Anticancer Activity and Molecular Mechanisms of Acetylated and Methylated Quercetin in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Quercetin, a flavonoid polyphenol found in many plants, has garnered significant attention due to its potential cancer chemoprevention. Our previous studies have shown that acetyl modification of the hydroxyl group of quercetin altered its antitumor effects in HepG2 cells. However, the antitumor effect in other cancer cells with different gene mutants remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of quercetin and its methylated derivative 3,3',4',7-O-tetramethylquercetin (4Me-Q) and acetylated derivative 3,3',4',7-O-tetraacetylquercetin (4Ac-Q) on two human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 (wt-p53, caspase-3-ve) and MDA-MB-231 (mt-p53, caspase-3+ve). The results demonstrated that 4Ac-Q exhibited significant cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Conversely, methylation of quercetin was found to lose the activity. The human apoptosis antibody array revealed that 4Ac-Q might induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via a p53-dependent pathway, while in MDA-MB-231 cells, it was induced via a caspase-3-dependent pathway. Furthermore, an evaluation using a superoxide inhibitor, MnTBAP, revealed 4Ac-Q-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells in a superoxide-independent manner. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of acetylated quercetin as a new approach in cancer chemoprevention and offer new avenues for health product development.

Verification of In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Bioactive Compounds in Cordyceps Militaris-Infused Sweet Potato Shochu Spirits

Many liqueurs, including spirits infused with botanicals, are crafted not only for their taste and flavor but also for potential medicinal benefits. However, the scientific evidence supporting their medicinal effects remains limited. This study aims to verify in vitro anticancer activity and bioactive compounds in shochu spirits infused with Cordyceps militaris, a Chinese medicine. The results revealed that a bioactive fraction was eluted from the spirit extract with 40% ethanol. The infusion time impacted the inhibitory effect of the spirit extract on the proliferation of colon cancer-derived cell line HCT-116 cells, and a 21-day infusion showed the strongest inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the spirit extract was separated into four fractions, A-D, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Fractions B, C, and D, but not A, exerted the effects of proliferation inhibition and apoptotic induction of HCT-116 cells and HL-60 cells. Furthermore, Fractions B, C, and D were, respectively, identified as adenosine, cordycepin, and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA) by comprehensive chemical analyses, including proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To better understand the bioactivity mechanisms of cordycepin and HEA, the agonist and antagonist tests of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) were performed. Cell viability was suppressed by cordycepin, and HEA was restored by the A3AR antagonist MR1523, suggesting that cordycepin and HEA possibly acted as agonists to activate A3ARs to inhibit cell proliferation. Molecular docking simulations revealed that both adenosine and cordycepin bound to the same pocket site of A3ARs, while HEA exhibited a different binding pattern, supporting a possible explanation for the difference in their bioactivity. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that cordycepin and HEA were major bioactive ingredients in Cordyceps militaries-infused sweet potato shochu spirits, which contributed to the in vitro anticancer activity.

Effects of Cooking Methods on Caffeoylquinic Acids and Radical Scavenging Activity of Sweet Potato

The effects of cooking methods, including steaming, deep-frying, and baking, on the phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and isomerization of caffeoylquinic acids in sweet potato were investigated. A high correlation was observed between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. Deep-frying treatment resulted in higher antioxidant capacity with increasing heating time. The major phenolic components of raw sweet potat were 5-caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (diCQA), which were reduced by heat treatment due to the isomerization of 5-CAQ to 3- and 4-CQA, and 3,5-diCQA to 3,4- and 4,5-diCQA. Moreover, 5-CQA was more stable than 3,5-diCQA even at 100 °C. Our results demonstrated that by controlling the cooking temperature and time, new bioactive compounds such as mono- and diCQA derivatives can be produced from sweet potato. These data indicate a potential approach for the development of new functional foods from sweet potato by controlling cooking temperature and time.

The binding selectivity of quercetin and its structure-related polyphenols to human serum albumin using a fluorescent dye cocktail for multiplex drug-site mapping

Human serum albumin (HSA) is a serum protein that carries flavonoids in blood circulation. In this report, the binding selectivity and strength of interactions to HSA-binding sites (sites I or II) by flavonoids were evaluated using competition experiments and the specific fluorescent dyes, dansylamide and BD140. Most tested flavonoids bound site I preferentially, with the binding strength dependent on the mother structure in the order flavonol > flavone > flavanone > flavan 3-ols. Glycosylation or glucuronidation reduced the binding of quercetin to site I of HSA, whereas sulfation increased binding. Quercetin 7-sulfate showed the strongest binding and molecular docking simulations supported this observation. Prenylation at any position or glucuronidation and sulfation at the C-4' or C-7 position of quercetin facilitated stronger binding to site II. The binding affinity of flavonoids toward site I correlated with the partition coefficient value (logP), whereas no corresponding correlation was observed for site II.

Apoptosis Induction in HepG2 and HCT116 Cells by a Novel Quercetin-Zinc (II) Complex: Enhanced Absorption of Quercetin and Zinc (II)

Quercetin forms complexes with various metals due to its structural attributes. It predominantly exhibits chelating activity at the 3-hydroxy/4-carbonyl group. Previously, coordination in synthetically obtained quercetin-zinc (II) complexes has been limited to this group. However, the expanded coordination observed in quercetin-iron complexes has opened avenues for diverse applications. Thus, synthesizing novel quercetin-zinc complexes with different coordination positions is a significant advance. In our study, we not only synthesized and comprehensively characterized a new quercetin-zinc (II) complex, Zn-Q, but also evaluated the structure and bioactivity of chelate complexes (Q+Zn) derived from co-treatment in cell culture mediums. The structure of the new compound Zn-Q was comprehensively characterized using 1D 1H and 2D correlation spectroscopy (COSY), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis. Subcellular localization and absorption of these zinc (II) complexes were determined using the ZnAF-2 DA zinc ion fluorescence probe. Throughout the experiments, both Zn-Q and Q+Zn exhibited significant antioxidant, cell growth inhibitory, and anticancer effects in HepG2 and HCT116 cells, with Zn-Q showing the highest potential for inducing apoptosis via the caspase pathway. Tracking intracellular zinc complex absorption using zinc fluorescent probes revealed zinc (II) localization around the cell nucleus. Interestingly, there was a proportional increase in intracellular quercetin absorption in conjunction with zinc (II) uptake. Our research highlights the advantages of quercetin complexation with zinc (II): enhanced anticancer efficacy compared to the parent compound and improved bioavailability of both quercetin and zinc (II). Notably, our findings, which include enhanced intracellular uptake of both quercetin and zinc (II) upon complex formation and its implications in apoptosis, contribute significantly to the understanding of metal-polyphenol complexes. Moving forward, comprehensive functional assessments and insights into its mechanism of action, supported by animal studies, are anticipated.

Hydroxyl Group Acetylation of Quercetin Enhances Intracellular Absorption and Persistence to Upregulate Anticancer Activity in HepG2 Cells

Quercetin, a flavonoid compound widely distributed in many plants, is known to have potent antitumor effects on several cancer cells. Our previous study revealed that the acetylation of quercetin enhanced its antitumor effect. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the bioavailability of acylated quercetin in the HepG2 cell model based on its antitumor effect. The positions of quercetin 3,7,3',4'-OH were acetylated as 3,7,3',4'-O-tetraacetylquercetin (4Ac-Q). The inhibitory effect of 4Ac-Q on HepG2 cell proliferation was assessed by measuring cell viability. The apoptosis was characterized by apoptotic proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential shifts, as well as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The bioavailability of 4Ac-Q was analyzed by measuring the uptake and metabolites in HepG2 cells with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array detector (PDA) and-ultraviolet/visible detector (UV/Vis). The results revealed that 4Ac-Q enhanced the inhibitory effect on HepG2 cell proliferation and induced its apoptosis significantly higher than quercetin. Protein array analysis of apoptosis-related protein indicated that 4Ac-Q increased the activation or expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, including caspase-3, -9, as well as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC), and suppressed the expression of apoptosis inhibiting proteins such as cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP)-1, -2, Livin, Survivin, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). Furthermore, 4Ac-Q stimulated mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol by enhancing ROS level and depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane. Finally, the analysis of uptake and metabolites of 4Ac-Q in HpG2 cells with HPLC-PDA and -UV/Vis revealed that 4Ac-Q was metabolized to quercetin and several different acetylated quercetins which caused 2.5-fold higher quercetin present in HepG2 cells than parent quercetin. These data demonstrated that acetylation of the quercetin hydroxyl group significantly increased its intracellular absorption. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that acetyl modification of quercetin not only substantially augments the intracellular absorption of quercetin but also bolsters its metabolic stability to elongate its intracellular persistence. Therefore, acetylation could serve as a strategic approach to enhance the ability of quercetin and analogous flavonoids to suppress cancer cell proliferation.

Ameliorative Effects of Anthocyanin Metabolites on Western Diet-Induced NAFLD by Modulating Co-Occurrence Networks of Gut Microbiome

Anthocyanins (Acn) have been reported to have preventive effects on Western diet (WD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the amount of Acn that reached the bloodstream were less than 1%, suggesting that anthocyanin metabolites (Acn-M) in the gut may contribute to their in vivo effects. This study is focused on a gut microbiota investigation to elucidate the effect of two major Acn-M, protocatechuic acid (PC) and phloroglucinol carboxaldehyde (PG), on NAFLD prevention. C57BL/6N male mice were divided into five groups and fed with a normal diet (ND), WD, WD + 0.5% PC, WD + 0.5% PG and WD + a mixture of 0.25% PC + 0.25% PG (CG) for 12 weeks. The results revealed that WD-fed mice showed a significant increase in final body weight, epididymis fat weight, liver weight and fat accumulation rate, serum total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. At the same time, these indices were significantly decreased by Acn-M in the order of PG, CG > PC. In particular, PG significantly decreased serum glucose and insulin resistance. Gut microbiome analysis revealed that PG significantly increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio, and upregulated glucose degradation pathway. Interestingly, the co-occurrence networks of Lachnospiraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae in the PC and PG groups were similar to the ND group and different to WD group. These data suggest that PC and PG were able to recover the gut microbiome networks and functions from dysbiosis caused by WD. Therefore, PG might act as a master metabolite for anthocyanins and prevent WD-induced NAFLD and gut dysbiosis.

Extraction Efficiency and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Green Tea Catechins by Different Infusion Methods

Alpha-glucosidase is an important target for glycemic control with the aim of reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Green tea catechins have been reported to inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity as a potential beverage to control blood glucose levels. However, the effects of the daily infusion style of green tea on tea catechins and their activity remain unclear. In this study, the extraction efficiency of catechins was investigated for 12 green tea extracts (GTEs) infused with 70% ethanol (70% EtOH for 24 h, a favored solvent for catechin extraction), room temperature water infusion (RT H₂O for 24 h, an easy way to drink tea), and hot water infusion (Hot H₂O for 90 s, a standard way to drink tea). Eight catechins were quantified by HPLC, and the inhibitory effect of GTEs and their catechins on alpha-glucosidase was measured with both rat intestinal enzymes and human Caco-2 cells. The inhibitory mechanism was further analyzed in silico by docking catechins to human alpha-glucosidase using Molecular Operating Environment software. The results showed that total catechins and gallate catechins were efficiently extracted in the order of 70% EtOH, RT H₂O, and Hot H₂O, and the inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase also followed a similar order. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of GTEs was significantly positively correlated with the contents of total catechins, especially gallate catechins. Gallate catechins, such as EGCg and ECg, showed lower IC₅₀ values than free catechins for the enzyme in both rats and humans. In silico simulation revealed that gallate catechins were bound to the different sites with free catechins, and the docking energy of gallate catechins was lower than that of free catechins. Taken together, our data indicated that the daily infusion style of green tea significantly impacted the extraction efficiency and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of catechins, which will give us insight into the use of green tea catechins for glycemic control through efficient infusion.

Effects of Amazake Produced with Different Aspergillus on Gut Barrier and Microbiota

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. To explore the preventive effects of dietary foods on IBD, we evaluated the effects of the traditional Japanese fermented beverage "Amazake" on gut barrier function in this study. Black koji Amazake (BA) derived from Aspergillus luchuensis MEM-C strain and yellow koji Amazake (YA) derived from Aspergillus oryzae were made in this study, and their nutrients were analyzed. Mice with mild gut barrier dysfunction induced by Western diet were administered with 10% of each Amazake for two months. Mice gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. BA contained a higher amount of isomaltooligosaccharides, citric acid, and ferulic acid than YA. The animal data revealed that BA significantly induced the expressions of antioxidant factors and enzymes such as NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nfr2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2). The gut barrier protein, occludin, and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) were also significantly enhanced by BA. Furthermore, the levels of serum endotoxin and hepatic monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were decreased in both the BA and YA groups. In gut microbiota, Lachnospiraceae was increased by BA while Akkermansia muciniphilia was increased by YA. Black koji Amazake contained a higher amount of isomaltooligosaccharides, citric acid, and ferulic acid than yellow koji Amazake and contributed to protecting gut barrier function to reduce endotoxin intrusion and inflammation.

Assessment of Areca Nut Bioactivities in Western Diet-Induced Mice NAFLD Model

The areca nut is often consumed as a chewing food in the Asian region. Our previous study revealed that the areca nut is rich in polyphenols with high antioxidant activity. In this study, we further assessed the effects and molecular mechanisms of the areca nut and its major ingredients on a Western diet-induced mice dyslipidemia model. Male C57BL/6N mice were divided into five groups and fed with a normal diet (ND), Western diet (WD), WD with areca nut extracts (ANE), areca nut polyphenols (ANP), and arecoline (ARE) for 12 weeks. The results revealed that ANP significantly reduced WD-induced body weight, liver weight, epididymal fat, and liver total lipid. Serum biomarkers showed that ANP ameliorated WD-enhanced total cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL). Moreover, analysis of cellular signaling pathways revealed that sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryld coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) were significantly downregulated by ANP. The results of gut microbiota analysis revealed that ANP increased the abundance of beneficial bacterium Akkermansias and decreased the abundance of the pathogenic bacterium Ruminococcus while ARE shown the opposite result to ANP. In summary, our data indicated that areca nut polyphenol ameliorated WD-induced dyslipidemia by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota and reducing the expressions of SREBP2 and HMGCR while areca nut ARE inhibited this improvement potential.

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Areca Nut Polyphenol Extracts on RAW264.7 Cells

Chewing areca nuts is a popular hobby in the Asian region, and areca nuts are rich in polyphenols, although some alkaloids are included. In this study, we explored the antioxidant activity of areca nut polyphenols (ANP) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results revealed that ANP reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). RNA-seq analysis showed that ANP down-regulated the transcription of genes related to the cancer pathway at 160 μg/mL, and the inflammatory pathway as well as viral infection pathway at 320 μg/mL. The cellular signaling analysis further revealed that the expressions of these genes were regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and ANP downregulated the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway stimulated by LPS. Collectively, our findings showed that ANP inhibited the MAPK pathway and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathways to reduce ROS generation induced by LPS.

Natural Garlic Organosulfur Compounds Prevent Metabolic Disorder of Lipid and Glucose by Increasing Gut Commensal Bacteroides acidifaciens

A number of reports of the effects of garlic on gut microbiota revealed that the active garlic organosulfur compounds (OSCs) are destabilized by the action of alliinase during garlic preparation. In this study, garlic alliinase was deactivated to obtain stable garlic OSCs. Experiments with C57BL/6J mice fed with lipid and glucose metabolic disorder-inducing Western diet (WD) revealed that stable garlic OSCs prevented the disorder by increasing the relative abundance of gut Bacteroides acidifaciens. Molecular analysis indicated that garlic OSCs inhibited dyslipidemia and fatty liver by increasing taurine and subsequently promoting hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation. In parallel, garlic OSCs could meliorate glucose homeostasis by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and hepatic gluconeogenesis. In vitro bacterial culture experiments revealed that garlic OSCs directly increased the growth of gut Bacteroides acidifaciens. The results of this study demonstrate that the molecular mechanism of the preventive effect of garlic OSCs on the WD-induced metabolic disorder is attributed to the enhanced growth of Bacteroides acidifaciens and the consequent increase in taurine.

Involvement of AMP-activated Protein Kinase α/Nuclear Factor (Erythroid-derived 2) Like 2-iniatived Signaling Pathway in Cytoprotective Effects of Wasabi 6-(Methylsulfinyl) Hexyl Isothiocyanate

6-(Methylsulfinyl) hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC) is an active ingredient present in Wasabi, which is a popular pungent spice used in Japanese cuisine. Our previous studies suggested that the primary antioxidant activity of 6-MSITC may link to other biological activity. This study aimed to clarify how the antioxidant activity of 6-MSITC contributes to preventing overloaded lipid stress in hepatic cell model. HepG2 cells were treated with 6-MSITC at defined concentrations and times in normal medium or in combined fatty acids (CFA) medium, and the targeted proteins were detected by Western blotting. The kinetic data revealed that 6-MSITC activated AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) like 2 (Nrf2), and then enhanced the protein expression of Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and Sirtuin1 as well as that of the Nrf2 target proteins, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase (HO-1). Furthermore, lipid metabolic stress was mimicked in HepG2 cells by overloading CFA. 6-MSITC significantly alleviated CFA-induced formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fat accumulation. Signaling analysis data revealed that 6-MSITC enhanced phosphorylation of AMPKα, upregulated the expression of Nrf2, NQO1, heme oxygenase 1, FOXO1, and Siruin1, and downregulated the expression of PPARα. Taken together, our results suggested that the AMPKα/Nrf2-mediated signaling pathways might be involved in the cytoprotective effects of Wasabi 6-MSITC against metabolic lipid stress.

Bilberry Anthocyanins Ameliorate NAFLD by Improving Dyslipidemia and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome closely linked to dyslipidemia and gut microbiome dysbiosis. Bilberry anthocyanins (BA) have been reported to have preventive effects against metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of BA in a Western diet (WD)-induced mouse model. The results revealed that supplementation with BA attenuated the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), fat content in liver, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) caused by WD. Furthermore, gut microbiota characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that BA reduced remarkably the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) and modified gut microbiome. In particular, BA increased the relative abundance of g_Akkermansia and g_Parabacteroides. Taken together, our data demonstrated that BA might ameliorate WD-induced NAFLD by attenuating dyslipidemia and gut microbiome dysbiosis.

Ameliorative effects and molecular mechanisms of vine tea on western diet-induced NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease that is prevalent worldwide, and its prevention by dietary administration has recently been considered as an important strategy. In this study, we administered mice with vine tea polyphenol (VTP) extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata, a Chinese herb, to investigate the preventive effect on western diet (WD)-induced NAFLD. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or WD with or without VTP for 12 weeks. The results revealed that VTP supplementation decreased the serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and reduced the accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets caused by WD. Molecular data revealed that VTP enhanced fatty acid oxidation by reactivating the WD-suppressed phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinaseα (AMPKα) and the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl transferase IA (CPT1A) and cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a1 (CYP4A1). VTP inhibited hepatic lipogenesis by reducing the WD-enhanced level of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Moreover, VTP activated nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated expressions of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), and reduced hepatic TBARS levels to prevent hepatic oxidative stress. On the other hand, VTP also increased intestinal zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression and the relative abundance of gut Akkermansia, and reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Thus, VTP might prevent WD-induced NAFLD by balancing fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis, hepatic oxidative stress, and gut microbiome, at least. These results suggest that vine tea, containing a high content of the bioactive compound dihydromyricetin, is a potential food resource for preventing NAFLD.

Modulation of Allicin-Free Garlic on Gut Microbiome

The allicin diallyldisulfid-S-oxide, a major garlic organosulfur compound (OSC) in crushed garlic (Allium sativum L.), possesses antibacterial effects, and influences gut bacteria. In this study, we made allicin-free garlic (AFG) extract and investigated its effects on gut microbiome. C57BL/6N male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and fed normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with or without AFG in concentrations of 1% and 5% for 11 weeks. The genomic DNAs of feces were used to identify the gut microbiome by sequencing 16S rRNA genes. The results revealed that the ratio of p-Firmicutes to p-Bacteroidetes increased by aging and HFD was reduced by AFG. In particular, the f-Lachnospiraceae, g-Akkermansia, and g-Lactobacillus decreased by aging and HFD was enhanced by AFG. The g-Dorea increased by aging and HFD decreased by AFG. In addition, the ratio of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase to glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GPT/GOT) in serum was significantly increased in the HFD group and decreased by AFG. In summary, our data demonstrated that dietary intervention with AFG is a potential way to balance the gut microbiome disturbed by a high-fat diet.

Antioxidant Properties of a Traditional Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata

Ampelopsis grossedentata, also called vine tea, has been used as a traditional beverage in China for centuries. Vine tea contains rich polyphenols and shows benefit to human health, but the chemical and antioxidant properties of vine tea polyphenols from different locations remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the chemical and antioxidant properties of vine tea from three major production areas in China including Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi Provinces. The highest amount of polyphenol from vine tea was extracted by 70% ethanol at 70 °C for 40 min with ultrasonic treatment. The major compound in vine tea polyphenols (VTP) was determined as dihydromyricetin (DMY) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the content was estimated as 21.42%, 20.17%, and 16.47% of dry weight basis from Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi products, respectively. The antioxidant activities were investigated in vitro and in culture hepatic cells. VTP and DMY showed strong 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging ability and high oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) value in vitro. VTP and DMY also increased the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH):quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in HepG2 cells. Moreover, VTP and DMY enhanced the level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and reduced the level of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Taken together, our data demonstrated that the extraction of vine tea by 70% ethanol with ultrasonic treatment is a novel method to efficiently obtain components possessing stronger antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the results from the culture cells suggest that the bioactive component of vine tea might exert the antioxidant activity by activating the cellular Nrf2/Keap1 pathway.

Preventive Effects and Mechanisms of Garlic on Dyslipidemia and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) contains prebiotic components, fructans, antibacterial compounds, and organosulfur compounds. The complex ingredients of garlic seem to impart a paradoxical result on the gut microbiome. In this study, we used a mouse model to clarify the effects of whole garlic on the gut microbiome. C57BL/6N male mice were fed with or without whole garlic in normal diet (ND) or in high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Supplementation with whole garlic attenuated HFD-enhanced ratio of serum GPT/GOT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase/glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), levels of T-Cho (total cholesterol) and LDLs (low-density lipoproteins), and index of homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), but had no significant effect in the levels of serum HDL-c (high density lipoprotein cholesterol), TG (total triacylglycerol), and glucose. Moreover, garlic supplementation meliorated the HFD-reduced ratio of villus height/crypt depth, cecum weight, and the concentration of cecal organic acids. Finally, gut microbiota characterization by high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that whole garlic supplementation increased the α-diversity of the gut microbiome, especially increasing the relative abundance of f_Lachnospiraceae and reducing the relative abundance of g_Prevotella. Taken together, our data demonstrated that whole garlic supplementation could meliorate the HFD-induced dyslipidemia and disturbance of gut microbiome.

Involvement of ERK1/2-mediated ELK1/CHOP/DR5 pathway in 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells

6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC) is a major bioactive compound in Wasabi. Although 6-MSITC is reported to have cancer chemopreventive activities in rat model, the molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the anticancer mechanisms using two types of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116 p53^+/+ and p53^-/-). 6-MSITC caused cell cycle arrest in G₂/M phase and induced apoptosis in both types of cells in the same fashion. Signaling data revealed that the activation of ERK1/2, rather than p53, is recruited for 6-MSITC-induced apoptosis. 6-MSITC stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and then activated ERK1/2 signaling including ELK1 phosphorylation, and upregulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and death receptor 5 (DR5). The MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 blocked all of these molecular events induced by 6-MSITC, and enhanced the cell viability in both types of cells in the same manner. These results indicated that ERK1/2-mediated ELK1/CHOP/DR5 pathway is involved in 6-MSITC-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Abbreviations: CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; DR5: death receptor 5; ELK1: ETS transcription factor; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; JNK: Jun-N-terminal kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK1/2: MAP/ERK kinase 1/2; 6-MSITC: 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate; MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.

Wasabi 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells through p53-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway

6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC), a major bioactive compound in Wasabi [Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.], has revealed the inhibitory effect on colon carcinogenesis in rat cancer model although the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this study, we used two types of human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116 p53+/+ and HCT116 p53-/- ) to investigate the anticancer activity and molecular mechanisms of 6-MSITC. Interestingly, 6-MSITC inhibited the cell proliferation in both types of cells with similar IC50 value although a light increase in the phosphorylation and accumulation of P53 protein was observed in HCT116 p53+/+ cells at 24 h after treatment. In addition, 6-MSITC increased the ratio of proapoptotic cells in both types of cells with the same fashion in a p53-independent manner. The data from mitochondrial analysis revealed that 6-MSITC enhanced the ratio of proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X protein/antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1, and sequentially caused mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) loss, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation in both types of cells. Taken together, Wasabi 6-MSITC induced apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells in p53-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. These findings suggest that 6-MSITC might be a potential agent for colon cancer chemoprevention although with p53 mutation. © 2018 BioFactors, 2018.

Polyphenols from Lonicera caerulea L. Berry Inhibit LPS-Induced Inflammation through Dual Modulation of Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mediators

Lonicera caerulea L. berry polyphenols (LCBP) are considered as major components for bioactivity. This study aimed to clarify the molecular mechanisms by monitoring inflammatory and antioxidant mediator actions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse paw edema and macrophage cell model. LCBP significantly attenuated LPS-induced paw edema (3.0 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.1 mm, P < 0.05) and reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, 100.9 ± 2.3 to 58.3 ± 14.5 ng/mL), interleukin (IL)-10 (1596.1 ± 424.3 to 709.7 ± 65.7 pg/mL), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (1761.9 ± 208.3 to 1369.1 ± 56.4 pg/mL), IL-6 (1262.8 ± 71.7 to 499.0 ± 67.1 pg/mL), IL-4 (93.3 ± 25.7 to 50.7 ± 12.5 pg/mL), IL-12(p-70) (580.4 ± 132.0 to 315.2 ± 35.1 pg/mL), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 2045.5 ± 264.9 to 1270.7 ± 158.6 pg/mL). Cell signaling analysis revealed that LCBP inhibited transforming growth factor β activated kinase-1 (TAK1)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in earlier response. Moreover, cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and (-)-epicatechin (EC), two major components of LCBP, directly bound to TAK1. These data demonstrated that LCBP might inhibit LPS-induced inflammation by modulating both inflammatory and antioxidant mediators.

Polyphenols from Lonicera caerulea L. berry attenuate experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines productions and lipid peroxidation

SCOPE

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common disease, which is closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, and Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCP) are reported to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of LCP on NASH in a high-fat diet plus carbon tetrachloride (CCL₄ ) induced mouse model.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mice were fed with high-fat diet containing LCP (0.5-1%) or not, and then administrated with CCL₄ to induce NASH. Liver sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin stain, serum transaminases and lipids were measured by clinical analyzer, insulin was examined by ELISA, cytokines were determined by multiplex technology, and hepatic proteins were detected by Western blotting. LCP improved histopathological features of NASH with lower levels of lipid peroxidation and cytokines including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-3, IL-4, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, IL-6, IL-5, keratinocyte-derived cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-2, IL-1β, monocytes chemotactic protein-1, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-1α, eotaxin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, IL-17, and RANTES. Further molecular analysis revealed that LCP increased the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase, but decreased forkhead box protein O1 and heme oxygenase-1 in the liver of NASH mice.

CONCLUSION

Dietary supplementation of LCP ameliorates inflammation and lipid peroxidation by upregulating nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase, and downregulating forkhead box protein O1 and heme oxygenase-1 in NASH.

DNA Microarray Highlights Nrf2-Mediated Neuron Protection Targeted by Wasabi-Derived Isothiocyanates in IMR-32 Cells

6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC), 6-(methylthio)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MTITC), and 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl isothiocyanate (4-MSITC) are isothiocyanate (ITC) bioactive compounds from Japanese Wasabi. Previous in vivo studies highlighted the neuroprotective potential of ITCs since ITCs enhance the production of antioxidant-related enzymes. Thus, in this present study, a genome-wide DNA microarray analysis was designed to profile gene expression changes in a neuron cell line, IMR-32, stimulated by these ITCs. Among these ITCs, 6-MSITC caused the expression changes of most genes (263), of which 100 genes were upregulated and 163 genes were downregulated. Gene categorization showed that most of the differentially expressed genes are involved in oxidative stress response, and pathway analysis further revealed that Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress pathway is the top of the ITC-modulated signaling pathway. Finally, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting confirmed the gene expression and protein products of the major targets by ITCs. Taken together, Wasabi-derived ITCs might target the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress pathway to exert neuroprotective effects.

Anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms of 8-prenyl quercetin

SCOPE

8-prenyl quercetin (PQ) is a typical prenylflavonoid distributed in plant foods. It shows higher potential bioactivity than its parent quercetin (Q) although the mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aims to clarify the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms of PQ in cell and animal models, compared to Q.

METHODS AND RESULTS

RAW264.7 cells were treated with PQ or Q to investigate the influence on the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and protein kinases by Western blotting. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) were measured by the Griess method and ELISA, respectively. Cytokines were assayed by the multiplex technology. Mouse paw edema was induced by LPS. The results revealed that PQ had stronger inhibition on the production of iNOS, COX-2, NO, PGE2 , and 12 kinds of cytokines, than Q. PQ also showed in vivo anti-inflammatory effect by attenuating mouse paw edema. Molecular data revealed that PQ had no competitive binding to Toll-like receptor 4 with LPS, but directly targeted SEK1-JNK1/2 (where SEK is stress-activated protein kinase and JNK1/2 is Jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2) and MEK1-ERK1/2 (where ERK is extracellular signal regulated kinase).

CONCLUSION

PQ as a potential inhibitor revealed anti-inflammatory effect in both cell and animal models at least by targeting SEK1-JNK1/2 and MEK1-ERK1/2.

3,5,7-Triacetoxy-2-(3,4-diacetoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

In the title compound, C25H20O12, commonly known as pentaacetylated quercetin, the benzene ring and one of its methoxy substituent groups is disordered (site occupancy ratio 0.523:0.427), with a dihedral angle between the major-disorder component and the benzene ring of the benzopyranone moiety of 10.8 (6)°. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions give chains which extend alongb.

Abstract 1906: CXCR4 is a novel target of cancer chemopreventative isothiocyanates in prostate cancer cells

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous vegetables, including phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN), exhibit in vivo activity against prostate cancer in xenograft and transgenic mouse models, and thus are appealing for chemoprevention of this disease. Watercress constituent PEITC and SFN-rich broccoli sprout extract are under clinical investigation but the molecular mechanisms underlying their cancer chemopreventive effects are not fully understood. The present study demonstrates that chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a novel target of ITCs in prostate cancer cells. Exposure of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1, C4-2, and PC-3) to pharmacologically applicable concentrations of PEITC, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and SFN (2.5 and 5 μmol/L) resulted in downregulation of CXCR4 expression. None of the isothiocyanates affected secretion of CXCR4 ligand (stromal-derived factor-1). In vivo inhibition of PC-3 xenograft growth upon PEITC treatment was associated with a significant decrease in CXCR4 protein level. A similar trend was discernible in the tumors from SFN-treated TRAMP mice compared with those of control mice, but the difference was not significant. Stable overexpression of CXCR4 in PC-3 cells conferred significant protection against wound healing, cell migration, and cell viability inhibition by ITCs. Inhibition of cell migration resulting from PEITC and BITC exposure was significantly augmented by RNA interference of CXCR4. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that cancer chemopreventive ITCs suppress CXCR4 expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo. These results suggest that CXCR4 downregulation may be an important pharmacodynamic biomarker of cancer chemopreventative ITCs in prostate adenocarcinoma.

Citation Format: Ali I. Amjad, Kozue Sakao, Avani R. Vyas, Sreenivasa R. Chinni, Rahul Parikh, Shivendra V. Singh. CXCR4 is a novel target of cancer chemopreventative isothiocyanates in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1906. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1906

Anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanism of Oolong tea theasinensin

Oolong tea theasinensins are a group of tea polyphenols different from green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins, and they are considered as bioactive compounds in Oolong tea. In the present study, based on the properties of theasinensin and information about inflammatory processes, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms of theasinensin A (TSA) in both cell and animal models. In the cell model, TSA reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-12 (IL-12) (p70), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cellular signaling analysis revealed that TSA downregulated MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Pull-down assay and affinity data revealed that TSA might directly bind to MEK-ERK for the inhibitory action. In the animal model, TSA suppressed the production of IL-12 (p70), TNF-α, and MCP-1 and attenuated mouse paw edema induced by LPS.

CXCR4 is a novel target of cancer chemopreventative isothiocyanates in prostate cancer cells

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous vegetables, including phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN), exhibit in vivo activity against prostate cancer in a xenograft and transgenic mouse model, and thus are appealing for chemoprevention of this disease. Watercress constituent PEITC and SFN-rich broccoli sprout extract are under clinical investigations but the molecular mechanisms underlying their cancer chemopreventive effects are not fully understood. The present study demonstrates that chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a novel target of ITCs in prostate cancer cells. Exposure of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1, C4-2, and PC-3) to pharmacologically applicable concentrations of PEITC, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), and SFN (2.5 and 5 μmol/L) resulted in downregulation of CXCR4 expression. None of the ITCs affected secretion of CXCR4 ligand (stromal-derived factor-1). In vivo inhibition of PC-3 xenograft growth upon PEITC treatment was associated with a significant decrease in CXCR4 protein level. A similar trend was discernible in the tumors from SFN-treated TRAMP mice compared with those of control mice, but the difference was not significant. Stable overexpression of CXCR4 in PC-3 cells conferred significant protection against wound healing, cell migration, and cell viability inhibition by ITCs. Inhibition of cell migration resulting from PEITC and BITC exposure was significantly augmented by RNAi of CXCR4. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that cancer chemopreventive ITCs suppress CXCR4 expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro as well as in vivo. These results suggest that CXCR4 downregulation may be an important pharmacodynamic biomarker of cancer chemopreventative ITCs in prostate adenocarcinoma.

Comparison of the inhibitory effects of delphinidin and its glycosides on cell transformation

Although anthocyanins are major forms distributed in many plant foods and promising as chemopreventive source, many molecular data are obtained from anthocyanidins, showing their low bioavailability. This study aims to clarify the inhibitory effects of delphinidin glycosides on cell transformation comparing them to those of delphinidin. Screening data revealed that delphinidin 3-sambubioside could directly bind to MAPK/ERK kinase 1. Affinity assay data confirmed that delphinidin 3-sambubioside had higher binding affinity to MAPK/ERK kinase 1 than ERK1/2 and B-Raf. Colony assay data further demonstrated that delphinidin 3-sambubioside inhibited 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK kinase 1 and sequentially suppressed cell transformation. All of these effects caused by delphinidin 3-sambubioside were weaker than those by its aglycon, delphinidin. Our data suggested that the weaker anti- transformation activity of delphinidin glycosides compared to that of their aglycon is due to lower binding affinity to the target molecule MAPK/ERK kinase 1.

Anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanism of delphinidin 3-sambubioside, a Hibiscus anthocyanin

Delphinidin 3-sambubioside (Dp3-Sam), a Hibiscus anthocyanin, was isolated from the dried calices of Hibiscus sabdariffa L, which has been used for folk beverages and herbal medicine although the molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. Based on the properties of Dp3-Sam and the information of inflammatory processes, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms in both cell and animal models in the present study. In the cell model, Dp3-Sam and Delphinidin (Dp) reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators including iNOS, NO, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α induced by LPS. Cellular signaling analysis revealed that Dp3-Sam and Dp downregulated NF-κB pathway and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling. In animal model, Dp3-Sam and Dp reduced the production of IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α and attenuated mouse paw edema induced by LPS. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that Hibiscus Dp3-Sam possessed potential anti-inflammatory properties.

In vitro anticancer activity of loquat tea by inducing apoptosis in human leukemia cells

Fresh loquat leaves have been used as folk health herb in Asian countries for long time, although the evidence supporting their functions is still minimal. This study aimed to clarify the chemopreventive effect of loquat tea extract (LTE) by investigating the inhibition on proliferation, and underlying mechanisms in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). LTE inhibited proliferation of HL-60 in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular data showed that the isolated fraction of LTE induced apoptosis of HL-60 as characterized by DNA fragmentation; activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9; and inactivation of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase. Moreover, LTE fraction increased the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/anti-apoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) that caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cytochrome c released to cytosol. Thus, our data indicate that LTE might induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells through a mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. These findings enhance our understanding for chemopreventive function of loquat tea.

Honokiol activates reactive oxygen species-mediated cytoprotective autophagy in human prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Honokiol (HNK), derived from the bark of an oriental medicinal plant (Magnolia officinalis), is a promising anticancer agent with preclinical in vitro (PC-3 and LNCaP cells) and in vivo (PC-3 xenografts) efficacy against prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms affecting anticancer response to HNK are not fully understood.

METHODS

Human (androgen-independent PC-3 and androgen-responsive LNCaP) and murine (Myc-CaP) prostate cancer cells, and PC-3 tumor xenografts were used for various assays. Autophagy was assessed by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence (LC3 puncta), and immunoblotting (LC3BII detection). Cell viability was determined by trypan blue assay. Apoptosis was quantitated by DNA fragmentation detection and Annexin V/propidium iodide assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry and flow cytometric/microscopic analysis of MitoSOX red fluorescence.

RESULTS

Exposure of PC-3, LNCaP, and Myc-CaP cells to pharmacologic doses of HNK resulted in autophagy induction. The PC-3 tumor xenografts from HNK-treated mice contained higher levels of LC3BII protein compared with control tumors. Cell viability inhibition and apoptosis induction resulting from HNK exposure were significantly augmented by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine as well as RNA interference of autophagy regulator ATG5. HNK-mediated increase in levels of LC3BII protein was partially but markedly diminished in the presence of antioxidants, including N-acetylcysteine, polyethylene glycol-conjugated (PEG)-superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase. On the other hand, antioxidants had no impact on HNK-induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, that HNK induces ROS-mediated cytoprotective autophagy in prostate cancer cells.

In vitro and in vivo effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate treatment on vimentin protein expression in cancer cells

We have shown previously that cancer prevention by cruciferous vegetable constituent phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer is associated with induction of E-cadherin protein expression. Because suppression of E-cadherin protein concomitant with induction of mesenchymal markers (e.g., vimentin) is a biochemical hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process implicated in cancer metastasis, we hypothesized that PEITC treatment was likely to suppress vimentin protein expression. Contrary to this prediction, exposure of human breast (MDA-MB-231) and prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU145) to PEITC resulted in a dose-dependent increase in vimentin protein level, which was observed as early as 6 h posttreatment and persisted for the duration of the experiment (24 h). RNA interference of vimentin resulted in a modest augmentation of PEITC-mediated inhibition of MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 cell migration as well as cell viability. Furthermore, the PEITC-induced apoptosis was moderately increased upon siRNA knockdown of vimentin protein in MDA-MB-231 and PC-3 cells. To our surprise, PEITC treatment caused a marked decrease in vimentin protein expression in breast and prostate carcinoma in vivo in transgenic mouse models, although the difference was statistically significant only in the breast carcinomas. The present study highlights the importance of in vivo correlative studies for validation of the in vitro mechanistic observations.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) tea

Background: Fresh loquat leaves contain several kinds of flavonoids and have been reported to have preventive effects against some human diseases such as diabetes, coughs and ulcers,. Recently, fresh loquat leaves in Japan were processed to a beverage, called loquat tea, after the fresh leaves are roasted at 350C for 30 minutes. However, the scientific evidence supporting the functions of these processed leaves is still minimal.Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of roasted loquat tea extract (LTE) in vitro and in culture cells.Methods: Bioactive fractions of LTE were separated by column chromatograph. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH and ROS assay. Pro-inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined by Western blot and ELISA assay, respectively. Chemical quantification and characterization were analyzed by HPLC, FR-IR, and NMR. Phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay.Results: The results showed that loquat tea extract (LTE) possessed stronger DPPH scavenging activity than fresh. Cellular data revealed that LTE inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and further suppressed the production of COX-2 and PGE2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Chemical quantification and characterization data indicated that LTE contained new bioactive phenolic components that were produced from the roasting processes of fresh loquat leaves.Conclusions: Loquat tea made from roasted loquat leaves contained new bioactive phenolic compounds that contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.Keywords: Loquat tea, Antioxidant activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Chemical characterization

Biomarkers of phenethyl isothiocyanate-mediated mammary cancer chemoprevention in a clinically relevant mouse model

BACKGROUND

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a natural plant compound with chemopreventative potential against some cancers and the ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

METHODS

Female mouse mammary tumor virus-neu mice were fed a control AIN-76A diet (n = 35) or the same diet supplemented with 3 µmol PEITC/g diet (n = 33) for 29 weeks, at which time they were killed. Breast tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological assessments, and incidence and size of macroscopic mammary tumors were assessed. Cell proliferation (Ki-67 staining), apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-labeling), and neoangiogenesis (CD31 staining) were determined in tumor sections. Plasma levels of transthyretin were measured in treated and control mice. Expression of proteins in mammary tumor sections was determined by immunohistochemistry. Proteomic profiling was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS

Administration of PEITC for 29 weeks was associated with 53.13% decreased incidence of macroscopic mammary tumors (mean tumor incidence, PEITC-supplemented diet vs control diet, 18.75% vs 40.00%, difference = -21.25%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -43.19% to 0.69%, P = .07) and with a 56.25% reduction in microscopic mammary carcinoma lesions greater than 2 mm(2) (mean incidence, PEITC-supplemented diet vs control diet, 18.75% vs 42.86%, difference = -24.11%, 95% CI = -46.35% to -1.86%, P = .04). PEITC-mediated mammary cancer growth inhibition was not because of suppression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 expression but was associated with reduced cellular proliferation and neoangiogenesis, increased apoptosis, and altered expression of several proteins, including decreased ATP synthase in the tumor and increased plasma levels of transthyretin.

CONCLUSIONS

PEITC inhibits the growth of mammary cancers in a mouse model with similarities to human breast cancer progression. ATP synthase and transthyretin appear to be novel biomarkers associated with PEITC exposure.

Phenethyl isothiocyanate suppresses inhibitor of apoptosis family protein expression in prostate cancer cells in culture and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Cruciferous vegetable constituent phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) causes apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through mechanisms not fully understood. The present study was designed to determine the role of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins in PEITC-induced apoptosis induction.

METHODS

Effect of PEITC treatment on protein and mRNA expression of IAP in cells was determined by Western blotting and reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the in vivo effect of PEITC administration on X-linked IAP (XIAP) and Survivin protein expression. Overexpression of desired protein was achieved by transient transfection. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion assay, whereas apoptosis was quantified by measurement of histone-associated DNA fragment release into the cytosol. Transwell chamber assay was used to determine cell migration.

RESULTS

Exposure of PC-3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells to PEITC resulted in downregulation of XIAP and Survivin proteins and Survivin mRNA. PEITC administration to transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate mice caused modest but significant downregulation of XIAP and Survivin proteins in the dorsolateral prostate. Proapoptotic response to PEITC was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of XIAP and Survivin proteins. Survivin overexpression also conferred modest but significant protection against PEITC-mediated inhibition of PC-3 cell migration.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrates that cellular responses to PEITC, including apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell migration, in prostate cancer cells are mediated by downregulation of XIAP and/or Survivin, which may serve as valid biomarkers of PEITC response in future clinical investigations.

D,L-sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is regulated by the adapter protein p66Shc

Cancer chemopreventive response to D,L-sulforaphane (SFN), a synthetic racemic analogue of broccoli constituent L-sulforaphane, is partly attributable to apoptosis induction, but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. The present study demonstrates a critical role for adapter protein p66(Shc) in SFN-induced apoptosis. Immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) derived from p66(shc) knockout mice were significantly more resistant to SFN-induced apoptosis, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with MEF obtained from the wild-type mice. Notably, a spontaneously immortalized and non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) was resistant to SFN-induced ROS production and apoptosis. Stable overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells conferred near complete protection against SFN-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. SFN treatment resulted in increased S36 phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of p66(shc) in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, and SFN-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated by RNA interference of p66(shc) in both cells. SFN-treated MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells also exhibited a marked decrease in protein level of peptidyl prolyl isomerase (Pin1), which is implicated in mitochondrial translocation of p66(shc) . However, stable overexpression of Pin1 failed to alter proapoptotic response to SFN at least in MCF-7 cells. Finally, SFN-induced S36 phosphorylation of p66(Shc) was mediated by protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ), and pharmacological inhibition of PKCβ significantly inhibited apoptotic cell death resulting from SFN exposure. In conclusion, the present study provides new insight into the mechanism of SFN-induced apoptosis involving PKCβ -mediated S36 phosphorylation of p66(shc).

Abstract 563: Chemoprevention of mammary cancer in MMTV-neu transgenic mice by dietary administration of cruciferous vegetable constituent phenethyl isothiocyanate

We have shown previously that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), which is a highly promising cancer chemopreventive constituent of edible cruciferous vegetables (e.g., watercress), inhibits growth of cultured breast cancer cells in association with apoptosis induction. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of PEITC for prevention of breast cancer using MMTV-neu mouse model. PEITC administration in the diet (3 mmol PEITC/kg AIN76A diet) for 29 weeks caused an approximate 27% decrease in incidence of mammary hyperplasia compared with control, but the difference between control and PEITC treatment groups did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, incidence of palpable tumors was reduced by about 53% by PEITC administration (P= 0.07 by two-sided Fisher's exact test). Moreover, size of microscopic carcinoma lesions was significantly lower in mice fed PEITC-supplemented diet compared with those fed basal diet (P= 0.05 by two-sided Fisher's exact test). Average body weight of the PEITC-fed mice was modestly but significantly higher than that of control mice at earlier time points (weeks 1-7) but this differential was not observed at later time points (weeks 8-29). Diet consumption was comparable for mice placed on basal diet and PEITC-supplemented diet. Mean PEITC concentration in the plasma and tumor tissue was 901 nM (95% confidence interval- 741-1060 nM) and 87 nmol/kg (95% confidence interval- 67-107 nmol/kg), respectively. Expression of HER-2 oncoprotein as well as number of CD31-positive blood vessels in the tumor did not differ between control and PEITC treatment groups. On the other hand, tumors from PEITC treatment group exhibited about 46% decrease in Ki-67 expression in comparison with control (P= 0.01). Consistent with cellular observations, number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic bodies was about 4.4-fold higher in the tumors of PEITC-fed mice as compared with controls (P= 0.01). Pulmonary metastasis was evident in 3/35 control mice but only 1/32 mice placed on PEITC-supplemented diet exhibited microscopic evidence of metastasis. Size of pulmonary metastasis was also smaller in the PEITC treatment group compared with control. The results indicate that PEITC administration in the diet inhibits carcinoma development in MMTV-neu mice without any signs of overt toxicity. This investigation was supported in part by the US PHS grants CA101753 and CA129347 awarded by the National Cancer Institute.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 563. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-563

Abstract 2584: Notch1 and Notch2 activation by phenethyl isothiocyanate hinders its inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell migration

Practical and safe modalities for chemoprevention of prostate cancer are clinically attractive because of high mortality associated with this malignancy in American men. Plant products, including constituents of fruits and vegetables, continue to attract attention for the discovery of novel cancer chemopreventive agents. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is one such promising cancer chemopreventive agent abundant in edible cruciferous vegetables such as watercress. Evidence for protective effect of cruciferous vegetables and their components, including PEITC, against prostate cancer derives from population-based observational studies as well as laboratory investigations. For example, we have shown previously that PEITC administration in the diet (3 µmol/g diet) significantly inhibits incidence as well as burden of poorly-differentiated prostate cancer in the dorsolateral prostate of Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mice. Cancer chemopreventive response to PEITC is attributed to its ability to inhibit multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-βB, Akt, and androgen receptor. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that PEITC treatment activates Notch1 and Notch2 in malignant as well as normal human prostate cells. The Notch1 and Notch2 belong to a family of transmembrane receptors implicated in prostate cancer development and metastasis. Exposure of human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and a normal human prostate epithelial cell line (PrEC) to PEITC resulted in cleavage (active form) of Notch1 and Notch2, which was associated with an increase in transcriptional activity of Notch. PEITC treatment caused induction of Notch ligands Jagged1 and Jagged2, overexpression of γ-secretase complex components Presenilin1 and Nicastrin, nuclear enrichment of cleaved Notch2, and/or up-regulation of Notch1, Notch2, Jagged1, and/or Jagged2 mRNA in cancer cells. PEITC-induced apoptosis in LNCaP and PC-3 cells was significantly attenuated by RNA interference of Notch2, but not by pharmacological inhibition of Notch1. Inhibition of PC-3 and LNCaP cell migration resulting from PEITC exposure was significantly augmented by RNA interference of Notch2 as well as pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 activation. Nuclear expression of cleaved Notch2 protein was significantly higher in PC-3 xenografts from PEITC-treated athymic mice and dorsolateral prostates from PEITC-fed TRAMP mice compared with the respective control. Because Notch signaling is implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, the present study suggests that anti-metastatic effect of PEITC may be augmented by a combination regimen involving PEITC and a Notch inhibitor. This investigation was supported by the US PHS grant RO1 CA101753-08.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2584. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2584

Abstract 568: Biomarkers of phenethyl isothiocyanate-mediated mammary cancer prevention in MMTV-neu mouse model

Biomarker(s) predictive of efficacy is necessary for clinical development of promising cancer chemopreventive agents because cancer incidence is too rigorous of an end point for malignancies with long latency such as breast cancer. The present study was undertaken to identify biomarker(s) associated with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)-mediated mammary cancer prevention in MMTV-neu transgenic mouse model. The PEITC is a promising cancer chemopreventive constituent of cruciferous vegetables (e.g., watercress). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of tumor specimens from control and PEITC-fed mice (n= 3) revealed alterations in expression of several proteins, including hexokinase-1, isoform CRA_f (1.36-fold increase by PEITC administration), L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain isoform 1 (1.57-fold increase by PEITC administration), pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (1.33-fold decrease by PEITC administration), and mitochondrial ATP synthase, H+ transporting F1 complex beta subunit (1.38-fold decrease by PEITC administration). Interestingly, the PEITC-induced apoptotic cell death in cultured cancer cells is associated with inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation leading to production of reactive oxygen species. Down-regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase protein in tumors of PEITC-fed mice was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Expression of mitochondrial ATP synthase was reduced by about 66% in the tumors from PEITC-fed mice in comparison with control (P= 0.05 by two-sided Student's t-test, n= 6-7). In addition, plasma level of transthyretin was significantly higher in the PEITC treatment group compared with control (P= 0.04 by two-sided Student's t-test, n= 5). In conclusion, the present study not only underscores the power of proteomics in cancer chemoprevention research but also suggests that mitochondrial ATP synthase, and possibly hexokinase-1, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2, and/or L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain isoform 1, may be useful biomarkers to assess the biological activity of PEITC in future clinical trials. This study was supported in part by the US PHS grants CA101753 and CA129347, awarded by the National Cancer Institute.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 568. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-568

Abstract 587: Phenethyl isothiocyanate suppresses inhibitor of apoptosis family protein expression in prostate cancer cells in culture and in vivo

Bioactive food components continue to gain traction for possible chemoprevention of prostate cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer-related death among American men. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is one such compound that is under active investigation for chemoprevention of prostate cancer as well as other types of malignancies, including colon, lung, and breast cancers. PEITC occurs naturally as a thioglucoside conjugate (gluconasturtiin) in a variety of edible cruciferous vegetables (e.g., watercress), and is generated upon cutting or chewing of cruciferous vegetables due to myrosinase-catalyzed breakdown of the gluconasturtiin. Initial evidence supporting prostate cancer protective effect of cruciferous vegetables emerged from population-based case control studies. In vivo chemopreventive efficacy of PEITC against prostate cancer has now been demonstrated in a transgenic mouse model (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate mice; hereafter abbreviated as TRAMP mice). Post-initiation cancer chemopreventive response to PEITC is associated with apoptosis induction but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins in regulation of PEITC-induced apoptosis. The IAP family proteins play critical roles in apoptosis regulation by inhibiting caspases. Elevated expression of IAP proteins, including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and Survivin has been reported in human prostate cancers. Exposure of PC-3 and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells to PEITC resulted in downregulation of XIAP and Survivin proteins and suppression of Survivin mRNA expression. PEITC administration to Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate mice caused modest but significant downregulation of XIAP and Survivin proteins in the dorsolateral prostate. Proapoptotic response to PEITC was significantly attenuated by ectopic expression of XIAP and Survivin proteins. In addition, Survivin overexpression conferred modest but significant protection against PEITC-mediated inhibition of PC-3 cell migration. In conclusion, these results indicate that cellular responses to PEITC, including apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell migration, in prostate cancer cells are mediated by downregulation of XIAP and/or Survivin, which may serve as valid biomarkers to assess PEITC response in future clinical investigations. This investigation was supported by the USPHS grant RO1 CA101753-08.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 587. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-587

Notch activation by phenethyl isothiocyanate attenuates its inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell migration

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a promising cancer chemopreventive component of edible cruciferous vegetables with in vivo efficacy against prostate cancer in experimental rodents. Cancer chemopreventive response to PEITC is characterized by its ability to inhibit multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including nuclear factor-κB, Akt, and androgen receptor. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that PEITC treatment activates Notch signaling in malignant as well as normal human prostate cells. Exposure of human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and a normal human prostate epithelial cell line (PrEC) to PEITC resulted in cleavage (active form) of Notch1 and Notch2, and increased transcriptional activity of Notch. In PC-3 and LNCaP cells, PEITC treatment caused induction of Notch ligands Jagged1 and Jagged2 (PC-3), overexpression of γ-secretase complex components Presenilin1 and Nicastrin (PC-3), nuclear enrichment of cleaved Notch2, and/or up-regulation of Notch1, Notch2, Jagged1, and/or Jagged2 mRNA. PEITC-induced apoptosis in LNCaP and PC-3 cells was significantly attenuated by RNA interference of Notch2, but not by pharmacological inhibition of Notch1. Inhibition of PC-3 and LNCaP cell migration resulting from PEITC exposure was significantly augmented by knockdown of Notch2 protein as well as pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 activation. Nuclear expression of cleaved Notch2 protein was significantly higher in PC-3 xenografts from PEITC-treated mice and dorsolateral prostates from PEITC-fed TRAMP mice compared with respective control. Because Notch signaling is implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, the present study suggests that anti-metastatic effect of PEITC may be augmented by a combination regimen involving a Notch inhibitor.

Abstract 866: D,L-Sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is regulated by growth factor adaptor protein p66Shc

D,L-Sulforaphane (SFN), a synthetic racemic analogue of broccoli constituent L-sulforaphane, inhibits chemically-induced cancer in experimental rodents. SFN administration also suppresses cancer development in transgenic mouse models. Anticancer effect of SFN is associated with apoptosis induction but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. Using MDA-MB-231 (an estrogen-independent cell line) and MCF-7 (an estrogen-responsive cell line) human breast cancer cells as a model, we now demonstrate that the SFN-induced apoptosis is regulated by growth factor adapter protein p66Shc. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells to SFN resulted in increased Ser36 phosphorylation of p66Shc. Immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from p66Shc knockout mouse were significantly more resistant to SFN-mediated growth inhibition (judged by trypan blue dye exclusion assay) and apoptosis induction (judged by cytoplasmic histone-associated apoptotic DNA fragmentation) compared with embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type mouse. Moreover, transient transfection of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with p66Shc-targeted siRNA conferred significant protection against SFN-induced cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragmentation. Protein level of prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1), a protein implicated in mitochondrial translocation of p66Shc, was decreased on a 24-hour treatment with SFN in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. However, apoptosis induction resulting from SFN exposure was not affected by ectopic expression of Pin1 (MCF-7). In conclusion, the present study provides novel insights into the molecular circuitry of SFN-induced apoptosis involving p66Shc. This investigation was supported by the USPHS grant RO1 CA115498-05, awarded by the National Cancer Institute.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 866. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-866

Acetyl derivate of quercetin increases the sensitivity of human leukemia cells toward apoptosis

The hydroxyl groups of flavonoids are important for their bioactive functions and also prone to oxidation to quinones. To block the potential oxidation of quercetin, and generate a stronger bioactive compound, we synthesized acetyl and methyl derivatives of quercetin, 3,7,3',4'-O-tetraacetylquercetin (4Ac-Q) and 3,7,3',4'-O-tetramethylquercetin (4Me-Q), which substituted the hydroxyl groups of quercetin with acetyl or methyl groups at the 3,7,3',4' positions of quercetin, and then evaluated the ability to cause cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. The results revealed that 4Ac-Q and quercetin, but not 4Me-Q, significantly inhibit cell proliferation by caspase-mediated apoptosis when characterized by DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage while 4Me-Q lost this ability. Interestingly, 4Ac-Q revealed stronger apoptotic activity than parent quercetin via a ROS-independent pathway. These findings provide a valuable strategy to increase the sensitivity of human leukemia HL-60 cells toward apoptosis by modifying quercetin structure.

Total hip arthroplasty using proximal porous coating stem with distal sleeve: mid-term outcome

PURPOSE

To report mid-term results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the Opti-Fix Plus Hip System (Opti-Fix Hip), and to assess the correlations between peri-implant bone changes and the distal medullary occupancy rate.

METHODS

11 men (13 hips) and 53 women (58 hips) aged 24 to 87 (mean, 61) years underwent THA using the Opti-Fix Hip, with a modular stem and a distal sleeve, and were followed up for a mean of 6.5 (range, 4.8-9.6) years. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip score. Implant stability, bone changes around the implant, and the occupancy rate of the stem in the medullary space were examined radiologically. Bone changes around the implant were assessed based on the radiological evidence of a pedestal, osteolysis, stress shielding, and radiolucent lines.

RESULTS

The mean JOA score increased significantly after surgery and was maintained at the latest follow-up. Around the acetabular and femoral components respectively, 38 and 58 hips had radiolucent lines, whereas one and 54 hips developed osteolysis. A pedestal appeared in 21 hips and grade-III or higher stress shielding in 30 hips. Two hips showed loosening of the acetabular components, but none in the femoral components. Osteolysis around the stem was frequently observed in hips with poor distal medullary occupancy.

CONCLUSION

Clinical and radiological outcomes of the Opti-Fix Hip were favourable. The low incidence of osteolysis in the distal stem suggests that the proximal circumferential porous coating was effective. Minor osteolysis around the proximal stem was frequently observed, indicating early excessive wear of the polyethylene liner. Its high distal medullary occupancy rate could inhibit stem micromotion and aseptic loosening.