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Franco-Barranco D, Lin Z, Jang WD, Wang X, Shen Q, Yin W, Fan Y, Li M, Chen C, Xiong Z, Xin R, Liu H, Chen H, Li Z, Zhao J, Chen X, Pape C, Conrad R, Nightingale L, de Folter J, Jones ML, Liu Y, Ziaei D, Huschauer S, Arganda-Carreras I, Pfister H, Wei D. Current Progress and Challenges in Large-Scale 3D Mitochondria Instance Segmentation. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2023; 42:3956-3971. [PMID: 37768797 PMCID: PMC10753957 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3320497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of the MitoEM challenge on mitochondria 3D instance segmentation from electron microscopy images, organized in conjunction with the IEEE-ISBI 2021 conference. Our benchmark dataset consists of two large-scale 3D volumes, one from human and one from rat cortex tissue, which are 1,986 times larger than previously used datasets. At the time of paper submission, 257 participants had registered for the challenge, 14 teams had submitted their results, and six teams participated in the challenge workshop. Here, we present eight top-performing approaches from the challenge participants, along with our own baseline strategies. Posterior to the challenge, annotation errors in the ground truth were corrected without altering the final ranking. Additionally, we present a retrospective evaluation of the scoring system which revealed that: 1) challenge metric was permissive with the false positive predictions; and 2) size-based grouping of instances did not correctly categorize mitochondria of interest. Thus, we propose a new scoring system that better reflects the correctness of the segmentation results. Although several of the top methods are compared favorably to our own baselines, substantial errors remain unsolved for mitochondria with challenging morphologies. Thus, the challenge remains open for submission and automatic evaluation, with all volumes available for download.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franco-Barranco
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain, and also with the Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zudi Lin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134 USA
| | - Won-Dong Jang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134 USA
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Qijia Shen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, U.K
| | - Wenjie Yin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Yutian Fan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Mingxing Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science (EEIS), University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science (EEIS), University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiong
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science (EEIS), University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Rui Xin
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huai Chen
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhili Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Constantin Pape
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. He is now with the Institute for Computer Science, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ryan Conrad
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA, and also with the Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | | | | | | | - Yanling Liu
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | - Dorsa Ziaei
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701 USA
| | | | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain, also with the Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain, also with the IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain, and also with the Biofisika Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Hanspeter Pfister
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Harvard University, Allston, MA 02134 USA
| | - Donglai Wei
- Computer Science Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA
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2
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Sivagurunathan S, Marcotti S, Nelson CJ, Jones ML, Barry DJ, Slater TJA, Eliceiri KW, Cimini BA. Bridging imaging users to imaging analysis - A community survey. J Microsc 2023:10.1111/jmi.13229. [PMID: 37727897 PMCID: PMC10950841 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The 'Bridging Imaging Users to Imaging Analysis' survey was conducted in 2022 by the Center for Open Bioimage Analysis (COBA), BioImaging North America (BINA) and the Royal Microscopical Society Data Analysis in Imaging Section (RMS DAIM) to understand the needs of the imaging community. Through multichoice and open-ended questions, the survey inquired about demographics, image analysis experiences, future needs and suggestions on the role of tool developers and users. Participants of the survey were from diverse roles and domains of the life and physical sciences. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to survey cross-community to bridge knowledge gaps between physical and life sciences imaging. Survey results indicate that respondents' overarching needs are documentation, detailed tutorials on the usage of image analysis tools, user-friendly intuitive software, and better solutions for segmentation, ideally in a format tailored to their specific use cases. The tool creators suggested the users familiarise themselves with the fundamentals of image analysis, provide constant feedback and report the issues faced during image analysis while the users would like more documentation and an emphasis on tool friendliness. Regardless of the computational experience, there is a strong preference for 'written tutorials' to acquire knowledge on image analysis. We also observed that the interest in having 'office hours' to get an expert opinion on their image analysis methods has increased over the years. The results also showed less-than-expected usage of online discussion forums in the imaging community for solving image analysis problems. Surprisingly, we also observed a decreased interest among the survey respondents in deep/machine learning despite the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence in biology. In addition, the community suggests the need for a common repository for the available image analysis tools and their applications. The opinions and suggestions of the community, released here in full, will help the image analysis tool creation and education communities to design and deliver the resources accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beth A Cimini
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Smith P, King ONF, Pennington A, Tun W, Basham M, Jones ML, Collinson LM, Darrow MC, Spiers H. Online citizen science with the Zooniverse for analysis of biological volumetric data. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:253-276. [PMID: 37284846 PMCID: PMC10245346 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Public participation in research, also known as citizen science, is being increasingly adopted for the analysis of biological volumetric data. Researchers working in this domain are applying online citizen science as a scalable distributed data analysis approach, with recent research demonstrating that non-experts can productively contribute to tasks such as the segmentation of organelles in volume electron microscopy data. This, alongside the growing challenge to rapidly process the large amounts of biological volumetric data now routinely produced, means there is increasing interest within the research community to apply online citizen science for the analysis of data in this context. Here, we synthesise core methodological principles and practices for applying citizen science for analysis of biological volumetric data. We collate and share the knowledge and experience of multiple research teams who have applied online citizen science for the analysis of volumetric biological data using the Zooniverse platform ( www.zooniverse.org ). We hope this provides inspiration and practical guidance regarding how contributor effort via online citizen science may be usefully applied in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Smith
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Oliver N F King
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Avery Pennington
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Win Tun
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Mark Basham
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | | | - Michele C Darrow
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Helen Spiers
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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4
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Sivagurunathan S, Marcotti S, Nelson CJ, Jones ML, Barry DJ, Slater TJA, Eliceiri KW, Cimini BA. Bridging Imaging Users to Imaging Analysis - A community survey. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.05.543701. [PMID: 37333353 PMCID: PMC10274673 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The "Bridging Imaging Users to Imaging Analysis" survey was conducted in 2022 by the Center for Open Bioimage Analysis (COBA), Bioimaging North America (BINA), and the Royal Microscopical Society Data Analysis in Imaging Section (RMS DAIM) to understand the needs of the imaging community. Through multi-choice and open-ended questions, the survey inquired about demographics, image analysis experiences, future needs, and suggestions on the role of tool developers and users. Participants of the survey were from diverse roles and domains of the life and physical sciences. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to survey cross-community to bridge knowledge gaps between physical and life sciences imaging. Survey results indicate that respondents' overarching needs are documentation, detailed tutorials on the usage of image analysis tools, user-friendly intuitive software, and better solutions for segmentation, ideally in a format tailored to their specific use cases. The tool creators suggested the users familiarize themselves with the fundamentals of image analysis, provide constant feedback, and report the issues faced during image analysis while the users would like more documentation and an emphasis on tool friendliness. Regardless of the computational experience, there is a strong preference for 'written tutorials' to acquire knowledge on image analysis. We also observed that the interest in having 'office hours' to get an expert opinion on their image analysis methods has increased over the years. In addition, the community suggests the need for a common repository for the available image analysis tools and their applications. The opinions and suggestions of the community, released here in full, will help the image analysis tool creation and education communities to design and deliver the resources accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beth A Cimini
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Meechan K, Guan W, Riedinger A, Stankova V, Yoshimura A, Pipitone R, Milberger A, Schaar H, Romero-Brey I, Templin R, Peddie CJ, Schieber NL, Jones ML, Collinson L, Schwab Y. Crosshair, semi-automated targeting for electron microscopy with a motorised ultramicrotome. eLife 2022; 11:80899. [PMCID: PMC9665851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume electron microscopy (EM) is a time-consuming process – often requiring weeks or months of continuous acquisition for large samples. In order to compare the ultrastructure of a number of individuals or conditions, acquisition times must therefore be reduced. For resin-embedded samples, one solution is to selectively target smaller regions of interest by trimming with an ultramicrotome. This is a difficult and labour-intensive process, requiring manual positioning of the diamond knife and sample, and much time and training to master. Here, we have developed a semi-automated workflow for targeting with a modified ultramicrotome. We adapted two recent commercial systems to add motors for each rotational axis (and also each translational axis for one system), allowing precise and automated movement. We also developed a user-friendly software to convert X-ray images of resin-embedded samples into angles and cutting depths for the ultramicrotome. This is provided as an open-source Fiji plugin called Crosshair. This workflow is demonstrated by targeting regions of interest in a series of Platynereis dumerilii samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Meechan
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
- Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree Between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences
| | | | - Alfons Riedinger
- Electronic Workshop, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | - Vera Stankova
- Electronic Workshop, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | | | - Rosa Pipitone
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | - Arthur Milberger
- Mechanical Workshop, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | - Helmuth Schaar
- Mechanical Workshop, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | - Inés Romero-Brey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | - Rachel Templin
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | | | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
| | | | | | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
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6
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Gill JG, Hill-Spanik KM, Whittaker KA, Jones ML, Plante C. Sargasso Sea bacterioplankton community structure and drivers of variance as revealed by DNA metabarcoding analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12835. [PMID: 35251777 PMCID: PMC8893026 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes provide the backbone for pelagic ecosystems by cycling and fixing nutrients and establishing the base of food webs. Microbial communities are often assumed to be highly connected and genetically mixed, with localized environmental filters driving minor changes in structure. Our study applied high-throughput Illumina 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing on whole-community bacterial samples to characterize geographic, environmental, and stochastic drivers of community diversity. DNA was extracted from seawater collected from the surface (N = 18) and at depth just below the deep chlorophyll-a maximum (DCM mean depth = 115.4 m; N = 22) in the Sargasso Sea and adjacent oceanographic regions. Discrete bacterioplankton assemblages were observed at varying depths in the North Sargasso Sea, with a signal for distance-decay of bacterioplankton community similarity found only in surface waters. Bacterial communities from different oceanic regions could be distinguished statistically but exhibited a low magnitude of divergence. Redundancy analysis identified temperature as the key environmental variable correlated with community structuring. The effect of dispersal limitation was weak, while variation partitioning and neutral community modeling demonstrated stochastic processes influencing the communities. This study advances understanding of microbial biogeography in the pelagic ocean and highlights the use of high-throughput sequencing methods in studying microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Geoffrey Gill
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Kerry A. Whittaker
- Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA, United States,Maine Maritime Academy, Castine, Maine, United States
| | - Martin L. Jones
- Department of Mathematics, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Craig Plante
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
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7
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Spiers H, Songhurst H, Nightingale L, de Folter J, Hutchings R, Peddie CJ, Weston A, Strange A, Hindmarsh S, Lintott C, Collinson LM, Jones ML. Deep learning for automatic segmentation of the nuclear envelope in electron microscopy data, trained with volunteer segmentations. Traffic 2021; 22:240-253. [PMID: 33914396 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in volume electron microscopy mean it is now possible to generate thousands of serial images at nanometre resolution overnight, yet the gold standard approach for data analysis remains manual segmentation by an expert microscopist, resulting in a critical research bottleneck. Although some machine learning approaches exist in this domain, we remain far from realizing the aspiration of a highly accurate, yet generic, automated analysis approach, with a major obstacle being lack of sufficient high-quality ground-truth data. To address this, we developed a novel citizen science project, Etch a Cell, to enable volunteers to manually segment the nuclear envelope (NE) of HeLa cells imaged with serial blockface scanning electron microscopy. We present our approach for aggregating multiple volunteer annotations to generate a high-quality consensus segmentation and demonstrate that data produced exclusively by volunteers can be used to train a highly accurate machine learning algorithm for automatic segmentation of the NE, which we share here, in addition to our archived benchmark data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Spiers
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harry Songhurst
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Nightingale
- Scientific Computing Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Joost de Folter
- Scientific Computing Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anne Weston
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Amy Strange
- Scientific Computing Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Steve Hindmarsh
- Scientific Computing Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chris Lintott
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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von Chamier L, Laine RF, Jukkala J, Spahn C, Krentzel D, Nehme E, Lerche M, Hernández-Pérez S, Mattila PK, Karinou E, Holden S, Solak AC, Krull A, Buchholz TO, Jones ML, Royer LA, Leterrier C, Shechtman Y, Jug F, Heilemann M, Jacquemet G, Henriques R. Democratising deep learning for microscopy with ZeroCostDL4Mic. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2276. [PMID: 33859193 PMCID: PMC8050272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep Learning (DL) methods are powerful analytical tools for microscopy and can outperform conventional image processing pipelines. Despite the enthusiasm and innovations fuelled by DL technology, the need to access powerful and compatible resources to train DL networks leads to an accessibility barrier that novice users often find difficult to overcome. Here, we present ZeroCostDL4Mic, an entry-level platform simplifying DL access by leveraging the free, cloud-based computational resources of Google Colab. ZeroCostDL4Mic allows researchers with no coding expertise to train and apply key DL networks to perform tasks including segmentation (using U-Net and StarDist), object detection (using YOLOv2), denoising (using CARE and Noise2Void), super-resolution microscopy (using Deep-STORM), and image-to-image translation (using Label-free prediction - fnet, pix2pix and CycleGAN). Importantly, we provide suitable quantitative tools for each network to evaluate model performance, allowing model optimisation. We demonstrate the application of the platform to study multiple biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas von Chamier
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Romain F Laine
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Johanna Jukkala
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Christoph Spahn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Krentzel
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elias Nehme
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Martina Lerche
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Hernández-Pérez
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleni Karinou
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Séamus Holden
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Alexander Krull
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim-Oliver Buchholz
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Yoav Shechtman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Florian Jug
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Fondatione Human Technopole, Milano, Italy
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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9
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Karabağ C, Jones ML, Peddie CJ, Weston AE, Collinson LM, Reyes-Aldasoro CC. Semantic segmentation of HeLa cells: An objective comparison between one traditional algorithm and four deep-learning architectures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230605. [PMID: 33006963 PMCID: PMC7531863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative study of cell morphology is of great importance as the structure and condition of cells and their structures can be related to conditions of health or disease. The first step towards that, is the accurate segmentation of cell structures. In this work, we compare five approaches, one traditional and four deep-learning, for the semantic segmentation of the nuclear envelope of cervical cancer cells commonly known as HeLa cells. Images of a HeLa cancer cell were semantically segmented with one traditional image-processing algorithm and four three deep learning architectures: VGG16, ResNet18, Inception-ResNet-v2, and U-Net. Three hundred slices, each 2000 × 2000 pixels, of a HeLa Cell were acquired with Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy. The first three deep learning architectures were pre-trained with ImageNet and then fine-tuned with transfer learning. The U-Net architecture was trained from scratch with 36, 000 training images and labels of size 128 × 128. The image-processing algorithm followed a pipeline of several traditional steps like edge detection, dilation and morphological operators. The algorithms were compared by measuring pixel-based segmentation accuracy and Jaccard index against a labelled ground truth. The results indicated a superior performance of the traditional algorithm (Accuracy = 99%, Jaccard = 93%) over the deep learning architectures: VGG16 (93%, 90%), ResNet18 (94%, 88%), Inception-ResNet-v2 (94%, 89%), and U-Net (92%, 56%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cefa Karabağ
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L. Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E. Weston
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino Carlos Reyes-Aldasoro
- giCentre, Department of Computer Science, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Karabağ C, Jones ML, Peddie CJ, Weston AE, Collinson LM, Reyes-Aldasoro CC. Segmentation and Modelling of the Nuclear Envelope of HeLa Cells Imaged with Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy. J Imaging 2019; 5:75. [PMID: 34460669 PMCID: PMC8320948 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging5090075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an unsupervised algorithm, which segments the nuclear envelope of HeLa cells imaged by Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy. The algorithm exploits the variations of pixel intensity in different cellular regions by calculating edges, which are then used to generate superpixels. The superpixels are morphologically processed and those that correspond to the nuclear region are selected through the analysis of size, position, and correspondence with regions detected in neighbouring slices. The nuclear envelope is segmented from the nuclear region. The three-dimensional segmented nuclear envelope is then modelled against a spheroid to create a two-dimensional (2D) surface. The 2D surface summarises the complex 3D shape of the nuclear envelope and allows the extraction of metrics that may be relevant to characterise the nature of cells. The algorithm was developed and validated on a single cell and tested in six separate cells, each with 300 slices of 2000 × 2000 pixels. Ground truth was available for two of these cells, i.e., 600 hand-segmented slices. The accuracy of the algorithm was evaluated with two similarity metrics: Jaccard Similarity Index and Mean Hausdorff distance. Jaccard values of the first/second segmentation were 93%/90% for the whole cell, and 98%/94% between slices 75 and 225, as the central slices of the nucleus are more regular than those on the extremes. Mean Hausdorff distances were 9/17 pixels for the whole cells and 4/13 pixels for central slices. One slice was processed in approximately 8 s and a whole cell in 40 min. The algorithm outperformed active contours in both accuracy and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cefa Karabağ
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Martin L. Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (M.L.J.); (C.J.P.); (A.E.W.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Christopher J. Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (M.L.J.); (C.J.P.); (A.E.W.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Anne E. Weston
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (M.L.J.); (C.J.P.); (A.E.W.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (M.L.J.); (C.J.P.); (A.E.W.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Constantino Carlos Reyes-Aldasoro
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK
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Saunus JM, Lim M, Puttick S, Kalita-de Croft P, Houston ZH, Jones ML, Latter MJ, Campbell LC, Thomas P, Jeffree RL, Rose SE, Mahler SM, Thurecht KJ, Scott AM, Lakhani SR. Abstract P1-19-02: Innovation in diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases using multifunctional nanomedicines. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p1-19-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Systemic therapies have limited efficacy against brain metastases, largely because passive delivery of naked compounds via the bloodstream does not achieve sufficiently high or evenly dispersed intratumoural concentrations. Heterogeneous tissue architecture, abnormal perfusion, hypoxic zones and high interstitial fluid pressure are key factors limiting drug delivery, compounded by patchy blood-tumour-barrier permeability. Also, brain metastases are usually detected late, once patients become symptomatic. We are investigating whether engineered biopharmaceuticals might improve diagnostic sensitivity for earlier detection, as well as therapeutic efficacy and side-effect profiles of existing agents through active tumour targeting, delayed clearance and microenvironment-mediated activation. This study is proceeding with parallel preclinical and clinical tracks.
Preclinical aims: (1) Develop and characterise monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments (scFvs) that target the brain metastasis markers HER2 and HER3; (2) Functionalise polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nanocarriers with the scFvs, along with imaging agents to facilitate in vivoand ex vivoanalysis of tissue distribution; (3) Functionalise HER2/3-targeted carriers with doxorubicin via an acid-labile hydrazone bond for release in hypoxic environments, or the endosome compartment after internalization. Results to date. His-tagged HER2- and HER3-targeted scFvs based on ligand-binding sequences of clinically-approved mAbs were expressed and purified from Expi293 suspension cultures. Binding affinities are an order of magnitude stronger than parent mAbs (KD 2-8x10E-11M), determined using surface plasmon resonance analysis. The scFvs are cytostatic and moderately cytotoxic in vitro, with IC50s in order of 0.4-1.0μM. HER2 and HER3 scFvs exhibited dose-dependent, additive growth inhibition when used in combination, and induced internalisation of their receptor ligands within 4 hours in SKBr3 cells. Conclusions.The scFvs are strong carrier-tethering candidates in terms of both extracellular and intracellular payload release. Carrier synthesis is currently underway and preliminary in vivo data will be presented.
Clinical aims: (1) Develop and characterise 89Zirconium-labelled HER2-targeted PET tracers based on parent mAb and scFv; (2) Compare uptake and retention of the tracers in breast cancer patients with brain metastases; (3) Computationally relate tumour uptake to the administered dose, perfusion, tumour size and HER2 expression; (4) Determine the uptake range within and between patients, and the minimum size for reliable detection. Results to date. The mAb tracer has been synthesised, characterised and labelling processes scaled for clinical production. It is stable in physiologic conditions, retains HER2-binding activity and has a favourable biodistribution profile in NOD-SCID mice bearing BT474 xenografts. Conclusions. Australian regulatory approvals are in place and recruitment for the mAb imaging trial ("BoNSAI") has begun. Preliminary data will be presented.
Citation Format: Saunus JM, Lim M, Puttick S, Kalita-de Croft P, Houston ZH, Jones ML, Latter MJ, Campbell LC, Thomas P, Jeffree RL, Rose SE, Mahler SM, Thurecht KJ, Scott AM, Lakhani SR. Innovation in diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases using multifunctional nanomedicines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-19-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- JM Saunus
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - M Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - S Puttick
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - P Kalita-de Croft
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - ZH Houston
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - ML Jones
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - MJ Latter
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - LC Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - P Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - RL Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - SE Rose
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - SM Mahler
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - KJ Thurecht
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - AM Scott
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
| | - SR Lakhani
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Nanotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Advanced Imaging and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian E-Health Research Centre, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Herston, QLD, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Herston Imaging Research Facility (HIRF), The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Kenneth G. Jamieson Neurosurgical Unit, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital
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Delpiano J, Pizarro L, Peddie CJ, Jones ML, Griffin LD, Collinson LM. Automated detection of fluorescent cells in in-resin fluorescence sections for integrated light and electron microscopy. J Microsc 2018; 271:109-119. [PMID: 29698565 PMCID: PMC6032852 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrated array tomography combines fluorescence and electron imaging of ultrathin sections in one microscope, and enables accurate high-resolution correlation of fluorescent proteins to cell organelles and membranes. Large numbers of serial sections can be imaged sequentially to produce aligned volumes from both imaging modalities, thus producing enormous amounts of data that must be handled and processed using novel techniques. Here, we present a scheme for automated detection of fluorescent cells within thin resin sections, which could then be used to drive automated electron image acquisition from target regions via 'smart tracking'. The aim of this work is to aid in optimization of the data acquisition process through automation, freeing the operator to work on other tasks and speeding up the process, while reducing data rates by only acquiring images from regions of interest. This new method is shown to be robust against noise and able to deal with regions of low fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Delpiano
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Pizarro
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - M L Jones
- Electron Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - L D Griffin
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - L M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Patwardhan A, Brandt R, Butcher SJ, Collinson L, Gault D, Grünewald K, Hecksel C, Huiskonen JT, Iudin A, Jones ML, Korir PK, Koster AJ, Lagerstedt I, Lawson CL, Mastronarde D, McCormick M, Parkinson H, Rosenthal PB, Saalfeld S, Saibil HR, Sarntivijai S, Solanes Valero I, Subramaniam S, Swedlow JR, Tudose I, Winn M, Kleywegt GJ. Building bridges between cellular and molecular structural biology. eLife 2017; 6:e25835. [PMID: 28682240 PMCID: PMC5524535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of cellular and molecular structural data is key to understanding the function of macromolecular assemblies and complexes in their in vivo context. Here we report on the outcomes of a workshop that discussed how to integrate structural data from a range of public archives. The workshop identified two main priorities: the development of tools and file formats to support segmentation (that is, the decomposition of a three-dimensional volume into regions that can be associated with defined objects), and the development of tools to support the annotation of biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardan Patwardhan
- Cellular Structure and 3D Bioimaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah J Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology and the Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Gault
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Hecksel
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrii Iudin
- Cellular Structure and 3D Bioimaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul K Korir
- Cellular Structure and 3D Bioimaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingvar Lagerstedt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L Lawson
- Center for Integrative Proteomics Research and the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, United States
| | - David Mastronarde
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States
| | | | - Helen Parkinson
- Molecular Archival Resources, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Saalfeld
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sirarat Sarntivijai
- Molecular Archival Resources, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Solanes Valero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jason R Swedlow
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression and the Division of Computational Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ilinca Tudose
- Molecular Archival Resources, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Winn
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard J Kleywegt
- Molecular and Cellular Structure Cluster, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Jones ML, Gibbons PM, Roussel AJ, Dominguez BJ. Mineral Composition of Uroliths Obtained from Sheep and Goats with Obstructive Urolithiasis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1202-1208. [PMID: 28556535 PMCID: PMC5508333 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the mineral composition of the causative urolith is important to develop preventative strategies. Advances in analytic techniques have led to detection of urolith components not previously recognized. Hypothesis/Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize uroliths in sheep and goats structurally and clinically. We hypothesized that amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate (AMCP) would be a naturally occurring urolith type in sheep and goats. Animals Forty‐nine sheep and goats presenting for obstructive urolithiasis from June 15, 2014 through June 14, 2016 were reviewed along with the demographic data of all small ruminants admitted during that same period. Methods Medical records were reviewed for demographic and historical data, and 36 uroliths obtained from these cases during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine chemical composition. Results AMCP is a naturally occurring urolith type in obstructed male sheep and goats and was the most common urolith type in this study, where it occurred as a majority component with struvite (39% of uroliths) or as a pure component (11%). Pure struvite was found in 1 urolith (2%). Calcium carbonate was the second most frequent urolith with 31% of uroliths being pure calcium carbonate. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study demonstrates that uroliths, which appear consistent with struvite, could actually be calcium‐containing AMCP. Urolith analysis is critical in determining mineral content of uroliths to guide dietary recommendations for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - P M Gibbons
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - A J Roussel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
| | - B J Dominguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
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Lerner TR, Borel S, Greenwood DJ, Repnik U, Russell MRG, Herbst S, Jones ML, Collinson LM, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis replicates within necrotic human macrophages. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:583-594. [PMID: 28242744 PMCID: PMC5350509 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis triggers macrophage cell death by necrosis, but it is unclear how this affects bacterial replication. Lerner et al. show that this pathogen replicates within necrotic human macrophages before disseminating to other cells upon loss of plasma membrane integrity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulation of macrophage cell death is a well-documented phenomenon, but its role during bacterial replication is less characterized. In this study, we investigate the impact of plasma membrane (PM) integrity on bacterial replication in different functional populations of human primary macrophages. We discovered that IFN-γ enhanced bacterial replication in macrophage colony-stimulating factor–differentiated macrophages more than in granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor–differentiated macrophages. We show that permissiveness in the different populations of macrophages to bacterial growth is the result of a differential ability to preserve PM integrity. By combining live-cell imaging, correlative light electron microscopy, and single-cell analysis, we found that after infection, a population of macrophages became necrotic, providing a niche for M. tuberculosis replication before escaping into the extracellular milieu. Thus, in addition to bacterial dissemination, necrotic cells provide first a niche for bacterial replication. Our results are relevant to understanding the environment of M. tuberculosis replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lerner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Sophie Borel
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Daniel J Greenwood
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew R G Russell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, England, UK
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17
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Russell MRG, Lerner TR, Burden JJ, Nkwe DO, Pelchen-Matthews A, Domart MC, Durgan J, Weston A, Jones ML, Peddie CJ, Carzaniga R, Florey O, Marsh M, Gutierrez MG, Collinson LM. 3D correlative light and electron microscopy of cultured cells using serial blockface scanning electron microscopy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:278-291. [PMID: 27445312 PMCID: PMC5394779 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes of life take place in multiple dimensions, but imaging these processes in even three dimensions is challenging. Here, we describe a workflow for 3D correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) of cell monolayers using fluorescence microscopy to identify and follow biological events, combined with serial blockface scanning electron microscopy to analyse the underlying ultrastructure. The workflow encompasses all steps from cell culture to sample processing, imaging strategy, and 3D image processing and analysis. We demonstrate successful application of the workflow to three studies, each aiming to better understand complex and dynamic biological processes, including bacterial and viral infections of cultured cells and formation of entotic cell-in-cell structures commonly observed in tumours. Our workflow revealed new insight into the replicative niche of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary human lymphatic endothelial cells, HIV-1 in human monocyte-derived macrophages, and the composition of the entotic vacuole. The broad application of this 3D CLEM technique will make it a useful addition to the correlative imaging toolbox for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R G Russell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Thomas R Lerner
- Host-pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David O Nkwe
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Annegret Pelchen-Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Domart
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Anne Weston
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Mark Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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18
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Brama E, Peddie CJ, Wilkes G, Gu Y, Collinson LM, Jones ML. ultraLM and miniLM: Locator tools for smart tracking of fluorescent cells in correlative light and electron microscopy. Wellcome Open Res 2016; 1:26. [PMID: 28090593 PMCID: PMC5234702 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10299.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In-resin fluorescence (IRF) protocols preserve fluorescent proteins in resin-embedded cells and tissues for correlative light and electron microscopy, aiding interpretation of macromolecular function within the complex cellular landscape. Dual-contrast IRF samples can be imaged in separate fluorescence and electron microscopes, or in dual-modality integrated microscopes for high resolution correlation of fluorophore to organelle. IRF samples also offer a unique opportunity to automate correlative imaging workflows. Here we present two new locator tools for finding and following fluorescent cells in IRF blocks, enabling future automation of correlative imaging. The ultraLM is a fluorescence microscope that integrates with an ultramicrotome, which enables ‘smart collection’ of ultrathin sections containing fluorescent cells or tissues for subsequent transmission electron microscopy or array tomography. The miniLM is a fluorescence microscope that integrates with serial block face scanning electron microscopes, which enables ‘smart tracking’ of fluorescent structures during automated serial electron image acquisition from large cell and tissue volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Brama
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gary Wilkes
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yan Gu
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lucy M Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin L Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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19
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Lu Y, Bernabeu MO, Lammer J, Cai CC, Jones ML, Franco CA, Aiello LP, Sun JK. Computational fluid dynamics assisted characterization of parafoveal hemodynamics in normal and diabetic eyes using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:4958-4973. [PMID: 28078170 PMCID: PMC5175544 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age adults worldwide. Previous studies have found hemodynamic changes in the diabetic eyes, which precede clinically evident pathological alterations of the retinal microvasculature. There is a pressing need for new methods to allow greater understanding of these early hemodynamic changes that occur in DR. In this study, we propose a noninvasive method for the assessment of hemodynamics around the fovea (a region of the eye of paramount importance for vision). The proposed methodology combines adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and computational fluid dynamics modeling. We compare results obtained with this technique with in vivo measurements of blood flow based on blood cell aggregation tracking. Our results suggest that parafoveal hemodynamics, such as capillary velocity, wall shear stress, and capillary perfusion pressure can be noninvasively and reliably characterized with this method in both healthy and diabetic retinopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Equally contributing first authors
| | - Miguel O. Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Equally contributing first authors
| | - Jan Lammer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles C. Cai
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin L. Jones
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Claudio A. Franco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lloyd Paul Aiello
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Sun
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Plante CJ, Fleer V, Jones ML. Neutral processes and species sorting in benthic microalgal community assembly: effects of tidal resuspension. J Phycol 2016; 52:827-839. [PMID: 27373762 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benthic microalgae (BMA) provide vital food resources for heterotrophs and stabilize sediments with their extracellular secretions. A central goal in ecology is to understand how processes such as species interactions and dispersal, contribute to observed patterns of species abundance and distribution. Our objectives were to assess the effects of sediment resuspension on microalgal community structure. We tested whether taxa-abundance distributions could be predicted using neutral community models (NCMs) and also specific hypotheses about passive migration: (i) As migration decreases in sediment patches, BMA α-diversity will decrease, and (ii) As migration decreases, BMA community dissimilarity (β-diversity) will increase. Co-occurrence indices (checkerboard score and variance ratio) were also computed to test for deterministic factors, such as competition and niche differentiation, in shaping communities. Two intertidal sites (mudflat and sand bar) differing in resuspension regime were sampled throughout the tidal cycle. Fluorometry and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were utilized to investigate diatom community structure. Observed taxa-abundances fit those predicted from NCMs reasonably well (R2 of 0.68-0.93), although comparisons of observed local communities to artificial randomly assembled communities rejected the null hypothesis that diatom communities were assembled solely by stochastic processes. No co-occurrence tests indicated a significant role for competitive exclusion or niche partitioning in microalgal community assembly. In general, predictions about relationships between migration and species diversity were supported for local community dynamics. BMA at low tide (lowest migration) exhibited reduced α-diversity as compared to periods of immersion at both mudflat and sand bar sites. β-diversity was higher during low tide emersion on the mudflat, but did not differ temporally at the sand bar site. In between-site metacommunity comparisons, low- and high-resuspension sites exhibited distinct community compositions while the low-energy mudflats contained higher microalgal biomass and greater α-diversity. To our knowledge this is the first study to test the relevance of neutral processes in structuring marine microalgal communities. Our results demonstrate a prominent role for stochastic factors in structuring local BMA community assembly, although unidentified nonrandom processes also appear to play some role. High passive migration, in particular, appears to help maintain species diversity and structure communities in both sand and muddy habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Plante
- Grice Marine Laboratory, Biology Dept., College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412, USA
| | - Virginia Fleer
- Coastal Sciences Dept., USM Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 39564, USA
| | - Martin L Jones
- Mathematics Dept., College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 29424, USA
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21
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Ubezio B, Blanco RA, Geudens I, Stanchi F, Mathivet T, Jones ML, Ragab A, Bentley K, Gerhardt H. Synchronization of endothelial Dll4-Notch dynamics switch blood vessels from branching to expansion. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27074663 PMCID: PMC4894757 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a regularly branched blood vessel network is crucial in development and physiology. Here we show that the expression of the Notch ligand Dll4 fluctuates in individual endothelial cells within sprouting vessels in the mouse retina in vivo and in correlation with dynamic cell movement in mouse embryonic stem cell-derived sprouting assays. We also find that sprout elongation and branching associates with a highly differential phase pattern of Dll4 between endothelial cells. Stimulation with pathologically high levels of Vegf, or overexpression of Dll4, leads to Notch dependent synchronization of Dll4 fluctuations within clusters, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the Vegf-Dll4/Notch feedback system normally operates to generate heterogeneity between endothelial cells driving branching, whilst synchronization drives vessel expansion. We propose that this sensitive phase transition in the behaviour of the Vegf-Dll4/Notch feedback loop underlies the morphogen function of Vegfa in vascular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ubezio
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Agudo Blanco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Geudens
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabio Stanchi
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin L Jones
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anan Ragab
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Bentley
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Seldon TA, Pryor R, Palkova A, Jones ML, Verma ND, Findova M, Braet K, Sheng Y, Fan Y, Zhou EY, Marks JD, Munro T, Mahler SM, Barnard RT, Fromm PD, Silveira PA, Elgundi Z, Ju X, Clark GJ, Bradstock KF, Munster DJ, Hart DNJ. Immunosuppressive human anti-CD83 monoclonal antibody depletion of activated dendritic cells in transplantation. Leukemia 2016; 30:692-700. [PMID: 26286117 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory agents target the responding effector arm of the immune response and their nonspecific action increases the risk of infection and malignancy. These effects impact on their use in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation and other forms of transplantation. Interventions that target activated dendritic cells (DCs) have the potential to suppress the induction of undesired immune responses (for example, graft versus host disease (GVHD) or transplant rejection) and to leave protective T-cell immune responses intact (for example, cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunity). We developed a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), 3C12, specific for CD83, which is expressed on activated but not resting DC. The 3C12 mAb and an affinity improved version, 3C12C, depleted CD83(+) cells by CD16(+) NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and inhibited allogeneic T-cell proliferation in vitro. A single dose of 3C12C prevented human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-induced acute GVHD in SCID mouse recipients. The mAb 3C12C depleted CMRF-44(+)CD83(bright) activated DC but spared CD83(dim/-) DC in vivo. It reduced human T-cell activation in vivo and maintained the proportion of CD4(+) FoxP3(+) CD25(+) Treg cells and also viral-specific CD8(+) T cells. The anti-CD83 mAb, 3C12C, merits further evaluation as a new immunosuppressive agent in transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/mortality
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/mortality
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Survival Analysis
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Seldon
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Pryor
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Palkova
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - N D Verma
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Findova
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Braet
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Sheng
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Fan
- Anesthesia, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E Y Zhou
- Anesthesia, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J D Marks
- Anesthesia, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - T Munro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R T Barnard
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P A Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Z Elgundi
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - X Ju
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G J Clark
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K F Bradstock
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D J Munster
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D N J Hart
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Co-operative Research Centre for Biomarker Translation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Franco CA, Jones ML, Bernabeu MO, Vion AC, Barbacena P, Fan J, Mathivet T, Fonseca CG, Ragab A, Yamaguchi TP, Coveney PV, Lang RA, Gerhardt H. Non-canonical Wnt signalling modulates the endothelial shear stress flow sensor in vascular remodelling. eLife 2016; 5:e07727. [PMID: 26845523 PMCID: PMC4798962 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to molecular and physical forces in development and vascular homeostasis. Deregulation of endothelial responses to flow-induced shear is believed to contribute to many aspects of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. However, how molecular signals and shear-mediated physical forces integrate to regulate vascular patterning is poorly understood. Here we show that endothelial non-canonical Wnt signalling regulates endothelial sensitivity to shear forces. Loss of Wnt5a/Wnt11 renders endothelial cells more sensitive to shear, resulting in axial polarization and migration against flow at lower shear levels. Integration of flow modelling and polarity analysis in entire vascular networks demonstrates that polarization against flow is achieved differentially in artery, vein, capillaries and the primitive sprouting front. Collectively our data suggest that non-canonical Wnt signalling stabilizes forming vascular networks by reducing endothelial shear sensitivity, thus keeping vessels open under low flow conditions that prevail in the primitive plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Franco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, London Research Institute, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin L Jones
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, London Research Institute, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel O Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Clemence Vion
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, London Research Institute, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pedro Barbacena
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jieqing Fan
- The Visual Systems Group, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catarina G Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anan Ragab
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, London Research Institute, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, London Research Institute, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, Belgium
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Bernabeu MO, Jones ML, Nielsen JH, Krüger T, Nash RW, Groen D, Schmieschek S, Hetherington J, Gerhardt H, Franco CA, Coveney PV. Computer simulations reveal complex distribution of haemodynamic forces in a mouse retina model of angiogenesis. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:rsif.2014.0543. [PMID: 25079871 PMCID: PMC4233731 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently limited understanding of the role played by haemodynamic forces on the processes governing vascular development. One of many obstacles to be overcome is being able to measure those forces, at the required resolution level, on vessels only a few micrometres thick. In this paper, we present an in silico method for the computation of the haemodynamic forces experienced by murine retinal vasculature (a widely used vascular development animal model) beyond what is measurable experimentally. Our results show that it is possible to reconstruct high-resolution three-dimensional geometrical models directly from samples of retinal vasculature and that the lattice-Boltzmann algorithm can be used to obtain accurate estimates of the haemodynamics in these domains. We generate flow models from samples obtained at postnatal days (P) 5 and 6. Our simulations show important differences between the flow patterns recovered in both cases, including observations of regression occurring in areas where wall shear stress (WSS) gradients exist. We propose two possible mechanisms to account for the observed increase in velocity and WSS between P5 and P6: (i) the measured reduction in typical vessel diameter between both time points and (ii) the reduction in network density triggered by the pruning process. The methodology developed herein is applicable to other biomedical domains where microvasculature can be imaged but experimental flow measurements are unavailable or difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O Bernabeu
- CoMPLEX, University College London, Physics Building, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Martin L Jones
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Jens H Nielsen
- Research Software Development Team, Research Computing and Facilitating Services, University College London, Podium Building-1st Floor, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Timm Krüger
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Rupert W Nash
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Derek Groen
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Sebastian Schmieschek
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - James Hetherington
- Research Software Development Team, Research Computing and Facilitating Services, University College London, Podium Building-1st Floor, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Claudio A Franco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Saha S, Malhotra M, Jones ML, Rodes L, Prakash S. Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 5221 and NCIMB 2797 as cholesterol-lowering probiotic biotherapeutics: in vitro analysis. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:861-9. [PMID: 26322545 DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and coronary artery disease risk are correlated with cholesterol levels and are significant health concerns. Current cholesterol-lowering approaches includes lifestyle and diet modifications, as well as statins which presents numerous shortcomings. The probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 5221 and NCIMB 2797, have demonstrated cholesterol-lowering potential in animal studies. However, there is a lack in understanding the mechanism(s) behind these observed effects. The goal of this work is to investigate, in vitro, the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of these two strains. To determine the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms, probiotic cholesterol assimilation, colon epithelial adhesion and inhibition of cholesterol uptake by colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells were investigated. L. fermentum NCIMB 2797 (P=0.012) and NCIMB 5221 (P=0.003) assimilated cholesterol and their cell surface hydrophobicity was 70.30±8.85% and 55.60±2.59%, respectively. Both L. fermentum strains showed no significant impact (P>0.05) on Caco-2 cell viability. Of most interest, Caco-2 pre-exposure to L. fermentum NCIMB 5221 significantly decreased (P=0.015) cholesterol uptake, with 85.98±2.07% uptake compared to the untreated cells. Similarly, L. fermentum NCIMB 2797 probiotic cells significantly decreased (P=0.019) cholesterol uptake by Caco-2 cells, with 86.45±1.71% uptake observed compared to the control cells. The results demonstrate that L. fermentum NCIMB 5221 and L. fermentum NCIMB 2797 have the potential via various modes of action to lower cholesterol. Additional studies are required to understand the mechanism(s) of action behind probiotic cholesterol assimilation and behind the cholesterol uptake inhibition by colon epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tomaro-Duchesneau
- 1 Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology, and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - S Saha
- 1 Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology, and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.,2 Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - M Malhotra
- 1 Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology, and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - M L Jones
- 1 Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology, and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - L Rodes
- 1 Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology, and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - S Prakash
- 1 Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology, and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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26
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Franco CA, Jones ML, Bernabeu MO, Geudens I, Mathivet T, Rosa A, Lopes FM, Lima AP, Ragab A, Collins RT, Phng LK, Coveney PV, Gerhardt H. Correction: dynamic endothelial cell rearrangements drive developmental vessel regression. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002163. [PMID: 25974400 PMCID: PMC4431846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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27
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Leo VC, Morgan NV, Bem D, Jones ML, Lowe GC, Lordkipanidzé M, Drake S, Simpson MA, Gissen P, Mumford A, Watson SP, Daly ME. Use of next-generation sequencing and candidate gene analysis to identify underlying defects in patients with inherited platelet function disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:643-50. [PMID: 25556537 PMCID: PMC4383639 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited platelet function disorders (PFDs) are heterogeneous, and identification of the underlying genetic defects is difficult when based solely on phenotypic and clinical features of the patient. OBJECTIVE To analyze 329 genes regulating platelet function, number, and size in order to identify candidate gene defects in patients with PFDs. PATIENTS/METHODS Targeted analysis of candidate PFD genes was undertaken after next-generation sequencing of exomic DNA from 18 unrelated index cases with PFDs who were recruited into the UK Genotyping and Phenotyping of Platelets (GAPP) study and diagnosed with platelet abnormalities affecting either Gi signaling (n = 12) or secretion (n = 6). The potential pathogenicity of candidate gene defects was assessed using computational predictive algorithms. RESULTS Analysis of the 329 candidate PFD genes identified 63 candidate defects, affecting 40 genes, among index cases with Gi signaling abnormalities, while 53 defects, within 49 genes, were identified among patients with secretion abnormalities. Homozygous gene defects were more commonly associated with secretion abnormalities. Functional annotation analysis identified distinct gene clusters in the two patient subgroups. Thirteen genes with significant annotation enrichment for 'intracellular signaling' harbored 16 of the candidate gene defects identified in nine index cases with Gi signaling abnormalities. Four gene clusters, representing 14 genes, with significantly associated gene ontology annotations were identified among the cases with secretion abnormalities, the most significant association being with 'establishment of protein localization.' CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the genetic complexity of PFDs and highlight plausible candidate genes for targeted analysis in patients with platelet secretion and Gi signaling abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Leo
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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28
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Franco CA, Jones ML, Bernabeu MO, Geudens I, Mathivet T, Rosa A, Lopes FM, Lima AP, Ragab A, Collins RT, Phng LK, Coveney PV, Gerhardt H. Dynamic endothelial cell rearrangements drive developmental vessel regression. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002125. [PMID: 25884288 PMCID: PMC4401640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterning of functional blood vessel networks is achieved by pruning of superfluous connections. The cellular and molecular principles of vessel regression are poorly understood. Here we show that regression is mediated by dynamic and polarized migration of endothelial cells, representing anastomosis in reverse. Establishing and analyzing the first axial polarity map of all endothelial cells in a remodeling vascular network, we propose that balanced movement of cells maintains the primitive plexus under low shear conditions in a metastable dynamic state. We predict that flow-induced polarized migration of endothelial cells breaks symmetry and leads to stabilization of high flow/shear segments and regression of adjacent low flow/shear segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A. Franco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute—Cancer Research UK, Lincoln’s Inn Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Martin L. Jones
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute—Cancer Research UK, Lincoln’s Inn Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel O. Bernabeu
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- CoMPLEX, University College London, Physics Building, London, United Kingdom
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, No. 9 Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Geudens
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, VIB3, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, VIB3, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andre Rosa
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute—Cancer Research UK, Lincoln’s Inn Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felicia M. Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aida P. Lima
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anan Ragab
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute—Cancer Research UK, Lincoln’s Inn Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Russell T. Collins
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute—Cancer Research UK, Lincoln’s Inn Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Kun Phng
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Department of Oncology, VIB3, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter V. Coveney
- CoMPLEX, University College London, Physics Building, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute—Cancer Research UK, Lincoln’s Inn Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, No. 9 Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Nisar SP, Jones ML, Cunningham MR, Mumford AD, Mundell SJ. Rare platelet GPCR variants: what can we learn? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:3242-53. [PMID: 25231155 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-expressed GPCRs are critical regulators of platelet function. Pharmacological blockade of these receptors forms a powerful therapeutic tool in the treatment and prevention of arterial thrombosis associated with coronary atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke. However, anti-thrombotic drug therapy is associated with high inter-patient variability in therapeutic response and adverse bleeding side effects. In order to optimize the use of existing anti-platelet drugs and to develop new therapies, more detailed knowledge is required relating to the molecular mechanisms that regulate GPCR and therefore platelet function. One approach has been to identify rare, function-disrupting mutations within key platelet proteins in patients with bleeding disorders. In this review, we describe how an integrated functional genomics strategy has contributed important structure-function information about platelet GPCRs with specific emphasis upon purinergic and thromboxane A2 receptors. We also discuss the potential implications these findings have for pharmacotherapy and for understanding the molecular basis of mild bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Nisar
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M L Jones
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M R Cunningham
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A D Mumford
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S J Mundell
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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30
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Dockweiler JC, Coetzee JF, Edwards-Callaway LN, Bello NM, Glynn HD, Allen KA, Theurer ME, Jones ML, Miller KA, Bergamasco L. Effect of castration method on neurohormonal and electroencephalographic stress indicators in Holstein calves of different ages. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4340-54. [PMID: 23684016 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As public concern for food animal welfare increases, a need to validate objective pain assessment tools exists in order to formulate animal welfare policies and facilitate regulatory approval of compounds to alleviate pain in livestock in the United States. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the physiological response to pain induced by surgical and nonsurgical (band) castration in calves and (2) to elucidate age-related differences in pain response of calves subjected to different castration methods. Seventy-six Holstein bull calves were blocked by age (≤8-wk and ≥6-mo-old) and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: control (n=20), castration by banding (n=18), cut-and-clamp surgical castration (n=20), and cut-and-pull surgical castration (n=18). Measurements included electroencephalogram, heart rate variability, infrared thermography, electrodermal activity, and concentrations of serum cortisol and plasma substance P before, during, and within 20min following castration. Electroencephalogram recordings showed desynchronization for all treatments, consistent with increased arousal; yet the magnitude of desynchronization was greatest for 6-mo-old calves castrated by cut-and-clamp. Additionally, older calves in the cut-and-pull group showed greater desynchronization than younger calves in the same group. Based on the heart rate variability analysis, 6-mo-old calves in the control or cut-and-pull castration groups showed greater sympathetic tone than younger calves in the same treatment groups. Overall, younger calves showed lower electrodermal activity than older calves. Regardless of treatment, concentrations of cortisol and plasma substance P were greater in 6-mo-old calves relative to their younger counterparts, indicating a more robust response to all treatments in older calves. In summary, neurohormonal and electroencephalographic stress responses of calves to castration were age-specific. Castration by cut-and-clamp showed the most pronounced stress response in 6-mo-old calves. These findings provide evidence that support welfare policies recommending castration at an early age and the use of analgesic compounds at the time of surgical castration especially in older calves. However, the potential long-term negative consequences of early untreated pain must be considered and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dockweiler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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31
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Mumford AD, Nisar S, Darnige L, Jones ML, Bachelot-Loza C, Gandrille S, Zinzindohoue F, Fischer AM, Mundell SJ, Gaussem P. Platelet dysfunction associated with the novel Trp29Cys thromboxane A₂ receptor variant. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:547-54. [PMID: 23279270 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variations that affect the structure of the thromboxane A2 receptor (TP receptor) provide insights into the function of this key platelet and vascular receptor, but are very rare in unselected populations. OBJECTIVES To determine the functional consequences of the TP receptor Trp29Cys (W29C) substitution. PATIENTS/METHODS We performed a detailed phenotypic analysis of an index case (P1) with reduced platelet aggregation and secretion responses to TP receptor pathway activators, and a heterozygous TP receptor W29C substitution. An analysis of the variant W29C TP receptor expressed in heterologous cells was performed. RESULTS Total TP receptor expression in platelets from P1 was similar to that of controls, but there was reduced maximum binding and reduced affinity of binding to the TP receptor antagonist [(3) H]SQ29548. HEK293 cells transfected with W29C TP receptor cDNA showed similar total TP receptor expression to wild-type (WT) controls. However, the TP receptor agonist U46619 was less potent at inducing rises in cytosolic free Ca(2+) in HEK293 cells expressing the W29C TP receptor than in WT controls, indicating reduced receptor function. Immunofluorescence microscopy and cell surface ELISA showed intracellular retention and reduced cell surface expression of the W29C TP receptor in HEK293 cells. Consistent with the platelet phenotype, both maximum binding and the affinity of binding of [(3) H]SQ29548 to the W29C TP receptor were reduced compared to WT controls. CONCLUSION These findings extend the phenotypic description of the very rare disorder TP receptor deficiency, and show that the W29C substitution reduces TP receptor function by reducing surface receptor expression and by disrupting ligand binding.
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MESH Headings
- 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Blood Coagulation Disorders/blood
- Blood Coagulation Disorders/genetics
- Blood Platelets/drug effects
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
- Calcium/blood
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetic Variation
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrazines/metabolism
- Ligands
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- Platelet Aggregation/drug effects
- Platelet Aggregation/genetics
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/agonists
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/blood
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/deficiency
- Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Mumford
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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32
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Abstract
Congenital ocular disease occurs uncommonly in cattle, with multiple abnormalities reported only sporadically in the literature. This report describes a case of anterior segment dysgenesis resulting in glaucoma in a 4-month-old Texas Longhorn steer. On clinical exam, bilateral buphthalmia was present and intraocular pressures exceeded 47 mm Hg in both eyes. On histopathologic examination, the iridocorneal angle and filtration apparatus were distorted due to collapse of the ciliary cleft and anterior displacement of the anterior portion of the ciliary body. No evidence of inflammation or other causes of glaucoma were recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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33
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Jones ML, Murden SL, Bem D, Mundell SJ, Gissen P, Daly ME, Watson SP, Mumford AD. Rapid genetic diagnosis of heritable platelet function disorders with next-generation sequencing: proof-of-principle with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:306-9. [PMID: 22118648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brake DW, Titgemeyer EC, Jones ML. Effect of nitrogen supplementation and zilpaterol-HCl on urea kinetics in steers consuming corn-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:409-16. [PMID: 21039927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied effects of zilpaterol-HCl on steers consuming corn-based diets with nitrogen (N) supplementation provided by dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) or urea. Two sets of six steers (approximately 350 kg) were used in two replicates of similarly designed trials. Within each replicate, three steers were fed 60 mg/day of zilpaterol-HCl throughout the trial and three steers received no zilpaterol-HCl. Within zilpaterol treatment, three corn-based dietary N treatments were offered in Latin square designs: control (9.6% crude protein), urea (UREA; 12.4% crude protein) or DDGS (13.7% crude protein). Total feed intake was unexpectedly greater (p < 0.01) with zilpaterol feeding but was not affected by dietary N (p = 0.76). Nitrogen intake was greater (p < 0.01) when zilpaterol was fed and was greater (p < 0.05) for DDGS and UREA than for control. Despite greater N intake, zilpaterol did not affect urea entry rate (p = 0.80) or urea-N recycled to the gastrointestinal tract (GER; p = 0.94). As a percentage of N intake, urea entry rate (p = 0.19) tended to be less when zilpaterol was fed (91 vs. 123% of N intake), and GER was numerically (p = 0.34) less (72 vs. 92% of N intake). Microbial N flow was greater (p = 0.02) for zilpaterol than for control but did not differ (p = 0.78) among dietary N treatments. As a percentage of N intake, microbial N flow was unaffected by zilpaterol (p = 0.97), but was greater (p < 0.05) for control than DDGS or UREA. The lack of change in urea entry and GER in response to zilpaterol, despite greater N intake, as well as lower urea entry and GER when expressed as proportions of N intake provide some evidence that the amount of N available for urea production and recycling was reduced by zilpaterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Brake
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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35
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Wittenberg JB, Morris RJ, Gibson QH, Jones ML. Hemoglobin Kinetics of the Galapagos Rift Vent Tube Worm Riftia pachyptila Jones (Pogonophora; Vestimentifera). Science 2010; 213:344-6. [PMID: 17819909 DOI: 10.1126/science.213.4505.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics of the reactions of Riftia pachyptila hemoglobin with oxygen were followed spectrophotometrically by stopped-flow and laser flash photolysis techniques. The rate of oxygen dissociation increases eightfold over the range of 5 degrees to 20 degrees C (k = 2.2 sec(-1)at 10 degrees C). Oxygen recombination after flash photolysis was biphasic. The rates of both slow and fast phases of the reaction were independent of temperature from 0 degrees to 20 degrees C(k'fast = 7 x 10(6); k'slow = 1 x 16(6) liter mole (-1) sec(-1)). As the oxygen affinity is relatively temperature independent, analysis in terms of the two-state model of cooperativity requires that the conformational equilibrium constant L decrease by about 50-fold between 3 degrees and 15 degrees C.
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36
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Cavanaugh CM, Gardiner SL, Jones ML, Jannasch HW, Waterbury JB. Prokaryotic Cells in the Hydrothermal Vent Tube Worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: Possible Chemoautotrophic Symbionts. Science 2010; 213:340-2. [PMID: 17819907 DOI: 10.1126/science.213.4505.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a symbiotic association between vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes, based on histological and enzymatic evidence, is suggested.
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37
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Jones ML, Harper MT, Aitken EW, Williams CM, Poole AW. RGD-ligand mimetic antagonists of integrin alphaIIbbeta3 paradoxically enhance GPVI-induced human platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:567-76. [PMID: 20002543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) is the major mediator of platelet aggregation and has, therefore, become an important target of antithrombotic therapy. Antagonists of alpha(IIb)beta(3), for example abciximab, tirofiban and eptifibatide, are used in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. However, in addition to effective blockade of the integrin, binding of can induce conformational changes in the integrin and can also induce integrin clustering. This class effect of RGD-ligand mimetics might, therefore, underlie paradoxical platelet activation and thrombosis previously reported. OBJECTIVES To examine the components of signaling pathways and functional responses in platelets that may underlie this phenomenon of paradoxical platelet activation. METHODS We assessed the effect of lotrafiban, and other alpha(IIb)beta(3) antagonists including the clinically used drug tirofiban, on tyrosine phosphorylation of key signaling proteins in platelets by immunoblotting and also platelet functional outputs such as cytosolic calcium responses, phosphatidylserine exposure (pro-coagulant activity) and dense granule release. RESULTS In all cases, no effect of alpha(IIb)beta(3) antagonists were observed on their own, but these integrin antagonists did lead to a marked potentiation of glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-associated FcR gamma-chain phosphorylation, activation of Src family kinases and Syk kinase. This correlated with increased dense granule secretion, cytosolic calcium response and exposure of phosphatidylserine on the platelet surface. P2Y(12) antagonism abolished the potentiated phosphatidylserine exposure and dense granule secretion but not the cytosolic calcium response. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a mechanism for enhancement of platelet activity by alpha(IIb)beta(3) inhibitors, but also reveal a potentially important signaling pathway operating from the integrin to GPVI signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Thomas KW, Dosemeci M, Hoppin JA, Sheldon LS, Croghan CW, Gordon SM, Jones ML, Reynolds SJ, Raymer JH, Akland GG, Lynch CF, Knott CE, Sandler DP, Blair AE, Alavanja MC. Urinary biomarker, dermal, and air measurement results for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos farm applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2010; 20:119-34. [PMID: 19240759 PMCID: PMC3633453 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A subset of private pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) epidemiological cohort was monitored around the time of their agricultural use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos) to assess exposure levels and potential determinants of exposure. Measurements included pre- and post-application urine samples, and patch, hand wipe, and personal air samples. Boom spray or hand spray application methods were used by applicators for 2,4-D products. Chlorpyrifos products were applied using spray applications and in-furrow application of granular products. Geometric mean (GM) values for 69 2,4-D applicators were 7.8 and 25 microg/l in pre- and post-application urine, respectively (P<0.05 for difference); 0.39 mg for estimated hand loading; 2.9 mg for estimated body loading; and 0.37 microg/m(3) for concentration in personal air. Significant correlations were found between all media for 2,4-D. GM values for 17 chlorpyrifos applicators were 11 microg/l in both pre- and post-application urine for the 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol metabolite, 0.28 mg for body loading, and 0.49 microg/m(3) for air concentration. Only 53% of the chlorpyrifos applicators had measurable hand loading results; their median hand loading being 0.02 mg. Factors associated with differences in 2,4-D measurements included application method and glove use, and, for hand spray applicators, use of adjuvants, equipment repair, duration of use, and contact with treated vegetation. Spray applications of liquid chlorpyrifos products were associated with higher measurements than in-furrow granular product applications. This study provides information on exposures and possible exposure determinants for several application methods commonly used by farmers in the cohort and will provide information to assess and refine exposure classification in the AHS. Results may also be of use in pesticide safety education for reducing exposures to pesticide applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Thomas
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Medansky R, Lepaw MI, Shavin JS, Zimmerman EH, Jones ML, Peets EA, Samson C, Taylor E. Mometasone furoate cream 0.1% vs. hydrocortisone cream 1% in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09546639209088705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kuye RA, Donham KJ, Marquez SP, Sanderson WT, Fuortes LJ, Rautiainen RH, Jones ML, Culp KR. Pesticide handling and exposures among cotton farmers in the gambia. J Agromedicine 2008; 12:57-69. [PMID: 19042671 DOI: 10.1080/10599240801887876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are substantial health hazards to farmers and the environment associated with pesticide use in developing countries. Based on observations by the authors and previous reports, most previous studies in Africa are descriptive in nature. The aim of this study was to investigate how cotton farmers are exposed to pesticides in The Gambia and quantify their pesticide exposures and provide information for the formulation of a policy on pesticide safety for the country. METHODS A representative sample of 20 cotton farmers in the Central and Upper River Divisions (CRD and URD) of The Gambia were surveyed by questionnaires. Dermal pesticide exposures among a subset of 10 farmer/pesticide applicators were assessed by dermal patch samples, observation, and postapplication questionnaires. RESULTS The study revealed that a toxic organochlorine insecticide, Callisulfan (endosulfan), is frequently sprayed on cotton plants by the farmers. The farmers wore no protective equipment and were inadequately dressed for work with this pesticide. Laboratory analysis of the mixed formulation showed a wide range in the concentration of the pesticide solution among the farmer/pesticide applicators and dermal patch samples showed very high residues of endosulfan analytes on their body surfaces. CONCLUSIONS A low level of awareness of pesticide toxicity prevails amonsg cotton farmers in The Gambia. There is a less than adequate control of pesticides and other hazardous agrichemicals in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Kuye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- N H F Wilson
- Dean and Head of School, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
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Jones ML, Koo R. On the Worth of Perfect Information in Bandits with Random Discounting. Seq Anal 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/07474940701801952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery of formaldehyde for preserving tissue structures produced a new dimension in microscopy. Preserving structure and morphology became important; therefore, identifying a proper fixing agent for particular structures, chemical entities, and tissues, also became important. The methods for demonstrating tissue structures evolved and were implemented with careful observation and documentation of the results and outcomes. Formalin was incorporated into many techniques, and provided helpful results in many cases and hindrances in others. The effects of formalin on the outcomes of routine and special staining techniques are reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Jones ML, Hobson RS, Plasschaert AJM, Gundersen S, Dummer P, Roger-Leroi V, Sidlauskas A, Hamlin J. Quality assurance and benchmarking: an approach for European dental schools. Eur J Dent Educ 2007; 11:137-43. [PMID: 17640256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2007.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This document was written by Task Force 3 of DentEd III, which is a European Union funded Thematic Network working under the auspices of the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE). It provides a guide to assist in the harmonisation of Dental Education Quality Assurance (QA) systems across the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). There is reference to the work, thus far, of DentEd, DentEd Evolves, DentEd III and the ADEE as they strive to assist the convergence of standards in dental education; obviously QA and benchmarking has an important part to play in the European HE response to the Bologna Process. Definitions of Quality, Quality Assurance, Quality Management and Quality Improvement are given and put into the context of dental education. The possible process and framework for Quality Assurance are outlined and some basic guidelines/recommendations suggested. It is recognised that Quality Assurance in Dental Schools has to co-exist as part of established Quality Assurance systems within faculties and universities, and that Schools also may have to comply with existing local or national systems. Perhaps of greatest importance are the 14 'requirements' for the Quality Assurance of Dental Education in Europe. These, together with the document and its appendices, were unanimously supported by the ADEE at its General Assembly in 2006. As there must be more than one road to achieve a convergence or harmonisation standard, a number of appendices are made available on the ADEE website. These provide a series of 'toolkits' from which schools can 'pick and choose' to assist them in developing QA systems appropriate to their own environment. Validated contributions and examples continue to be most welcome from all members of the European dental community for inclusion at this website. It is realised that not all schools will be able to achieve all of these requirements immediately, by definition, successful harmonisation is a process that will take time. At the end of the DentEd III project, ADEE will continue to support the progress of all schools in Europe towards these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jones
- Cardiff University, Cardigan House, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
The scientific literature is lacking in published agricultural noise assessments for employees of swine confinement facilities that have included dosimeter data, octave band analysis, or specific task exposure assessments. This study reports on the former three types of noise assessments in the farrowing stage of swine. Dosimeter data on workers revealed all assessments to be greater than 90 decibels measured on the A-scale (dBA), which exceeds the 85 dBA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL). RELs were exceeded for all of the employees monitored in the swine facility, as well as the part-time employees who power-washed the farrowing rooms. The recorded time-weighted values were actually underestimated slightly because the dosimeters were set to record only noise at 85 dBA and higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Humann
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242-5000, USA,
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Abstract
This paper reports a systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of treatment options in patients with haemophilia A with inhibitors. As very little relevant published evidence was identified, an economic modelling exercise was undertaken to calculate the cost-effectiveness of different strategies in the treatment of high-responding haemophilia A patients with inhibitors. A decision analysis approach was used to model the expected lifetime clinical outcomes and costs of the more common regimens currently used in UK in treating severe haemophiliacs with inhibitors. The model attempts to reflect the outcomes of clinical events, costs and life expectancy for each different treatment regimen for haemophilic boys with inhibitors who are high responders (defined as inhibitor level >/=10 BU) throughout their life. The basic model structure is centred on a Markov decision process, which was used to simulate, at quarter-yearly intervals, the movement through discrete health states and their complications. The model allows a comparison of cost-effectiveness between three immune tolerance induction (ITI) regimens (Bonn, Mälmo and Low-Dose protocols) and against a relevant 'on-demand' (OD) regimen. It also shows the cost-effectiveness of different OD regimens using different bypassing agents. The results of the economic modelling indicate that treating haemophilia A patients who have high-responding inhibitors OD with recombinant activated factor VII is cost-effective compared to treatment with activated prothrombin complex concentrates. However, when OD treatment regimens are compared with the three ITI protocols, the Malmö ITI protocol is the preferred treatment strategy, generating more quality adjusted life-years (QALYs) and less cost than either an OD regimen or the Bonn or Low-Dose ITI protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Knight
- ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Parrington J, Jones ML, Tunwell R, Devader C, Katan M, Swann K. Phospholipase C isoforms in mammalian spermatozoa: potential components of the sperm factor that causes Ca2+ release in eggs. Reproduction 2002; 123:31-9. [PMID: 11869184 DOI: 10.1530/rep.0.1230031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Injection of a soluble protein factor from mammalian spermatozoa triggers Ca2+ oscillations in mammalian eggs similar to those seen at fertilization. This sperm factor also generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and causes Ca2+ release in sea urchin egg homogenates and frog eggs. Recent studies have indicated that the sperm factor may be an inositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) activity. This study investigated whether any of the commonly known PLC isoforms are components of the sperm factor. PLCbeta, PLCgamma and PLCdelta isoforms were shown to be present in boar sperm extracts. However, upon column fractionation of sperm extracts, none of the PLC isoforms detected correlated with the ability to cause Ca2+ release in eggs. In addition to our previous work on recombinant PLCs, it was also shown that PLCdelta3, PLCdelta4 and its splice variant PLCdelta4 Alt1 fail to cause Ca2+ release. The recently discovered 255 kDa PLCepsilon isoform also appears unlikely to be a component of the sperm factor, as fractionation of sperm extracts on a gel filtration column demonstrated that the peak of Ca2+-releasing activity was associated with fractions of 30-70 kDa. These findings indicate that the sperm factor that triggers Ca2+ release in eggs does not appear to have a known PLC isoform as one of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parrington
- Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Stichler
- Women's Services, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
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Chilcott J, Tappenden P, Jones ML, Wight JP. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2001; 23:1792-823; discussion 1791. [PMID: 11768834 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(00)80078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone is a member of a recently developed class of glucose-lowering agents, the thiazolidinediones, used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the United States, it is approved for use both as monotherapy and in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or insulin; in Europe, it is approved for use in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea but not insulin. OBJECTIVE This article presents a systematic review of the published literature on the effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, both as monotherapy and in combination with other antidiabetic agents. METHODS The peer-reviewed English- and foreign-language literature was searched using MEDLINE, PubMED, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the UK National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, and the Office of Health Economics Health Economic Evaluations Database. Searches were not limited to specific publication types, study designs, dates, or languages. The latest search was performed in March 2001. For a trial to be included in the review, at least 1 outcome measure had to involve the effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control or cardiovascular risk factors, or its side effects. Because of the heterogeneity of studies, no formal meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, 6 involving pioglitazone monotherapy and 5 involving combination therapy. Full reports were available for only 6 of the 11 studies. No studies directly compared pioglitazone with other antidiabetic drugs. Both as monotherapy and in combination therapy, pioglitazone produced decreases in blood glucose levels (up to 95 mg/dL) and glycosylated hemoglobin (up to 2.6%). At doses of > or = 30 mg/d, pioglitazone was associated with reductions in triglyceride levels (-30-70 mg/dL) and increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (-4-5 mg/dL). Pioglitazone treatment was associated with significant weight gain (up to 4 kg over 16 weeks). Adverse effects included mild edema (in up to 11.7% of patients) and a clinically nonsignificant decrease in hemoglobin concentrations. Abnormal results on liver function testing were no more common in treated patients than in control groups. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Although the observed decreases in triglyceride levels and increases in HDL-C levels could be expected to lead to a reduction in cardiovascular risk, the effects of weight gain may counteract this benefit. The evidence suggests that the preferred role for pioglitazone may be as an adjunct to metformin or a sulfonylurea in patients whose condition is not well controlled with monotherapy and for whom a metformin-sulfonylurea combination is contraindicated. There is a need for large-scale, long-term studies comparing the effectiveness of combination therapy that includes pioglitazone with that of other combinations of antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chilcott
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
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Inamdar SN, Kaplan RS, Jones ML, Menitoff R. The Balanced Scorecard: a strategic management system for multi-sector collaboration and strategy implementation. Qual Manag Health Care 2001; 8:21-39. [PMID: 11183582 DOI: 10.1097/00019514-200008040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article illustrates the application of the Balanced Scorecard, a method more commonly associated with the business world, to a nonprofit multisector National Women's Health Quality Initiative (NWHQI). The article delineates the following multiple uses of the Balanced Scorecard for the NWHQI effort: Set NWHQI strategy and structure. Provide the framework and principles to implement NWHQI's strategy. Develop a measurement system to assess the progress and success of NWHQI's strategy. Serve as a collaboration mechanism for multisector stakeholders. Advance women's health knowledge base. This article concludes by sharing key insights regarding the utility of the Balanced Scorecard to promote the success of this nationwide women's health quality initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Inamdar
- Health Policy and Management, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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