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Rafalko N, Webster JL, Jacob G, Kutzler MA, Goldstein ND. Generalizability of predictive models for Clostridioides difficile infection, severity and recurrence at an urban safety-net hospital. J Hosp Infect 2024; 146:10-20. [PMID: 38219834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Predictive models for Clostridioides difficile infection can identify high-risk patients and aid clinicians in preventing infection. Issues of generalizability regarding current predictive models have been acknowledged but, to the authors' knowledge, have never been quantified. METHODS C. difficile infection, severity and recurrence predictive models were created using multi-variate logistic regression through case-control sampling from an urban safety-net hospital. Models were validated using five-fold cross-validation, and inverse probability weights (IPW) based on two different catchment area definitions were used to improve external validity. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and sensitivity and specificity with bootstrapped confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess and compare model fit and performance. RESULTS Changes in performance before and after weighting were small across all models, although differences were more apparent after weighting the recurrence model (AUROC values of 0.78, 0.76 and 0.71 for the unweighted and two weighted models, respectively). Overall, the infection model performed the best (AUROC 0.82, 95% CI 0.78-0.85), followed by the recurrence model (AUROC 0.78, 95% CI 0.69-0.86) and then the severity model (AUROC 0.70, 95% CI 0.63-0.78). CONCLUSIONS The performance of the models after weighting did not change drastically, suggesting that the models predicting C. difficile infection, severity and recurrence may not be impacted by patient selection factors. However, other researchers may wish to consider addressing these catchment forces using IPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rafalko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J L Webster
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Jacob
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M A Kutzler
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N D Goldstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ozonoff A, Schaenman J, Jayavelu ND, Milliren CE, Calfee CS, Cairns CB, Kraft M, Baden LR, Shaw AC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Esserman DA, Liu S, Sesma AF, Simon V, Hafler DA, Montgomery RR, Kleinstein SH, Levy O, Bime C, Haddad EK, Erle DJ, Pulendran B, Nadeau KC, Davis MM, Hough CL, Messer WB, Higuita NIA, Metcalf JP, Atkinson MA, Brakenridge SC, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Ehrlich LI, Melamed E, McComsey GA, Sekaly R, Diray-Arce J, Peters B, Augustine AD, Reed EF, Altman MC, Becker PM, Rouphael N, Ozonoff A, Schaenman J, Jayavelu ND, Milliren CE, Calfee CS, Cairns CB, Kraft M, Baden LR, Shaw AC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Esserman DA, Liu S, Sesma AF, Simon V, Hafler DA, Montgomery RR, Kleinstein SH, Levy O, Bime C, Haddad EK, Erle DJ, Pulendran B, Nadeau KC, Davis MM, Hough CL, Messer WB, Higuita NIA, Metcalf JP, Atkinson MA, Brakenridge SC, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Ehrlich LI, Melamed E, McComsey GA, Sekaly R, Diray-Arce J, Peters B, Augustine AD, Reed EF, McEnaney K, Barton B, Lentucci C, Saluvan M, Chang AC, Hoch A, Albert M, Shaheen T, Kho AT, Thomas S, Chen J, Murphy MD, Cooney M, Presnell S, Fragiadakis GK, Patel R, Guan L, Gygi J, Pawar S, Brito A, Khalil Z, Maguire C, Fourati S, Overton JA, Vita R, Westendorf K, Salehi-Rad R, Leligdowicz A, Matthay MA, Singer JP, Kangelaris KN, Hendrickson CM, Krummel MF, Langelier CR, Woodruff PG, Powell DL, Kim JN, Simmons B, Goonewardene IM, Smith CM, Martens M, Mosier J, Kimura H, Sherman AC, Walsh SR, Issa NC, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Iwasaki A, Ko AI, Chinthrajah S, Ahuja N, Rogers AJ, Artandi M, Siegel SA, Lu Z, Drevets DA, Brown BR, Anderson ML, Guirgis FW, Thyagarajan RV, Rousseau JF, Wylie D, Busch J, Gandhi S, Triplett TA, Yendewa G, Giddings O, Anderson EJ, Mehta AK, Sevransky JE, Khor B, Rahman A, Stadlbauer D, Dutta J, Xie H, Kim-Schulze S, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, van de Guchte A, Farrugia K, Khan Z, Maecker HT, Elashoff D, Brook J, Ramires-Sanchez E, Llamas M, Rivera A, Perdomo C, Ward DC, Magyar CE, Fulcher JA, Abe-Jones Y, Asthana S, Beagle A, Bhide S, Carrillo SA, Chak S, Fragiadakis GK, Ghale R, Gonzalez A, Jauregui A, Jones N, Lea T, Lee D, Lota R, Milush J, Nguyen V, Pierce L, Prasad PA, Rao A, Samad B, Shaw C, Sigman A, Sinha P, Ward A, Willmore A, Zhan J, Rashid S, Rodriguez N, Tang K, Altamirano LT, Betancourt L, Curiel C, Sutter N, Paz MT, Tietje-Ulrich G, Leroux C, Connors J, Bernui M, Kutzler MA, Edwards C, Lee E, Lin E, Croen B, Semenza NC, Rogowski B, Melnyk N, Woloszczuk K, Cusimano G, Bell MR, Furukawa S, McLin R, Marrero P, Sheidy J, Tegos GP, Nagle C, Mege N, Ulring K, Seyfert-Margolis V, Conway M, Francisco D, Molzahn A, Erickson H, Wilson CC, Schunk R, Sierra B, Hughes T, Smolen K, Desjardins M, van Haren S, Mitre X, Cauley J, Li X, Tong A, Evans B, Montesano C, Licona JH, Krauss J, Chang JBP, Izaguirre N, Chaudhary O, Coppi A, Fournier J, Mohanty S, Muenker MC, Nelson A, Raddassi K, Rainone M, Ruff WE, Salahuddin S, Schulz WL, Vijayakumar P, Wang H, Wunder Jr. E, Young HP, Zhao Y, Saksena M, Altman D, Kojic E, Srivastava K, Eaker LQ, Bermúdez-González MC, Beach KF, Sominsky LA, Azad AR, Carreño JM, Singh G, Raskin A, Tcheou J, Bielak D, Kawabata H, Mulder LCF, Kleiner G, Lee AS, Do ED, Fernandes A, Manohar M, Hagan T, Blish CA, Din HN, Roque J, Yang S, Brunton A, Sullivan PE, Strnad M, Lyski ZL, Coulter FJ, Booth JL, Sinko LA, Moldawer LL, Borresen B, Roth-Manning B, Song LZ, Nelson E, Lewis-Smith M, Smith J, Tipan PG, Siles N, Bazzi S, Geltman J, Hurley K, Gabriele G, Sieg S, Vaysman T, Bristow L, Hussaini L, Hellmeister K, Samaha H, Cheng A, Spainhour C, Scherer EM, Johnson B, Bechnak A, Ciric CR, Hewitt L, Carter E, Mcnair N, Panganiban B, Huerta C, Usher J, Ribeiro SP, Altman MC, Becker PM, Rouphael N. Phenotypes of disease severity in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: Results from the IMPACC study. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104208. [PMID: 35952496 PMCID: PMC9359694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better understanding of the association between characteristics of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and outcome is needed to further improve upon patient management. METHODS Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID-19 Cohort (IMPACC) is a prospective, observational study of 1164 patients from 20 hospitals across the United States. Disease severity was assessed using a 7-point ordinal scale based on degree of respiratory illness. Patients were prospectively surveyed for 1 year after discharge for post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) through quarterly surveys. Demographics, comorbidities, radiographic findings, clinical laboratory values, SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology were captured over a 28-day period. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. FINDINGS The median age was 59 years (interquartile range [IQR] 20); 711 (61%) were men; overall mortality was 14%, and 228 (20%) required invasive mechanical ventilation. Unsupervised clustering of ordinal score over time revealed distinct disease course trajectories. Risk factors associated with prolonged hospitalization or death by day 28 included age ≥ 65 years (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI 1.28-3.17), Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.71; 95% CI 1.13-2.57), elevated baseline creatinine (OR 2.80; 95% CI 1.63- 4.80) or troponin (OR 1.89; 95% 1.03-3.47), baseline lymphopenia (OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.61-2.97), presence of infiltrate by chest imaging (OR 3.16; 95% CI 1.96-5.10), and high SARS-CoV2 viral load (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.17-2.00). Fatal cases had the lowest ratio of SARS-CoV-2 antibody to viral load levels compared to other trajectories over time (p=0.001). 589 survivors (51%) completed at least one survey at follow-up with 305 (52%) having at least one symptom consistent with PASC, most commonly dyspnea (56% among symptomatic patients). Female sex was the only associated risk factor for PASC. INTERPRETATION Integration of PCR cycle threshold, and antibody values with demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory/radiographic findings identified risk factors for 28-day outcome severity, though only female sex was associated with PASC. Longitudinal clinical phenotyping offers important insights, and provides a framework for immunophenotyping for acute and long COVID-19. FUNDING NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Ozonoff
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joanna Schaenman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Carly E. Milliren
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles B. Cairns
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Monica Kraft
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Boston Clinical Site: Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Denise A. Esserman
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Viviana Simon
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Hafler
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Yale School of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Boston Clinical Site: Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Elias K. Haddad
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David J. Erle
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- University of Florida, Gainesville and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Scott C. Brakenridge
- University of Florida, Gainesville and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David Corry
- Baylor College of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Baylor College of Medicine, and the Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Esther Melamed
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | - Rafick Sekaly
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alison D. Augustine
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Patrice M. Becker
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Gary EN, Kathuria N, Makurumidze G, Curatola A, Ramamurthi A, Bernui ME, Myles D, Yan J, Pankhong P, Muthumani K, Haddad E, Humeau L, Weiner DB, Kutzler MA. CCR10 expression is required for the adjuvant activity of the mucosal chemokine CCL28 when delivered in the context of an HIV-1 Env DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:2626-2635. [PMID: 32057572 PMCID: PMC10681704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An effective prophylactic vaccine targeting HIV must induce a robust humoral response and must direct the bulk of this response to the mucosa-the primary site of HIV transmission. The chemokine, CCL28, is secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces and recruits' cells expressing its receptor CCR10. CCR10 is predominantly expressed by IgA + ASCs. We hypothesized that co-immunization with plasmid DNA encoding consensus envelope antigens with plasmid-encoded CCL28 would enhance anti-HIV IgA responses at mucosal surfaces. Indeed, animals receiving pCCL28 and pEnvA/C had significantly increased HIV-specific IgA in fecal extract. Surprisingly, CCL28 co-immunization induced a significant increase in anti-HIV IgG in the serum in mice compared to those receiving pEnvA/C alone. These robust antibody responses were not associated with changes in the frequency of germinal center B cells but depended upon the expression of CCR10, as these responses we abolished in CCR10-deficient animals. Finally, immunization with CCL28 led to increased frequencies in HIV-specific CCR10 + and CCR10 + IgA + B cells in the small intestine and Peyer's patches of vaccinated animals as compared to those receiving pEnvA/C alone. These data indicate that CCL28 administration can enhance antigen-specific humoral responses systemically and at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Gary
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - N Kathuria
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - G Makurumidze
- The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - A Curatola
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - A Ramamurthi
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M E Bernui
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D Myles
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - J Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, PA, United States
| | - P Pankhong
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - K Muthumani
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - E Haddad
- The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - L Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, PA, United States
| | - D B Weiner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M A Kutzler
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Bohrer ER, Löhr CV, Kutzler MA. Prolactin and growth hormone immunoactivity in canine mammary adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:293-297. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ER Bohrer
- Department of Zoology; College of Science; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - CV Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
| | - MA Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences; College of Agricultural Science; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR USA
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Vansandt LM, Kutzler MA, Fischer AE, Morris KN, Swanson WF. Safety and effectiveness of a single and repeat intramuscular injection of a GnRH vaccine (GonaCon™) in adult female domestic cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:348-353. [PMID: 27862374 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sterilization is a key strategy to reduce the number of domestic cats entering and killed in shelters each year. However, surgical sterilization is expensive and labour-intensive and cannot fully address the 70 million free-roaming cats estimated to exist in the United States. GonaCon™ is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine originally developed for use as a wildlife immunocontraceptive. An earlier formulation was tested in domestic cats and found to be safe and effective for long-term contraception. However, the current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered formulation consists of a different antigen-carrier protein and increased antigen concentration and has never been tested in cats. A pilot study was undertaken to evaluate the short-term safety of a single GonaCon immunization, assess the consequences of vaccinated cats receiving an accidental second GonaCon injection and determine the humoral immune response to immunization. During Phase 1, cats in Group A (n = 3) received a single intramuscular injection of GonaCon and Group B (n = 3) received a single intramuscular injection of saline. During Phase 2, Group A received a second GonaCon injection and Group B received their initial GonaCon injection. All cats developed GnRH antibodies within 30 days of vaccine administration. The endpoint titre (1:1,024,000) was similar among all cats, and levels remained high throughout the duration of the study. Four cats developed a sterile, painless, self-limiting mass at the site of injection. The mean number of days to mass development was 110.3 (range, 18-249 days). In conclusion, this preliminary study suggests that the EPA-registered GonaCon formulation is safe for continued testing in domestic cats, an accidental revaccination should not increase the risk of a vaccine reaction and the EPA-registered formulation effectively elicits a strong humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Vansandt
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M A Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - A E Fischer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K N Morris
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - W F Swanson
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Donovan CE, Gordon JM, Kutzler MA. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunization for the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in ovariectomized bitches. Theriogenology 2013; 81:196-202. [PMID: 24100163 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated GnRH immunization for the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in ovariectomized bitches. It has been reported that decreasing LH secretion through the use of GnRH agonists temporarily restores continence in some bitches. Therefore, decreasing the circulating LH concentrations by immunizing against GnRH might temporarily maintain continence in incontinent dogs. Sixteen incontinent dogs given phenylpropanolamine (PPA) to control incontinence were recruited for this study. Eleven dogs were immunized against GnRH (novel treatment group) at week 0, and nine dogs were vaccinated again 4 weeks later. Five dogs (standard treatment group) were vaccinated with a placebo twice at 4-week intervals. PPA was discontinued in the novel treatment group 2 weeks after revaccination, and standard-treatment dogs were given PPA for the duration of the study. Blood samples were collected before each treatment and at 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks and owners recorded episodes of incontinence throughout the study. Ten of the eleven dogs in the novel treatment group experienced side effects as a result of vaccination; two of these dogs experienced more severe side effects after the first vaccination and were withdrawn from the study as a result. Of the nine dogs that completed the vaccination series, four dogs remained continent after PPA was discontinued. For these four dogs, there was no difference in incontinent episodes when they were given PPA versus treatment with the vaccine. All nine novel-treatment dogs developed a GnRH antibody titer and experienced a significant decrease in circulating LH concentrations. In conclusion, GnRH immunization was effective in maintaining continence in four of the nine incontinent ovariectomized dogs, and in these dogs, treatment with the vaccine was comparable with treatment with PPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Donovan
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - J M Gordon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - M A Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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Donovan CE, Greer M, Kutzler MA. Physiologic responses following gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunization in intact male dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 6:403-5. [PMID: 23279550 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the use of a commercial gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine as a method of temporary and reversible immunocastration in intact male dogs. Four privately owned dogs were vaccinated twice at 4-week intervals. Blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 12 and 20 weeks following the initial vaccination. These samples were analysed for GnRH antibody titres, luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone concentrations. Scrotal measurements were made at the time of sample collection, and testicular volume was calculated using the formula of an ellipsoid. As a result of vaccination, dogs displayed an elevated GnRH antibody titre, decreased LH and testosterone concentrations and decreased testicular volume, which reversed by the end of the study period. Therefore, these results suggest that immunizing against GnRH may be a possible choice for temporary and reversible immunocastration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Donovan
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Fellows EJ, Hazzard TM, Kutzler MA. Gene expression in pre-term, pre-labour and parturient canine placenta. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 6:182-5. [PMID: 23279494 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-A receptor (Flt-1) and KiSS-1 receptor (KiSS-1R) all play a role in trophoblast invasion in a number of mammalian species. However, mRNA expression of factors regulating trophoblast invasion has not been studied in dogs. Abnormal expression of these factors at the end of canine gestation may contribute to placental retention and/or subinvolution of placental sites. Therefore, we sought to determine the relative mRNA expression of these factors in canine chorioallantois tissue at 61 ± 1 day past the LH surge (pre-term; n = 4), following elective c-section at 64 ± 1 day past the LH surge prior to first-stage labour (pre-labour; n = 4) and following natural delivery (parturient; n = 3). Total RNA was isolated, real-time RT-PCR was performed, and relative expression was calculated using the relative quantitation (2-ΔΔCT) method. MMP-9 mRNA expression was significantly higher in pre-term samples compared to pre-labour and parturient samples. The results showed no significant difference between MMP-2, TIMP-2, VEGF-A and Flt-1 mRNA expression among the three groups. KiSS-1R mRNA was not expressed in any tissues studied. Gene expression of MMP-9 may be related to the onset of labour, whereas MMP-2, VEGF-A, Flt-1, TIMP-2 and KiSS-1R mRNA do not appear to play a role at the end of gestation in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Fellows
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Kutzler MA, Kraynyak KA, Nagle SJ, Parkinson RM, Zharikova D, Chattergoon M, Maguire H, Muthumani K, Ugen K, Weiner DB. Plasmids encoding the mucosal chemokines CCL27 and CCL28 are effective adjuvants in eliciting antigen-specific immunity in vivo. Gene Ther 2010; 17:72-82. [PMID: 19847203 PMCID: PMC10751736 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A hurdle facing DNA vaccine development is the ability to generate strong immune responses systemically and at local immune sites. We report a novel systemically administered DNA vaccination strategy using intramuscular codelivery of CCL27 or CCL28, which elicited elevated peripheral IFN-gamma and antigen-specific IgG while driving antigen-specific T-cell secretion of cytokine and antibody production in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and lung. This strategy resulted in induction of long-lived antibody responses that neutralized influenza A/PR8/34 and protected mice from morbidity and mortality associated with a lethal intranasal viral challenge. This is the first example of the use of CCL27 and CCL28 chemokines as adjuvants to influence a DNA vaccine strategy, suggesting further examination of this approach for manipulation of vaccine-induced immunity impacting both quality and phenotype of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Kutzler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, The Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - KA Kraynyak
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - SJ Nagle
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - RM Parkinson
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - M Chattergoon
- The Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Maguire
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Muthumani
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Ugen
- The Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - DB Weiner
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kraynyak KA, Kutzler MA, Pahar B, Sylvester A, Yan J, Carnathan D, Khan AS, Sardesai N, Moldoveanu Z, Mestecky J, Betts MR, Marx P, Weiner DB. P19-46. Co-delivery of mucosal chemokine plasmids in a systemically delivered DNA vaccine elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice and macaques. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767877 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-p366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Indications for estrus induction in the dog and cat include potential missed breeding opportunities or conception failure, the treatment of primary or secondary anestrus, out-of-season breeding (feline) and synchronization of ovulation for embryo transfer programs. Reported methods for estrus induction in bitches and queens include the use of synthetic estrogens (diethylstilbesterol), dopamine agonists (bromocriptine and cabergoline), GnRH agonists (lutrelin, buserelin, fertirelin, deslorelin, and leuprolide), exogenous gonadotropins (LH, FSH, hCG, PMSG, and human menopausal gonadotropin) and opiate antagonists (naloxone). These methods vary widely in efficacy of inducing estrus as well as in the fertility of the induced estrus. The applicability of some of these methods for clinical practice is questionable. This review will summarize published reports on estrus induction in canids and felids, both wild and domestic, and provide an update on research using a long-acting injectable deslorelin preparation in bitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kutzler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 209 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Volkmann DH, Kutzler MA, Wheeler R, Krekeler N, Klewitz J, Lamb SV. Failure of hCG to support luteal function in bitches after estrus induction using deslorelin implants. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1502-6. [PMID: 16490244 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Induction of estrus with deslorelin implants was followed by abortions in bitches that conceived during the induced estrus. Lowering the deslorelin dose and choosing a better implantation site prevented the abortions. This study investigated the hypothesis that induction of estrus with deslorelin is followed by reduced serum progesterone concentrations (SPC) during the ensuing diestrus. Assuming that reduced luteal function resulted from reduced LH secretion due to hypophyseal down-regulation of GnRH receptors, the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment on the SPC of diestrous bitches was also investigated. In Experiment 1, 10 spontaneously cycling bitches served as controls, whereas estrus was induced with deslorelin implants in 24 others. In Experiment 2, six diestrous bitches were treated with a single dose of hCG between Days 39 and 45 of diestrus. The SPC was lower in deslorelin-induced bitches from Days 35 to 56 of diestrus and hCG increased SPC during the first 24 h after treatment, followed by a dramatic decline thereafter. Although SPC recovered in pregnant bitches, it remained much lower (< or = 1 ng/mL) than in untreated, non-pregnant bitches. The suppression of progesterone secretion after hCG treatment suggested that decreased luteal activity in deslorelin-induced bitches may not be a simple consequence of down-regulation of hypophyseal GnRH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Volkmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Ugen KE, Kutzler MA, Marrero B, Westover J, Coppola D, Weiner DB, Heller R. Regression of subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumors after intratumoral delivery of an IL-15-expressing plasmid followed by in vivo electroporation. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:969-74. [PMID: 16763607 PMCID: PMC3277848 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electroporation has been used to efficiently deliver drugs and 'therapeutic' genes to tumors, including melanoma lesions. This study reports on the effect of intratumoral delivery of an optimized DNA plasmid expressing interleukin-15 (pIL-15) on established murine melanoma tumors. IL-15 has been demonstrated to have a pivotal role in the function of memory CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells, which are critical for tumor immunosurveillance. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were injected with B16.F10 melanoma cells and randomized into different experimental groups: untreated (P-V-E-), treated with pIL-15 (P+) or backbone plasmid (V+), with or without electroporation (E+ or E-). Treatment was performed intratumorally with 50 microg of plasmid on days 0, 4 and 7 and tumor volume/size, tumor regression and long-term survival were measured. At day 100 after initiation of treatment, the percentage of mice surviving with complete tumor regression in the P-V+E+, P+V-E-, P+V-E+ and P-V-E- treatment groups were 0, 12.5, 37.5 and 0%, respectively. These results demonstrate the ability of pIL-15 to mediate B16 melanoma regression, with the effect being significantly enhanced by electroporative delivery. This is the first description of the ability of a naked DNA plasmid expressing IL-15 to alone mediate complete regression of B16 melanoma tumors and underscores the potential clinical use of these plasmids for the treatment of malignant tumors when delivered with in vivo electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Ugen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Abstract
A novel approach to estrous induction in diestrous bitches is described. Twelve spontaneously cycling anestrous bitches served as controls. Thirteen anestrous and 15 diestrous bitches were induced to come into synchronous estrous using prostaglandin (diestrous bitches only) and deslorelin implants (Ovuplant). Implants contained either 2.1 or 1.05 mg deslorelin and were administered beneath the vestibular submucosa. All treated bitches came into estrous, regardless of implant size. Whereas all anestrous bitches ovulated, one of six diestrous bitches treated with the larger implant and three of nine treated with the smaller implant failed to ovulate. Induced bitches generally produced fewer corpora lutea than controls. Sixty-seven percent of control bitches became pregnant, with 0.63 fetuses per corpus luteum, whereas the pregnancy rate and fetuses per corpus luteum were 67 and 70% and 0.42 and 0.55 in the anestrous bitches induced with 1.05 and 2.1 mg deslorelin implants, respectively (not different from controls). Only 2 of 15 induced diestrous bitches conceived a detectable pregnancy, one of which was resorbed. In conclusion, although ovulatory estrous can be induced in bitches that had their most recent ovulation 40-100 days ago, these bitches are very unlikely to become pregnant during the induced estrous. The reason for the poor fertility in these diestrous bitches requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Volkmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Kutzler MA, Molnar J, Schlafer DH, Kuc RE, Davenport AP, Nathanielsz PW. Maternal dexamethasone increases endothelin-1 sensitivity and endothelin a receptor expression in ovine foetal placental arteries. Placenta 2003; 24:392-402. [PMID: 12657514 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite National Institutes of Health recommendations to administer antenatal steroids as a single course to women threatening preterm delivery, repeated treatments are often given. We investigated effects of repeated dexamethasone (DM) administered to the ewe on small maternal and foetal placental arteries. We hypothesized that DM would increase responsiveness to endothelin-1 (ET-1) and norepinephrine (NE) and that foetal arteries would react differently to ET-1 and NE compared to maternal arteries. Ewes received three treatments beginning at 103, 110, and 117 days of gestation (dGA). Each treatment consisted of four IM injections of 2mg DM or saline at 12-h intervals. At 119 dGA, in vitro functional studies were performed using Mulvany wire myography and endothelin receptor (ETR) expression was quantified using real-time RTPCR and receptor ligand autoradiography. Foetal placental arteries demonstrated greater maximal contractility to ET-1 and lesser maximal contractility to NE compared to maternal arteries. DM increased the maximal contraction elicited by ET-1 and NE in foetal but not maternal placental arteries. DM also increased the abundance of type-A ETR but not type-B ETR mRNA in foetal but not maternal placental arteries. However, within the whole placentome, DM increased the abundance of type-B ETR and decreased type-A ETR mRNA, which was confirmed by similar changes in ETR binding specifically within the labyrinth region. In summary, repeated DM treatment results in agonist and vascular bed specific responses within the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kutzler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 158 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kutzler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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Kutzler MA. Theriogenology question of the month. Endometrial cups. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:205-6. [PMID: 11195824 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Kutzler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
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