1
|
Dentel A, Brazhnikova E, Norberg N, Jaillard C, Grieve K, Paques M, Sahel JA, Bertin S, Forster V, Picaud S. Adaptive Optics Flood Illumination Ophthalmoscopy in Nonhuman Primates: Findings in Normal and Short-term Induced Detached Retinae. Ophthalmol Sci 2023; 3:100316. [PMID: 37274010 PMCID: PMC10238594 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective To describe adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscopy (AO-FIO) of the photoreceptor layer in normal nonhuman primates (NHPs) and in the case of a short-term induced retinal detachment (RD). Design Longitudinal fundamental research study. Subjects Four NHPs were used to image normal retinae with AO-FIO (in comparison with 4 healthy humans); 2 NHPs were used to assess the effects of RD. Intervention The photoreceptor layer (cone mosaic metrics, including cone density, cone spacing, and cone regularity) was followed with AO-FIO imaging (rtx1, Imagine Eyes) during a surgically induced RD in 2 NHPs using a vehicle solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide, classically used as a chemical solvent. We also performed functional testing of the retina (full-field and multifocal electroretinogram [ERG]). Main Outcome Measures Correlation of cone mosaic metrics (cone density, spacing, and regularity) between normal retinae of NHPs and humans, and cone metrics, power spectrum, and ERG wave amplitudes after RD. Results Imaging features were very similar in terms of cone reflectivity, cell density, regularity, and spacing values, showing strong positive correlations between NHPs and humans. After RD, AO-FIO revealed several alterations of the cone mosaic slowly recovering during the 3 months after the reattachment, which were not detected functionally by ERG. Conclusions These results demonstrate by in vivo AO-FIO imaging the transient structural changes of photoreceptors after an RD in the primate retina. They also provide an interesting illustration of the AO-FIO potential for investigating photoreceptor toxicity during preclinical studies in NHPs with a high translatability to human studies. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dentel
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elena Brazhnikova
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Céline Jaillard
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Kate Grieve
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - Michel Paques
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | - José A. Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Valérie Forster
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muqit M, Mer YL, de Koo LO, Holz FG, Sahel JA, Palanker D. Prosthetic Visual Acuity with the PRIMA System in Patients with Atrophic Age-related Macular Degeneration at 4 years follow-up. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.12.23298227. [PMID: 38014146 PMCID: PMC10680875 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.12.23298227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of the PRIMA subretinal neurostimulation system 48-months post-implantation for improving visual acuity (VA) in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at 48-months post-implantation. Design First-in-human clinical trial of the PRIMA subretinal prosthesis in patients with atrophic AMD, measuring best-corrected ETDRS VA (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03333954). Subjects Five patients with GA, no foveal light perception and VA of logMAR 1.3 to 1.7 in their worse-seeing "study" eye. Methods In patients implanted with a subretinal photovoltaic neurostimulation array containing 378 pixels of 100 μm in size, the VA was measured with and without the PRIMA system using ETDRS charts at 1 meter. The system's external components: augmented reality glasses and pocket computer, provide image processing capabilities, including zoom. Main Outcome Measures VA using ETDRS charts with and without the system. Light sensitivity in the central visual field, as measured by Octopus perimetry. Anatomical outcomes demonstrated by fundus photography and optical coherence tomography up to 48-months post-implantation. Results All five subjects met the primary endpoint of light perception elicited by the implant in the scotoma area. In one patient the implant was incorrectly inserted into the choroid. One subject died 18-months post-implantation due to study-unrelated reason. ETDRS VA results for the remaining three subjects are reported herein. Without zoom, VA closely matched the pixel size of the implant: 1.17 ± 0.13 pixels, corresponding to mean logMAR 1.39, or Snellen 20/500, ranging from 20/438 to 20/565. Using zoom at 48 months, subjects improved their VA by 32 ETDRS letters versus baseline (SE 5.1) 95% CI[13.4,49.9], p<0.0001. Natural peripheral visual function in the treated eye did not decline after surgery compared to the fellow eye (p=0.08) during the 48 months follow-up period. Conclusions Subretinal implantation of PRIMA in subjects with GA suffering from profound vision loss due to AMD is feasible and well tolerated, with no reduction of natural peripheral vision up to 48-months. Using prosthetic central vision through photovoltaic neurostimulation, patients reliably recognized letters and sequences of letters,and with zoom it provided a clinically meaningful improvement in VA of up to eight ETDRS lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mmk Muqit
- Vitreoretinal Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - Y Le Mer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, Paris, France
| | - L Olmos de Koo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - J A Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Clinical Investigation Center, Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Palanker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fradot V, Augustin S, Fontaine V, Marazova K, Guillonneau X, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Rodent Models of Retinal Degeneration: From Purified Cells in Culture to Living Animals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023:a041311. [PMID: 37848250 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Rodent models of retinal degeneration are essential for the development of therapeutic strategies. In addition to living animal models, we here also discuss models based on rodent cell cultures, such as purified retinal ganglion cells and retinal explants. These ex vivo models extend the possibilities for investigating pathological mechanisms and assessing the neuroprotective effect of pharmacological agents by eliminating questions on drug pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. The number of living rodent models has greatly increased with the possibilities to achieve transgenic modifications in animals for knocking in and out genes and mutations. The Cre-lox system has further enabled investigators to target specific genes or mutations in specific cells at specific stages. However, chemically or physically induced models can provide alternatives to such targeted gene modifications. The increased diversity of rodent models has widened our possibility to address most ocular pathologies for providing initial proof of concept of innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Fradot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Sébastien Augustin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Valérie Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Katia Marazova
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| | - José A Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muqit MMK, Mer YL, Holz FG, Sahel JA. Long-term observations of macular thickness after subretinal implantation of a photovoltaic prosthesis in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9645. [PMID: 36174540 PMCID: PMC9684097 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Subretinal prostheses electrically stimulate the residual inner retinal neurons to partially restore vision. We investigated the changes in neurosensory macular structures and it is thickness associated with subretinal implantation in geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Approach. Using optical coherence tomography, changes in distance between electrodes and retinal inner nuclear layer (INL) as well as alterations in thickness of retinal layers were measured over time above and near the subretinal chip implanted within the atrophic area. Retinal thickness (RT) was quantified across the implant surface and edges as well as outside the implant zone to compare with the natural macular changes following subretinal surgery, and the natural course of dry AMD.Main results. GA was defined based on complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA). Based on the analysis of three patients with subretinal implantation, we found that the distance between the implant and the target cells was stable over the long-term follow-up. Total RT above the implant decreased on average, by 39 ± 12µm during 3 months post-implantation, but no significant changes were observed after that, up to 36 months of the follow-up. RT also changed near the temporal entry point areas outside the implantation zone following the surgical trauma of retinal detachment. There was no change in the macula cRORA nasal to the implanted zone, where there was no surgical trauma or manipulation.Significance. The surgical delivery of the photovoltaic subretinal implant causes minor RT changes that settle after 3 months, and then remain stable over long-term with no adverse structural or functional effects. Distance between the implant and the INL remains stable up to 36 months of the follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahiul M K Muqit
- Vitreoretinal Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yannick Le Mer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Frank G Holz
- University of Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, Bonn, Germany
| | - José A Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-DGOS 1423, Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ibrahim MN, Bashar SB, Rasheed MA, Selvam A, Sant V, Sahel JA, Chhablani J, Vupparaboina KK, Jana S. Volumetric quantification of choroid and Haller's sublayer using OCT scans: An accurate and unified approach based on stratified smoothing. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2022; 99:102086. [PMID: 35717830 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2022.102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The choroid, a dense vascular structure in the posterior segment of the eye, maintains the health of the retina by supplying oxygen and nutrients, and assumes clinical significance in screening ocular diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). As a technological assist, algorithmic estimation of choroidal biomarkers has been suggested based on sectional (B-scan) optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. However, most such 2D estimation techniques are compute-intensive, yet enjoy limited accuracy and have only been validated on OCT image datasets of healthy eyes. Not surprisingly, fine-scale analyses, including those involving Haller's sublayer, remain relatively rare and unsophisticated. Against this backdrop, we propose an efficient algorithm to quantify desired biomarkers with improved accuracy based on volume OCT scans. Specifically, we attempted an accurate, computationally light volumetric segmentation method involving stratified smoothing to detect choroid and Haller's sublayer. METHODS For detecting the various boundaries of the choroid and the Haller's sublayer, we propose a common volumetric method that performs suitable exponential enhancement and maintains smooth spatial continuity across 2D B-scans. Further, we achieve suitable volumetric smoothing by primarily deploying light-duty linear regression, and sparingly using compute-intensive tensor voting, and hence significantly reduce overall complexity. The proposed methodology is tested on five health and five diseased OCT volumes considering various metrics including volumetric Dice coefficient and corresponding quotient measures to facilitate comparison vis-à-vis intra-observer repeatability. RESULTS On five healthy and five diseased OCT volumes, respectively, the proposed method for choroid segmentation recorded volumetric Dice coefficients of 93.53 % and 93.30 %, which closely approximate the respective reference observer repeatability values of 95.60 % and 95.49 %. In terms of related quotient measures, our method achieved more than 50 % improvement over a recently reported method. In detecting Haller's sublayer as well, our algorithm records statistical performance closely matching that of reference manual method. CONCLUSION Advancing the state-of-the-art, the proposed volumetric segmentation, tested on both healthy and diseased datasets, demonstrated close match with the manual reference. Our method assumes significance in accurate screening of chorioretinal diseases including AMD, CSCR and pachychoroid. Further, it enables generating accurate training data for developing deep learning models for improved detection of choroid and Haller's sublayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M N Ibrahim
- Dept. of Electrical Engg, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Bin Bashar
- L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M A Rasheed
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Selvam
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - V Sant
- Fox Chapel Area High School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J A Sahel
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Chhablani
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K K Vupparaboina
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - S Jana
- Dept. of Electrical Engg, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors in atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) results in severe visual impairment. Since the low-resolution peripheral vision is retained in such conditions, restoration of central vision should not jeopardize the surrounding healthy retina and allow for simultaneous use of the natural and prosthetic sight. This interim report, prespecified in the study protocol, presents the first clinical results with a photovoltaic substitute of the photoreceptors providing simultaneous use of the central prosthetic and peripheral natural vision in atrophic AMD. In this open-label single group feasibility trial (NCT03333954, recruitment completed), five patients with geographic atrophy have been implanted with a wireless 2 x 2 mm-wide 30 µm-thick device, having 378 pixels of 100 µm in size. All 5 patients achieved the primary outcome of the study by demonstrating the prosthetic visual perception in the former scotoma. The four patients with a subretinal placement of the chip demonstrated the secondary outcome: Landolt acuity of 1.17 ± 0.13 pixels, corresponding to the Snellen range of 20/460-20/565. With electronic magnification of up to a factor of 8, patients demonstrated prosthetic acuity in the range of 20/63-20/98. Under room lighting conditions, patients could simultaneously use prosthetic central vision and their remaining peripheral vision in the implanted eye and in the fellow eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Palanker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Y Le Mer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - S Mohand-Said
- Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-DGOS 1423, Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J A Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-DGOS 1423, Quinze-Vingts National Eye Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calkins DJ, Yu-Wai-Man P, Newman NJ, Taiel M, Singh P, Chalmey C, Rogue A, Carelli V, Ancian P, Sahel JA. Biodistribution of intravitreal lenadogene nolparvovec gene therapy in nonhuman primates. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:307-318. [PMID: 34729378 PMCID: PMC8526752 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lenadogene nolparvovec (Lumevoq) gene therapy was developed to treat Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) caused by the m.11778G > A in MT-ND4 that affects complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Lenadogene nolparvovec is a replication-defective, single-stranded DNA recombinant adeno-associated virus vector 2 serotype 2, containing a codon-optimized complementary DNA encoding the human wild-type MT-ND4 subunit protein. Lenadogene nolparvovec was administered by unilateral intravitreal injection in MT-ND4 LHON patients in two randomized, double-masked, and sham-controlled phase III clinical trials (REVERSE and RESCUE), resulting in bilateral improvement of visual acuity. These and other earlier results suggest that lenadogene nolparvovec may travel from the treated to the untreated eye. To investigate this possibility further, lenadogene nolparvovec was unilaterally injected into the vitreous body of the right eye of healthy, nonhuman primates. Viral vector DNA was quantifiable in all eye and optic nerve tissues of the injected eye and was detected at lower levels in some tissues of the contralateral, noninjected eye, and optic projections, at 3 and 6 months after injection. The results suggest that lenadogene nolparvovec transfers from the injected to the noninjected eye, thus providing a potential explanation for the bilateral improvement of visual function observed in the LHON patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy J. Newman
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Magali Taiel
- GenSight Biologics, 74 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica, Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - José A. Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duncan JL, Pierce EA, Laster AM, Daiger SP, Birch DG, Ash JD, Iannaccone A, Flannery JG, Sahel JA, Zack DJ, Zarbin MA. Inherited Retinal Degenerations: Current Landscape and Knowledge Gaps. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:6. [PMID: 30034950 PMCID: PMC6052953 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Pierce
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy M Laster
- Foundation Fighting Blindness, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Daiger
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, and Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David G Birch
- Rose-Silverthorne Retinal Degenerations Laboratory, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John D Ash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alessandro Iannaccone
- Center for Retinal Degenerations and Ophthalmic Genetic Diseases, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Vision Science, the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - José A Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institut de la Vision-Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS-Paris, France
| | - Donald J Zack
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco A Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Uretsky S, Vignal C, Bidot S, Fitoussi S, Galy A, Meunier S, Noel R, Bouquet C, Thomasson N, Combal JP, Sahel JA. 267. Phase I Gene Therapy Preliminary Clinical Results for Treatment of ND4 Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy with rAAV2-2-ND4. Mol Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
10
|
Bizet AA, Becker-Heck A, Ryan R, Weber K, Filhol E, Krug P, Halbritter J, Delous M, Lasbennes MC, Linghu B, Oakeley EJ, Zarhrate M, Nitschké P, Garfa-Traore M, Serluca F, Yang F, Bouwmeester T, Pinson L, Cassuto E, Dubot P, Elshakhs NAS, Sahel JA, Salomon R, Drummond IA, Gubler MC, Antignac C, Chibout S, Szustakowski JD, Hildebrandt F, Lorentzen E, Sailer AW, Benmerah A, Saint-Mezard P, Saunier S. Mutations in TRAF3IP1/IFT54 reveal a new role for IFT proteins in microtubule stabilization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8666. [PMID: 26487268 PMCID: PMC4617596 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a large group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders caused by defects in primary cilia. Here we identified mutations in TRAF3IP1 (TNF Receptor-Associated Factor Interacting Protein 1) in eight patients from five families with nephronophthisis (NPH) and retinal degeneration, two of the most common manifestations of ciliopathies. TRAF3IP1 encodes IFT54, a subunit of the IFT-B complex required for ciliogenesis. The identified mutations result in mild ciliary defects in patients but also reveal an unexpected role of IFT54 as a negative regulator of microtubule stability via MAP4 (microtubule-associated protein 4). Microtubule defects are associated with altered epithelialization/polarity in renal cells and with pronephric cysts and microphthalmia in zebrafish embryos. Our findings highlight the regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule dynamics as a role of the IFT54 protein beyond the cilium, contributing to the development of NPH-related ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albane A. Bizet
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anita Becker-Heck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Ryan
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Kristina Weber
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Emilie Filhol
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Krug
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marion Delous
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Bolan Linghu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edward J. Oakeley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Zarhrate
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Inserm UMR-1163, Genomic Core Facility, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Bioinformatics Core Facility, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traore
- Cell Imaging Platform, INSERM US24 Structure Fédérative de recherche Necker, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Serluca
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Pinson
- Department of Medical Genetic, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Health Center, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Cassuto
- Nephrology department, L'Archet II Hospital, Nice University Health Center, 06202 Nice, France
| | - Philippe Dubot
- Hemodialysis-Nephrology Department, William Morey Hospital, 71321 Chalon-sur-Saône, France
| | - Neveen A. Soliman Elshakhs
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Cairo University, Egyptian Group for Orphan Renal Diseases, 11956 Cairo, Egypt
| | - José A. Sahel
- INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S968, Institut de la vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM, Direction de l'Hospitalisation et de l'Organisation des Soins, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1423, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Salomon
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Nephrologic department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Iain A. Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Genetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salahdine Chibout
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | | | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Saunier
- Inserm UMR-1163, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Magnain C, Castel A, Boucneau T, Simonutti M, Ferezou I, Rancillac A, Vitalis T, Sahel JA, Paques M, Atlan M. Holographic laser Doppler imaging of microvascular blood flow. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2014; 31:2723-35. [PMID: 25606762 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on local superficial blood flow monitoring in biological tissue from laser Doppler holographic imaging. In time-averaging recording conditions, holography acts as a narrowband bandpass filter, which, combined with a frequency-shifted reference beam, permits frequency-selective imaging in the radio frequency range. These Doppler images are acquired with an off-axis Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Microvascular hemodynamic components mapping is performed in the cerebral cortex of the mouse and the eye fundus of the rat with near-infrared laser light without any exogenous marker. These measures are made from a basic inverse-method analysis of local first-order optical fluctuation spectra at low radio frequencies, from 0 Hz to 100 kHz. Local quadratic velocity is derived from Doppler broadenings induced by fluid flows, with elementary diffusing wave spectroscopy formalism in backscattering configuration. We demonstrate quadratic mean velocity assessment in the 0.1-10 mm/s range in vitro and imaging of superficial blood perfusion with a spatial resolution of about 10 micrometers in rodent models of cortical and retinal blood flow.
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik P N Scholl
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-9277, USA.
| | - José A Sahel
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; CIC-1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lorach H, Benosman R, Marre O, Ieng SH, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Artificial retina: the multichannel processing of the mammalian retina achieved with a neuromorphic asynchronous light acquisition device. J Neural Eng 2012; 9:066004. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/9/6/066004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
14
|
Denoyer A, Godefroy D, Célérier I, Frugier J, Degardin J, Harrison JK, Brignole-Baudouin F, Picaud S, Baleux F, Sahel JA, Rostène W, Baudouin C. CXCR3 antagonism of SDF-1(5-67) restores trabecular function and prevents retinal neurodegeneration in a rat model of ocular hypertension. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37873. [PMID: 22675496 PMCID: PMC3366966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the most common cause of irreversible blindness, is a neuropathy commonly initiated by pathological ocular hypertension due to unknown mechanisms of trabecular meshwork degeneration. Current antiglaucoma therapy does not target the causal trabecular pathology, which may explain why treatment failure is often observed. Here we show that the chemokine CXCL12, its truncated form SDF-1(5-67), and the receptors CXCR4 and CXCR3 are expressed in human glaucomatous trabecular tissue and a human trabecular cell line. SDF-1(5-67) is produced under the control of matrix metallo-proteinases, TNF-α, and TGF-β2, factors known to be involved in glaucoma. CXCL12 protects in vitro trabecular cells from apoptotic death via CXCR4 whereas SDF-1(5-67) induces apoptosis through CXCR3 and caspase activation. Ocular administration of SDF-1(5-67) in the rat increases intraocular pressure. In contrast, administration of a selective CXCR3 antagonist in a rat model of ocular hypertension decreases intraocular pressure, prevents retinal neurodegeneration, and preserves visual function. The protective effect of CXCR3 antagonism is related to restoration of the trabecular function. These data demonstrate that proteolytic cleavage of CXCL12 is involved in trabecular pathophysiology, and that local administration of a selective CXCR3 antagonist may be a beneficial therapeutic strategy for treating ocular hypertension and subsequent retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Denoyer
- UPMC University Paris 6, Institut de la Vision, UMRS968, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lelièvre EC, Lek M, Boije H, Houille-Vernes L, Brajeul V, Slembrouck A, Roger JE, Sahel JA, Matter JM, Sennlaub F, Hallböök F, Goureau O, Guillonneau X. Ptf1a/Rbpj complex inhibits ganglion cell fate and drives the specification of all horizontal cell subtypes in the chick retina. Dev Biol 2011; 358:296-308. [PMID: 21839069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During development, progenitor cells of the retina give rise to six principal classes of neurons and the Müller glial cells found within the adult retina. The pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit a (Ptf1a) encodes a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor necessary for the specification of horizontal cells and the majority of amacrine cell subtypes in the mouse retina. The Ptf1a-regulated genes and the regulation of Ptf1a activity by transcription cofactors during retinogenesis have been poorly investigated. Using a retrovirus-mediated gene transfer approach, we reported that Ptf1a was sufficient to promote the fates of amacrine and horizontal cells from retinal progenitors and inhibit retinal ganglion cell and photoreceptor differentiation in the chick retina. Both GABAergic H1 and non-GABAergic H3 horizontal cells were induced following the forced expression of Ptf1a. We describe Ptf1a as a strong, negative regulator of Atoh7 expression. Furthermore, the Rbpj-interacting domains of Ptf1a protein were required for its effects on cell fate specification. Together, these data provide a novel insight into the molecular basis of Ptf1a activity on early cell specification in the chick retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Lelièvre
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR S872, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boni S, Barale PO, Gendron G, Poisson F, Scheer S, Sahel JA. [Surgery of the idiopathic epimacular membrane on transconjunctival 25-gauge vitrectomy (TSV): a series of 50 cases]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2010; 33:544-50. [PMID: 20863595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surgery of the idiopathic epimacular membrane has gained from the advent of 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy (TSV) initiated by Fujii in 2002. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, we tested 50 patients operated on for epimacular membrane with 25-gauge TSV at the Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital in Paris from December 2004 to June 2006. RESULTS No postoperative endophthalmitis, major hypotonia, or sclerotomy leakage were observed. However, two cases (4%) of retinal detachment and 47% postoperative cataract were noted at 3 months. After evolving 3 months later, distant and close visual acuity were significantly improved. CONCLUSION TSV appears to be a useful method for epimacular membrane ablation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Boni
- Centre hospitalier national d'ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Busskamp V, Duebel J, Balya D, Fradot M, Viney TJ, Siegert S, Groner AC, Cabuy E, Forster V, Seeliger M, Biel M, Humphries P, Paques M, Mohand-Said S, Trono D, Deisseroth K, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Roska B. Genetic reactivation of cone photoreceptors restores visual responses in retinitis pigmentosa. Science 2010; 329:413-7. [PMID: 20576849 DOI: 10.1126/science.1190897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa refers to a diverse group of hereditary diseases that lead to incurable blindness, affecting two million people worldwide. As a common pathology, rod photoreceptors die early, whereas light-insensitive, morphologically altered cone photoreceptors persist longer. It is unknown if these cones are accessible for therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that expression of archaebacterial halorhodopsin in light-insensitive cones can substitute for the native phototransduction cascade and restore light sensitivity in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Resensitized photoreceptors activate all retinal cone pathways, drive sophisticated retinal circuit functions (including directional selectivity), activate cortical circuits, and mediate visually guided behaviors. Using human ex vivo retinas, we show that halorhodopsin can reactivate light-insensitive human photoreceptors. Finally, we identified blind patients with persisting, light-insensitive cones for potential halorhodopsin-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Busskamp
- Neural Circuit Laboratories, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
We report laser Doppler ophthalmoscopic fundus imaging in the rat eye with near-IR heterodyne holography. Sequential sampling of the beat of the reflected radiation against a frequency-shifted optical local oscillator is made onto an array detector. Wide-field maps of fluctuation spectra in the 10 Hz to 25 kHz band exhibit angiographic contrasts in the retinal vascular tree without requirement of an exogenous marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Simonutti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-101, UMR-S 968, rue de Tolbiac, 75654 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jammoul F, Dégardin J, Pain D, Gondouin P, Simonutti M, Dubus E, Caplette R, Fouquet S, Craft CM, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Taurine deficiency damages photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in vigabatrin-treated neonatal rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:414-21. [PMID: 20132888 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-epileptic drug vigabatrin induces an irreversible constriction of the visual field, but is still widely used to treat infantile spasms and some forms of epilepsy. We recently reported that vigabatrin-induced cone damage is due to a taurine deficiency. However, optic atrophy and thus retinal ganglion cell degeneration was also reported in children treated for infantile spasms. We here show in neonatal rats treated from postnatal days 4 to 29 that the vigabatrin treatment triggers not only cone photoreceptor damage, disorganisation of the photoreceptor layer and gliosis but also retinal ganglion cell loss. Furthermore, we demonstrate in these neonatal rats that taurine supplementation partially prevents these retinal lesions and in particular the retinal ganglion cell loss. These results provide the first evidence of retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection by taurine. They further confirm that taurine supplementation should be administered with the vigabatrin treatment for infantile spasms or epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firas Jammoul
- INSERM, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kolomiets B, Dubus E, Simonutti M, Rosolen S, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Late histological and functional changes in the P23H rat retina after photoreceptor loss. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:47-58. [PMID: 20060471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several strategies have been proposed to restore useful vision following photoreceptor degeneration. However, a very few studies have investigated late anatomical changes and functional state of residual retinal neurons after complete photoreceptor loss. We investigated the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in P23H rats. The RGC multielectrode array recordings indicated lower firing rates, disappearance of broad-scale, and maintenance of short-scale pairwise correlations. Up to 11% of RGCs displayed repetitive and often correlated spike discharges, reminiscent of developmental rhythmic activity, which could be reversibly suppressed by blockade of the AMPA/kainite glutamate receptors. RGCs in P23H rats remain sensitive to local electrical stimulation, generating short-latency responses as in the normal retina. These results provide evidence that, despite the demonstrated RGC degeneration, remaining active RGCs maintain their basic physiological and network properties with some emerging functional changes such as the spontaneous rhythmic activity in late stages of the degenerative disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Errera MH, Barale PO, Ounnoughene Y, Puech M, Sahel JA. [25-Gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy in a case of bilateral epiretinal membrane associated with a Terson syndrome]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2009; 32:268-72. [PMID: 19769858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of epiretinal membranes associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy is known to be a complication of Terson syndrome. We report the first case of a 25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy performed in one eye as treatment for an epiretinal membrane secondary to a case of Terson syndrome (most probably due to a history of subdural hematoma in childhood). Following a review of the current literature on the subject we report the physiopathologic mechanisms of Terson syndrome and the explanation for the proliferative vitreoretinopathy formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Errera
- Service d'Ophtalmologie IV, CHNO des XV-XX, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weber M, Cohen SY, Tadayoni R, Coscas G, Creuzot-Garcher C, Devin F, Gaudric A, Mauget-Faysse M, Sahel JA, Soubrane G, Souied E, Korobelnik JF. [Evolving intravitreous injection technique]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2009; 31:625-9. [PMID: 18772818 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(08)75468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The technique of intravitreous injections has been well documented for several years. Recently, a descriptive article on the intravitreous injections procedure was published in the Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie, and the AFSSAPS (French agency for drug safety) released recommendations concerning this matter on the occasion of commercial launch of pegaptanib. Since that time, the number of intravitreal injections has considerably increased, because anti-VEGF drugs had been made available to ophthalmologists, and several teams have performed a large number of procedures, allowing them to better comprehend intravitreous injections. The present paper describes our current practice of intravitreous injections. Several specialists have exchanged their experiences and issued a common synthesis. Detailed modifications of the initial recommendations have been suggested, with such basic changes such as abandoning preoperative pupil dilatation and easing postsurgical monitoring. Follow-up examinations should be adapted to each patient rather than being systematic. The suggested modifications do not change the procedure of intravitreous injections substantially, but they simplify many steps and detail the various procedures when consensus is lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weber
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jammoul F, Wang Q, Nabbout R, Coriat C, Duboc A, Simonutti M, Dubus E, Craft CM, Ye W, Collins SD, Dulac O, Chiron C, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Taurine deficiency is a cause of vigabatrin-induced retinal phototoxicity. Ann Neurol 2009; 65:98-107. [PMID: 19194884 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although vigabatrin irreversibly constricts the visual field, it remains a potent therapy for infantile spasms and a third-line drug for refractory epilepsies. In albino animals, this drug induces a reduction in retinal cell function, retinal disorganization, and cone photoreceptor damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the light dependence of the vigabatrin-elicited retinal toxicity and to screen for molecules preventing this secondary effect of vigabatrin. METHODS Rats and mice were treated daily with 40 and 3mg vigabatrin, respectively. Retinal cell lesions were demonstrated by assessing cell function with electroretinogram measurements, and quantifying retinal disorganization, gliosis, and cone cell densities. RESULTS Vigabatrin-elicited retinal lesions were prevented by maintaining animals in darkness during treatment. Different mechanisms including taurine deficiency were reported to produce such phototoxicity; we therefore measured amino acid plasma levels in vigabatrin-treated animals. Taurine levels were 67% lower in vigabatrin-treated animals than in control animals. Taurine supplementation reduced all components of retinal lesions in both rats and mice. Among six vigabatrin-treated infants, the taurine plasma level was found to be below normal in three patients and undetectable in two patients. INTERPRETATION These results indicate that vigabatrin generates a taurine deficiency responsible for its retinal phototoxicity. Future studies will investigate whether cotreatment with taurine and vigabatrin can limit epileptic seizures without inducing the constriction of the visual field. Patients taking vigabatrin could gain immediate benefit from reduced light exposures and dietetic advice on taurine-rich foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firas Jammoul
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U592, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang QP, Jammoul F, Duboc A, Gong J, Simonutti M, Dubus E, Craft CM, Ye W, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Treatment of epilepsy: the GABA-transaminase inhibitor, vigabatrin, induces neuronal plasticity in the mouse retina. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2177-87. [PMID: 18412635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vigabatrin was a major drug in the treatment of epilepsy until the discovery that it was associated with an irreversible constriction of the visual field. Nevertheless, the drug is still prescribed for infantile spasms and refractory epilepsy. Disorganization of the photoreceptor nuclear layer and cone photoreceptor damage have been described in albino rats. To investigate the vigabatrin-elicited retinal toxicity further, we examined the retinal tissue of albino mice treated with two vigabatrin doses. The higher dose did not always cause the photoreceptor layer disorganization after 1 month of treatment. However, it triggered a massive synaptic plasticity in retinal areas showing a normal layering of the retina. This plasticity was shown by the withdrawal of rod but not cone photoreceptor terminals from the outer plexiform layers towards their cell bodies. Furthermore, both rod bipolar cells and horizontal cells exhibited dendritic sprouting into the photoreceptor nuclear layer. Withdrawing rod photoreceptors appeared to form ectopic contacts with growing postsynaptic dendrites. Indeed, contacts between rods and bipolar cells, and between bipolar cells and horizontal cells were observed deep inside the outer nuclear layer. This neuronal plasticity is highly suggestive of an impaired glutamate release by photoreceptors because similar observations have been reported in different genetically modified mice with deficient synaptic transmission. Such a synaptic deficit is consistent with the decrease in glutamate concentration induced by vigabatrin. This description of the neuronal plasticity associated with vigabatrin provides new insights into its retinal toxicity in epileptic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Wang
- INSERM UMRS-592, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chalmel F, Léveillard T, Jaillard C, Lardenois A, Berdugo N, Morel E, Koehl P, Lambrou G, Holmgren A, Sahel JA, Poch O. Rod-derived Cone Viability Factor-2 is a novel bifunctional-thioredoxin-like protein with therapeutic potential. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:74. [PMID: 17764561 PMCID: PMC2064930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cone degeneration is the hallmark of the inherited retinal disease retinitis pigmentosa. We have previously identified a trophic factor "Rod-derived Cone Viability Factor (RdCVF) that is secreted by rods and promote cone viability in a mouse model of the disease. Results Here we report the bioinformatic identification and the experimental analysis of RdCVF2, a second trophic factor belonging to the Rod-derived Cone Viability Factor family. The mouse RdCVF gene is known to be bifunctional, encoding both a long thioredoxin-like isoform (RdCVF-L) and a short isoform with trophic cone photoreceptor viability activity (RdCVF-S). RdCVF2 shares many similarities with RdCVF in terms of gene structure, expression in a rod-dependent manner and protein 3D structure. Furthermore, like RdCVF, the RdCVF2 short isoform exhibits cone rescue activity that is independent of its putative thiol-oxydoreductase activity. Conclusion Taken together, these findings define a new family of bifunctional genes which are: expressed in vertebrate retina, encode trophic cone viability factors, and have major therapeutic potential for human retinal neurodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chalmel
- Divisions of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Léveillard
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Inserm U592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Céline Jaillard
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Inserm U592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Naomi Berdugo
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Inserm U592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75571 Paris, France
- Fovea-Pharmaceuticals – 12 rue Jean Antoine Le Baif – 75013 Paris
| | - Emmanuelle Morel
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Inserm U592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Koehl
- Department of Computer Science, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - George Lambrou
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José A Sahel
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Inserm U592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75571 Paris, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, UK
| | - Olivier Poch
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gong J, Jellali A, Forster V, Mutterer J, Dubus E, Altrock WD, Sahel JA, Rendon A, Picaud S. The toxicity of the PrP106-126 prion peptide on cultured photoreceptors correlates with the prion protein distribution in the mammalian and human retina. Am J Pathol 2007; 170:1314-24. [PMID: 17392170 PMCID: PMC1829464 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In patients affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in animals affected by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, retinal functions are altered, and major spongiform changes are observed in the outer plexiform layer where photoreceptors have their synaptic terminals. In the present study, the prion protein PrP(c) was found to form aggregates in rod photoreceptor terminals from both rat and human retina, whereas no labeling was observed in cone photoreceptors. Discrete staining was also detected in the inner plexiform layer where the prion protein was located at human amacrine cell synapses. In mixed porcine retinal cell cultures, the PrP106-126 prion peptide triggered a 61% rod photoreceptor cell loss by apoptosis as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, whereas cone photoreceptors were not affected. Amacrine cells were also reduced by 47% in contrast to ganglion cells. Although this cell loss was associated with a 5.5-fold increase in microglial cells, the strict correlation between the PrP(c) prion protein expression and the peptide toxicity suggested that this toxicity did not rely on the release of a toxic compound by glial cells. These results provide new insights into the retinal pathophysiology of prion diseases and illustrate advantages of adult retinal cell cultures to investigate prion pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- INSERM U592, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Scheer S, Boni S, Barale PO, Bourhis A, Bonnel S, Tuil E, Girmens JF, Buil O, Baudouin C, Laroche L, Nordmann JP, Poisson F, Warnet JM, Sahel JA. [Heavy silicone oil as internal tamponade for retinal detachment: efficacy and tolerance]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007; 29:129-35. [PMID: 16523153 DOI: 10.1016/s0181-5512(06)73760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of heavy silicone oil as internal tamponade for retinal detachment surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-six eyes requiring heavy silicone oil for retinal detachment, with at least 1 month follow-up, were retrospectively studied. Preoperative status, surgical technique, tolerance, and anatomical and functional results were analyzed from the patient's file. Indications for heavy silicone injection were inferior retinotomy or inferior retraction in 65% of cases. PVR grade C was present in at least 63% of cases. Retinotomy was performed in 45% of cases. An exchange procedure was performed versus DKline in 65% of cases. Mean follow-up was 7 +/- 4 months. RESULTS At the end of follow-up, 59% of eyes had a completely reattached retina, 32% without internal tamponade. Another surgery was necessary in 54% of cases. During follow-up, mean intraocular pressure was normal, and there was a significant intraocular inflammation in three cases (4.5%). In seven cases of the 44 ablations of heavy silicone oil, an adherence of residual bubbles was present. Redetachment occurred after ablation for anatomical success in 41% of cases. BCVA was better than 0.05 (20/400) in 54% of cases at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSION Heavy silicone was well tolerated and seems not to be pro-inflammatory in our study. It is a good alternative to standard silicone for inferior retinotomy and inferior breaks without PVR. It is not a treatment of inferior retraction, and is not a long-term internal tamponade. During the ablation of heavy silicone oil, adherence of residual bubbles is possible, in which case a coaxial light or an endoillumination could be needed during ablation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Scheer
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, Paris.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gaucher D, Chiappore JA, Pâques M, Simonutti M, Boitard C, Sahel JA, Massin P, Picaud S. Microglial changes occur without neural cell death in diabetic retinopathy. Vision Res 2006; 47:612-23. [PMID: 17267004 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Very early neuroglial changes have been observed to precede major vascular changes in the retina of diabetic patients and animal models. We investigated the sequence of these neuroglial changes further, in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of Alloxan into C57/Bl6 mice, which subsequently received daily insulin injections. Diabetic and control animals were weighed and their blood glucose levels were determined weekly. Electroretinographic recordings and scanner laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) examinations were carried out 15 days, one month and three months after the onset of diabetes. Diabetes induction was confirmed by the presence of glucose in the urine, a tripling of blood glucose level, weight loss and an increase in glycated haemoglobin levels. Three months after diabetes onset, the electroretinogram b/a wave amplitude ratio was decreased at the highest light intensities and oscillatory potentials were delayed. The retinal fundus and vessels remained unchanged. No cell apoptosis was detected in vertical and horizontal sections of the retina by TUNEL or immunocytochemistry for the active caspase 3. No increase in GFAP-immunostaining indicative of a glial reaction was observed in Müller glial cells. By contrast, changes in the morphology of microglial cells were observed, with marked shortening of the dendrites. Thus, the microglial reaction occurs very early in progression to diabetic retinopathy, at about the same time as early electroretinographic modifications. The absence of apoptotic cells, contrasting with previous results in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, is consistent with insulin neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gaucher
- INSERM U-592, Hôpital St. Antoine, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris-6, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gong J, Jellali A, Mutterer J, Sahel JA, Rendon A, Picaud S. Distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters in rat and human retina. Brain Res 2006; 1082:73-85. [PMID: 16516863 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system neurons have traditionally been thought to express exclusively membrane transporters and/or vesicular transporters for their transmitter. Three vesicular glutamate transporters have recently been cloned: BNPI/VGLUT1 (a brain-specific sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter), and its homologs DNPI/VGLUT2 (differentiation-associated sodium-dependent Pi transporter) and VGLUT3. We investigated the subcellular distributions of these three vesicular transporters in rat and human retina. VGLUT1 was present in the outer and inner plexiform layers (OPL and IPL), as shown by punctate staining in both human and rat retina. In the OPL, it was colocalized with synaptophysin, consistent with its expression in glutamatergic photoreceptor terminals, and it was present in PKC-alpha-labeled glutamatergic bipolar cell terminals in the IPL. By contrast, VGLUT2 was present in horizontal cells and ganglion cells in rat and human retina. In human retina, VGLUT2 was also found in some amacrine cells, including GAD-immunopositive amacrine cells. VGLUT3 was present in glycine-releasing amacrine cells in rat retina but was restricted to a few ganglion cells in human retina. The distribution of VGLUT1 in excitatory synaptic terminal was consistent with its involvement in glutamate release at excitatory synapses, whereas the cellular distributions of VGLUT2 and VGLUT3 suggested that these molecules may be involved in functions other than glutamate release, such as glutamate storage for GABA synthesis in non-glutamatergic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- INSERM U-592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, F-75571 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lecleire-Collet A, Tessier LH, Massin P, Forster V, Brasseur G, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Advanced glycation end products can induce glial reaction and neuronal degeneration in retinal explants. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 89:1631-3. [PMID: 16299145 PMCID: PMC1772999 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.079491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Neuronal degeneration has been reported to occur in diabetic retinopathy before the onset of detectable microvascular abnormalities. To investigate whether advanced glycation end products (AGE) could be directly responsible for retinal neurodegeneration, retinal explants were incubated with glycated bovine serum albumin (BSA). METHODS Retinal explants obtained from non-diabetic adult rats were incubated 4 days with or without 200 mug/ml glycated BSA. Neural apoptosis was quantified by terminal dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) binding and immunostaining with anti-cleaved caspase-3 antibody. Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was localised by immunofluorescence. RESULTS TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 positive cells increased significantly by 2.2-fold and 2.5-fold in retinal explants incubated in glycated BSA (p<0.05), respectively. The ganglion cell layer was the most sensitive retinal layer to the glycated BSA. Neuronal degeneration was confirmed by the increased GFAP labelling in Müller glial cells from retinal explants treated with glycated BSA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AGE could induce retinal neurodegeneration in the absence of blood perfusion. Cells in the ganglion cell layer appeared to be the most sensitive as in diabetic retinopathy and its animal models. AGE toxicity could therefore contribute to the early pathological mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lecleire-Collet
- INSERM-U592, Laboratory of Retinal Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zrenner E, Cunha-Vaz J, Sahel JA, Sillito A, Scholl HPN, Wheeler-Schilling TH. Das „European Vision Institute“. Ophthalmologe 2006; 103:100-3. [PMID: 16432731 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-005-1307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The European Vision Institute EEIG (EVI) creates a new legal entity based on Community law to facilitate and encourage cross-border co-operation in vision research. Its major objectives are to conduct and support research, training, health information dissemination and other programmes with respect to blinding eye diseases, visual disorders, mechanisms of visual function, preservation of sight and the special health problems and requirements of the blind and visually disabled. EVI aims to foster centres in the EU in capacity building for innovative projects, to increase the flexibility, attractiveness and competitiveness of research careers, especially for young researchers. In addition, EVI will serve to co-ordinate activities with patient organisations and to build a pan-European platform for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Zrenner
- Abteilung für Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuro-Ophthalmologie, Universitätsaugenklinik, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Glycinergic interplexiform cells provide a feedback signal from the inner retina to the outer retina. To determine if cones receive such a signal, glycine was applied on cultured porcine cone photoreceptors recorded with the patch clamp technique. A minor population of cone photoreceptors was found to generate large currents in response to puff application of glycine. These currents reversed close to the calculated equilibrium potential for chloride ions. These glycine-elicited currents were sensitive to strychnine but not to picrotoxin consistent with the expression of alpha-beta-heteromeric glycine receptors. Glycine receptors were also activated by taurine and beta-alanine. The glycine receptor antibody mAb4a labelled a minority of the cone photoreceptors identified by an antibody specific for cone arrestin. Finally, expression of the beta subunit of the glycine receptor was demonstrated by single cell RT-PCR in a similar proportion (approximately 13%) of cone photoreceptors freshly isolated by lectin-panning. The identity of cone photoreceptors was assessed by their specific expression of the cone arrestin mRNA. The population of cone photoreceptors expressing the glycine receptor was not correlated to a specific colour-sensitive subtype as demonstrated by single cell RT-PCR experiments using primers for S opsin, cone arrestin and glycine receptor beta subunit. This glycine receptor expression in a minority of cones defines a new cone population suggesting an unexpected role for glycine in the visual information processing in the outer retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Balse
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, INSERM U592, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75 571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paques M, Massin P, Sahel JA, Gaudric A, Bergmann JF, Azancot S, Lévy BI, Vicaut E. Circadian Fluctuations of Macular Edema in Patients with Morning Vision Blurring: Correlation with Arterial Pressure and Effect of Light Deprivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:4707-11. [PMID: 16303968 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the causes of vision fluctuations in patients with chronic macular edema. METHODS Fifteen patients (16 eyes) with vision blurring at awakening due to post-central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) macular edema underwent three examination sessions over 24 hours (at 7 PM, immediately after awakening at 7 AM, and at 7 PM), which comprised assessment of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study score and measurement of macular thickness (MT) by optical coherence tomography. Ocular perfusion pressure was calculated from ambulatory arterial pressure measurement. In addition, after the 7 AM measurements, the patients were randomly selected for monocular light deprivation during the day to evaluate the role of retinal illumination in these fluctuations. RESULTS Circadian fluctuation of MT was documented in all patients. At 7 AM, mean visual acuity (VA) was worse (mean +/- SD of the difference: 6.5 +/- 7.2 points; P < 0.002) and mean MT was higher (57.4 +/- 34 microm; P < 0.001) than at 7 PM. Fluctuations of MT were correlated to fluctuation of arterial pressure (P = 0.05), but were not influenced by monocular light deprivation. CONCLUSIONS In most patients complaining of visual fluctuations due to macular edema secondary to CRVO, MT and VA were found to undergo a circadian cycle. These short-term anatomic and functional variations were associated with arterial pressure variations (that is, macular thickening was inversely correlated to the arterial pressure drop during the night), but were not due to light deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Paques
- Ophthalmology Departments of the Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bellmann C, Kabanarou SA, Sahel JA, Rubin GS, Fitzke FW. Age-related macular disease: how to assess the retina using scanning laser techniques? Aging Clin Exp Res 2005; 17:435-44. [PMID: 16485860 DOI: 10.1007/bf03327409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular disease (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness among the elderly in Western nations. The magnitude of the problem will undoubtedly grow, as age is a significant risk factor and the number of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase. The most frequent cause of severe visual loss associated with AMD is irreversible degeneration of the overlying neurosensory retina, caused by the growth of choroidal neovascularization or, alternatively, the development of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Today, we are able to image the human retina in vivo. Recently developed imaging techniques provide better assessment of retinal pathology than conventional ophthalmoscopy alone. This overview presents the most recent devices available for retinal imaging, which mainly exploit laser technology such as scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Its basic principles, as well as its characteristics for imaging and functional assessment of the retina, are described. Lastly, potential benefits for clinical routine, rehabilitation strategies in AMD, and future research aspects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caren Bellmann
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the major cause of retinal detachment surgery failure. Many adjuvants were studied in vitro and on animals, some were studied on humans. Daunomycin seems to reduce PVR recidivism. 5-FU and steroids are nontoxic but their efficacy is not clear. Heparin reduced postoperative inflammation and seems to reduce PVR recidivism when associated with 5-FU. Associating heparin and steroids seems to reduce PVR in some groups of patients (aphakic, anterior PVR). Colchicine and retinoic acid per os are ineffective, silicone oil is effective as an internal tamponade but not as an adjuvant of PVR. Currently, no molecule has proven efficacy as an adjunctive treatment of PVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Scheer
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cia D, Bordais A, Varela C, Forster V, Sahel JA, Rendon A, Picaud S. Voltage-Gated Channels and Calcium Homeostasis in Mammalian Rod Photoreceptors. J Neurophysiol 2005; 93:1468-75. [PMID: 15483058 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00874.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports on rod photoreceptor neuroprotection by Ca2+channel blockers have pointed out the need to assess the effect of these blockers on mammalian rods. However, in mammals, rod electrophysiological characterization has been hampered by the small size of these photoreceptors, which were instead extensively studied in nonmammalian vertebrates. To further characterize ionic conductances and to assess the pharmacology of Ca2+channels in mammalian rods, freshly dissociated pig rod photoreceptors were recorded with the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Rod cells expressed 1) a hyperpolarization-activated inward-rectifying conductance ( Ih) sensitive to external Cs+; 2) a sustained outward K+current ( IK) sensitive to tetraethylammonium; 3) a sustained voltage-gated Ca2+current ( ICa) sensitive to benzothiazepine (diltiazem) and phenylalkylamine (verapamil) derivatives; 4) a Ca2+-activated Cl−current ( ICl(Ca)); and 5) a plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase. The Ca2+current showed a range of activation from positive potentials to –60 mV with a maximum between –30 and –20 mV. In contrast to other L-type Ca2+channels, rod Ca2+channels were blocked at similar and relatively high concentrations by the diltiazem isomers and verapamil. The biphasic dose-response for d-diltiazem confirmed the low sensitivity of Ca2+channels for the molecule. The ATPase, which was localized at the axon terminal, was found to contribute to Ca2+extrusion. These results suggest that the electrophysiological features of rod photoreceptors had been preserved during evolution from nonmammalian vertebrates to mammals. This work indicates further that mammalian rods express nonclassic L-type Ca2+channels, showing a low sensitivity to the diltiazem isomers used in neuroprotective studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cia
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Balse E, Tessier LH, Fuchs C, Forster V, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Purification of mammalian cone photoreceptors by lectin panning and the enhancement of their survival in glia-conditioned medium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:367-74. [PMID: 15623797 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In retinal diseases characterized by photoreceptor degeneration, the main cause of clinically significant vision loss is cone, rather than rod, loss. In the present study, a technique was designed to purify cones to make it possible to screen for neuroprotective molecules. METHODS A suspension of porcine retinal cells was incubated on coverslips coated with the peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin, which selectively binds to cones. Cones were identified and quantified by using an antibody specific for cone arrestin. Their identity and viability were also assessed by single-cell RT-PCR and patch-clamp recording. RESULTS This panning method provided a population of cones that was 80% to 92% pure, depending on the counting strategy used. The panned cells contained both short (S)- and medium/long (M/L)-wavelength opsin cones. The panned retinal cells exhibited the physiological signature of cone photoreceptors and single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that they expressed the cone arrestin mRNA. Most (69%) cone photoreceptors produced neurites and survived for up to 7 days when cultured in a glia-conditioned medium, whereas very few (4%) survived after 7 days in the control medium. CONCLUSIONS This PNA-lectin-panning method can provide highly pure and viable mammalian cones, the survival of which can be prolonged by glia-conditioned medium. Because PNA lectin binds to cone photoreceptors from various species in both normal and pathologic conditions, this technique should enable the screening of neuroprotective molecules like those released by glial cells and enable the physiological, genomic, and proteomic characterization of cones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Balse
- Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U-592, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Paques M, Massin P, Bonnel S, Sahel JA. [Angiogenesis and diabetic retinopathy: specific connections to neuroretinal tissue]. Journ Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu 2005:33-7. [PMID: 16161303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Paques
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 25 rue Manin, 75019 Paris
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Menu dit Huart L, Lorentz O, Goureau O, Léveillard T, Sahel JA. DNA repair in the degenerating mouse retina. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 26:441-9. [PMID: 15234348 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of different recent results suggesting that the adult mammalian central nervous system can produce new neurons, possibly as an endogenous repair mechanism, we investigated whether neurogenesis occurs in response to photoreceptor degeneration in the rd1 mouse, a model of human-inherited retinal dystrophy. Bromodeoxy-Uridine (BrdU) incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression experiments detected cell proliferation in the extreme peripheral retina, in both wt and rd1 retina, independent of degeneration. BrdU incorporation and PCNA expression also occurred in rd1 photoreceptors. Our results strongly suggest that these photoreceptors undergo DNA repair: p53, PCNA, and DNA ligase IV are expressed before photoreceptor death, consistent with a model where photoreceptors expressing the rd1 mutation activate a process of DNA repair but which is overwhelmed by the disease mutation leading to apoptotic death. The existence of such a balance offers potential new targets for neuroprotective approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Menu dit Huart
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, INSERM U 592 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Bâtiment Kourilsky, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Porto FBO, Perrault I, Hicks D, Rozet JM, Hanoteau N, Hanein S, Kaplan J, Sahel JA. Prenatal human ocular degeneration occurs in Leber's Congenital Amaurosis (LCA1 and 2). Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 533:59-68. [PMID: 15180248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B O Porto
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kinkl N, Hageman GS, Sahel JA, Hicks D. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and candidate signaling molecule distribution within rat and human retina. Mol Vis 2002; 8:149-60. [PMID: 12097864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To map the expression and distribution of FGFR and potential FGFR-related signaling molecules within rat and human retina. METHODS Sections of postnatal 5 day old and adult rat, and aged human retina, and cell cultures prepared from selected cell populations of young rat retina, were immunolabeled with specific antisera to FGFR (FGFR-1, -2, -3, and -4) or candidate signaling molecules [phospholipase Cg1 (PLCg1), son of sevenless 1 and 2 (SOS1, SOS2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein tyrosine phosphatase (SH-PTP2) and SH2-containing protein (Shc)], and with multiple retinal cell-type specific antibodies. Controls were conducted using primary antisera pre-adsorbed with the corresponding immunizing peptide. RESULTS All FGFR antisera showed strong labeling of inner retina [inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell layer (INL, IPL and GCL respectively)] in rat and human retina, although there were distinct differences in individual patterns. FGFR-3 was particularly intense in ganglion cell bodies and dendrites, and was absent from photoreceptors and bipolar cells in vitro. FGFR-1 and FGFR-4 also labeled the outer nuclear layer (ONL), more intensely in adult than in young tissue, and FGFR-4 was especially prominent within inner segments. FGFR-2 and -3 were only weakly expressed in the ONL, but FGFR-2 showed specific labeling of cone outer segments in human retina. Candidate FGFR-signaling molecules also showed generally higher expression in the inner than outer retina in the different samples. Shc immunolabeling was apparent in the GCL and nascent photoreceptor outer segments in young and adult retina. SOS1 expression was much more intense than SOS2 in the ONL, although the latter showed selective intense staining of a sub-population in the INL and GCL. These ex vivo data were confirmed in cultures prepared from young rat retina. Pure photoreceptor cultures exhibited strong expression of FGFR-1 and -4, and faint expression of FGFR-2 and -3. In mixed inner retinal cultures, anti-FGFR-1 labeled neurons and Müller glia with equal intensity, while the other FGFR antisera showed preferential staining of neurons. FGFR-3 was strongly expressed by ganglion and amacrine cells but not by other types. Signaling molecules showed widespread expression, but of variable intensity, in all cells. All control experiments using corresponding peptide pre-adsorption led to complete removal of immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS Rat and human retinal cells showed a largely similar, widespread expression of multiple FGFR and candidate FGFR-related signaling molecules. Distinct differences in development, species, cell- and sub-cell type distribution were apparent, suggesting that specific FGFR/FGF ligands and transduction pathways may operate in different cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kinkl
- Institut für Humangenetik, GSF Forschungszentrum, Ingoldstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Luo X, Lambrou GN, Sahel JA, Hicks D. Hypoglycemia induces general neuronal death, whereas hypoxia and glutamate transport blockade lead to selective retinal ganglion cell death in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:2695-705. [PMID: 11581218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of experimental ischemia and interruption of glutamate transport on retinal neuronal cell, especially retinal ganglion cell (RGC), survival in vitro. METHODS Cell cultures were prepared from adult pig retinas and maintained under different experimental conditions of increasing hypoglycemia, environmental hypoxia (delayed postmortem period or atmospheric PO2 <2%), or chemical hypoxia (potassium cyanide), or in the presence of glutamate transporter blockers L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (tPDC) and L(-)-threo-3-hydroxyaspartic acid (THA), or the glutamine synthetase inhibitor methionine sulfoximine (MS). After 48 hours, cells were returned to standard culture conditions and allowed to develop for 5 days, when they were fixed and immunostained with different retinal neuronal phenotypic markers. RESULTS Control normoxic cultures contained large numbers of immunocytochemically identified photoreceptors (PRs), bipolar cells (BCs), amacrine cells (ACs), and RGCs after 7 days in vitro. A 24-hour postmortem delay before culture led to significant reductions in all types (40%-70%), proportionately greater in ACs and RGCs. Lowering of sugar levels also led to increased losses in all cell types, whereas potassium cyanide treatment deleteriously affected only ACs and RGCs. Ambient hypoxia led to consistent reductions only in the number of RGCs, which were exacerbated by addition of high concentrations of glutamate. Inclusion of glutamate receptor antagonists had a partial protective effect against RGC loss. Treatment with tPDC and THA also led to selective RGC death, but MS had no effect on any cells. CONCLUSIONS Different components of the ischemic pathologic process (hypoxia, hypoglycemia, glutamate transport failure) lead to distinctly different patterns of neuronal loss in adult retina in vitro. RGCs are especially vulnerable, corresponding to their in vivo susceptibility. These data may suggest neuroprotective strategies for limiting retinal damage during ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Luo
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Clinique Médicale A, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sahel JA, Mohand-Said S, Léveillard T, Hicks D, Picaud S, Dreyfus H. Rod-cone interdependence: implications for therapy of photoreceptor cell diseases. Prog Brain Res 2001; 131:649-61. [PMID: 11420978 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)31051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Sahel
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, EMI 9918 INSERM, Université Louis Pasteur and Clinique Médicale A, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
During the last decade, numerous research reports have considerably improved our knowledge about the physiopathology of retinal degenerations. Three non-mutually exclusive general areas dealing with therapeutic approaches have been proposed; gene therapy, pharmacology and retinal transplantations. The first approach involving correction of the initial mutation, will need a great deal of time and further development before becoming a therapeutic tool in human clinical practice. The observation that cone photoreceptors, even those seemingly unaffected by any described anomaly, die secondarily to rod disappearance related to mutations expressed specifically in the latter, led us to study the interactions between these two photoreceptor populations to search for possible causal links between rod degeneration and cone death. These in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that paracrine interactions between both cell types exist and that rods are necessary for continued cone survival. Since the role of cones in visual perception is essential, pending the identification of the factors mediating these interactions underway, rod replacement by transplantation and/or neuroprotection by trophic factors or alternative pharmacological means appear as promising approaches for limiting secondary cone loss in currently untreatable blinding conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mohand-Said
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, EMI 99-8 INSERM Université Louis Pasteur, Clinique Médicale A, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital 67091 Cedex, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yvert G, Lindenberg KS, Picaud S, Landwehrmeyer GB, Sahel JA, Mandel JL. Expanded polyglutamines induce neurodegeneration and trans-neuronal alterations in cerebellum and retina of SCA7 transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:2491-506. [PMID: 11030754 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.17.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the eight progressive neurodegenerative diseases caused by polyglutamine expansions, spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is the only one to display degeneration in both brain and retina. We show here that mice overexpressing full-length mutant ataxin-7[Q90] either in Purkinje cells or in rod photoreceptors have deficiencies in motor coordination and vision, respectively. In both models, although with different time courses, an N-terminal fragment of mutant ataxin-7 accumulates into ubiquitinated nuclear inclusions that recruit a distinct set of chaperone/proteasome subunits. A severe degeneration is caused by overexpression of ataxin-7[Q90] in rods, whereas a similar overexpression of normal ataxin-7[Q10] has no obvious effect. The degenerative process is not limited to photoreceptors, showing secondary alterations of post-synaptic neurons. These findings suggest that proteolytic cleavage of mutant ataxin-7 and trans-neuronal responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of SCA7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Yvert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rod-cone retinal degenerations (retinitis pigmentosa) are typified by initial rod loss followed by secondary cone death. Rod death, predominantly caused by gene mutations expressed specifically in these cells, induces scotopic vision loss. Cone death, the overriding cause of blindness, has no current explanation. Disease progression and preliminary data suggest that cone survival depends on rods. OBJECTIVE To establish whether rod transplantation into mutant rodless retinas could halt cone loss. METHODS We transplanted pure sheets of rods isolated from normal-sighted mice into the subretinal space of recipient retinal degeneration mice lacking rods but possessing approximately 30% residual cones. Control animals were unoperated on or grafted with inner retinal cells from young normal donors, entire retinas from aged retinal degeneration mice, or gelatin. Two weeks after surgery, we quantified by an unbiased method the numbers of host retinal cones after immunolabeling with specific markers. RESULTS Only mice receiving rod-rich transplants demonstrated statistically significant greater cone numbers, with rescue of 40% of host cones normally destined to die during this period. CONCLUSION Cone survival depends specifically on rods. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Such findings indicate that transplantation of rods could limit loss of cones, thus preserving useful vision in human retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:807-811
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mohand-Said
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, EMI 9918 INSERM, Clinique Médicale A, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cédex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Frasson M, Sahel JA, Fabre M, Simonutti M, Dreyfus H, Picaud S. Retinitis pigmentosa: rod photoreceptor rescue by a calcium-channel blocker in the rd mouse. Nat Med 1999; 5:1183-7. [PMID: 10502823 DOI: 10.1038/13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited degenerative disease of photoreceptors leading to blindness. A well-characterized model for this disease is provided by the retinal degeneration mouse, in which the gene for the rod cGMP phosphodiesterase is mutated, as in some affected human families. We report that D-cis-diltiazem, a calcium-channel blocker that also acts at light-sensitive cGMP-gated channels, rescued photoreceptors and preserved visual function in the retinal degeneration mouse. The long record of diltiazem prescription in cardiology should facilitate the design of clinical trials for some forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Frasson
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire de la Rétine, Médicale A, BP 426, 1 place de l'hôpital, Université Louis Pasteur, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Mohand-Said S, Deudon-Combe A, Hicks D, Simonutti M, Forster V, Fintz AC, Léveillard T, Dreyfus H, Sahel JA. Normal retina releases a diffusible factor stimulating cone survival in the retinal degeneration mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8357-62. [PMID: 9653191 PMCID: PMC20980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cellular interactions in the mechanism of secondary cone photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal degenerations in which the mutation specifically affects rod photoreceptors was studied. We developed an organ culture model of whole retinas from 5-week-old mice carrying the retinal degeneration mutation, which at this age contain few remaining rods and numerous surviving cones cocultured with primary cultures of mixed cells from postnatal day 8 normal-sighted mice (C57BL/6) retinas or retinal explants from normal (C57BL/6) or dystrophic (C3H/He) 5-week-old mice. After 7 days, the numbers of residual cone photoreceptors were quantified after specific peanut lectin or anti-arrestin antibody labeling by using an unbiased stereological approach. Examination of organ cultured retinas revealed significantly greater numbers of surviving cones (15-20%) if cultured in the presence of retinas containing normal rods as compared with controls or cocultures with rod-deprived retinas. These data indicate the existence of a diffusible trophic factor released from retinas containing rod cells and acting on retinas in which only cones are present. Because cones are responsible for high acuity and color vision, such data could have important implications not only for eventual therapeutic approaches to human retinal degenerations but also to define interactions between retinal photoreceptor types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mohand-Said
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Rétinienne, Université Louis Pasteur, Clinique Ophtalmologique, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, BP 426, 1, Place de l'Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sahel JA, Mohand-Said S, Léveillard T, Fintz AC, Dreyfus H, Hicks D. Transplantations rétiniennes : résultats, perspectives et interrogations. Med Sci (Paris) 1998. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|