≥5 En); nonepileptiform low entropy (NELE: SpF <4 per minute and <5 En), and burst suppression (BSup ≥50% and SpF <4 per minute). State transitions were measured at consecutive 6-hour blocks between 6 and 84 hours after return of spontaneous circulation. Good neurologic outcome was defined as best cerebral performance category 1-2 at 3-6 months. RESULTS One thousand thirty-eight individuals were included (50,224 hours of EEG), and 373 (36%) had good outcome. Individuals with EHE state had a 29% rate of good outcome, while those with ELE had 11%. Transitions out of an EHE or BSup state to an NEHE state were associated with good outcome (45% and 20%, respectively). No individuals with ELE state lasting >15 hours had good recovery. DISCUSSION Transition to high entropy states is associated with an increased likelihood of good outcome despite preceding epileptiform or burst suppression states. High entropy may reflect mechanisms of resilience to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilberto Amorim
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Wei-Long Zheng
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Jing
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad M Ghassemi
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ona Wu
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Susan T Herman
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Trudy Pang
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sivaraju
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Lawrence Hirsch
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Barry J Ruijter
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen C Tjepkema-Cloostermans
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - M Brandon Westover
- From the Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (E.A., W.-L.Z., J.J., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (W.-L.Z.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (J.J., T.P., M.B.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering (M.M.G.), Michigan State University, East Lansing; Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (O.W.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Department of Neurology (S.T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, AZ; Department of Neurology (A.S., N.G., L.H.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Neurology (N.G.), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Clinical Neurophysiology Group (B.J.R., M.C.T.-C., J.H., M.J.A.M.v.P.), University of Twente, Enschede; Department of Neurology (J.H.), Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem; and Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (M.J.A.M.v.P.), Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Amorim E, Zheng WL, Ghassemi MM, Aghaeeaval M, Kandhare P, Karukonda V, Lee JW, Herman ST, Sivaraju A, Gaspard N, Hofmeijer J, van Putten MJAM, Sameni R, Reyna MA, Clifford GD, Westover MB. The International Cardiac Arrest Research (I-CARE) Consortium Electroencephalography Database. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.28.23294672. [PMID: 37693458 PMCID: PMC10491275 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.23294672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective To develop a harmonized multicenter clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) database for acute hypoxic-ischemic brain injury research involving patients with cardiac arrest. Design Multicenter cohort, partly prospective and partly retrospective. Setting Seven academic or teaching hospitals from the U.S. and Europe. Patients Individuals aged 16 or older who were comatose after return of spontaneous circulation following a cardiac arrest who had continuous EEG monitoring were included. Interventions not applicable. Measurements and Main Results Clinical and EEG data were harmonized and stored in a common Waveform Database (WFDB)-compatible format. Automated spike frequency, background continuity, and artifact detection on EEG were calculated with 10 second resolution and summarized hourly. Neurological outcome was determined at 3-6 months using the best Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale. This database includes clinical and 56,676 hours (3.9 TB) of continuous EEG data for 1,020 patients. Most patients died (N=603, 59%), 48 (5%) had severe neurological disability (CPC 3 or 4), and 369 (36%) had good functional recovery (CPC 1-2). There is significant variability in mean EEG recording duration depending on the neurological outcome (range 53-102h for CPC 1 and CPC 4, respectively). Epileptiform activity averaging 1 Hz or more in frequency for at least one hour was seen in 258 (25%) patients (19% for CPC 1-2 and 29% for CPC 3-5). Burst suppression was observed for at least one hour in 207 (56%) and 635 (97%) patients with CPC 1-2 and CPC 3-5, respectively. Conclusions The International Cardiac Arrest Research (I-CARE) consortium database provides a comprehensive real-world clinical and EEG dataset for neurophysiology research of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. This dataset covers the spectrum of abnormal EEG patterns after cardiac arrest, including epileptiform patterns and those in the ictal-interictal continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilberto Amorim
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei-Long Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CN
| | - Mohammad M. Ghassemi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Mahsa Aghaeeaval
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pravinkumar Kandhare
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vishnu Karukonda
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan T. Herman
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Adithya Sivaraju
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Clinical Neurophysiology Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Michel J. A. M. van Putten
- Clinical Neurophysiology Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Reza Sameni
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew A. Reyna
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gari D. Clifford
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - M. Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Athanasiadou S, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barwick SW, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Tjus JB, Beise J, Bellenghi C, Benda S, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Book JY, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Connolly A, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, López DD, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goehlke N, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Minh MH, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoshina K, Hou W, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Kochocki A, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Krupczak E, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Gualda CL, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Mariscal CJL, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, McHale S, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Merckx Y, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morik K, Morse R, Moulai M, Mukherjee T, Naab R, Nagai R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyen LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Nygren D, Pollmann AO, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, de Los Heros CP, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Rodriguez MP, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Cantu DR, Safa I, Saffer J, Salazar-Gallegos D, Sampathkumar P, Herrera SES, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Sogaard A, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Stezelberger T, Stokstad B, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Elorrieta MAU, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Wang W, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Willey N, Williams DR, Wolf M, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane. Science 2023; 380:1338-1343. [PMID: 37384687 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Athanasiadou
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Beise
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Benda
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - E Bernardini
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Y Book
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J Borowka
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Bradascio
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Connolly
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Fischer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Garrappa
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Goehlke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - C Günther
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - W Hou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- The Center for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Kochocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Krupczak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - S McHale
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Mechbal
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Y Merckx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - K Morik
- Computer Science Faculty, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T Mukherjee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Naab
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nahnhauer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Necker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - L V Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Reusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Salazar-Gallegos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - P Sampathkumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - K Satalecka
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Schaufel
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Sogaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - C Spiering
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Trettin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Wang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Willey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Jing J, Ge W, Struck AF, Fernandes MB, Hong S, An S, Fatima S, Herlopian A, Karakis I, Halford JJ, Ng MC, Johnson EL, Appavu BL, Sarkis RA, Osman G, Kaplan PW, Dhakar MB, Jayagopal LA, Sheikh Z, Taraschenko O, Schmitt S, Haider HA, Kim JA, Swisher CB, Gaspard N, Cervenka MC, Rodriguez Ruiz AA, Lee JW, Tabaeizadeh M, Gilmore EJ, Nordstrom K, Yoo JY, Holmes MG, Herman ST, Williams JA, Pathmanathan J, Nascimento FA, Fan Z, Nasiri S, Shafi MM, Cash SS, Hoch DB, Cole AJ, Rosenthal ES, Zafar SF, Sun J, Westover MB. Interrater Reliability of Expert Electroencephalographers Identifying Seizures and Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns in EEGs. Neurology 2023; 100:e1737-e1749. [PMID: 36460472 PMCID: PMC10136018 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The validity of brain monitoring using electroencephalography (EEG), particularly to guide care in patients with acute or critical illness, requires that experts can reliably identify seizures and other potentially harmful rhythmic and periodic brain activity, collectively referred to as "ictal-interictal-injury continuum" (IIIC). Previous interrater reliability (IRR) studies are limited by small samples and selection bias. This study was conducted to assess the reliability of experts in identifying IIIC. METHODS This prospective analysis included 30 experts with subspecialty clinical neurophysiology training from 18 institutions. Experts independently scored varying numbers of ten-second EEG segments as "seizure (SZ)," "lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs)," "generalized periodic discharges (GPDs)," "lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA)," "generalized rhythmic delta activity (GRDA)," or "other." EEGs were performed for clinical indications at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2006 and 2020. Primary outcome measures were pairwise IRR (average percent agreement [PA] between pairs of experts) and majority IRR (average PA with group consensus) for each class and beyond chance agreement (κ). Secondary outcomes were calibration of expert scoring to group consensus, and latent trait analysis to investigate contributions of bias and noise to scoring variability. RESULTS Among 2,711 EEGs, 49% were from women, and the median (IQR) age was 55 (41) years. In total, experts scored 50,697 EEG segments; the median [range] number scored by each expert was 6,287.5 [1,002, 45,267]. Overall pairwise IRR was moderate (PA 52%, κ 42%), and majority IRR was substantial (PA 65%, κ 61%). Noise-bias analysis demonstrated that a single underlying receiver operating curve can account for most variation in experts' false-positive vs true-positive characteristics (median [range] of variance explained ([Formula: see text]): 95 [93, 98]%) and for most variation in experts' precision vs sensitivity characteristics ([Formula: see text]: 75 [59, 89]%). Thus, variation between experts is mostly attributable not to differences in expertise but rather to variation in decision thresholds. DISCUSSION Our results provide precise estimates of expert reliability from a large and diverse sample and a parsimonious theory to explain the origin of disagreements between experts. The results also establish a standard for how well an automated IIIC classifier must perform to match experts. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that an independent expert review reliably identifies ictal-interictal injury continuum patterns on EEG compared with expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jing
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Wendong Ge
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Aaron F Struck
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Marta Bento Fernandes
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Shenda Hong
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sungtae An
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Safoora Fatima
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Aline Herlopian
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Ioannis Karakis
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jonathan J Halford
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Marcus C Ng
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Emily L Johnson
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Brian L Appavu
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Rani A Sarkis
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Gamaleldin Osman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Monica B Dhakar
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Lakshman Arcot Jayagopal
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Zubeda Sheikh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Olga Taraschenko
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Hiba A Haider
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jennifer A Kim
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Christa B Swisher
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Mackenzie C Cervenka
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Andres A Rodriguez Ruiz
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Mohammad Tabaeizadeh
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Kristy Nordstrom
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Ji Yeoun Yoo
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Manisha G Holmes
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Susan T Herman
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jennifer A Williams
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jay Pathmanathan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Fábio A Nascimento
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Ziwei Fan
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Samaneh Nasiri
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Mouhsin M Shafi
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sydney S Cash
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Daniel B Hoch
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Andrew J Cole
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Eric S Rosenthal
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Sahar F Zafar
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - Jimeng Sun
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL
| | - M Brandon Westover
- From the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., A.J.C., D.B.H., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), MA; University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology (A.F.S., S.F.); William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison (A.F.S.), WI; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; Georgia Institute of Technology (S.A.), College of Computing, Atlanta, GA; Yale University-Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H.), CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K.), GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H.), SC; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J.), MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), AZ; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S.), MA; Mayo Clinic-Rochester (G.O.), MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University (M.B.D.), Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J.), NE; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), WV; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), Chicago, IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), NC; Université Libre de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai (J.Y.Y.), NY; New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), PA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School (M.M.S.), MA; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (J.S.), College of Computing, Champaign, IL.
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Jing J, Ge W, Hong S, Fernandes MB, Lin Z, Yang C, An S, Struck AF, Herlopian A, Karakis I, Halford JJ, Ng MC, Johnson EL, Appavu BL, Sarkis RA, Osman G, Kaplan PW, Dhakar MB, Arcot Jayagopal L, Sheikh Z, Taraschenko O, Schmitt S, Haider HA, Kim JA, Swisher CB, Gaspard N, Cervenka MC, Rodriguez Ruiz AA, Lee JW, Tabaeizadeh M, Gilmore EJ, Nordstrom K, Yoo JY, Holmes MG, Herman ST, Williams JA, Pathmanathan J, Nascimento FA, Fan Z, Nasiri S, Shafi MM, Cash SS, Hoch DB, Cole AJ, Rosenthal ES, Zafar SF, Sun J, Westover MB. Development of Expert-Level Classification of Seizures and Rhythmic and Periodic Patterns During EEG Interpretation. Neurology 2023; 100:e1750-e1762. [PMID: 36878708 PMCID: PMC10136013 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Seizures (SZs) and other SZ-like patterns of brain activity can harm the brain and contribute to in-hospital death, particularly when prolonged. However, experts qualified to interpret EEG data are scarce. Prior attempts to automate this task have been limited by small or inadequately labeled samples and have not convincingly demonstrated generalizable expert-level performance. There exists a critical unmet need for an automated method to classify SZs and other SZ-like events with expert-level reliability. This study was conducted to develop and validate a computer algorithm that matches the reliability and accuracy of experts in identifying SZs and SZ-like events, known as "ictal-interictal-injury continuum" (IIIC) patterns on EEG, including SZs, lateralized and generalized periodic discharges (LPD, GPD), and lateralized and generalized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA, GRDA), and in differentiating these patterns from non-IIIC patterns. METHODS We used 6,095 scalp EEGs from 2,711 patients with and without IIIC events to train a deep neural network, SPaRCNet, to perform IIIC event classification. Independent training and test data sets were generated from 50,697 EEG segments, independently annotated by 20 fellowship-trained neurophysiologists. We assessed whether SPaRCNet performs at or above the sensitivity, specificity, precision, and calibration of fellowship-trained neurophysiologists for identifying IIIC events. Statistical performance was assessed by the calibration index and by the percentage of experts whose operating points were below the model's receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) and precision recall curves (PRCs) for the 6 pattern classes. RESULTS SPaRCNet matches or exceeds most experts in classifying IIIC events based on both calibration and discrimination metrics. For SZ, LPD, GPD, LRDA, GRDA, and "other" classes, SPaRCNet exceeds the following percentages of 20 experts-ROC: 45%, 20%, 50%, 75%, 55%, and 40%; PRC: 50%, 35%, 50%, 90%, 70%, and 45%; and calibration: 95%, 100%, 95%, 100%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. DISCUSSION SPaRCNet is the first algorithm to match expert performance in detecting SZs and other SZ-like events in a representative sample of EEGs. With further development, SPaRCNet may thus be a valuable tool for an expedited review of EEGs. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that among patients with epilepsy or critical illness undergoing EEG monitoring, SPaRCNet can differentiate (IIIC) patterns from non-IIIC events and expert neurophysiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jing
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wendong Ge
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shenda Hong
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marta Bento Fernandes
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhen Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chaoqi Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sungtae An
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aaron F Struck
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aline Herlopian
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ioannis Karakis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan J Halford
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marcus C Ng
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily L Johnson
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brian L Appavu
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rani A Sarkis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gamaleldin Osman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Monica B Dhakar
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lakshman Arcot Jayagopal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zubeda Sheikh
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olga Taraschenko
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hiba A Haider
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer A Kim
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christa B Swisher
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mackenzie C Cervenka
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andres A Rodriguez Ruiz
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mohammad Tabaeizadeh
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristy Nordstrom
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ji Yeoun Yoo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Manisha G Holmes
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susan T Herman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer A Williams
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jay Pathmanathan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Fábio A Nascimento
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ziwei Fan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samaneh Nasiri
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mouhsin M Shafi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel B Hoch
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J Cole
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Eric S Rosenthal
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sahar F Zafar
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jimeng Sun
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Brandon Westover
- From the Department of Neurology (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., K.N., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., A.J.C., E.S.R., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Massachusetts General Hospital Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC) (J.J., W.G., M.B.F., M.T., F.A.N., Z.F., S.N., S.S.C., D.B.H., S.F.Z., M.B.W.), Boston; National Institute of Health Data Science (S.H.), Peking University, Beijing, China; College of Computing (Z.L., C.Y., J.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; College of Computing (S.A.), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; Department of Neurology (A.F.S.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (A.F.S.), Madison, WI; Yale New Haven Hospital (A.H., J.A.K., E.J.G.), Yale University, CT; Emory University School of Medicine (I.K., A.A.R.R.), Atlanta, GA; Medical University of South Carolina (J.J.H., S.S.), Charleston; University of Manitoba (M.C.N.), Winnipeg, Canada; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (E.L.J., P.W.K., M.C.C.), Baltimore, MD; University of Arizona College of Medicine (B.L.A.), Phoenix; Brigham and Women's Hospital (R.A.S., J.W.L.), Boston, MA; Mayo Clinic (G.O.), Rochester, MN; Warren Alpert School of Medicine (M.B.D.), Brown University, Providence, RI; University of Nebraska Medical Center (L.A.J., O.T.), Omaha; West Virginia University Hospitals (Z.S.), Morgantown; University of Chicago (H.A.H.), IL; Atrium Health (C.B.S.), Charlotte, NC; Hôpital Erasme (N.G.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Icahn School of Medicine (J.Y.Y.), Mount Sinai, NY; NYU Grossman School of Medicine (M.G.H.), New York; Barrow Neurological Institute (S.T.H.), Phoenix, AZ; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital (J.A.W.), Dublin, Ireland; University of Pennsylvania (J.P.), Philadelphia; and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (M.M.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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da Silva FN, Nguyen T, Lee JW, Burtness B, Golemis E. Abstract 542: Synthetic lethal targeting of AURKA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify new combination strategies for improving treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). HNSCCs often express high levels of Aurora kinase A (AURKA), most studied as a kinase important for mitotic progression in normal cells. Notably the overexpression of AURKA in many cancers allows it to act throughout the cell cycle, acquiring new cancer-promoting activities. While several AURKA inhibitors are in clinical trials, limited efficacy is observed with single treatment, causing us to evaluate potential AURKA combination therapeutic combinations. Particularly relevant to HNSCC, which often overexpress and depend on EGFR, overexpression of AURKA can promote resistance to EGFR inhibitors by mechanisms variously identified as including activation of the EGFR effectors AKT, ERK, and BIM. Using viability and clonogenic assays, we have found that the AURKA inhibitor VIC-1911 synergizes with the EGFR inhibitors afatinib and erlotinib in multiple HNSCC cell lines and retains activity in HNSCC cell models selected for resistance to these EGFR inhibitors. However, AURKA inhibition increases levels of AURKA protein and its protein-stabilizing partner TPX2, counteracting drug effect. We also combined inhibition of AURKA with inhibition of WEE1, a regulator of the G2/M checkpoint, finding this dual inhibition enhanced levels of apoptosis in EGFR inhibitor resistant HNSCC cell lines. Intriguingly, one recent study reported AURKA can also modulate the glycolytic signaling pathway, increasing the cancer-promoting Warburg effect. We have found that inhibition of AURKA can significantly reduce glycolytic flux in HNSCC cell lines and alter expression and phosphorylation of key glycolytic enzymes. Dual inhibition of AURKA in combination with inhibitors of glycolytic enzymes, or enzymes regulating oxidative phosphorylation, showed marked synergy. These and other results investigating AURKA signaling mechanisms in HNSCC demonstrate that the non-canonical functions of AURKA include viable therapeutic targets that can enhance the efficacy of AURKA inhibition in HNSCC.
Citation Format: Flaviane N da Silva, Theodore Nguyen, Jong Woo Lee, Barbara Burtness, Erica Golemis. Synthetic lethal targeting of AURKA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 542.
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Lee JW, Kim S, Cruz-Gomez S, Shi J, Yang C, Burtness B. Abstract 1563: Concomitant inhibition of Aurora kinase A and WEE1 kinases results in synergistic tumor control and heightens DNA replication stress in head and neck and lung carcinomas. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and lung cancer mainly harbor disruptive mutations in TP53 and/or CDKN2A tumor suppressor genes, which are associated with refractoriness to treatment as well as poor prognosis and survival. Mutational loss of TP53 function fosters elevated expression of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) that plays a crucial role in mitotic progression at G2/M and stabilizes DNA replication forks at S phase. We have previously demonstrated that combined inhibition of AURKA and WEE1, a G2/M checkpoint kinase induced by replication stress, results in synergistic anti-tumor effects in HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. We have now further confirmed synergy using the highly selective AURKA inhibitor VIC1911 in HNSCC and lung cancers harboring TP53 mutations and explored mechanisms of cell death. VIC1911 and adavosertib combination synergistically suppressed cell growth and survival in both 2D- and 3D-culture systems relative to vehicle or single-agent treatment in TP53-mutated HNSCC FaDu and CAL27, and lung cancer A549 and NCI-H358 cells, with no observable toxicity in normal cells, predicting a favorable therapeutic index. Furthermore, combination treatment accelerated mitotic entry and resulted in accumulation of mitotic catastrophe, as demonstrated by time-lapse imaging, and apoptotic cell death as evidenced by cleaved PARP assays. Notably, we found that combination VIC1911 and adavosertib in HNSCC cells drastically slowed and stalled progression of replication forks in DNA fiber analysis (Mean: DMSO=3.117; adavosertib=1.495; VIC1911=0.9757; combination=0.5548 kb/min; P <0.0001) and amplified DNA damage as measured by γH2AX, indicating induction of severe replication stress. In vivo, this combination resulted in significant tumor regression in both HNSCC and lung adenocarcinoma patient-derived and cancer cell-derived xenografted mice compared with either vehicle or single-agent treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that AURKA inhibition increases dependency on WEE1 by enhancing replication stress and mitotic catastrophe, and support clinical evaluation of combined AURKA and WEE1 inhibition as a novel and effective treatment for HNSCC and lung cancer patients with elevated AURKA expression.
Citation Format: Jong Woo Lee, Sundong Kim, Sebastian Cruz-Gomez, Jackie Shi, Cindy Yang, Barbara Burtness. Concomitant inhibition of Aurora kinase A and WEE1 kinases results in synergistic tumor control and heightens DNA replication stress in head and neck and lung carcinomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Lee
- 1Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, North Haven, CT
| | - Sundong Kim
- 2Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Jackie Shi
- 2Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Cindy Yang
- 3Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Barbara Burtness
- 2Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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Carlson JM, Molyneaux BJ, Lee JW. Safe Use of Cenobamate in Super Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Case Series. Neurohospitalist 2023; 13:169-172. [PMID: 37064924 PMCID: PMC10091428 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221147083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cenobamate is an effective new adjunctive antiseizure medication (ASM) for treatment resistant focal epilepsy. It has broad spectrum anticonvulsant activity and may be a useful medication for super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE), but has not yet been studied in generalized seizures or an inpatient setting. Here we describe 2 SRSE cases where cenobamate was added safely to other treatments. It was uptitrated slowly to reduce the risk of hypersensitivity reactions which have been observed previously with rapid increasing dosages. Both patients achieved seizure control and liberation from intensive care. They have remained seizure free with continued treatment and have not experienced any side effects attributable to cenobamate. Cenobamate warrants further examination in patients with refractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Carlson
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Vanat A, Lee JW, Elkhider H, Novy J, Ben-Hamouda N, Oddo M, Rossetti AO. Multimodal Prediction of Favorable Outcome After Cardiac Arrest: A Cohort Study. Crit Care Med 2023; 51:706-716. [PMID: 36951448 PMCID: PMC10187622 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prognostic guidelines after cardiac arrest (CA) focus on unfavorable outcome prediction; favorable outcome prognostication received less attention. Our aim was to identify favorable outcome predictors and combine them into a multimodal model. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data (January 2016 to June 2021). SETTING Two academic hospitals (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA). PATIENTS Four hundred ninety-nine consecutive comatose adults admitted after CA. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS CA variables (initial rhythm, time to return of spontaneous circulation), clinical examination (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness [FOUR] score at 72 hr, early myoclonus), electroencephalography (EEG) (reactivity, continuity, epileptiform features, and prespecified highly malignant patterns), somatosensory-evoked potentials, quantified pupillometry, and serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were retrieved. Neurologic outcome was assessed at 3 months using Cerebral Performance Category (CPC); 1 and 2 were considered as favorable outcome. Predictive performance of each variable toward favorable outcomes were calculated, and most discriminant items were combined to obtain a multimodal prognostic score, using multivariable ordinal logistic regression, receiving operator characteristic curves, and cross-validation. Our analysis identified a prognostic score including six modalities (1 point each): 1) early (12-36 hr) EEG not highly malignant, 2) early EEG background reactivity, 3) late (36-72 hr) EEG background reactivity and 4) continuity, 5) peak serum NSE within 48 hours less than or equal to 41 µg/L, and 6) FOUR score greater than or equal to 5 at 72 hours. At greater than or equal to 4 out of 6 points, sensitivity for CPC 1-2 was 97.5% (95% CI, 92.9-99.5%) and accuracy was 77.5% (95% CI, 72.7-81.8%); area under the curve was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.91). The score showed similar performances in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study describes and externally validates a multimodal score, including clinical, EEG and biological items available within 72 hours, showing a high performance in identifying early comatose CA survivors who will reach functional independence at 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Vanat
- Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hisham Elkhider
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jan Novy
- Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nawfel Ben-Hamouda
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Oddo
- General Direction, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea O Rossetti
- Department of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lin C, Ahn JK, Choi JM, Farrington MS, Gonzalez M, Grethen N, Hsiung YB, Inagaki T, Kamiji I, Kim EJ, Kim JL, Kim HM, Kawata K, Kitagawa A, Komatsubara TK, Kotera K, Lee SK, Lee JW, Lim GY, Luo Y, Matsumura T, Nakagiri K, Nanjo H, Nomura T, Ono K, Redeker JC, Sato T, Sasse V, Shibata T, Shimizu N, Shinkawa T, Shinohara S, Shiomi K, Shiraishi R, Suzuki S, Tajima Y, Tung YC, Wah YW, Watanabe H, Wu T, Yamanaka T, Yoshida HY. Search for the Pair Production of Dark Particles X with K_{L}^{0}→XX, X→γγ. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:111801. [PMID: 37001070 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the first search for the pair production of dark particles X via K_{L}^{0}→XX with X decaying into two photons using the data collected by the KOTO experiment. No signal was observed in the mass range of 40-110 MeV/c^{2} and 210-240 MeV/c^{2}. This sets upper limits on the branching fractions as B(K_{L}^{0}→XX)<(1-4)×10^{-7} and B(K_{L}^{0}→XX)<(1-2)×10^{-6} at the 90% confidence level for the two mass regions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - J K Ahn
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - J M Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - M S Farrington
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - M Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - N Grethen
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Y B Hsiung
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
| | - T Inagaki
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - I Kamiji
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - E J Kim
- Division of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - J L Kim
- Division of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Kim
- Division of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - K Kawata
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A Kitagawa
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T K Komatsubara
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - K Kotera
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - S K Lee
- Division of Science Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - G Y Lim
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Y Luo
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - T Matsumura
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - K Nakagiri
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - H Nanjo
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Nomura
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - K Ono
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - J C Redeker
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - T Sato
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - V Sasse
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - T Shibata
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Shinkawa
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - S Shinohara
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - K Shiomi
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - R Shiraishi
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - S Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Y Tajima
- Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Y-C Tung
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
| | - Y W Wah
- Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - H Watanabe
- Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - T Wu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China
| | - T Yamanaka
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - H Y Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
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Chen Y, Li S, Ge W, Jing J, Chen HY, Doherty D, Herman A, Kaleem S, Ding K, Osman G, Swisher CB, Smith C, Maciel CB, Alkhachroum A, Lee JW, Dhakar MB, Gilmore EJ, Sivaraju A, Hirsch LJ, Omay SB, Blumenfeld H, Sheth KN, Struck AF, Edlow BL, Westover MB, Kim JA. Quantitative epileptiform burden and electroencephalography background features predict post-traumatic epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:245-249. [PMID: 36241423 PMCID: PMC9931627 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a severe complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Electroencephalography aids early post-traumatic seizure diagnosis, but its optimal utility for PTE prediction remains unknown. We aim to evaluate the contribution of quantitative electroencephalograms to predict first-year PTE (PTE1). METHODS We performed a multicentre, retrospective case-control study of patients with TBI. 63 PTE1 patients were matched with 63 non-PTE1 patients by admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, age and sex. We evaluated the association of quantitative electroencephalography features with PTE1 using logistic regressions and examined their predictive value relative to TBI mechanism and CT abnormalities. RESULTS In the matched cohort (n=126), greater epileptiform burden, suppression burden and beta variability were associated with 4.6 times higher PTE1 risk based on multivariable logistic regression analysis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC (95% CI) 0.69 (0.60 to 0.78)). Among 116 (92%) patients with available CT reports, adding quantitative electroencephalography features to a combined mechanism and CT model improved performance (AUC (95% CI), 0.71 (0.61 to 0.80) vs 0.61 (0.51 to 0.72)). CONCLUSIONS Epileptiform and spectral characteristics enhance covariates identified on TBI admission and CT abnormalities in PTE1 prediction. Future trials should incorporate quantitative electroencephalography features to validate this enhancement of PTE risk stratification models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Chen
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Songlu Li
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wendong Ge
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Jing
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsin Yi Chen
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Doherty
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alison Herman
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Safa Kaleem
- Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kan Ding
- Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Christa B Swisher
- Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine Smith
- Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ayham Alkhachroum
- Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Neurology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica B Dhakar
- Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily J Gilmore
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Sacit B Omay
- Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron F Struck
- Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Neurology, William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Kim
- Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Tobochnik S, Dorotan MKC, Ghosh HS, Lapinskas E, Vogelzang J, Reardon DA, Ligon KL, Bi WL, Smirnakis SM, Lee JW. Glioma genetic profiles associated with electrophysiologic hyperexcitability. medRxiv 2023:2023.02.22.23285841. [PMID: 36865325 PMCID: PMC9980233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.23285841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Distinct genetic alterations determine glioma aggressiveness, however the diversity of somatic mutations contributing to peritumoral hyperexcitability and seizures is uncertain. In a large cohort of patients with sequenced gliomas (n=1716), we used discriminant analysis models to identify somatic mutation variants associated with electrographic hyperexcitability in a subset with continuous EEG recording (n=206). Overall tumor mutational burdens were similar between patients with and without hyperexcitability. A cross-validated model trained exclusively on somatic mutations classified the presence or absence of hyperexcitability with an overall accuracy of 70.9%, and improved estimates of hyperexcitability and anti-seizure medication failure in multivariate analysis incorporating traditional demographic factors and tumor molecular classifications. Somatic mutation variants of interest were also over-represented in patients with hyperexcitability compared to internal and external reference cohorts. These findings implicate diverse mutations in cancer genes associated with the development of hyperexcitability and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Hia S. Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Lapinskas
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jayne Vogelzang
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - David A. Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stelios M. Smirnakis
- Department of Neurology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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22
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Esmaeili B, Weisholtz D, Tobochnik S, Dworetzky B, Friedman D, Kaffashi F, Cash S, Cha B, Laze J, Reich D, Farooque P, Gholipour T, Singleton M, Loparo K, Koubeissi M, Devinsky O, Lee JW. Association between postictal EEG suppression, postictal autonomic dysfunction, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Evidence from intracranial EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 146:109-117. [PMID: 36608528 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between postictal electroencephalogram (EEG) suppression (PES), autonomic dysfunction, and Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) remains poorly understood. We compared PES on simultaneous intracranial and scalp-EEG and evaluated the association of PES with postictal heart rate variability (HRV) and SUDEP outcome. METHODS Convulsive seizures were analyzed in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy at 5 centers. Intracranial PES was quantified using the Hilbert transform. HRV was quantified using root mean square of successive differences of interbeat intervals, low-frequency to high-frequency power ratio, and RR-intervals. RESULTS There were 64 seizures from 63 patients without SUDEP and 11 seizures from 6 SUDEP patients. PES occurred in 99% and 87% of seizures on intracranial-EEG and scalp-EEG, respectively. Mean PES duration in intracranial and scalp-EEG was similar. Intracranial PES was regional (<90% of channels) in 46% of seizures; scalp PES was generalized in all seizures. Generalized PES showed greater decrease in postictal parasympathetic activity than regional PES. PES duration and extent were similar between patients with and without SUDEP. CONCLUSIONS Regional intracranial PES can be present despite scalp-EEG demonstrating generalized or no PES. Postictal autonomic dysfunction correlates with the extent of PES. SIGNIFICANCE Intracranial-EEG demonstrates changes in autonomic regulatory networks not seen on scalp-EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Esmaeili
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Weisholtz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Dworetzky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farhad Kaffashi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sydney Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brannon Cha
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Laze
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dustine Reich
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pue Farooque
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Taha Gholipour
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Singleton
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth Loparo
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohamad Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Amidi Y, Eckhardt CA, Quadri SA, Malik P, Firme MS, Jones DK, Jain A, Danish HH, Rubin DB, Jacobson CA, Cash SS, Lee JW, Dietrich J, Westover MB. Forecasting immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005459. [PMID: 36450377 PMCID: PMC9716920 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) is a clinical and neuropsychiatric syndrome that can occur days to weeks following administration chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Manifestations of ICANS range from encephalopathy and aphasia to cerebral edema and death. Because the onset and time course of ICANS is currently unpredictable, prolonged hospitalization for close monitoring following CAR T-cell infusion is a frequent standard of care. METHODS This study was conducted at Brigham and Women's Hospital from April 2015 to February 2020. A cohort of 199 hospitalized patients treated with CAR T-cell therapy was used to develop a combined hidden Markov model and lasso-penalized logistic regression model to forecast the course of ICANS. Model development was done using leave-one-patient-out cross validation. RESULTS Among the 199 patients included in the analysis 133 were male (66.8%), and the mean (SD) age was 59.5 (11.8) years. 97 patients (48.7%) developed ICANS, of which 59 (29.6%) experienced severe grades 3-4 ICANS. Median time of ICANS onset was day 9. Selected clinical predictors included maximum daily temperature, C reactive protein, IL-6, and procalcitonin. The model correctly predicted which patients developed ICANS and severe ICANS, respectively, with area under the curve of 96.7% and 93.2% when predicting 5 days ahead, and area under the curve of 93.2% and 80.6% when predicting the entire future risk trajectory looking forward from day 5. Forecasting performance was also evaluated over time horizons ranging from 1 to 7 days, using metrics of forecast bias, mean absolute deviation, and weighted average percentage error. CONCLUSION The forecasting model accurately predicts risk of ICANS following CAR T-cell infusion and the time course ICANS follows once it has begun.Cite Now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Amidi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine A Eckhardt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Syed A Quadri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Preeti Malik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcos Santana Firme
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel K Jones
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aayushee Jain
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Husain H Danish
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel B Rubin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sydney S Cash
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Brandon Westover
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Jones DK, Eckhardt CA, Sun H, Tesh RA, Malik P, Quadri S, Firme MS, van Sleuwen M, Jain A, Fan Z, Jing J, Ge W, Nascimento FA, Sheikh IS, Jacobson C, Frigault M, Kimchi EY, Cash SS, Lee JW, Dietrich J, Westover MB. EEG-based grading of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20011. [PMID: 36414694 PMCID: PMC9681864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy is an effective cancer therapy for multiple refractory/relapsed hematologic malignancies but is associated with substantial toxicity, including Immune Effector Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS). Improved detection and assessment of ICANS could improve management and allow greater utilization of CAR-T cell therapy, however, an objective, specific biomarker has not been identified. We hypothesized that the severity of ICANS can be quantified based on patterns of abnormal brain activity seen in electroencephalography (EEG) signals. We conducted a retrospective observational study of 120 CAR-T cell therapy patients who had received EEG monitoring. We determined a daily ICANS grade for each patient through chart review. We used visually assessed EEG features and machine learning techniques to develop the Visual EEG-Immune Effector Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (VE-ICANS) score and assessed the association between VE-ICANS and ICANS. We also used it to determine the significance and relative importance of the EEG features. We developed the Visual EEG-ICANS (VE-ICANS) grading scale, a grading scale with a physiological basis that has a strong correlation to ICANS severity (R = 0.58 [0.47-0.66]) and excellent discrimination measured via area under the receiver operator curve (AUC = 0.91 for ICANS ≥ 2). This scale shows promise as a biomarker for ICANS which could help to improve clinical care through greater accuracy in assessing ICANS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Jones
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA ,grid.253294.b0000 0004 1936 9115Brigham Young University, Provo, UT USA
| | - Christine A. Eckhardt
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA ,grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA USA
| | - Haoqi Sun
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ryan A. Tesh
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Preeti Malik
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Syed Quadri
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marcos Santana Firme
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Meike van Sleuwen
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Aayushee Jain
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ziwei Fan
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jin Jing
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Wendong Ge
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA
| | - Fábio A. Nascimento
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Irfan S. Sheikh
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Caron Jacobson
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew Frigault
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, MA USA
| | - Eyal Y. Kimchi
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sydney S. Cash
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA USA
| | - Jorg Dietrich
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Brandon Westover
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 50 Staniford St. Suite 401, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Clinical Data Animation Center (CDAC), MGH, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924MGH Cancer Center for Brain Health, Boston, MA USA
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25
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Beise J, Bellenghi C, Benda S, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Book JY, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Delgado López D, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goehlke N, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoshina K, Hou W, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Kochocki A, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Krupczak E, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, McCarthy S, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Mukherjee T, Naab R, Nagai R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyễn LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sampathkumar P, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Wang W, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Willey N, Williams DR, Wolf M, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Search for Unstable Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:151801. [PMID: 36269964 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.151801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a search for an unstable sterile neutrino by looking for a resonant signal in eight years of atmospheric ν_{μ} data collected from 2011 to 2019 at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Both the (stable) three-neutrino and the 3+1 sterile neutrino models are disfavored relative to the unstable sterile neutrino model, though with p values of 2.8% and 0.81%, respectively, we do not observe evidence for 3+1 neutrinos with neutrino decay. The best-fit parameters for the sterile neutrino with decay model from this study are Δm_{41}^{2}=6.7_{-2.5}^{+3.9} eV^{2}, sin^{2}2θ_{24}=0.33_{-0.17}^{+0.20}, and g^{2}=2.5π±1.5π, where g is the decay-mediating coupling. The preferred regions of the 3+1+decay model from short-baseline oscillation searches are excluded at 90% C.L.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Beise
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Benda
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Y Book
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology - CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Goehlke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Hou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Kochocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Krupczak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S McCarthy
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Mukherjee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Naab
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - L V Nguyễn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Sampathkumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Wang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Willey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Namgung SD, Kim RM, Lim YC, Lee JW, Cho NH, Kim H, Huh JS, Rhee H, Nah S, Song MK, Kwon JY, Nam KT. Circularly polarized light-sensitive, hot electron transistor with chiral plasmonic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5081. [PMID: 36038547 PMCID: PMC9424280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative detection of circularly polarized light (CPL) is necessary in next-generation optical communication carrying high-density information and in phase-controlled displays exhibiting volumetric imaging. In the current technology, multiple pixels of different wavelengths and polarizers are required, inevitably resulting in high loss and low detection efficiency. Here, we demonstrate a highly efficient CPL-detecting transistor composed of chiral plasmonic nanoparticles with a high Khun's dissymmetry (g-factor) of 0.2 and a high mobility conducting oxide of InGaZnO. The device successfully distinguished the circular polarization state and displayed an unprecedented photoresponsivity of over 1 A/W under visible CPL excitation. This observation is mainly attributed to the hot electron generation in chiral plasmonic nanoparticles and to the effective collection of hot electrons in the oxide semiconducting transistor. Such characteristics further contribute to opto-neuromorphic operation and the artificial nervous system based on the device successfully performs image classification work. We anticipate that our strategy will aid in the rational design and fabrication of a high-performance CPL detector and opto-neuromorphic operation with a chiral plasmonic structure depending on the wavelength and circular polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Daniel Namgung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Soft Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong Myeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae-Chan Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Heon Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeohn Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Huh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Soft Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanju Rhee
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nah
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Song
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Yeon Kwon
- School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Soft Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Tobochnik S, Lapinskas E, Vogelzang J, Ligon KL, Lee JW. Correction to: Early EEG hyperexcitability is associated with decreased survival in newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioma. J Neurooncol 2022; 159:219. [PMID: 35794506 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Emily Lapinskas
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayne Vogelzang
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alispach C, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Bellenghi C, Benda S, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Browne S, Burgman A, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Delgado López D, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, McCarthy S, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Naab R, Nagai R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyễn LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pittermann M, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price PB, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Wang W, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wolf M, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Strong Constraints on Neutrino Nonstandard Interactions from TeV-Scale ν_{μ} Disappearance at IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:011804. [PMID: 35841552 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.011804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a search for nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) using eight years of TeV-scale atmospheric muon neutrino data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By reconstructing incident energies and zenith angles for atmospheric neutrino events, this analysis presents unified confidence intervals for the NSI parameter ε_{μτ}. The best-fit value is consistent with no NSI at a p value of 25.2%. With a 90% confidence interval of -0.0041≤ε_{μτ}≤0.0031 along the real axis and similar strength in the complex plane, this result is the strongest constraint on any NSI parameter from any oscillation channel to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Alispach
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Benda
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - S Browne
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S McCarthy
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Naab
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - L V Nguyễn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Pittermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Wang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Tobochnik S, Lapinskas E, Vogelzang J, Ligon KL, Lee JW. Early EEG hyperexcitability is associated with decreased survival in newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype glioma. J Neurooncol 2022; 159:211-218. [PMID: 35715666 PMCID: PMC9329255 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between peritumoral neuronal activity, early onset clinical seizures, and glioma survival outcomes remains poorly understood. Hyperexcitability on continuous EEG in the peri-operative period was studied as a prognostic biomarker in patients with newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma. METHODS A retrospective observational cohort study was performed including adults with newly diagnosed diffuse glioma, absence of IDH1/2 mutations, and continuous EEG monitoring prior to chemoradiation and within 1 month of initial resection. EEG hyperexcitability was defined by the presence of lateralized periodic discharges and/or electrographic seizures. The primary outcome of overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS There were 424 patients without continuous EEG and 32 with continuous EEG, of whom lateralized periodic discharges and/or electrographic seizures were seen in 17 (53%). Peri-operative EEG hyperexcitability was associated with decreased overall survival in multivariate analysis [median 12.5 (95% CI 6.2-25.6] months with hyperexcitability versus median 19.9 [95% CI 8.9-53.5] months without hyperexcitability, p = 0.043). Compared to patients without continuous EEG, overall survival was decreased in patients with hyperexcitability (p < 0.0001) and similar in patients without hyperexcitability (p = 0.193). Patients with and without hyperexcitability had similar rates of exposure to anti-seizure medication at baseline, and in long-term follow-up had no difference in number of medications required for seizure control. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the potential prognostic value of a clinical EEG biomarker of glioma aggressiveness prior to the initiation of chemoradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tobochnik
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Emily Lapinskas
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayne Vogelzang
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Lee JW, Park HY, Park J. Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of Flavonoids from Pyrus ussuriensis Leaves with Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092798. [PMID: 35566149 PMCID: PMC9103983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized using different ratios of choline chloride (CC) and dicarboxylic acids, and their eutectic temperatures were determined. The DES synthesized using CC and glutaric acid (GA), which showed a higher extraction efficiency than conventional solvents, was used for the extraction of flavonoid components from Pyrus ussuriensis leaves (PUL), and the extraction efficiency was evaluated using the response surface methodology. The flavonoid components rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin were identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with a Waters 2996 PDA detector, and HPLC mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The optimum extraction was achieved at a temperature of 30 °C using DES in a concentration of 30.85 wt.% at a stirring speed of 1113 rpm and an extraction time of 1 h. The corresponding flavonoid content was 217.56 μg/mL. The results were verified by performing three reproducibility experiments, and a high significance, with a confidence range of 95%, was achieved. In addition, the PUL extracts exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity. The results showed that the extraction process using the DES based on CC and GA in a 1:1 molar ratio could effectively improve the yield of flavonoids from PUL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea;
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-3326
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31
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Bouyaknouden D, Peddada TN, Ravishankar N, Fatima S, Fong-Isariyawongse J, Gilmore EJ, Lee JW, Struck AF, Gaspard N. Neurological Prognostication After Hypoglycemic Coma: Role of Clinical and EEG Findings. Neurocrit Care 2022; 37:273-280. [PMID: 35437670 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemic coma (HC) is an uncommon but severe clinical condition associated with poor neurological outcome. There is a dearth of robust neurological prognostic factors after HC. On the other hand, there is an increasing body of literature on reliable prognostic markers in the postanoxic coma, a similar-albeit not identical-situation. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the use and predictive value of these markers in HC. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, cohort study within five centers of the Critical Care EEG Monitoring Research Consortium. We queried our electroencephalography (EEG) databases to identify all patients undergoing continuous EEG monitoring after admission to an intensive care unit with HC (defined as Glasgow Coma Scale < 8 on admission and a first blood glucose level < 50 mg/dL or not documented but in an obvious clinical context) between 01/01/2010 and 12/31/2020. We studied the association of findings at neurological examination (Glasgow Coma Scale motor subscale, pupillary light and corneal reflexes) and at continuous EEG monitoring(highly malignant patterns, reactivity, periodic discharges, seizures) with best neurological outcome within 3 months after hospital discharge, defined by the Cerebral Performance Category as favorable (1-3: recovery of consciousness) versus unfavorable (4-5: lack of recovery of consciousness). RESULTS We identified 60 patients (30 [50%] women; age 62 [51-72] years). Thirty-one and 29 patients had a favorable and unfavorable outcome, respectively. The presence of pupillary reflexes (24 [100%] vs. 17 [81%]; p value 0.04) and a motor subscore > 2 (22 [92%] vs. 12 [63%]; p value 0.03) at 48-72 h were associated with a favorable outcome. A highly malignant EEG pattern was observed in 7 of 29 (24%) patients with unfavorable outcome versus 0 of 31 (0%) with favorable outcome, whereas the presence of EEG reactivity was observed in 28 of 31 (90%) patients with favorable outcome versus 13 of 29 (45%) with unfavorable outcome (p < 0.001 for comparison of all background categories). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that highly malignant EEG patterns might be reliable prognostic markers of unfavorable outcome after HC. Other EEG findings, including lack of EEG reactivity and seizures and clinical findings appear less accurate. These findings should be replicated in a larger multicenter prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douaae Bouyaknouden
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme - Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Teja N Peddada
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Safoora Fatima
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Emily J Gilmore
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron F Struck
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme - Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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32
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Kwon JH, Lee JW, Lee JW, Lee YJ. Anatomical resection versus non-anatomical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matched analysis. Int J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Lee JW, Lee SR, Kim MJ, Cho S, Youn SW, Yang MS, Kim SH, Kang HR, Kwon O. Skin manifestations and clinical features of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): A retrospective multicenter study of 125 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1584-1592. [PMID: 35342995 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe adverse drug reaction generally accompanied by skin manifestations as the first and most frequent symptoms. However, skin manifestations and associated clinical features of DRESS have not been fully explored and evaluated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the skin manifestations of DRESS in detail and analyze their association with demographic characteristics and extra-cutaneous clinical features. METHODS We conducted this retrospective study on patients with DRESS diagnosed between September 2009 and August 2021 at three medical institutes and validated using the RegiSCAR score. Data regarding demographics, skin manifestations, and clinical characteristics were retrieved through thorough chart reviews. RESULTS Among 182 potential cases of DRESS, the validated 125 cases were analyzed. A widespread rash extending over more than 50% of the body surface area was observed in 122 patients (97.6%) and typical facial edema was experienced by 67 patients (53.6%). Polymorphous maculopapules were the most common rash morphology (106, 84.8%): specifically, exfoliative (59, 47.2%), urticarial (57, 45.6%), and purpuric forms (39, 31.2%) were common. Mucosal involvement was observed in 41 patients (32.8%). Patients with carboxamide antiepileptics (carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine) experienced more edema (P = .014) and typical facial edema than those with allopurinol (P = .021). The RegiSCAR score was higher in patients with purpura (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Skin manifestations of DRESS exhibit a wide range of skin lesions and can vary according to the culprit drugs. Early suspicion and prompt intervention are needed to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S R Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - S Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - M S Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H R Kang
- Drug Safety Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - O Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee JW, Sreepada LP, Bevers MB, Li K, Scirica BM, Santana da Silva D, Henderson GV, Bay C, Lin AP. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy After Cardiac Arrest. Neurology 2022; 98:e1226-e1237. [PMID: 35017308 PMCID: PMC8967333 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To correlate brain metabolites with clinical outcome using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients undergoing targeted temperature management (TTM) after cardiac arrest and assess their relationships to MRI and EEG variables. METHODS A prospective cohort of 50 patients was studied. The primary outcome was coma recovery to follow commands. Comparison of MRS measures in the posterior cingulate gyrus, parietal white matter, basal ganglia, and brainstem were also made to 25 normative controls. RESULTS Fourteen of 50 patients achieved coma recovery before hospital discharge. There was a significant decrease in total N-acetylaspartate (NAA/Cr) and an increase in lactate/creatine (Lac/Cr) in patients who did not recover, with changes most prominent in the posterior cingulate gyrus. Patients who recovered had decrease in NAA/Cr as compared to controls. NAA/Cr had a strong monotonic relationship with MRI cortical apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC); Lac level exponentially increased with decreasing ADC. EEG suppression/burst suppression was strongly associated with Lac elevation. DISCUSSION NAA and Lac changes are associated with clinical/MRI/EEG changes consistent with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and are most prominent in the posterior cingulate gyrus. NAA/Cr decrease observed in patients with good outcomes suggests mild HIE in patients asymptomatic at hospital discharge. The appearance of cortical Lac represents a deterioration of aerobic energy metabolism and is associated with EEG background suppression, synaptic transmission failure, and severe, potentially irreversible HIE. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that in patients undergoing TTM after cardiac arrest, brain MRS-determined decrease in total NAA/Cr and an increase in Lac/Cr are associated with an increased risk of not recovering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lasya P Sreepada
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew B Bevers
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Karen Li
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Benjamin M Scirica
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Danuzia Santana da Silva
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Galen V Henderson
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Camden Bay
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander P Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.W.L., M.B., K.L., G.V.H.), Department of Radiology (L.S., C.B., A.P.L.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (B.S., D.S.d.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
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Snider SB, Fischer D, McKeown ME, Cohen AL, Schaper FLWVJ, Amorim E, Fox MD, Scirica B, Bevers MB, Lee JW. Regional Distribution of Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest: Clinical and Electrographic Correlates. Neurology 2022; 98:e1238-e1247. [PMID: 35017304 PMCID: PMC8967331 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disorders of consciousness, EEG background suppression, and epileptic seizures are associated with poor outcome after cardiac arrest. Our objective was to identify the distribution of diffusion MRI-measured anoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest and to define the regional correlates of disorders of consciousness, EEG background suppression, and seizures. METHODS We analyzed patients from a single-center database of unresponsive patients who underwent diffusion MRI after cardiac arrest (n = 204). We classified each patient according to recovery of consciousness (command following) before discharge, the most continuous EEG background (burst suppression vs continuous), and the presence or absence of seizures. Anoxic brain injury was measured with the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) signal. We identified ADC abnormalities relative to controls without cardiac arrest (n = 48) and used voxel lesion symptom mapping to identify regional associations with disorders of consciousness, EEG background suppression, and seizures. We then used a bootstrapped lasso regression procedure to identify robust, multivariate regional associations with each outcome variable. Last, using area under receiver operating characteristic curves, we then compared the classification ability of the strongest regional associations to that of brain-wide summary measures. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients with cardiac arrest demonstrated ADC signal reduction that was most significant in the occipital lobes. Disorders of consciousness were associated with reduced ADC most prominently in the occipital lobes but also in deep structures. Regional injury more accurately classified patients with disorders of consciousness than whole-brain injury. Background suppression mapped to a similar set of brain regions, but regional injury could no better classify patients than whole-brain measures. Seizures were less common in patients with more severe anoxic injury, particularly in those with injury to the lateral temporal white matter. DISCUSSION Anoxic brain injury was most prevalent in posterior cerebral regions, and this regional pattern of injury was a better predictor of disorders of consciousness than whole-brain injury measures. EEG background suppression lacked a specific regional association, but patients with injury to the temporal lobe were less likely to have seizures. Regional patterns of anoxic brain injury are relevant to the clinical and electrographic sequelae of cardiac arrest and may hold importance for prognosis. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that disorders of consciousness after cardiac arrest are associated with widely lower ADC values on diffusion MRI and are most strongly associated with reductions in occipital ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B Snider
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - David Fischer
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Morgan E McKeown
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander Li Cohen
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Frederic L W V J Schaper
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edilberto Amorim
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael D Fox
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Scirica
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew B Bevers
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- From the Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, (S.B.S., D.F., M.E.M., M.B.B.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology (A.L.C., F.L.W.V.J.S., M.D.F.), Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.S.), and Division of Epilepsy, Department of Neurology (J.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (A.L.C.), Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Neurology (E.A.), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco; Neurology Service (E.A.), Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, CA; Departments of Neurology and Radiology (M.D.F.), Athinoula A. Martinos Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown; and Department of Neurology (M.D.F.), Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Kwon JH, Lee JW, Lee JW, Lee YJ. Effects of Anatomical or Non-Anatomical Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Survival Outcome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1369. [PMID: 35268459 PMCID: PMC8910990 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The relative benefit of anatomical resection (AR) versus non-anatomical resection (NAR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. This study compared the survival outcomes and recurrence rates of HCCs analysed according to tumour size and the extent of resection. Methods: Consecutive patients with HCC who underwent curative resection at Asan Medical Center between January 1999 and December 2009 were included in this study. We performed propensity score matching (PSM) according to tumour size to compare the survival outcomes between AR and NAR. A total of 986 patients were analysed; 812 and 174 patients underwent AR and NAR, respectively. Results: Before PSM, regardless of tumour size, the AR group demonstrated significantly better 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) than the NAR group (p < 0.001). After PSM, the AR group demonstrated better OS and RFS rates than the NAR group when tumour size was less than 5 cm, but there was no significant difference in the OS and RFS rates between the two groups when tumour size was equal to or greater than 5 cm. In tumours less than 5 cm in size, AR was the most significant factor associated with OS and RFS. However, this prognostic effect of AR was not demonstrated in tumours with sizes equal to or greater than 5 cm. Conclusion: In patients with HCCs smaller than 5 cm, AR reduced the risk of tumour recurrence and improved OS. In HCCs larger than 5 cm, AR and NAR showed comparable survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si 14068, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.W.L.)
| | - Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si 14068, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.W.L.)
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si 14068, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.H.K.); (J.W.L.)
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05535, Korea;
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alispach C, Alves AA, Amin NM, An R, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Bellenghi C, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Browne S, Burgman A, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Dharani S, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Gündüz M, Günther C, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hauser S, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Maruyama R, Mase K, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Naab R, Nagai R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyễn LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieloth D, Pieper S, Pittermann M, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price PB, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Scharf M, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wolf M, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z. Search for Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with Eight Years of IceCube Data. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:051101. [PMID: 35179913 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an all-sky 90% confidence level upper limit on the cosmic flux of relativistic magnetic monopoles using 2886 days of IceCube data. The analysis was optimized for monopole speeds between 0.750c and 0.995c, without any explicit restriction on the monopole mass. We constrain the flux of relativistic cosmic magnetic monopoles to a level below 2.0×10^{-19} cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} over the majority of the targeted speed range. This result constitutes the most strict upper limit to date for magnetic monopoles with β≳0.8 and up to β∼0.995 and fills the gap between existing limits on the cosmic flux of nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Alispach
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R An
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - S Browne
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Dharani
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Gündüz
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Hauser
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Naab
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - L V Nguyễn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
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- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - M Scharf
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Tomankova
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
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Kim H, Kim RM, Namgung SD, Cho NH, Son JB, Bang K, Choi M, Kim SK, Nam KT, Lee JW, Oh JH. Ultrasensitive Near-Infrared Circularly Polarized Light Detection Using 3D Perovskite Embedded with Chiral Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104598. [PMID: 34978155 PMCID: PMC8844506 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chiral organic ligand-incorporated low-dimensional metal-halide perovskites have received increasing attention for next-generation photodetectors because of the direct detection capability of circularly polarized light (CPL), which overcomes the requirement for subsidiary optical components in conventional CPL photodetectors. However, most chiral perovskites have been based on low-dimensional structures that confine chiroptical responses to the ultraviolet (UV) or short-wavelength visible region and limit photocurrent due to their wide bandgap and poor charge transport. Here, chiroptical properties of 3D Cs0.05 FA0.5 MA0.45 Pb0.5 Sn0.5 I3 polycrystalline films are achieved by incorporating chiral plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into the mixed PbSn perovskite, without sacrificing its original optoelectronic properties. CPL detectors fabricated using chiral AuNP-embedded perovskite films can operate without external power input; they exhibit remarkable chirality in the near-infrared (NIR) region with a high anisotropy factor of responsivity (gres ) of 0.55, via giant plasmon resonance shift of chiral plasmonic AuNPs. In addition, a CPL detector array fabricated on a plastic substrate demonstrates highly sensitive self-powered NIR detection with superior flexibility and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongki Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong Myeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Daniel Namgung
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Heon Cho
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Bae Son
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Kijoon Bang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy SystemsSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy SystemsSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of ChemistryMyongji University116 Myongji‐roYonginGyeonggi‐do17058Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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Zheng WL, Amorim E, Jing J, Wu O, Ghassemi M, Lee JW, Sivaraju A, Pang T, Herman ST, Gaspard N, Ruijter BJ, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Hofmeijer J, van Putten MJAM, Westover MB. Predicting Neurological Outcome from Electroencephalogram Dynamics in Comatose Patients after Cardiac Arrest with Deep Learning. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 69:1813-1825. [PMID: 34962860 PMCID: PMC9087641 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3139007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most cardiac arrest patients who are successfully resuscitated are initially comatose due to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) provides valuable prognostic information. However, prior approaches largely rely on snapshots of the EEG, without taking advantage of temporal information. METHODS We present a recurrent deep neural network with the goal of capturing temporal dynamics from longitudinal EEG data to predict long-term neurological outcomes. We utilized a large international dataset of continuous EEG recordings from 1,038 cardiac arrest patients from seven hospitals in Europe and the US. Poor outcome was defined as a Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score of 3-5, and good outcome as CPC score 0-2 at 3 to 6-months after cardiac arrest. Model performance is evaluated using 5-fold cross validation. RESULTS The proposed approach provides predictions which improve over time, beginning from an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.72-0.81) at 12 hours, and reaching 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85-0.91) by 66 h after cardiac arrest. At 66 h, (sensitivity, specificity) points of interest on the ROC curve for predicting poor outcomes were (32,99)%, (55,95)%, and (62,90)%, (99,23)%, (95,47)%, and (90,62)%; whereas for predicting good outcome, the corresponding operating points were (17,99)%, (47,95)%, (62,90)%, (99,19)%, (95,48)%, (70,90)%. Moreover, the model provides predicted probabilities that closely match the observed frequencies of good and poor outcomes (calibration error 0.04). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that accounting for EEG trend information can substantially improve prediction of neurologic outcomes for patients with coma following cardiac arrest.
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Lee JW. Only a Fine Line Separates Genius, Insanity, and Anesthetic Medication for Coma Induction in Status Epilepticus. Epilepsy Curr 2021; 21:424-426. [PMID: 34924848 PMCID: PMC8652327 DOI: 10.1177/15357597211041829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lee JW, Kang B, Park J. Protective effects of 3,4',5,7‐tetrahydroxyflavone against squalene monohydroperoxide‐induced skin wrinkles and its green extraction using deep eutectic solvents. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Engineering Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju Republic of Korea
| | - Byungyoung Kang
- Innovation Center AMOREPACIFIC Corporation Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Engineering Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju Republic of Korea
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Zheng WL, Amorim E, Jing J, Ge W, Hong S, Wu O, Ghassemi M, Lee JW, Sivaraju A, Pang T, Herman ST, Gaspard N, Ruijter BJ, Sun J, Tjepkema-Cloostermans MC, Hofmeijer J, van Putten MJAM, Westover MB. Predicting neurological outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest with multiscale deep neural networks. Resuscitation 2021; 169:86-94. [PMID: 34699925 PMCID: PMC8692444 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroencephalography (EEG) is an important tool for neurological outcome prediction after cardiac arrest. However, the complexity of continuous EEG data limits timely and accurate interpretation by clinicians. We develop a deep neural network (DNN) model to leverage complex EEG trends for early and accurate assessment of cardiac arrest coma recovery likelihood. METHODS We developed a multiscale DNN combining convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural networks (long short-term memory [LSTM]) using EEG and demographic information (age, gender, shockable rhythm) from a multicenter cohort of 1,038 cardiac arrest patients. The CNN learns EEG feature representations while the multiscale LSTM captures short-term and long-term EEG dynamics on multiple time scales. Poor outcome is defined as a Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score of 3-5 and good outcome as CPC score 1-2 at 3-6 months after cardiac arrest. Performance is evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration error. RESULTS Model performance increased with EEG duration, with AUC increasing from 0.83 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.79-0.87 at 12h to 0.91 (95%CI 0.88-0.93) at 66h. Sensitivity of good and poor outcome prediction was 77% and 75% at a specificity of 90%, respectively. Sensitivity of poor outcome was 50% at a specificity of 99%. Predicted probability was well matched to the observation frequency of poor outcomes, with a calibration error of 0.11 [0.09-0.14]. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that incorporating EEG evolution over time improves the accuracy of neurologic outcome prediction for patients with coma after cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Edilberto Amorim
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendong Ge
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shenda Hong
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ona Wu
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Ghassemi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adithya Sivaraju
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Trudy Pang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Gaspard
- Department of Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barry J Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jimeng Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Marleen C Tjepkema-Cloostermans
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J A M van Putten
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - M Brandon Westover
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Lee SH, Yang YR, Cheon HY, Shin NH, Lee JW, Bong SH, Hwangbo S, Kong IK, Shin MK. Effects of hydrogenated fat-spray-coated β-carotene supplement on plasma β-carotene concentration and conception rate after embryo transfer in Hanwoo beef cows. Animal 2021; 15:100407. [PMID: 34839225 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesised that hydrogenated fat (HF)-spray-coated β-carotene (βC) supplement could be used to increase plasma βC concentration and conception rates after embryo transfer (ET) in Hanwoo beef cows. In Experiment 1, 12 multiparous Hanwoo cows were fed one of four experimental diets in a triplicate 4 × 4 Latin square design for a 28-day period. Treatments included no βC addition (control), HF-uncoated βC (HFuβC), HF-spray-coated βC (HFβC), and HF-spray-coated βC and vitamin A (HFβCA). The cows under βC-supplemented treatments were fed 400 mg/day of βC, and a daily intake for vitamin A of HFβCA treatment was 30 000 IU/day as retinyl acetate. Blood was collected on days 0, 26, 27, and 28 to analyse βC and other metabolite concentrations. In Experiment 2, 199 Hanwoo cows with low fertility were randomly assigned to either control (n = 99) or HFβC treatments (n = 100) based on the results of Experiment 1. The oestrus of the cows was synchronised for ET. The HFβC group was fed from 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after ET with a daily intake of 400 mg βC. Pregnancy for conception rates was diagnosed on day 60 after ET, and blood was collected for βC concentrations on the day before ET. Supplementing βC resulted in a high plasma βC concentration (P < 0.001). Supplementing HFβC or HFβCA resulted in higher βC concentrations than HFuβC (P < 0.001); however, there was no difference between HFβC and HFβCA groups. Plasma retinol concentration was lower in the HFβCA treatment than in the control and HFβC groups (P < 0.05). Blood metabolites were unaffected by the treatments. The retinol:βC ratio was lower in the βC-supplemented treatments than in the controls, and was lower in HFβC and HFβCA than in HFuβC groups (P < 0.001). Plasma βC concentration was positively correlated with plasma high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol (P < 0.05). Plasma retinol concentration was negatively associated with plasma protein (P < 0.01), but positively associated with plasma creatinine (P < 0.001) and urea (P < 0.01). Supplementing HFβC to low-fertility cows resulted in higher plasma βC concentration (P < 0.001) and conception rates (P = 0.024) than those in the controls. In conclusion, HFβC had a better bioavailability than HFuβC, and an increase in conception rates by supplementing HFβC may be beneficial for producing more calves given the low pregnancy rates of bovine ET in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Gyeongsangnamdo Provincial Livestock Research Institute, Sancheong 52263, Republic of Korea
| | - Y R Yang
- Gyeongsangnamdo Provincial Livestock Research Institute, Sancheong 52263, Republic of Korea
| | - H Y Cheon
- Gyeongsangnamdo Provincial Livestock Research Institute, Sancheong 52263, Republic of Korea
| | - N H Shin
- Gyeongsangnamdo Provincial Livestock Research Institute, Sancheong 52263, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Lee
- Gyeongsangnamdo Provincial Livestock Research Institute, Sancheong 52263, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Bong
- Nuvo Bio & Technologies Corp., Seoul 01838, Republic of Korea
| | - S Hwangbo
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongbuk Provincial College, Yecheon 36830, Republic of Korea
| | - I K Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - M K Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
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Lee JW, Choi JY, Hyun YJ, Han SK. Solar background noise mitigation using the orbital angular momentum mode in vertical FSO downlink transmissions. Opt Express 2021; 29:33312-33321. [PMID: 34809145 DOI: 10.1364/oe.438550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Free-space optical communication (FSO) is used to provide network configuration flexibility. A network-flying platform-based vertical FSO connection can be employed to enhance mobile network coverage and capacity. Solar background noise can be a potential risk that disrupts the seamless connection in the vertical FSO downlink channel. In this paper, we propose signal transmission using an orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam. The OAM demodulation process can filter sunlight out of the optical receiver except for the signal corresponding to the azimuthal state. We experimentally verified that most of the solar background noise could be reduced. To verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme in a vertical FSO channel, we modeled a FSO vertical downlink with an OAM modulation/demodulation process.
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45
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Yu F, Saand A, Xing C, Lee JW, Hsu L, Palmer OP, Jackson V, Tang L, Ning M, Du R, Kochanek PM, Lo EH, Chou SHY. CSF lipocalin-2 increases early in subarachnoid hemorrhage are associated with neuroinflammation and unfavorable outcome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2524-2533. [PMID: 33951946 PMCID: PMC8504948 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211012110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 mediates neuro-inflammation and iron homeostasis in vascular injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) and is upregulated in extra-CNS systemic inflammation. We postulate that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood lipocalin-2 levels are associated with markers of inflammation and functional outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We prospectively enrolled 67 SAH subjects, serially measured CSF and plasma lipocalin-2, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on post-SAH days 1-5 and assessed outcome by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) every 3 months. Unfavorable outcome is defined as mRS > 2. Twenty non-SAH patients undergoing lumbar drain trial were enrolled as controls. Lipocalin-2 was detectable in the CSF and significantly higher in SAH compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Higher CSF LCN2 throughout post-SAH days 1-5 was associated with unfavorable outcome at 3 (p = 0.0031) and 6 months (p = 0.014). Specifically, higher CSF lipocalin-2 on post-SAH days 3 (p = 0.036) and 5 (p = 0.016) were associated with unfavorable 3-month outcome. CSF lipocalin-2 levels positively correlated with CSF IL-6, TNF-α and MMP-9 levels. Higher plasma lipocalin-2 levels over time were associated with worse 6-month outcome. Additional studies are required to understand the role of lipocalin-2 in SAH and to validate CSF lipocalin-2 as a potential biomarker for SAH outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aisha Saand
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changhong Xing
- Department of Pathology, South Western Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liangge Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Octavia P Palmer
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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46
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Yang JC, Paulk AC, Salami P, Lee SH, Ganji M, Soper DJ, Cleary D, Simon M, Maus D, Lee JW, Nahed BV, Jones PS, Cahill DP, Cosgrove GR, Chu CJ, Williams Z, Halgren E, Dayeh S, Cash SS. Microscale dynamics of electrophysiological markers of epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2916-2931. [PMID: 34419344 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interictal discharges (IIDs) and high frequency oscillations (HFOs) are established neurophysiologic biomarkers of epilepsy, while microseizures are less well studied. We used custom poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) microelectrodes to better understand these markers' microscale spatial dynamics. METHODS Electrodes with spatial resolution down to 50 µm were used to record intraoperatively in 30 subjects. IIDs' degree of spread and spatiotemporal paths were generated by peak-tracking followed by clustering. Repeating HFO patterns were delineated by clustering similar time windows. Multi-unit activity (MUA) was analyzed in relation to IID and HFO timing. RESULTS We detected IIDs encompassing the entire array in 93% of subjects, while localized IIDs, observed across < 50% of channels, were seen in 53%. IIDs traveled along specific paths. HFOs appeared in small, repeated spatiotemporal patterns. Finally, we identified microseizure events that spanned 50-100 µm. HFOs covaried with MUA, but not with IIDs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data suggest that irritable cortex micro-domains may form part of an underlying pathologic architecture which could contribute to the seizure network. SIGNIFICANCE These results, supporting the possibility that epileptogenic cortex comprises a mosaic of irritable domains, suggests that microscale approaches might be an important perspective in devising novel seizure control therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pariya Salami
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J Soper
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Cleary
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mirela Simon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Douglas Maus
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Garth Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine J Chu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziv Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr.; La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shadi Dayeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Snyder JM, Huang RY, Bai H, Rao VR, Cornes S, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Gutman D, Fasano R, Van Meir EG, Brat D, Eschbacher J, Quackenbush J, Wen PY, Lee JW. Analysis of morphological characteristics of IDH-mutant/wildtype brain tumors using whole-lesion phenotype analysis. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab088. [PMID: 34409295 PMCID: PMC8367280 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although IDH-mutant tumors aggregate to the frontotemporal regions, the clustering pattern of IDH-wildtype tumors is less clear. As voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) has several limitations for solid lesion mapping, a new technique, whole-lesion phenotype analysis (WLPA), is developed. We utilize WLPA to assess spatial clustering of tumors with IDH mutation from The Cancer Genome Atlas and The Cancer Imaging Archive. Methods The degree of tumor clustering segmented from T1 weighted images is measured to every other tumor by a function of lesion similarity to each other via the Hausdorff distance. Each tumor is ranked according to the degree to which its neighboring tumors show identical phenotypes, and through a permutation technique, significant tumors are determined. VLSM was applied through a previously described method. Results A total of 244 patients of mixed-grade gliomas (WHO II-IV) are analyzed, of which 150 were IDH-wildtype and 139 were glioblastomas. VLSM identifies frontal lobe regions that are more likely associated with the presence of IDH mutation but no regions where IDH-wildtype was more likely to be present. WLPA identifies both IDH-mutant and -wildtype tumors exhibit statistically significant spatial clustering. Conclusion WLPA may provide additional statistical power when compared with VLSM without making several potentially erroneous assumptions. WLPA identifies tumors most likely to exhibit particular phenotypes, rather than producing anatomical maps, and may be used in conjunction with VLSM to understand the relationship between tumor morphology and biologically relevant tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Snyder
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Raymond Y Huang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harrison Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susannah Cornes
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Gutman
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca Fasano
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniel Brat
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - John Quackenbush
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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48
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Beuchat I, Danish H, Rubin DB, Jacobson C, Robertson M, Vaitkevicius H, Lee JW. EEG findings in CART T associated neurotoxicity: clinical and radiological correlations. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:313-325. [PMID: 34265061 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While EEG is frequently reported as abnormal after CAR T cell therapy, its clinical significance remains unclear. We aim to systematically describe EEG features in a large single-center cohort and correlate them with clinical and radiological findings. METHODS We retrospectively identified patients undergoing CAR T cell therapy who had continuous EEG. Neurotoxicity grades, detailed neurological symptoms, and brain MRI or FDG-PET were obtained. Correlation between clinical and radiological findings and EEG features was assessed. RESULTS In 81 patients with median neurotoxicity grade 3 (IQR 2-3), diffuse EEG background slowing was the most common finding and correlated with neurotoxicity severity (p <0.001). A total of 42 patients had rhythmic or periodic patterns, 16 of them within the ictal-interictal-continuum (IIC), 5 with clinical seizures, and 3 with only electrographic seizures. Focal EEG abnormalities, consisting of lateralized periodic discharges (LPD, n=1), lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA, n=6), or focal slowing (n=19), were found in 22 patients. All patients with LRDA, LPD, and 10/19 patients with focal slowing had focal clinical symptoms concordant with these EEG abnormalities. In addition, these focal EEG changes often correlated with PET hypometabolism or MRI hypoperfusion, in absence of a structural lesion. CONCLUSION In adult patients experiencing neurotoxicity after CAR T cell infusion, EEG degree of background disorganization correlated with neurotoxicity severity. IIC patterns and focal EEG abnormalities are frequent and often correlate with focal clinical symptoms and with PET-hypometabolism/MRI-hypoperfusion, without structural lesion. The etiology of these findings remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Beuchat
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Husain Danish
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel B Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caron Jacobson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Robertson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henrikas Vaitkevicius
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Paulk AC, Yang JC, Cleary DR, Soper DJ, Halgren M, O’Donnell AR, Lee SH, Ganji M, Ro YG, Oh H, Hossain L, Lee J, Tchoe Y, Rogers N, Kiliç K, Ryu SB, Lee SW, Hermiz J, Gilja V, Ulbert I, Fabó D, Thesen T, Doyle WK, Devinsky O, Madsen JR, Schomer DL, Eskandar EN, Lee JW, Maus D, Devor A, Fried SI, Jones PS, Nahed BV, Ben-Haim S, Bick SK, Richardson RM, Raslan AM, Siler DA, Cahill DP, Williams ZM, Cosgrove GR, Dayeh SA, Cash SS. Microscale Physiological Events on the Human Cortical Surface. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3678-3700. [PMID: 33749727 PMCID: PMC8258438 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing advances in our understanding of local single-cellular and network-level activity of neuronal populations in the human brain, extraordinarily little is known about their "intermediate" microscale local circuit dynamics. Here, we utilized ultra-high-density microelectrode arrays and a rare opportunity to perform intracranial recordings across multiple cortical areas in human participants to discover three distinct classes of cortical activity that are not locked to ongoing natural brain rhythmic activity. The first included fast waveforms similar to extracellular single-unit activity. The other two types were discrete events with slower waveform dynamics and were found preferentially in upper cortical layers. These second and third types were also observed in rodents, nonhuman primates, and semi-chronic recordings from humans via laminar and Utah array microelectrodes. The rates of all three events were selectively modulated by auditory and electrical stimuli, pharmacological manipulation, and cold saline application and had small causal co-occurrences. These results suggest that the proper combination of high-resolution microelectrodes and analytic techniques can capture neuronal dynamics that lay between somatic action potentials and aggregate population activity. Understanding intermediate microscale dynamics in relation to single-cell and network dynamics may reveal important details about activity in the full cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique C Paulk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel R Cleary
- Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel J Soper
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mila Halgren
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hongseok Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorraine Hossain
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Youngbin Tchoe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kivilcim Kiliç
- Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sang Baek Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John Hermiz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vikash Gilja
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - István Ulbert
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 1519 Budapest, Hungary
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Fabó
- Epilepsy Centrum, National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, 1145 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Thesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Werner K Doyle
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald L Schomer
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas Maus
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anna Devor
- Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shelley I Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Boston VA Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Pamela S Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brian V Nahed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sharona Ben-Haim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah K Bick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Ahmed M Raslan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dominic A Siler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ziv M Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shadi A Dayeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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50
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Walbert T, Harrison RA, Schiff D, Avila EK, Chen M, Kandula P, Lee JW, Le Rhun E, Stevens GHJ, Vogelbaum MA, Wick W, Weller M, Wen PY, Gerstner ER. SNO and EANO practice guideline update: Anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:1835-1844. [PMID: 34174071 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the 2000 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter on anticonvulsant prophylaxis in patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors. METHODS Following the 2017 AAN methodologies, a systematic literature review utilizing PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was performed. The studies were rated based on the AAN therapeutic or causation classification of evidence (Class I-IV). RESULTS Thirty-seven articles were selected for final analysis. There were limited high level, Class I studies and mostly Class II and III studies. The AAN affirmed the value of these guidelines. RECOMMENDATIONS In patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors who have not had a seizure, clinicians should not prescribe anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) to reduce the risk of seizures (Level A). In brain tumor patients undergoing surgery, there is insufficient evidence to recommend prescribing AEDs to reduce the risk of seizures in the peri- or postoperative period (Level C). There is insufficient evidence to support prescribing valproic acid or levetiracetam with the intent to prolong progression-free or overall survival (Level C). Physicians may consider use of levetiracetam over older AEDs to reduce side effects (Level C). There is insufficient evidence to support using tumor location, histology, grade, molecular/imaging features, when deciding whether or not to prescribe prophylactic AEDs (Level U).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Walbert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - David Schiff
- University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Edward K Avila
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Merry Chen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Padmaja Kandula
- Division of Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York USA
| | | | - Emilie Le Rhun
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center & Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen H J Stevens
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and Neurooncology Program, Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center For Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gerstner
- Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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