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Hanley DF, Bernard GR, Wilkins CH, Selker HP, Dwyer JP, Dean JM, Benjamin DK, Dunsmore SE, Waddy SP, Wiley KL, Palm ME, Mould WA, Ford DF, Burr JS, Huvane J, Lane K, Poole L, Edwards TL, Kennedy N, Boone LR, Bell J, Serdoz E, Byrne LM, Harris PA. Decentralized clinical trials in the trial innovation network: Value, strategies, and lessons learned. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e170. [PMID: 37654775 PMCID: PMC10465321 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New technologies and disruptions related to Coronavirus disease-2019 have led to expansion of decentralized approaches to clinical trials. Remote tools and methods hold promise for increasing trial efficiency and reducing burdens and barriers by facilitating participation outside of traditional clinical settings and taking studies directly to participants. The Trial Innovation Network, established in 2016 by the National Center for Advancing Clinical and Translational Science to address critical roadblocks in clinical research and accelerate the translational research process, has consulted on over 400 research study proposals to date. Its recommendations for decentralized approaches have included eConsent, participant-informed study design, remote intervention, study task reminders, social media recruitment, and return of results for participants. Some clinical trial elements have worked well when decentralized, while others, including remote recruitment and patient monitoring, need further refinement and assessment to determine their value. Partially decentralized, or "hybrid" trials, offer a first step to optimizing remote methods. Decentralized processes demonstrate potential to improve urban-rural diversity, but their impact on inclusion of racially and ethnically marginalized populations requires further study. To optimize inclusive participation in decentralized clinical trials, efforts must be made to build trust among marginalized communities, and to ensure access to remote technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Hanley
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gordon R. Bernard
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Consuelo H. Wilkins
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harry P. Selker
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie P. Dwyer
- University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Daniel Kelly Benjamin
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah E. Dunsmore
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Salina P. Waddy
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Wiley
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marisha E. Palm
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W. Andrew Mould
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins BIOS Clinical Trials Coordinating Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel F. Ford
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeri S. Burr
- University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Karen Lane
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lori Poole
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terri L. Edwards
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nan Kennedy
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leslie R. Boone
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jasmine Bell
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emily Serdoz
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Loretta M. Byrne
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul A. Harris
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Yazici C, Dyer AM, Conwell DL, Afghani E, Andersen DK, Basina M, Bellin MD, Boone LR, Casu A, Easler JJ, Greenbaum CJ, Hart PA, Jeon CY, Lee PJ, Meier S, Papachristou GI, Raja-Khan NT, Saeed ZI, Serrano J, Yadav D, Fogel EL. Recruitment and Retention Strategies for the Diabetes RElated to Acute Pancreatitis and Its Mechanisms Study: From the Type 1 Diabetes in Acute Pancreatitis Consortium. Pancreas 2022; 51:598-603. [PMID: 36206465 PMCID: PMC9555856 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recruitment and retention of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) in clinical studies can be challenging. While some obstacles are similar to other clinical conditions, some are unique to AP. Identifying potential barriers early and developing targeted solutions can help optimize recruitment and retention in AP studies. Such pre-emptive and detailed planning can help prospective, longitudinal studies focus on exocrine and endocrine complications of AP in accurately measuring outcomes. This article highlights the challenges in recruitment and retention strategies in AP studies and reviews available resources to create opportunities to address them. We describe the multifaceted approach used by the Recruitment and Retention Committee of the Type 1 Diabetes in Acute Pancreatitis Consortium, which builds upon earlier experiences to develop a recruitment and retention plan for the DREAM (Diabetes RElated to Acute pancreatitis and its Mechanisms) study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Yazici
- From the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Anne-Marie Dyer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Elham Afghani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore
| | - Dana K Andersen
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marina Basina
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Leslie R Boone
- Recruitment Innovation Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN
| | - Anna Casu
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL
| | - Jeffrey J Easler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Peter J Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Shelby Meier
- Recruitment Innovation Center, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Nashville, TN
| | - Georgios I Papachristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Nazia T Raja-Khan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zeb I Saeed
- Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jose Serrano
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Evan L Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Dolor RJ, Proctor E, Stevens KR, Boone LR, Meissner P, Baldwin LM. Dissemination and implementation science activities across the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium: Report from a survey of CTSA leaders. J Clin Transl Sci 2019; 4:188-194. [PMID: 32695487 PMCID: PMC7348014 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2019.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science is not a formal element of the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Program, and D&I science activities across the CTSA Consortium are largely unknown. METHODS The CTSA Dissemination, Implementation, and Knowledge Translation Working Group surveyed CTSA leaders to explore D&I science-related activities, barriers, and needed supports, then conducted univariate and qualitative analyses of the data. RESULTS Out of 67 CTSA leaders, 55.2% responded. CTSAs reported directly funding D&I programs (54.1%), training (51.4%), and projects (59.5%). Indirect support (e.g., promoted by CTSA without direct funding) for D&I activities was higher - programs (70.3%), training (64.9%), and projects (54.1%). Top barriers included funding (39.4%), limited D&I science faculty (30.3%), and lack of D&I science understanding (27.3%). Respondents (63.4%) noted the importance of D&I training and recommended coordination of D&I activities across CTSAs hubs (33.3%). CONCLUSION These findings should guide CTSA leadership in efforts to raise awareness and advance the role of D&I science in improving population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena J. Dolor
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Enola Proctor
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen R. Stevens
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leslie R. Boone
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul Meissner
- Office of the Medical Director for Research, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Laura-Mae Baldwin
- Department of Family Medicine and Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Joosten YA, Israel TL, Williams NA, Boone LR, Schlundt DG, Mouton CP, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Wilkins CH. Community Engagement Studios: A Structured Approach to Obtaining Meaningful Input From Stakeholders to Inform Research. Acad Med 2015; 90:1646-50. [PMID: 26107879 PMCID: PMC4654264 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Engaging communities in research increases its relevance and may speed the translation of discoveries into improved health outcomes. Many researchers lack training to effectively engage stakeholders, whereas academic institutions lack infrastructure to support community engagement. APPROACH In 2009, the Meharry-Vanderbilt Community-Engaged Research Core began testing new approaches for community engagement, which led to the development of the Community Engagement Studio (CE Studio). This structured program facilitates project-specific input from community and patient stakeholders to enhance research design, implementation, and dissemination. Developers used a team approach to recruit and train stakeholders, prepare researchers to engage with stakeholders, and facilitate an in-person meeting with both. OUTCOMES The research core has implemented 28 CE Studios that engaged 152 community stakeholders. Participating researchers, representing a broad range of faculty ranks and disciplines, reported that input from stakeholders was valuable and that the CE Studio helped determine project feasibility and enhanced research design and implementation. Stakeholders found the CE Studio to be an acceptable method of engagement and reported a better understanding of research in general. A tool kit was developed to replicate this model and to disseminate this approach. NEXT STEPS The research core will collect data to better understand the impact of CE Studios on research proposal submissions, funding, research outcomes, patient and stakeholder engagement in projects, and dissemination of results. They will also collect data to determine whether CE Studios increase patient-centered approaches in research and whether stakeholders who participate have more trust and willingness to participate in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne A. Joosten
- Y.A. Joosten is assistant professor of medical education and administration, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and executive director, Office for Community Engagement, Vanderbilt Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tiffany L. Israel
- T.L. Israel is translational research coordinator, Vanderbilt Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Neely A. Williams
- N.A. Williams is network administrator, Community Partners Network, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leslie R. Boone
- L.R. Boone is translational research coordinator and T2 Studio manager, Vanderbilt Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David G. Schlundt
- D.G. Schlundt is associate professor, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Charles P. Mouton
- C.P. Mouton is professor of family medicine, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert S. Dittus
- R.S. Dittus is associate vice chancellor for public health and health care; senior associate dean for population health sciences; director, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and director, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gordon R. Bernard
- G.R. Bernard is associate vice chancellor for research, principal investigator, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and senior associate dean for clinical sciences, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Consuelo H. Wilkins
- C.H. Wilkins is associate professor of medicine, General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, associate professor of medicine, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, and executive director, Meharry-Vanderbilt Alliance, Nashville, Tennessee
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Byrne DW, Biaggioni I, Bernard GR, Helmer TT, Boone LR, Pulley JM, Edwards T, Dittus RS. Clinical and translational research studios: a multidisciplinary internal support program. Acad Med 2012; 87:1052-1059. [PMID: 22722360 PMCID: PMC3406254 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0b013e31825d29d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research implemented the "Studio" Program in 2007 to bring together experts to provide free, structured, project-specific feedback for medical researchers. Studios are a series of integrated, dynamic, and interactive roundtable discussions that bring relevant research experts from diverse academic disciplines together to focus on a specific research project at a specific stage. Vanderbilt's Clinical and Translational Science Award supports the program, which is designed to improve the quality and impact of biomedical research. In this article, the authors describe the program's design, and they provide an evaluation of its first four years.After an investigator completes a brief online Studio application, a Studio "manager" reviews the request, assembles a panel of three to six experts (research faculty from multiple disciplines), and circulates the pre-review materials electronically. Investigators can request one of seven Studio formats: hypothesis generation, study design, grant review, implementation, analysis and interpretation, manuscript review, or translation. A Studio moderator leads each Studio session, managing the time (90 minutes) and discussion to optimize the usefulness of the session for the investigator.Feedback from the 157 Studio sessions in the first four years has been overwhelmingly positive. Investigators have indicated that their Studios have improved the quality of their science (99%; 121/122 responses), and experts have reported that the Studios have been a valuable use of their time (98%; 398/406 responses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Byrne
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2158, USA.
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Chan JH, Hong JS, Hunter RN, Orr GF, Cowan JR, Sherman DB, Sparks SM, Reitter BE, Andrews CW, Hazen RJ, St Clair M, Boone LR, Ferris RG, Creech KL, Roberts GB, Short SA, Weaver K, Ott RJ, Ren J, Hopkins A, Stuart DI, Stammers DK. 2-Amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitriles as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV-1. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1866-82. [PMID: 11384233 DOI: 10.1021/jm0004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-5-arylthiobenzonitriles (1) was found to be active against HIV-1. Structural modifications led to the sulfoxides (2) and sulfones (3). The sulfoxides generally showed antiviral activity against HIV-1 similar to that of 1. The sulfones, however, were the most potent series of analogues, a number having activity against HIV-1 in the nanomolar range. Structural-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that a meta substituent, particularly a meta methyl substituent, invariably increased antiviral activities. However, optimal antiviral activities were manifested by compounds where both meta groups in the arylsulfonyl moiety were substituted and one of the substituents was a methyl group. Such a disubstitution led to compounds 3v, 3w, 3x, and 3y having IC50 values against HIV-1 in the low nanomolar range. When gauged for their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against key non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) related mutants, all the di-meta-substituted sulfones 3u-z and the 2-naphthyl analogue 3ee generally showed single-digit nanomolar activity against the V106A and P236L strains and submicromolar to low nanomolar activity against strains E138K, V108I, and Y188C. However, they showed a lack of activity against the K103N and Y181C mutant viruses. The elucidation of the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of 3v (739W94) in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase showed an overlap in the binding domain when compared with the complex of nevirapine in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The X-ray structure allowed for the rationalization of SAR data and potencies of the compounds against the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chan
- Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Ross L, Johnson M, Ferris RG, Short SA, Boone LR, Melby TE, Lanier R, Shaefer M, St Clair M. Deletions in the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are observed in HIV-1 isolated from subjects during long-term antiretroviral therapy. J Hum Virol 2000; 3:144-9. [PMID: 10881994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of in-frame deletions in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) on plasma viremia and phenotypic resistance to antiretroviral drugs. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Plasma HIV-1 RNA was isolated from 168 antiretroviral therapy-experienced subjects for quantification of plasma viremia, RT sequence analysis, and phenotypic resistance assays. RESULTS Four patients were found to harbor HIV-1 strains possessing in-frame, 3-nucleotide deletions at RT codons 67, 69, and 70. In these subjects, phenotypic resistance and high plasma viremia were observed only in a background of multiple resistance mutations. A recombinant virus engineered with an in-frame deletion of RT codon 67 did not have increased resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). CONCLUSIONS Selection for deletions within the beta3-beta4 hairpin loop of the HIV-1 RT is an uncommon event most likely to occur in subjects with long-term antiretroviral experience. The codon 67 deletion does not appear to cause increased phenotypic resistance or increased viremia in the absence of concomitant RT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ross
- Department of Virology, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Stetor SR, Rausch JW, Guo MJ, Burnham JP, Boone LR, Waring MJ, Le Grice SF. Characterization of (+) strand initiation and termination sequences located at the center of the equine infectious anemia virus genome. Biochemistry 1999; 38:3656-67. [PMID: 10090753 DOI: 10.1021/bi982764l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Permeabilized preparations of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) are shown here to support efficient and accurate synthesis of full-length double-stranded proviral DNA. When (-) and (+) strand products were analyzed by Southern blotting, a discontinuity, mapping approximately to the center of the EIAV genome, could be demonstrated for the (+) strand, predicting a second site for initiation of DNA synthesis and a specific mechanism of (+) strand termination. Precise localization of this (+) strand origin within the integrase (IN) coding region was achieved through its in vitro selection and extension into, and excision from, nascent DNA by purified recombinant p66/p51 EIAV reverse transcriptase (RT), suggesting that the EIAV genome harbors a central polypurine tract (cPPT). In addition, a model system was developed for evaluating whether sequences immediately downstream of the cPPT would terminate (+) strand synthesis in the context of strand displacement. Such a sequence was indeed discovered which functions in a manner analogous to that of the central termination sequence (CTS) of HIV, where A-tract-induced minor groove compression has been suggested to induce localized distortion of the nucleic acid duplex and termination of (+) strand synthesis. This interpretation is reinforced by experiments indicating that read-through of the CTS can be efficiently promoted by substituting 2,6-diaminopurine for adenine, thereby relieving minor groove compression. The nucleotide substitution can also shift the site of termination in strand displacement (+) strand synthesis. Collectively, our data support proposals that lentiviruses may have evolved specialized mechanisms for initiating and terminating (+) strand DNA synthesis at the center of their genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Stetor
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4984, USA
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Daluge SM, Good SS, Faletto MB, Miller WH, St Clair MH, Boone LR, Tisdale M, Parry NR, Reardon JE, Dornsife RE, Averett DR, Krenitsky TA. 1592U89, a novel carbocyclic nucleoside analog with potent, selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1082-93. [PMID: 9145874 PMCID: PMC163855 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.5.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1592U89, (-)-(1S,4R)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-2-cyclo pentene-1-methanol, is a carbocyclic nucleoside with a unique biological profile giving potent, selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. 1592U89 was selected after evaluation of a wide variety of analogs containing a cyclopentene substitution for the 2'-deoxyriboside of natural deoxynucleosides, optimizing in vitro anti-HIV potency, oral bioavailability, and central nervous system (CNS) penetration. 1592U89 was equivalent in potency to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) in human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures against clinical isolates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) from antiretroviral drug-naive patients (average 50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 0.26 microM for 1592U89 and 0.23 microM for AZT). 1592U89 showed minimal cross-resistance (approximately twofold) with AZT and other approved HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. 1592U89 was synergistic in combination with AZT, the nonnucleoside RT inhibitor nevirapine, and the protease inhibitor 141W94 in MT4 cells against HIV-1 (IIIB). 1592U89 was anabolized intracellularly to its 5'-monophosphate in CD4+ CEM cells and in PBLs, but the di- and triphosphates of 1592U89 were not detected. The only triphosphate found in cells incubated with 1592U89 was that of the guanine analog (-)-carbovir (CBV). However, the in vivo pharmacokinetic, distribution, and toxicological profiles of 1592U89 were distinct from and improved over those of CBV, probably because CBV itself was not appreciably formed from 1592U89 in cells or animals (<2%). The 5'-triphosphate of CBV was a potent, selective inhibitor of HIV-1 RT, with Ki values for DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon which were 90-, 2,900-, 1,200-, and 1,900-fold greater, respectively, than for RT (Ki, 21 nM). 1592U89 was relatively nontoxic to human bone marrow progenitors erythroid burst-forming unit and granulocyte-macrophage CFU (IC50s, 110 microM) and human leukemic and liver tumor cell lines. 1592U89 had excellent oral bioavailability (105% in the rat) and penetrated the CNS (rat brain and monkey cerebrospinal fluid) as well as AZT. Having demonstrated an excellent preclinical profile, 1592U89 has progressed to clinical evaluation in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Daluge
- Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Davis MG, Wilson JE, VanDraanen NA, Miller WH, Freeman GA, Daluge SM, Boyd FL, Aulabaugh AE, Painter GR, Boone LR. DNA polymerase activity of hepatitis B virus particles: differential inhibition by L-enantiomers of nucleotide analogs. Antiviral Res 1996; 30:133-45. [PMID: 8783805 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(96)00938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase activity was assayed in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and core particles isolated from chronic producer lines. The particle-associated DNA polymerase activity, which was found to be limited to incorporation of only a few nucleotides, was inhibited by the 5'-triphosphates of nucleoside analogs. The 1-beta-L (1S,4R) and 1-beta-D (1R,4S) enantiomers of antiviral nucleoside analogs were compared for the ability to inhibit incorporation of natural nucleoside triphosphates into the viral DNA. Previously, both enantiomers of several analogs were found to be substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV RT); the 1-beta-D enantiomers of some pairs were preferred as substrates. In contrast, the 1-beta-L enantiomers of all pairs tested were the more potent inhibitors of labeled substrate incorporation into hepatitis B virus DNA; the concentration required to inhibit the incorporation of the natural substrate by 50% was 6-fold to several hundred-fold lower than the concentration of the 1-beta-D enantiomer required for the same inhibitory effect. This preference for the 1-beta-L enantiomers was observed for both RNA-directed synthesis in core particles and DNA-directed synthesis in viral particles. The observed antiviral effect of the nucleoside analogs in cell culture seemed to be limited chiefly by their phosphorylation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Davis
- Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Nair V, St Clair MH, Reardon JE, Krasny HC, Hazen RJ, Paff MT, Boone LR, Tisdale M, Najera I, Dornsife RE. Antiviral, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties of the isomeric dideoxynucleoside 4(S)-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(S)-furanmethanol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:1993-9. [PMID: 8540705 PMCID: PMC162870 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.9.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
4(S)-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-2(S)-furanmethanol (IsoddA) is the most antivirally active member of a novel class of optically active isomeric dideoxynucleosides in which the base has been transposed from the natural 1' position to the 2' position and the absolute configuration is (S,S). IsoddA was active against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (strain IIIB), HIV-2 (strain ZY), and HIV-1 clinical isolates. Combinations of the compound with zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, or 5-fluoro-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine showed synergistic inhibition of HIV. A moderate reduction of activity was observed with clinical isolates resistant to zidovudine. An IsoddA-resistant virus (eightfold-increased 50% inhibitory concentration) was selected in vitro by repeated passage of HIV-1 (HXB2) in the presence of increasing concentrations of IsoddA. The reverse transcriptase-coding region of the mutant virus contained a single base change resulting in a change at codon 184 from Met to Val. IsoddA was also active against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro; however, it lacked substantial selective activity in an in vivo HBV model. IsoddA was inefficiently phosphorylated in CEM cells; however, the half-life of the triphosphate was 9.4 h, and IsoddATP was a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, with a Ki of 16 nM. The cytotoxicity 50% inhibitory concentrations of IsoddA were greater than 100 microM for CEM, MOLT-4, IM9, and the HepG2-derived HBV-infected 2.2.15 (subclone P5A) cell lines but were 12 and 11 microM for human granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor cells, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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12
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Abstract
A Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction was developed as an in vitro assay to study the inhibition of reverse transcription by antiviral compounds. Conditions were established for producing genomic length (-) strand DNA in high yields and measuring the inhibition of this transcript as the assay endpoint. In addition to genomic length (-) strand DNA, a novel segmented (-) strand product composed of a 6.0 kb reverse transcript of the 5' 2/3 of the viral RNA genome and a 3.5 kb reverse transcript of the 3' 1/3 was observed. The most prominent (+) strand product was the size expected for plus-strong stop DNA. Additional minor (+) strand species were also observed. The triphosphate form of the nucleoside analog inhibitor 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (RETROVIR, Zidovudine, AZT) and BI-RG-587 (nevirapine), a non nucleoside inhibitor, were used to demonstrate the utility of the endogenous system for the analysis of reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In a standard reaction, synthesis of genomic length DNA was 50% inhibited by 0.1 microM AZTTP and 0.1 microM nevirapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Borroto-Esoda
- Division of Virology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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13
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Borroto-Esoda K, Boone LR. Equine infectious anemia virus and human immunodeficiency virus DNA synthesis in vitro: characterization of the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction. J Virol 1991; 65:1952-9. [PMID: 1705993 PMCID: PMC240025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.1952-1959.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has been studied, and conditions allowing synthesis of full-length minus-strand DNA have been determined. In contrast to results reported for other retroviruses, synthesis of EIAV full-length minus-strand DNA was not impaired by high concentrations of Nonidet P-40, a nonionic detergent used to make the virion envelope permeable. All components of the reaction were titrated for maximum synthesis of complete minus strands, and a time course under the standardized conditions was determined. Minor subgenomic bands were observed in some cases, and both the size and proportion varied with reaction conditions. Conditions established for full-length EIAV DNA synthesis also allowed full-genome-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA synthesis. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA product contained a greater proportion of reverse transcripts that were shorter than the complete virus genome. Also in contrast to EIAV, the endogenous synthesis of high-molecular-weight human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA was drastically reduced at Nonidet P-40 concentrations above 0.02%. These results indicated that a detergent-stable core is not a property shared by all lentiviruses. The EIAV virion synthetic machinery is unusually stable and provides a convenient system for further in vitro study of reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Borroto-Esoda
- Division of Virology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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14
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Heitman CK, Innes CL, Jetten AM, Boone LR. Analysis of Fv-1 restriction in two murine embryonal carcinoma cell lines and a series of differentiated derivatives. J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 3):609-16. [PMID: 1848595 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used antibiotic-resistant retrovirus vectors rescued by Fv-1-sensitive murine leukaemia viruses (MuLV) to examine the Fv-1 phenotype of two undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines derived from teratocarcinomas of mouse strain 129. In addition, a set of EC cell-derived differentiated cell lines was analysed. Restriction of both B-tropic and endogenous N-tropic virus is characteristic of the Nr-type restriction reported in mouse strain 129. However, results indicate that Fv-1 restriction is not expressed in the PCC4.aza1R EC cell line. In contrast, the F9 EC cell line showed a strong restriction of the B-tropic pseudotyped vector but failed to restrict endogenous N-tropic pseudotypes. The Fv-1 gene thus seems to be differentially expressed in two EC cell lines derived from the same mouse strain. Furthermore, the selective restriction of B-tropic but not endogenous N-tropic MuLV in F9 cells suggests that these activities function independently of each other. Analysis of PCC4.aza1R-derived differentiated cell lines revealed that three fibroblast cell lines derived by retinoic acid-induced differentiation were also phenotypically silent for Fv-1. However, a pre-adipocyte line established following simultaneous exposure to retinoic acid and 5-azacytidine showed strong restriction of both B-tropic and endogenous N-tropic MuLV. Although additional data suggest that there is no correlation between the differentiated pre-adipocyte phenotype and Fv-1 expression, our results nonetheless show that Nr restriction can be observed in some derivatives of PCC4.aza1R cells, presumably by activating expression of the Fv-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Heitman
- Cellular and Genetic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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15
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Abstract
The Fv-1b-mediated restriction of N-tropic retrovirus vector infection of BALB/3T3 cells was partially abrogated by prior infection with N-tropic murine leukemia virus. Likewise, abrogation of the Fv-1b restriction of N-tropic murine leukemia virus replication was accomplished by prior infection with genome-deficient virions produced by an N-tropic murine leukemia virus packaging cell line. The latter observation suggests that the Fv-1 target in genome-deficient virions abrogates Fv-1 restriction in the absence of any viral genome-directed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Boone
- Cellular and Genetic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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16
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Innes CL, Smith PB, Langenbach R, Tindall KR, Boone LR. Cationic liposomes (Lipofectin) mediate retroviral infection in the absence of specific receptors. J Virol 1990; 64:957-61. [PMID: 2153257 PMCID: PMC249198 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.957-961.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used cationic liposomes (Lipofectin) to facilitate retrovirus infection of cells lacking the homologous viral receptor. Ecotropic murine leukemia virus and packaged retroviral vectors were shown to infect mink cells, and amphotropic packaged retroviral vectors were shown to infect hamster cells in the presence of Lipofectin but not in the presence of Polybrene. Lipofectin-mediated infection of cells lacking the homologous receptor results in a titer approximately 0.1% of the titer in cells with the homologous receptor, using the standard Polybrene protocol. The use of Lipofectin may provide a simple means to experimentally infect a wide variety of cells with viruses not normally infectious for the species, tissue, or cell type of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Innes
- Cellular and Genetic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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17
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Boone LR, Innes CL, Glover PL, Linney E. Development and characterization of an Fv-1-sensitive retrovirus-packaging system: single-hit titration kinetics observed in restrictive cells. J Virol 1989; 63:2592-7. [PMID: 2542573 PMCID: PMC250735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.6.2592-2597.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have constructed an RNA-packaging-deficient mutant of N-tropic murine leukemia virus WN1802N by removal of 330 nucleotides located between the upstream long terminal repeat and the start of the gag gene region. Transfection into mink CCL64 cells produced a cell line capable of packaging retrovirus vectors into ecotropic, Fv-1 N-tropic virions. Using retrovirus vectors that confer resistance to the antibiotic G418, we demonstrated that the magnitude of restriction in BALB/3T3 and SIM.R cells (both Fv-1b/b) and in RFM/3T3 cells (Fv-1nr/nr) is approximately 100-fold compared with that in AKR or NIH 3T3 cells (both Fv-1n/n). Furthermore, titration kinetics were single hit in restrictive cells. Colonies of antibiotic-resistant cells recovered after infection of genotypically restrictive cultures were phenotypically restrictive when reinfected, ruling out selection of stably nonrestrictive subpopulations. These results suggest that the ability to infect some fraction of cells in a genotypically restrictive culture does not require specific abrogation and that multihit kinetics may not be an essential feature of Fv-1 restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Boone
- Cellular and Genetic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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18
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Abstract
Characteristic long terminal repeats (LTR) of approximately 700 and 750 bp were found, respectively, in the two classes (polytropic and modified polytropic) of murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-related nonecotropic nonxenotropic proviral sequences in eight individual molecular clones of RFM/Un mouse chromosomal DNA fragments. Three proviral clones, two polytropic and one modified polytropic, contained sequence deletions in the viral structural genes. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that 7-bp direct repeats occur at both ends of deleted sequences in intact structures and one of the repeats remains in genomes with the deletion. Specifically, the deleted sequences were a 1487-bp gag-pol sequence with ACTGCCC repeat, a 113-bp mid-pol sequence with CAGGCAA repeat, and a 1811-bp env sequence with GGTCCAG repeat. The same specific sequence deletions were found in both classes of MuLV-related proviral structures. Examination of chromosomal DNA from eight inbred laboratory mouse strains and six wild mouse species showed that a minor population of proviruses with these specific deletions were present in Mus musculus and Mus spretus, all of which contain prominent 700-bp LTR polytropic proviral structures. The 750-bp LTR modified polytropic proviral structures were phylogenetically more restricted, being equally predominant in Mus musculus domesticus mice, but minor to undetectable in Mus spretus subspecies, and absent in other wild mouse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Ch'ang
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-8077
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19
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Jetten AM, George MA, Nervi C, Boone LR, Rearick JI. Increased cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol sulfotransferase activity in relation to the multi-step process of differentiation in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:203-9. [PMID: 2465352 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study the synthesis of cholesterol sulfate is examined in relation to the process of squamous differentiation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) in culture. During the exponential growth phase, NHEK cells exhibit a relatively high colony-forming efficiency and appear undifferentiated on the basis of their morphology and expression of biochemical characteristics. At confluence, the cells undergo terminal differentiation that is characterized by the commitment to terminal cell division (reduction in colony-forming ability) and expression of the differentiated phenotype. An accumulation of cholesterol sulfate accompanies this program of differentiation. This accumulation of cholesterol sulfate parallels the increase in transglutaminase type I activity and the competence to form cross-linked envelopes, whereas it precedes the "spontaneous" formation of cross-linked envelopes. Increased cholesterol sulfotransferase activity appears to account for the increase in cholesterol sulfate. The cholesterol sulfate accumulation, as well as the increase in cholesterol sulfotransferase and transglutaminase activity, are inhibited by retinoids. However, the presence of retinoids does not prevent NHEK cells from undergoing terminal cell division at confluence. Two NHEK cell lines expressing SV40-large T antigen also undergo terminal differentiation at confluence and start to accumulate cholesterol sulfate. Two other, differentiation-defective cell lines do not exhibit an increase in cholesterol sulfate at confluence. These results show that epidermal keratinocytes in culture, like cells in the epidermis, accumulate cholesterol sulfate when undergoing squamous differentiation. This program appears to consist of a retinoid-insensitive step (commitment to terminal cell division) and a retinoid-sensitive step (expression of the squamous differentiated phenotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jetten
- Cell Biology Group, Laboratory of Pulmonary Pathobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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20
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Boone LR, Glover PL, Innes CL, Niver LA, Bondurant MC, Yang WK. Fv-1 N- and B-tropism-specific sequences in murine leukemia virus and related endogenous proviral genomes. J Virol 1988; 62:2644-50. [PMID: 2839691 PMCID: PMC253695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2644-2650.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide probes specific for the Fv-1 N- and B-tropic host range determinants of the gag p30-coding sequence were used to analyze DNA clones of various murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and endogenous MuLV-related proviral genomes and chromosomal DNA from four mouse strains. The group of DNA clones consisted of ecotropic MuLVs of known Fv-1 host range, somatically acquired ecotropic MuLV proviruses, xenotropic MuLV isolates, and endogenous nonecotropic MuLV-related proviral sequences from mouse chromosomal DNA. As expected, the prototype N-tropism determinant is carried by N-tropic viruses of several different origins. All seven endogenous nonecotropic MuLV-related proviral sequence clones derived from RFM/Un mouse chromosomal DNA, although not recognized by the N probe, showed positive hybridization with the prototype B-tropism-specific probe. The two xenotropic MuLV clones derived from infectious virus (one of BALB:virus-2 and one of AKR xenotropic virus) failed to hybridize with the N- and B-tropic oligonucleotide probes tested and with one probe specific for NB-tropic Moloney MuLV. One of two endogenous xenotropic class proviruses derived from HRS/J mouse chromosomal DNA (J. P. Stoye and J. M. Coffin, J. Virol. 61:2659-2669, 1987) also failed to hybridize to the N- and B-tropic probes, whereas the other hybridized to the B-tropic probe. In addition, analysis of mouse chromosomal DNA from four strains indicates that hybridization with the N-tropic probe correlates with the presence or absence of endogenous ecotropic MuLV provirus, whereas the B-tropic probe detects abundant copies of endogenous nonecotropic MuLV-related proviral sequences. These results suggest that the B-tropism determinant in B-tropic ecotropic MuLV may arise from recombination between N-tropic ecotropic MuLV and members of the abundant endogenous nonecotropic MuLV-related classes including a subset of endogenous xenotropic proviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Boone
- Cellular and Genetic Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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21
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Kuemmerle NB, Ch'ang LY, Koh CK, Boone LR, Yang WK. Characterization of two solitary long terminal repeats of murine leukemia virus type that are conserved in the chromosome of laboratory inbred mouse strains. Virology 1987; 160:379-88. [PMID: 2821681 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty molecular clones containing sequences homologous to the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) of the RFM/Un mouse were isolated from a library of RFM/Un mouse spleen DNA in phage lambda. Three of these LTRs were not associated with any viral structural genes. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that they were solitary LTRs which were flanked by 4-bp directly repeated cellular sequences and which lacked primer binding sites. Two of the three subclones were found to be identical except for their orientations in the vector pBR322. Unique-sequence regions on either side of the two nonidentical elements were used to characterize their integration sites in genomic DNA. The solitary LTRs and their flanking regions were found to be conserved in a number of inbred mouse strains, including three strains known not to harbor endogenous ecotropic MuLV-type proviruses. Comparison of cleavage by the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme SmaI and methylation-insensitive KpnI at the characteristic LTR SmaI/KpnI site suggested that at least one of these solitary LTRs is methylated to a lesser extent than are most endogenous proviral LTRs. These particular solitary LTRs, like endogenous proviral sequences, appear to be stably transmitted genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kuemmerle
- University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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22
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Stowers SJ, Glover PL, Reynolds SH, Boone LR, Maronpot RR, Anderson MW. Activation of the K-ras protooncogene in lung tumors from rats and mice chronically exposed to tetranitromethane. Cancer Res 1987; 47:3212-9. [PMID: 3581065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dominant transforming genes were detected in lung tumors from Fischer 344 rats and C57BL/6 X C3H F1 mice chronically exposed by inhalation to tetranitromethane, a highly volatile compound used in several industrial processes. The rat lung neoplasms were classified as adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas (epidermoid carcinomas), or adenosquamous carcinomas. The mouse lung tumors were classified as papillary adenocarcinomas or adenomas. In both species, the tumors were morphologically similar to lung tumors in humans. The transfection assay using NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts detected transforming genes in 74% (14 of 19) of the rat lung tumors and in 100% (4 of 4) of the mouse lung tumors. Southern blot analysis indicated that transforming gene was an activated K-ras protooncogene in both species. The first exon of the K-ras gene in normal DNA and in DNA from two cell lines transformed by tumor DNA was compared by cloning and sequencing the gene. Experiments showed that there was a GC----AT transition in the second base of the 12th codon of the K-ras oncogene in the two transfectant DNAs. Oligonucleotide hybridization indicated that all of the rat and mouse transfectants had this activating lesion. Additional tumor DNA was then tested for the presence of a mutated allele with the GC----AT transition. All of the rat tumors tested and all of the mouse tumors tested had this mutation present. Hybridization using the normal oligonucleotide sequence around the 12th codon indicated that the normal allele was also present in the majority of the tumors, suggesting that the loss of normal allele is not necessary for the development of neoplasia. One rat lung tumor had no normal allele present, possibly suggesting that this tumor could have been in a more advanced stage than the other tumors. This is the first study to detect activated protooncogenes in rodent tumors induced under conditions which mimic human exposure to a chemical in the workplace. Tetranitromethane may exert its carcinogenic action by both activation of the K-ras oncogene and stimulation of cell proliferation by its irritant properties.
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Nikbakht KN, Boone LR, Glover PL, Myer FE, Yang WK. Characterization of a molecular clone of RFM/Un mouse chromosomal DNA that contains a full-length endogenous murine leukaemia virus-related proviral genome. J Gen Virol 1987; 68 ( Pt 3):683-93. [PMID: 3029298 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-3-683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12.4 kbp HindIII chromosomal DNA fragment harbouring an apparently intact 9.2 kbp endogenous murine leukaemia virus (MuLV)-related proviral genome was isolated from an RFM/Un strain mouse by molecular cloning and designated pRFM #6. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the following characteristic features in the pRFM #6 provirus: a distinct 200 bp sequence in the long terminal repeat (LTR) mid-U3 region, a primer binding site for glutamine tRNA, a 3' pol region encoding an 'endonuclease' protein of 390 amino acids, and the mink cell focus-forming virus type-specific sequence at the 5' portion of the env gene. The 699 bp 5' LTR and 700 bp 3' LTR of pRFM #6 provirus were identical except for three base changes in the U3 'enhancer' region. At the cell-provirus DNA junction, 4 bp direct repeats were present. The proviral genome was found at the same chromosomal DNA site in BALB/c, AKR, C3H, CBA and RFM strain mice, but not in NFS/N or C57BL/6 strain mice.
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Boone LR, Boone GS, Innes CL, Yang WK, Tennant RW. Hematopoietic neoplasias of the RFM/Un mouse contain somatic re-integration of the restriction endogenous ecotropic provirus. Carcinogenesis 1986; 7:529-34. [PMID: 3009044 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/7.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the spleen DNA of individual mice of the RFM/Un strain for evidence of re-integration of the endogenous ecotropic provirus in radiation-induced and spontaneous neoplasms. The ecotropic env specific probe detects only a single 19 kb EcoRI or a single 7.0 kb HindIII fragment in all DNA preparations from normal tissues of RFM mice, corresponding to the endogenous provirus. Additional DNA restriction fragments containing the ecotropic virus (eco) specific sequence, corresponding to somatically acquired provirus, are detected in two out of five spleen DNA samples from animals with myeloid leukemia and one of three with thymic lymphoma. In addition somatically acquired eco-specific fragments are also detected in greater than 85% of DNA samples from reticulum cell sarcomas, a late occurring spontaneous hematopoietic neoplasm in this mouse strain. These results are consistent with a 'promoter/enhancer insertion' model of leukemogenesis involving the endogenous ecotropic provirus and are of particular interest since the RFM/Un mouse possesses a locus that restricts exogenous infection of cells by the endogenous virus.
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Ou CY, Boone LR, Koh CK, Tennant RW, Yang WK. Nucleotide sequences of gag-pol regions that determine the Fv-1 host range property of BALB/c N-tropic and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 1983; 48:779-84. [PMID: 6313971 PMCID: PMC255411 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.48.3.779-784.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, in vitro recombinant DNA studies demonstrated that genetic determinants of N-tropism and B-tropism, or Fv-1-related host range properties of murine leukemia viruses, were located in a BamHI-HindIII DNA segment derived from the 5' portion of the cloned viral genome. We sequenced this segment and its immediate 5' region from cloned DNA of two BALB/c mouse C-type viruses (WN1802N and WN1802B) and found base differences at 12 positions out of the otherwise identical 1,390-base-pair sequences. Analysis of the most likely reading frame showed that 6 of the 12 base differences would result in four encoded amino acid changes, three of which occur at positions 109 (glutamine in WN1802N versus threonine in WN1802B), 110 (arginine in WN1802N versus glutamic acid in WN1802B), and 159 (glutamic acid in WN1802N versus glycine in WN1802B) of the p30 protein. The remaining one is located at position 36 (threonine in WN1802N versus isoleucine in WN1802B) of the viral polymerase protein. Significant conformational alteration of the p30 protein could be predicted from these amino acid changes.
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26
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Boone LR, Myer FE, Yang DM, Ou CY, Koh CK, Roberson LE, Tennant RW, Yang WK. Reversal of Fv-1 host range by in vitro restriction endonuclease fragment exchange between molecular clones of N-tropic and B-tropic murine leukemia virus genomes. J Virol 1983; 48:110-9. [PMID: 6310140 PMCID: PMC255327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.48.1.110-119.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We molecularly cloned unintegrated viral DNA of the BALB/c endogenous N-tropic and B-tropic murine leukemia retroviruses and in vitro passaged N-tropic Gross (passage A) murine leukemia retroviruses. Recombinant genomes were constructed in vitro by exchanging homologous restriction enzyme fragments from N- or B-tropic parents and subsequent recloning. Infectious virus was recovered after transfection of these recombinant genomes into NIH-3T3 cells and cocultivation with the Fv-1 nonrestrictive SC-1 cells. XC plaque assays of recombinant virus progeny on Fv-ln and Fv-lb cells indicated that the Fv-l host range was determined by sequences located between the BamHI site in the p30 region of the gag gene (1.6 kilobase pairs from the left end of the map) and the HindIII site located in the pol gene (2.9 kilobase pairs from the left end of the map).
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27
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Ou CY, Boone LR, Yang WK. A novel sequence segment and other nucleotide structural features in the long terminal repeat of a BALB/c mouse genomic leukemia virus-related DNA clone. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:5603-20. [PMID: 6310506 PMCID: PMC326300 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.16.5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant DNA clone, named AL10, that contains murine leukemia virus (MuLV) related sequences was isolated from BALB/c mouse chromosomal DNA and examined in detail. Restriction endonuclease mapping revealed that the 10.5 kbp EcoRI insert consists of a 3.6 kbp left flanking cellular DNA region and a 6.9 kbp MuLV-related region that has a typical proviral LTR-gag-pol-env structure up to the EcoRI site in the env gene region. Comparison of the AL10 map with ecotropic and xenotropic virus isolates revealed many common restriction sites in the LTR and pol gene regions, but much fewer in the leader and gag regions. A stretch of 1,700 nucleotides containing the cellprovirus junctional region was sequenced and revealed transcriptional consensus signals and other structural features characteristic of MuLV LTRs, as well as two distinctive features: (a) a sequence of approximately 170 bp with direct and inverted terminal repeats not seen in infectious MuLV LTRs was identified in the U3 region between the "enhancer" region and the "CAT" box. This novel segment or its homologous sequences appear to be present in most of the endogenous MuLV-related LTRs and in other chromosomal locations of the mouse (b) The tRNA primer binding site is not complementary to proline tRNA, the primer for all known MuLVs, but is a 17/18 match with rat glutamine tRNA. The integration site of AL10 provirus was in a unique DNA region but contained an "Alu"-like short interdispersed repeat in the 5' adjacent cellular region. The AL10 proviral integration found in BALB/c was also apparent in RFM, AKR and SENCAR mouse cells but not in cells of NFS/N, C3H, HRS/J, SC-1, and a California Lake Casitas wild mouse.
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Liou RS, Boone LR, Kiggans JO, Yang DM, Wang TW, Tennant RW, Yang WK. Molecular cloning and analysis of the endogenous retrovirus chemically induced from RFM/Un mouse cell cultures. J Virol 1983; 46:288-92. [PMID: 6827652 PMCID: PMC255120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.46.1.288-292.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We molecularly cloned and analyzed an N-tropic ecotropic retrovirus induced with iododeoxyuridine from RFM/Un mouse cell cultures. Based on the restriction map, the RFM/Un virus appears to be indistinguishable from other induced N-tropic retroviruses. A nucleotide sequence analysis of the long terminal repeat of an infectious clone revealed structural features characteristic of murine type C retrovirus long terminal repeats. The U3 region of the RFM/Un virus long terminal repeat, however, contained no short sequence duplication or insertion found in other murine leukemia virus isolates.
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Yang WK, Boone LR, Tennant RW, Brown A. Restriction of murine leukemia viruses by Fv-1: a model for studying host genetic control of retroviral gene movement and leukemogenesis. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1983; 29:175-92. [PMID: 6320285 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tennant RW, Boone LR, Lalley PA, Yang WK. Endogenous retrovirus and radiation-induced leukemia in the RFM mouse. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1983; 29:75-86. [PMID: 6320294 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Boone LR, Myer FE, Yang DM, Kiggans JO, Koh C, Tennant RW, Yang WK. Analysis of recombinant DNA clones of the endogenous BALB/c murine leukemia virus WN1802N: variation in long terminal repeat length. J Virol 1983; 45:484-8. [PMID: 6296458 PMCID: PMC256436 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.484-488.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed 15 recombinant DNA clones of the unintegrated closed circular DNA intermediate of the BALB/c endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus WN1802N. Thirteen of these clones had an insert which corresponded to the complete murine leukemia virus genome. Of these, six contained a single long terminal repeat (LTR) and seven contained two LTRs. The viral genomes in nine clones had an LTR of 520 base pairs (bp), one had an LTR of 570 bp, three had an LTR of 600 bp, and one had an LTR of 670 bp. Restriction endonuclease analysis demonstrated that the size variability resides in the U3 region. Seven of eight clones which yielded infectious virus by DNA transfection had the 520-bp LTR, and the other had a 600-bp LTR. More detailed examination of plasmid subclones of three isolates with different-sized LTRs revealed that the approximate position which varies in the U3 region corresponds to the 72-bp repeat region of Moloney sarcoma virus. Possible consequences of these variations are discussed.
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Boone LR, Myer FE, Yang DM, Kiggans JO, Koh C, Tennant RW, Yang WK. Variation of long-terminal-repeat size in molecular clones of the BALB/c endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1983; 29:205-13. [PMID: 6320287 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
DNA products synthesized in avian retroviral particles permeabilized with melittin have been analyzed in an electron microscope. These studies have provided further insight and subsequent refinement in the melittin activation techniques. Our electron microscope analyses verify the existence of the plus-strand single-stranded DNA branches, presumed to originate by strand-displacement synthesis (L. R. Boone and A. M. Skalka, J. Virol. 37:117-126, 1981). The branches occur at many locations along the DNA molecules and are observed at very early times, even before the minus-strand copies of the RNA genome are completed. Circular forms of different derivations are observed at early and at late times, which are possible intermediates in viral replication. Novel forms termed H structures are also described. In addition to the identification of possible intermediates, these analyses have provided further information on the sequence of events in retroviral reverse transcription. These new data are combined with previous results to generate a model of reverse transcription which incorporates strand-displacement synthesis as an essential feature.
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Abstract
The avian retroviruses are unique among known RNA and DNA viruses in their extremely high frequencies of genetic recombination. We propose that these high frequencies can be explained by the facts that the closely associated RNA genomes of this diploid virus can be reverse-transcribed concurrently and that strand displacement is a fundamental property of the reverse transcription reaction. We have elaborated a specific model to describe this process that was suggested by the properties of novel structures observed with high frequency in the electron microscope: DNA duplexes in dimer arrangement that are linked at homologous regions by single-stranded DNA bridges. These structures are presumed to be intermediates of recombination, trapped because their generation in vitro prevents the subsequent resolution steps that would normally take place via the cellular apparatus during infection. The model generates several hypotheses whose exploration should help to test its accuracy.
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Boone LR. The black executive: a challenge for psychiatry. J Natl Med Assoc 1982; 74:245-9. [PMID: 7120460 PMCID: PMC2552858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The task of developing a body of knowledge about specific problems, both intrapsychic and psychosocial, which influence a black executive's maturation, must be initiated. There is currently a definite interest, among black executives, in obtaining access to appropriate psychotherapeutic intervention. A psychobiographical approach facilitates development of a construct for analysis of, and insight into, transference phenomena that translate into organization based behavioral responses to the black executive. Analysis of frequently encountered organizational ethos and also stimulus-response mechanisms in the black executive lead to formulation of viable conclusions for resolution of conflict. Modes of recognition of specific conflict with authority in the black executive psychotherapy patient include examination of (1) defense mechanisms frequently encountered in response to authority conflicts, (2) stated intentions of the patient in relation to career development, and (3) the affective stance of the patient. Psychobiographical issues very often have a direct developmental influence on black familial conceptualizations of authority. Childrearing practices and parentally based ego ideals and other aspects of development are linked to analogues in adult human behavior frequently observed among black executives. Suggestions for therapeutic directions involve affective and thematic strategies, all contingent upon a productive, informed, therapeutic effort. The therapeutic relationship is a most important element in the treatment strategy with the black executive.
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Boone LR, Skalka AM. Viral DNA synthesized in vitro by avian retrovirus particles permeabilized with melittin. II. Evidence for a strand displacement mechanism in plus-strand synthesis. J Virol 1981; 37:117-26. [PMID: 6260967 PMCID: PMC170988 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.117-126.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyses of the native DNA product of mellitin-activated avian retrovirus reverse transcription have revealed a unique structure. The vast majority of the molecules were linear, either 7.7 (genome) or 8.0 (extended genome) kilobases in length, and contained single-stranded DNA branches distributed throughout. These conclusions are based on electrophoretic properties of intact and restriction endonuclease-treated molecules before and after treatment with single-strand-specific nuclease S1. Preliminary data from linear viral DNA extracted from infected cells suggest that these molecules have a similar structure. The findings summarized in this report and those in the preceding paper indicated that the single-stranded branches are of positive polarity and are generated by a strand displacement mechanism. The existence of these branches suggests a role for strand displacement in replication and recombination.
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Boone LR, Skalka AM. Viral DNA synthesized in vitro by avian retrovirus particles permeabilized with melittin. I. Kinetics of synthesis and size of minus- and plus-strand transcripts. J Virol 1981; 37:109-16. [PMID: 6260966 PMCID: PMC170987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.109-116.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the kinetics of synthesis of minus [(-)]- and plus [(+)]-strand viral DNA in melittin-permeabilized avian retrovirus particles. The reaction was biphasic. There was a very rapid initial rate, followed, after approximately 1 h, by a lower rate. Many discrete bands of subgenomic-length (-) strands were produced after 10 and 20 min of synthesis; genome-length (7.7-kilobase [kb]) (-) strands were detected within 30 min. Extension to an 8.0-kb (-)-strand species was evident by 60 min. This extension was inhibited by actinomycin D. Synthesis of (+) strands (which is also inhibited by actinomycin D) began early, before any (-) strands were completed, and continued for more than 4 h beyond the time when synthesis of full-length DNA had terminated. Two distinct species of (+)-strand DNA, 0.27 and 0.35 kb, could be observed at the earliest times. Their presence was quickly obscured by subsequent formation of (+)-strand molecules of molecular length between 0.2 and 2.0 kb.
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Boone LR, Skalka A. Two species of full-length cDNA are synthesized in high yield by melittin-treated avian retrovirus particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:847-51. [PMID: 6153806 PMCID: PMC348378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A method of activating endogenous cDNA synthesis in avian retroviruses that results in the formation of two species of full-length cDNA in high yield is described. Tests of biological activity show infectivity of at least the same order of magnitude as for full-length cDNA made by other procedures. Melittin, the major component of bee venom, is used as an alternative to nonionic detergents to make the viral envelope permeable and thus activate the endogenous RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. This compound is a toxic peptide known to interact with phospholipid membranes. It appears to be less disruptive to the viral structure than detergents, resulting in a more efficient transcription of the viral genome. Preliminary tests indicate that this method will also prove useful for studying enzymatic activities associated with other enveloped viruses.
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Abstract
We have selected two similar variants of Sindbis HR virus which are lethal for mice. Consecutive brain to brain passage series were conducted in suckling and weanling mice. Specific anti-Sindbis HR neutralization tests and protection tests demonstrate that these viruses are derived from the parent Sindbis HR.
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