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Sandoval C, Vera A, Birditt K, Godoy K, Carmine F, Caamaño J, Farías J. β-Carotene Supplementation Improves Pancreas Function during Moderate Ethanol Consumption: Initial Characterization from a Morphological Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1219. [PMID: 38279214 PMCID: PMC10815982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is believed to harm acinar cells, pancreatic ductal epithelium, and pancreatic stellate cells. After giving ethanol and/or β-carotene to C57BL/6 mice, our goal was to evaluate their biochemistry, histology, and morpho-quantitative features. There were six groups of C57BL/6 mice: 1. Group C (control), 2. Group LA (low-dose alcohol), 3. Group MA (moderate-dose alcohol), 4. Group B (β-carotene), 5. Group LA + B (low-dose alcohol combined with β-carotene), and 6. Group MA + B (moderate-dose alcohol combined with β-carotene). After the animals were euthanized on day 28, each specimen's pancreatic tissue was taken. Lipase, uric acid, and amylase were assessed using biochemical assessment. Furthermore, the examination of the pancreatic structure was conducted using Ammann's fibrosis scoring system. Finally, the morpho-quantitative characteristics of the pancreatic islets and acinar cells were determined. In the serum of the MA + B group, there were higher amounts of total amylase (825.953 ± 193.412 U/L) and lower amounts of lipase (47.139 ± 6.099 U/L) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Ammann's fibrosis punctuation in the pancreas revealed significant variations between the groups (p < 0.001). Finally, the stereological analysis of pancreatic islets showed that the groups were different (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that antioxidant treatments might help decrease the negative effects of ethanol exposure in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Sandoval
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras 753, Osorno 5310431, Chile;
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Angeles Vera
- Carrera de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Katherine Birditt
- Physiology Development and Neuroscience Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Karina Godoy
- Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Florencia Carmine
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - José Caamaño
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología y Medicina Transfusional, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jorge Farías
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Aburto A, Zapata D, Retamales E, Fernández J, Barra G, Peña F, Cárcamo S, Saavedra N, Sandoval C, Orellana J, Caamaño J. Genotype analysis to clarify RhD variants in discrepant samples of Chilean population. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1299639. [PMID: 38116010 PMCID: PMC10728993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1299639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The D antigen variants are classified as weak, partial, and extremely weak (DEL) and can be differentiated using molecular tests. In Chile, the laboratories of local blood centers do not identify variants of the D antigen, referring them for study to the Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Institute of Chile. So, our aim was to talk about the results of the molecular analysis of variants of the D antigen in samples that had different results in the serological classification. Methods In the D antigen classification of the Rh system, 479 samples with serological discrepant results were sent for molecular analysis. The Rh phenotype was performed with monoclonal anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, and anti-e antisera by direct agglutination. To find the D antigen, researchers used direct agglutination with monoclonal antisera and indirect antiglobulin testing with the column (gel) agglutination method. Molecular analysis was performed with a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (SSP-PCR) and sequencing. Results and discussion The presence of D antigen variants was confirmed in 332 samples (69.3%), with an initial discrepancy in serological classification. In this group of discrepant samples, the frequency of weak RhD variants was 66% (219/332), that of extremely weak RhD was 28% (93/332), and that of partial RhD was 6% (20/332). The weak variants type 2 (27.4%), type 3 (8.4%), type 48 (8.4%), and type 1 (8.1%) were the next most prevalent variants after RHD*DEL43 (28%). The ccEe (R2r) phenotype was the most frequently detected (38.4%) and is present in 87% of the RHD*DEL43 samples. The E antigen is associated with the presence of this variant. Our analyses give the first description of D antigen variants in Chile. The most common variants are DEL type (RHD*DEL43) and weak (weak type 2), which are linked to the ccDEe (R2r) phenotype. These findings allow us to characterize the variants of the D antigen in Chile and, according to the obtained data, to design strategies for the management of donors, patients, and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aburto
- Sección Hematología e Inmunohematología, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Zapata
- Sección Hematología e Inmunohematología, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Retamales
- Sección Hematología e Inmunohematología, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Subdepartamento de Genética Molecular, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisselle Barra
- Subdepartamento de Genética Molecular, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Peña
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología y Medicina Transfusional, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio – CeMLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Sofía Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología y Medicina Transfusional, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nicolás Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio – CeMLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cristian Sandoval
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Osorno, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Juan Orellana
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio – CeMLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Salud Pública, CIGES (Capacitación, Investigación y Gestión para la Salud), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - José Caamaño
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología y Medicina Transfusional, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina de Laboratorio – CeMLab, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Steinthal N, Naylor A, Nayar S, Desanti G, Toellner K, Marshall J, Fitzpatrick M, Caamaño J, Withers D, Buckley CD, Barone C. A1.17 A novel role for CD248 in controlling the differentiation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) following immune challenge. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207259.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zambrano T, Saavedra N, Lanas F, Caamaño J, Salazar LA. Efficacy of Ezetimibe Is Not Related to NPC1L1 Gene Polymorphisms in a Pilot Study of Chilean Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Mol Diagn Ther 2015; 19:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-014-0128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Caamaño J, Musante E, Contreras M, Ulloa H, Reyes C, Inaipil V, Saavedra N, Guzmán N. Frequency and specificity of red blood cell alloimmunization in chilean transfused patients. Transfus Med Hemother 2014; 42:4-7. [PMID: 25960709 DOI: 10.1159/000370136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloimmunization is an adverse effect of blood transfusions. In Chile, alloimmunization frequency is not established, and for this reason the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and specificity of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies in Chilean transfused subjects. METHODS Records from 4,716 multi-transfused patients were analyzed. In these patients, antibody screening was carried out prior to cross-matching with a commercially available two-cell panel by the microcolum gel test, and samples with a positive screen were analyzed for the specificity of the alloantibody with a 16-cell identification panel. RESULTS The incidence of RBC alloimmunization in transfused patients was 1.02% (48/4,716) with a higher prevalence in women (40/48). We detected 52 antibodies, the most frequent specificities identified were anti-E (30.8%), anti-K (26.9%), anti-D (7.7%), and anti-Fy(a) (5.8%). The highest incidence of alloantibodies was observed in cancer and gastroenterology patients. CONCLUSION The data demonstrated a low alloimmunization frequency in Chilean transfused patients, principally associated with antibodies anti-E, anti-K, anti-D, and anti-Fy(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Caamaño
- Banco de Sangre Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile ; Facultad de Salud Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | - Evangelina Musante
- Banco de Sangre Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile ; Facultad de Salud Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Hernán Ulloa
- Banco de Sangre Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carolina Reyes
- Banco de Sangre Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile
| | - Verónica Inaipil
- Banco de Sangre Hospital Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile
| | - Nicolás Saavedra
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenética, Núcleo Científico-Tecnológico en Biorecursos, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Neftalí Guzmán
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile ; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
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Caamaño J, Saavedra N, Jaramillo PC, Lanas C, Lanas F, Salazar LA. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with coronary artery disease in Chilean subjects. Med Princ Pract 2011; 20:171-6. [PMID: 21252575 DOI: 10.1159/000321206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible association between the codon 72 polymorphism (Pro72Arg, rs1042522) of the tumor suppressor gene (TP53) and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chilean subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 209 unrelated patients with a diagnosis of CAD confirmed by angiography (33-74 years old) and 216 healthy controls (30-68 years old) were included in this study. The Pro72Arg polymorphism of the TP53 gene was evaluated by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS The genotype distribution for the Pro72Arg variant of the TP53 gene in CAD patients (PP: n = 13, 6.2%; PR: n = 61, 29.4%; RR: n = 135, 64.6%) and controls (PP: n = 18, 8.3%; PR: n = 94, 43.5%; RR: n = 104, 48.1%) was significantly different (p = 0.003). Similarly, the allelic frequency was also different (p = 0.003). The odds ratio for CAD related to the 72Arg allele was 2.0 (95% CI = 1.33-2.90), confirming the presence of an association. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the Pro72Arg polymorphism of the TP53 gene is associated with CAD in Chilean individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Caamaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Saavedra N, Riquelme I, Rivas L, Jaramillo P, Caamaño J, Lanas C, Lanas F, Salazar LA. D 014 A148g Variant of Pon2 Gene in Chilean Individuals with Coronary Disease Confirmed by Angiography and Controls. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(09)71708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cuevas A, Márquez JL, Jaramillo P, Caamaño J, Saavedra N, Lanas F, Lanas C, Salazar LA. D 012 Capn10 Ucsnp-43 Gene Polymorphism in Chilean Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease and Controls. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(09)71706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Saavedra N, Jaramillo P, Caamaño J, Lanas C, Lanas F, Salazar L. Abstract: P885 GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS OF APOA5 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND HYPERGLYCEMIA IN CHILEAN SUBJECTS WITH CAD. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(09)71006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Caamaño J, Jaramillo PC, Lanas C, Lanas F, Salazar LA. Factor XII 46C --> T gene polymorphism in Chilean subjects with coronary artery disease and controls. Med Princ Pract 2009; 18:137-42. [PMID: 19204433 DOI: 10.1159/000189812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible association between factor XII (F12) gene variant and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chilean subjects. METHODS A total of 112 unrelated patients with a diagnosis of CAD confirmed by angiography (33-74 years old) and 107 healthy controls (30-68 years old) were included in this study. PCR-RFLP was used to evaluate the 46C --> T polymorphism of the F12 gene. RESULTS The genotype distribution for the 46C --> T variant of the F12 gene in CAD patients (CC: 41%, CT: 39%, TT: 20%) and controls (CC: 38%, CT: 48%, TT: 14%) was comparable (p = 0.365). Similarly, the allelic frequency was equivalent (p = 0.833). The odds ratio for CAD associated with the mutated 46T allele was 1.06 (95% CI = 0.72-1.56) confirming the absence of an association. CONCLUSION This study showed that the F12 46C --> T gene polymorphism is not related to CAD in the studied population. However, this study is limited by its sample size and the use of controls not matched by age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Caamaño
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenética, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Salazar LA, Jaramillo P, Araneda R, Martín AS, Lillo Y, Erices L, Pacheco A, Caamaño J, Rosales A, Herrera C, Lanas C, Lanas F. L 056 GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN CHILEAN SUBJECTS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(07)72000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Caamaño J, Pacheco A, Lanas F, Salazar LA. L 051 ABCG5 GENE MUTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA IN CHILEAN SUBJECTS. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(07)71995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Caamaño J, Tato C, Cai G, Villegas EN, Speirs K, Craig L, Alexander J, Hunter CA. Identification of a role for NF-kappa B2 in the regulation of apoptosis and in maintenance of T cell-mediated immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 2000; 165:5720-8. [PMID: 11067930 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors are involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune functions associated with resistance to infection. To assess the role of NF-kappaB(2) in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity, mice deficient in the NF-kappaB(2) gene (NF-kappaB(2)(-/-)) were challenged with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Resistance to this opportunistic pathogen is dependent on the production of IL-12, which is required for the development of innate NK cell and adaptive T cell responses dominated by the production of IFN-gamma necessary to control replication of this parasite. Although wild-type controls were resistant to T. gondii, NF-kappaB(2)(-/-) mice developed severe toxoplasmic encephalitis and succumbed to disease between 3 and 10 wk following infection. However, NF-kappaB(2) was not required for the ability of macrophages to produce IL-12 or to inhibit parasite replication and during the acute stage of infection, NF-kappaB(2)(-/-) mice had no defect in their ability to produce IL-12 or IFN-gamma and infection-induced NK cell responses appeared normal. In contrast, during the chronic phase of the infection, susceptibility of NF-kappaB(2)(-/-) mice to toxoplasmic encephalitis was associated with a reduced capacity of their splenocytes to produce IFN-gamma associated with a loss of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. This loss of T cells correlated with increased levels of apoptosis and with elevated expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule Fas by T cells from infected NF-kappaB(2)(-/-) mice. Together, these results suggest a role for NF-kappaB(2) in the regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis and a unique role for this transcription factor in maintenance of T cell responses required for long-term resistance to T. gondii.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Encephalitis/genetics
- Encephalitis/immunology
- Encephalitis/pathology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/deficiency
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/genetics
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/genetics
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology
- fas Receptor/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caamaño
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Fujii T, García-Bermejo ML, Bernabó JL, Caamaño J, Ohba M, Kuroki T, Li L, Yuspa SH, Kazanietz MG. Involvement of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) in phorbol ester-induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Lack of proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7574-82. [PMID: 10713064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.7574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phorbol esters, the activators of protein kinase C (PKC), induce apoptosis in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The role of individual PKC isozymes as mediators of this effect has not been thoroughly examined to date. To study the involvement of the novel isozyme PKCdelta, we used a replication-deficient adenovirus (PKCdeltaAdV), which allowed for a tightly controlled expression of PKCdelta in LNCaP cells. A significant reduction in cell number was observed after infection of LNCaP cells with PKCdeltaAdV. Overexpression of PKCdelta markedly enhanced the apoptotic effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in LNCaP cells. PKCdelta-mediated apoptosis was substantially reduced by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD and by Bcl-2 overexpression. Importantly, and contrary to other cell types, PKCdelta-mediated apoptosis does not involve its proteolytic cleavage by caspase-3, suggesting that allosteric activation of PKCdelta is sufficient to trigger apoptosis in LNCaP cells. In addition, phorbol ester-induced apoptosis was blocked by a kinase-deficient mutant of PKCdelta, supporting the concept that PKCdelta plays an important role in the regulation of apoptotic cell death in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujii
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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Caamaño J, Alexander J, Craig L, Bravo R, Hunter CA. The NF-kappa B family member RelB is required for innate and adaptive immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 1999; 163:4453-61. [PMID: 10510387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The NF-kappa B family of transcription factors are associated with the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity to infection. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with Toxoplasma gondii resulted in up-regulation of NF-kappa B activity that included the NF-kappa B family member RelB. To assess the role of RelB in the regulation of the immune response to this infection, we challenged RelB-deficient mice (RelB-/-) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls with T. gondii. Although WT controls were resistant to T. gondii, RelB-/- mice succumbed 10-15 days after infection. Examination of accessory cell functions associated with resistance to T. gondii revealed that RelB-/- macrophages stimulated with IFN-gamma plus LPS or TNF-alpha produced IL-12 as well as reactive nitrogen intermediates and inhibited parasite replication similar to WT macrophages. Analysis of the systemic responses of RelB-/- and WT mice revealed that infected mice had similar serum levels of IL-12. However, RelB-/- mice challenged with T. gondii produced negligible levels of IFN-gamma and had reduced NK cell activity compared with WT mice. Similarly, splenocytes from uninfected RelB-/- mice stimulated with polyclonal stimuli were deficient in their ability to produce IFN-gamma. Together, our results demonstrate that RelB is essential for the development of innate NK and adaptive T cell responses that lead to the production of IFN-gamma and resistance to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caamaño
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Abstract
The nfkb1 and nfkb2 genes encode closely related products regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Their role during development and differentiation remains unclear. The generation of nfkb1 null mice (p50-/-) resulted in altered immune responses, but had no effect on development. Similarly, nfkb2 knockout mice (p52-/-) did not show developmental defects (J.C. et al., manuscript submitted). We have investigated the potential for in vivo compensatory functions of these genes by generating double-knockout mice. The surprising result was that the animals developed osteopetrosis because of a defect in osteoclast differentiation, suggesting redundant functions of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2 proteins in the development of this cell lineage. The osteopetrotic phenotype was rescued by bone marrow transplantation, indicating that the hematopoietic component was impaired. These results define a new mouse osteopetrotic mutant and implicate NF-kappaB proteins in bone development, raising new directions in the treatment of bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Iotsova
- Department of Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA
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Alvarez XA, Fernández-Novoa L, Caamaño J, Corzo L, Zas R, Beyer K, Lao JI, Cacabelos R. Cerebrovascular changes associated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and histamine (HA) levels in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 826:375-8. [PMID: 9329706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X A Alvarez
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Coruña, Spain.
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18
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Attar RM, Caamaño J, Carrasco D, Iotsova V, Ishikawa H, Ryseck RP, Weih F, Bravo R. Genetic approaches to study Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B function in mice. Semin Cancer Biol 1997; 8:93-101. [PMID: 9299587 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.1997.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The generation of animal models in which individual members of a gene family are genetically altered is a particularly attractive way to elucidate their function-Members of the Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family constitute an important network of transcription factors and regulatory proteins that control the expression of numerous cellular and viral genes crucial for a variety of processes. A few examples are developmental pattern formation and immune response in Drosophila, viral replication, and immune, inflammatory, acute phase and stress responses in vertebrates. The findings from knockout and transgenic mice developed to study Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B function in vivo are reviewed here. In general, these studies point to the essential role of these factors in the development and function of the vertebrate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Attar
- Department of Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
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19
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Cacabelos R, Rodríguez B, Carrera C, Caamaño J, Beyer K, Lao JI, Sellers MA. APOE-related frequency of cognitive and noncognitive symptoms in dementia. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1996; 18:693-706. [PMID: 9121226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although memory disorders and the aphaso-apraxo-agnosic syndrome are the most relevant clinical symptoms in dementia, behavioral changes, mood-related disturbances and sleep disorders are the major cause of institutionalization and caregiver concern. In the present study we have investigated the frequency and progression of cognitive and noncognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as the APOE-related frequency of clinical symptoms in dementia. Memory decline (100%), aphasia (94%), apraxia (99%), agnosia (94%) and motor dysfunction (90%) appeared in practically all cases with mild (GDS-3), moderate (GDS 3-4) and severe (GDS 6-7) dementia. The most frequent noncognitive symptoms include anxiety (76%), depression (68%), behavioral changes (67%), psychotic symptoms (43%), sleep disorders (43%), incontinence (23%) and cerebrovascular symptoms (75%). Anxiety, depression, behavioral changes, psychotic symptoms, motor dysfunction and cognitive deterioration paralleled the severity of dementia, increasing their frequency from mild to severe dementia. The most important sleep disorders were irregular sleep-wake pattern (67%) and insomnia (47%). Disorientation (90%) and drug administration (88%) appeared to be the most important factors in causing sleep disorders in dementia. Disorientation, agitation and motor disorders were slightly more frequent in patients with APOE-4/4, while anxiety and sleep disorders appeared more frequently in APOE-3/4. Behavioral changes and psychotic symptoms did not show any clear association with specific APOE subtypes. In conclusion, our results suggest that noncognitive symptoms are very important clinical events in the disease progression and in decision making for therapeutic intervention and institutionalization. Furthermore, it is likely that some brain dysfunctions leading to particular clinical symptoms might be associated with specific AD genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders Bergondo, La Coruña, Spain
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20
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Cacabelos R, Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Fernández-Novoa L, Franco-Maside A, Alvarez XA. Therapeutic effects of CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease. Cognition, brain mapping, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, and immune factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 777:399-403. [PMID: 8624120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb34452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CDP-choline was given to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a daily dose of 1000 mg/day p.o. for one month. This compound slightly improved mental performance, tended to reduce theta activity in fronto-temporal regions, increasing alpha power in occipital areas, and enhanced cerebrovascular perfusion by increasing blood flow velocity and reducing pulsatility and resistance indexes. In addition, CDP-choline diminished histamine and interleukin-1 levels in blood and serum, respectively, and increased plasma TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cacabelos
- Institute for CNS Disorders, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, La Coruña, Spain
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21
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Fernández-Novoa L, Corzo L, Caamaño J, Zas R, Gómez M, Alvarez X, Cacabelos R. 740 Histamine and brain haemodynamics in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia patients according to Global Deterioration Scale staging. Neurobiol Aging 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(96)80742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Alvarez X, Fernández-Novoa L, Caamaño J, Vinagre D, Gómez M, Cacabelos R. 565 Effects of anapsos on brain function: Preclinical and clinical neuropharmacological studies. Neurobiol Aging 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(96)80567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Franco-Maside A, Vinagre D, Caamaño J, Alvarez XA, Fernández-Novoa L, Novo B, Zas R, Gómez MJ, Cacabelos R. Brain electrical activity in neurogerontology and psychogeriatric disorders. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1995; 17:207-24. [PMID: 8531511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Franco-Maside
- Institute for CNS Disorders, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, La Coruña, Spain
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24
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Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Vinagre D, Franco A, Fernández-Novoa L, Alvarez XA, Novo B, Zas R, Cacabelos R. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in neurogeriatric disorders. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1995; 17:135-48. [PMID: 7674701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Caamaño
- Institute for CNS Disorders, Basic & Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, A Coruña, Spain
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25
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Franco-Maside A, Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Cacabelos R. Brain mapping activity and mental performance after chronic treatment with CDP-choline in Alzheimer's disease. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1994; 16:597-607. [PMID: 7760585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CDP-choline participates in brain phospholipid metabolism and acts as an endogenous intermediate in a biosynthetic pathway incorporating free choline into phosphatidylcholine and choline plasmalogens in several tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). In patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorders, CDP-choline reduces the slow delta frequencies and increases alpha activity in spectral electroencephalogram analysis. We have studied the effect of CDP-choline (cytidine-S-diphosphate-choline; 1000 mg/day x 30 days, p.o.) on brain electrical activity mapping and mental performance in 19 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients (10 males/9 females; age: 66.21 +/- 1.48 years; Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): 26.55 +/- 1.22, Spanish version max. score 35). EEG was registered from 19 electrodes placed according to the 10-20 system and digitalized online. Artefact-free 2-s periods were visually selected, submitted to a frequency analysis and averaged across periods. CDP-choline significantly decreased spectral amplitude in the theta band in F4, F8, and T4 electrodes, and did not modify relative power parameters in any of the frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta) as compared to basal recordings. In patients with late-onset AD (LOAD; N = 6; age: 73.5 +/- 1.34 years; MMSE: 28.75 +/- 2.33), CDP-choline tended to increase relative alpha power in O1 and O2 electrodes. No changes were found in early-onset AD patients (EOAD; N = 13; age: 62.85 +/- 1.21 years; MMSE: 25.54 +/- 1.4). We detected a significant improvement in mental performance after 1 month of treatment with CDP-choline in patients with early-onset AD in whom brain electrical activity data correlated with cognitive parameters. It is likely that the bioelectrical changes induced by CDP-choline in AD are the result of its immunogenic and/or neurotrophic activity in the vicinity of the vascular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franco-Maside
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, La Coruña, Spain
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26
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Fernández-Novoa L, Alvarez XA, Franco-Maside A, Caamaño J, Cacabelos R. CDP-choline-induced blood histamine changes in Alzheimer's disease. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1994; 16:279-84. [PMID: 8051988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Histamine (HA) is a known neurotransmitter with a wide spectrum of biological actions at the central and peripheral levels. Recently, it has been found that HA is involved in the regulation of immune cell function, acting as an immunomodulator. A hyperactivation in the histaminergic system has been demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including increased levels of HA in brain, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients. In addition, changes in phospholipid metabolism and neuroimmune function have been reported in AD. CDP-choline (cytidine-5-diphosphate-choline) participates in the phospholipid metabolism pathway incorporating free choline into phosphatidyl-choline and choline plasmalogens in several tissues, including the central nervous system. In this study we have measured the concentration of HA in blood from patients with early-onset AD (EOAD) and late-onset AD (LOAD) under treatment with CDP-choline (1000 mg p.o. x30 days). HA was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. CDP-choline reduced the basal levels of blood HA in both EOAD and LOAD by 2-fold. The reduction in blood HA content was observed 2 h after CDP-choline administration and gradually progressed for 30 days of treatment. These results confirm the potential immunogenic effects of CDP-choline and also that an excess of HA might influence some etiopathogenic events in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández-Novoa
- Department of Human Physiology, Complutense University Medical School, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Franco A, Cacabelos R. Effects of CDP-choline on cognition and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1994; 16:211-8. [PMID: 7913981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CDP-choline (cytidine-5-diphosphate-choline) is an acetylcholine precursor frequently used in cerebrovascular disorders and psychoorganic syndromes. Furthermore, several authors have demonstrated the positive effects of CDP-choline on cognitive disorders and memory deficits. In the present study, the effects of CDP-choline (1000 mg/day, p.o. for 1 month) on cognition, evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) of Folstein et al., and on blood flow velocities, measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), were investigated in patients with Alzheimer's disease: (AD, n = 20, age: 66.75 +/- 6.73 years, range: 57-78 yr). Cognitive function was measured by means of the MMSE in basal conditions (A) and after 1 month of treatment with CDP-choline (C). TCD measures were taken through the temporal window for right (MCA-R) and left (MCA-L) middle cerebral arteries with a 2 MHz pulsed transducer using a TC-2000S in basal conditions (A), 1 h after the administration of CDP-choline (B) and after 1 month of treatment with CDP-choline (C). MMSE scores were significantly increased (p < 0.005) in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) after CDP-choline treatment. Moreover, the orientation subtest significantly increased in the global group of AD patients (p < 0.01) and in EOAD patients (p < 0.02). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also found in MCA-Land MCA-R measures between recordings. These results suggest that CDP-choline influences cognitive and cerebrovascular function in Alzheimer's disease, probably through a mechanism linked to an immunogenic and/or neurotrophic effect at the microvascular niche.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caamaño
- Institute for C.N.S. Disorders, Basic & Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, La Coruña, Spain
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28
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Cacabelos R, Alvarez XA, Franco-Maside A, Fernández-Novoa L, Caamaño J. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1994; 16:29-35. [PMID: 8164471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Changes in neuroimmune parameters and cytokine production have been reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease, including increased levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and histamine in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Specific neuroimmune reactions may be responsible in part for astrogliosis and neuronal death in particular circumstances. Since IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) tend to act synergistically in physiological conditions and in some pathological processes, we have studied the concentration of TNF-alpha in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or multi-infarct dementia (MID) and in age-matched control subjects (CS) in order to evaluate possible changes in the levels of this cytokine with potential influence on the pathogenesis of AD. Serum TNF-alpha levels were significantly lower in AD (2.5 +/- 1.25 pg/ml, p < 0.01) and MID (1.64 +/- 1.17 pg/ml, p < 0.001) than in CS (10.66 +/- 8.92 pg/ml). A negative correlation between serum TNF-alpha levels and age in AD was found (r = -0.645, p < 0.01); however, no significant correlations were detected between serum TNF-alpha levels and mental performance, cerebrovascular risk, heart rate and blood pressure in either AD or MID. In conclusion, there is a marked reduction in the concentration of serum TNF-alpha in both AD and MID which seems to be poorly related to cognitive dysfunction and/or neurovascular damage, probably reflecting an endogenous immune dysregulation and/or an inhibitory reactive process in demented patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cacabelos
- Department of Human Physiology, Complutense University Medical School, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Cacabelos R, Alvarez XA, Franco-Maside A, Fernández-Novoa L, Caamaño J. Effect of CDP-choline on cognition and immune function in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 695:321-3. [PMID: 8239305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb23076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic dysfunction present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) might be due to a specific vulnerability of cholinergic neurons linked to neurotrophic imbalance, neuroimmune impairment, and/or direct effects of beta-amyloid deposition and NFT formation in ACh neurons. The presence of abnormal epitopes exposed on neuronal membranes may contribute to the activation of resting microglia initiating a neuroimmune cascade leading to cell destruction. According to this hypothesis, a multifactorial treatment in AD should produce: 1) inhibition of beta-amyloid and NFT formation; 2) restoration of neuronal membrane integrity; and 3) control of neuroimmune auto-aggression. Since interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an APP gene promoter showing a progressive increase in body fluids in parallel with mental deterioration in AD patients, we have studied the effects of CDP-choline on cognition, several biological parameters, and IL-1 beta production in AD and multi-infarct dementia (MID) in order to elucidate whether this compound alone or in combination with other drugs is able to restore immune function and improve mental performance in senile dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cacabelos
- Institute for CNS Disorders, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, La Coruña, Spain
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30
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Caamaño J, Gómez MJ, Cacabelos R. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in senile dementia: neuropsychological correlations. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1993; 15:193-9. [PMID: 8332036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow velocities were measured in right and left middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and in basilar artery (BA) on rest conditions by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in three groups of patients: a) Alzheimer's disease patients (AD, N = 12, age = 63.5 +/- 6.6 years), b) patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID, N = 12, age = 72.8 +/- 9.0 years), and c) control subjects (CS, N = 12, age = 57.20 +/- 7.5 years). TCD measures were taken through the temporal window for MCA recordings, and transforaminal approach for BA recordings, with a 2 MHz ultrasonic probe using a TC-2000S (EME). A significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in TCD measures was found in right and left MCA and BA of dementia patients with respect to controls. Data analysis included a significant correlation between blood flow velocities and Hachinski scores (p < 0.016) in multi-infarct dementia patients. These results appear to show a general hypoperfusion pattern in the brain of senile dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caamaño
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences Research Center, La Coruña, Spain
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