1
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Catching A, Te Yeh M, Bianco S, Capponi S, Andino R. A tradeoff between enterovirus A71 particle stability and cell entry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7450. [PMID: 37978288 PMCID: PMC10656440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A central role of viral capsids is to protect the viral genome from the harsh extracellular environment while facilitating initiation of infection when the virus encounters a target cell. Viruses are thought to have evolved an optimal equilibrium between particle stability and efficiency of cell entry. In this study, we genetically perturb this equilibrium in a non-enveloped virus, enterovirus A71 to determine its structural basis. We isolate a single-point mutation variant with increased particle thermotolerance and decreased efficiency of cell entry. Using cryo-electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we determine that the thermostable native particles have acquired an expanded conformation that results in a significant increase in protein dynamics. Examining the intermediate states of the thermostable variant reveals a potential pathway for uncoating. We propose a sequential release of the lipid pocket factor, followed by internal VP4 and ultimately the viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, 94022, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA.
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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2
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Yeh MT, Smith M, Carlyle S, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Burns CC, Konz J, Andino R, Macadam A. Genetic stabilization of attenuated oral vaccines against poliovirus types 1 and 3. Nature 2023; 619:135-142. [PMID: 37316671 PMCID: PMC10322712 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with Sabin, a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), results in robust intestinal and humoral immunity and has been key to controlling poliomyelitis. As with any RNA virus, OPV evolves rapidly to lose attenuating determinants critical to the reacquisition of virulence1-3 resulting in vaccine-derived, virulent poliovirus variants. Circulation of these variants within underimmunized populations leads to further evolution of circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus with higher transmission capacity, representing a significant risk of polio re-emergence. A new type 2 OPV (nOPV2), with promising clinical data on genetic stability and immunogenicity, recently received authorization from the World Health Organization for use in response to circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks. Here we report the development of two additional live attenuated vaccine candidates against type 1 and 3 polioviruses. The candidates were generated by replacing the capsid coding region of nOPV2 with that from Sabin 1 or 3. These chimeric viruses show growth phenotypes similar to nOPV2 and immunogenicity comparable to their parental Sabin strains, but are more attenuated. Our experiments in mice and deep sequencing analysis confirmed that the candidates remain attenuated and preserve all the documented nOPV2 characteristics concerning genetic stability following accelerated virus evolution. Importantly, these vaccine candidates are highly immunogenic in mice as monovalent and multivalent formulations and may contribute to poliovirus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK
| | - Sarah Carlyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK
| | - Jennifer L Konopka-Anstadt
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Konz
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK.
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3
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Catching A, Capponi S, Yeh MT, Bianco S, Andino R. Examining the interplay between face mask usage, asymptomatic transmission, and social distancing on the spread of COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15998. [PMID: 34362936 PMCID: PMC8346500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19's high virus transmission rates have caused a pandemic that is exacerbated by the high rates of asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. These factors suggest that face masks and social distance could be paramount in containing the pandemic. We examined the efficacy of each measure and the combination of both measures using an agent-based model within a closed space that approximated real-life interactions. By explicitly considering different fractions of asymptomatic individuals, as well as a realistic hypothesis of face masks protection during inhaling and exhaling, our simulations demonstrate that a synergistic use of face masks and social distancing is the most effective intervention to curb the infection spread. To control the pandemic, our models suggest that high adherence to social distance is necessary to curb the spread of the disease, and that wearing face masks provides optimal protection even if only a small portion of the population comply with social distance. Finally, the face mask effectiveness in curbing the viral spread is not reduced if a large fraction of population is asymptomatic. Our findings have important implications for policies that dictate the reopening of social gatherings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, 95120, USA.
- Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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4
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Konz JO, Schofield T, Carlyle S, Wahid R, Ansari A, Strating JRPM, Yeh MT, Manukyan H, Smits SL, Tritama E, Rahmah L, Ugiyadi D, Andino R, Laassri M, Chumakov K, Macadam A. Evaluation and validation of next-generation sequencing to support lot release for a novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine. Vaccine X 2021; 8:100102. [PMID: 34195600 PMCID: PMC8233139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants were evaluated to assess which were important to ensure nOPV2 quality. The cDNA preparation and NGS method was validated through evaluating mixtures of Sabin-2 and nOPV2. Pre-specified validation criteria for linearity and precision were met at all positions. The method was assessed to be fit-for-purpose for vaccine lot release. Understanding the co-location of genetic variants was important to interpret NGS results.
A novel, genetically-stabilized type 2 oral polio vaccine (nOPV2), developed to assist in the global polio eradication program, was recently the first-ever vaccine granted Emergency Use Listing by the WHO. Lot release tests for this vaccine included—for the first time to our knowledge—the assessment of genetic heterogeneity using next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGS ensures that the genetically-modified regions of the vaccine virus genome remain as designed and that levels of polymorphisms which may impact safety or efficacy are controlled during routine production. The variants present in nOPV2 lots were first assessed for temperature sensitivity and neurovirulence using molecular clones to inform which polymorphisms warranted formal evaluation during lot release. The novel use of NGS as a lot release test required formal validation of the method. Analysis of an nOPV2 lot spiked with the parental Sabin-2 strain enabled performance characteristics of the method to be assessed simultaneously at over 40 positions in the genome. These characteristics included repeatability and intermediate precision of polymorphism measurement, linearity of both spike-induced and nOPV2 lot-specific polymorphisms, and the limit-of-detection of spike-induced polymorphisms. The performance characteristics of the method met pre-defined criteria for 34 spike-induced polymorphic sites and 8 polymorphisms associated with the nOPV2 preparation; these sites collectively spanned most of the viral genome. Finally, the co-location of variants of interest on genomes was evaluated, with implications for the interpretation of NGS discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Konz
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tim Schofield
- CMC Sciences, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, United States
| | - Sarah Carlyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rahnuma Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Azeem Ansari
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Ming Te Yeh
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Hasmik Manukyan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Raul Andino
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Majid Laassri
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Chaudhary O, Wang L, Bose D, Narayan V, Yeh MT, Carville A, Clements JD, Andino R, Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Comparative Evaluation of Prophylactic SIV Vaccination Modalities Administered to the Oral Cavity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:984-997. [PMID: 32962398 PMCID: PMC7703093 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attempts to develop a protective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine have had limited success, especially in terms of inducing protective antibodies capable of neutralizing different viral strains. As HIV transmission occurs mainly via mucosal surfaces, HIV replicates significantly in the gastrointestinal tract, and the oral route of vaccination is a very convenient one to implement worldwide, we explored three SIV vaccine modalities administered orally and composed of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) DNA priming with different boosting immunogens, with the goal of evaluating whether they could provide lasting humoral and cellular responses, including at mucosal surfaces that are sites of HIV entry. Twenty-four Cynomolgus macaques (CyM) were primed with replication-incompetent SIV DNA provirus and divided into three groups for the following booster vaccinations, all administered in the oral cavity: Group 1 with recombinant SIV gp140 and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin adjuvant dmLT, Group 2 with recombinant SIV-Oral Poliovirus (SIV-OPV), and Group 3 with recombinant SIV-modified vaccinia ankara (SIV-MVA). Cell-mediated responses were measured using blood, lymph node, rectal and vaginal mononuclear cells. Significant levels of systemic and mucosal T-cell responses against Gag and Env were observed in all groups. Some SIV-specific plasma IgG, rectal and salivary IgA antibodies were generated, mainly in animals that received SIV DNA + SIV-MVA, but no vaginal IgA was detected. Susceptibility to infection after SIVmac251 challenge was similar in vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals, but acute infection viremia levels were lower in the group that received SIV DNA + SIV-MVA. Nonvaccinated CyM maintained central memory and total CD4+ T-cell levels in the normal range during the 5 months of postinfection follow-up as did the vaccinated animals, precluding evaluation of vaccine impact on disease progression. We conclude that the oral cavity vaccination tested in these regimens can stimulate cell-mediated immunity systemically and mucosally, but humoral response stimulation was limited with the doses and the vaccine platforms used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Chaudhary
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - John D. Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Yeh MT, Capponi S, Catching A, Bianco S, Andino R. Mapping Attenuation Determinants in Enterovirus-D68. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080867. [PMID: 32784424 PMCID: PMC7472100 DOI: 10.3390/v12080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV)-D68 has been associated with epidemics in the United Sates in 2014, 2016 and 2018. This study aims to identify potential viral virulence determinants. We found that neonatal type I interferon receptor knockout mice are susceptible to EV-D68 infection via intraperitoneal inoculation and were able to recapitulate the paralysis process observed in human disease. Among the EV-D68 strains tested, strain US/MO-14-18949 caused no observable disease in this mouse model, whereas the other strains caused paralysis and death. Sequence analysis revealed several conserved genetic changes among these virus strains: nucleotide positions 107 and 648 in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR); amino acid position 88 in VP3; 1, 148, 282 and 283 in VP1; 22 in 2A; 47 in 3A. A series of chimeric and point-mutated infectious clones were constructed to identify viral elements responsible for the distinct virulence. A single amino acid change from isoleucine to valine at position 88 in VP3 attenuated neurovirulence by reducing virus replication in the brain and spinal cord of infected mice.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Brain/virology
- Capsid Proteins/chemistry
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus D, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus D, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus D, Human/physiology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Spinal Cord/virology
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (M.T.Y.); (A.C.)
| | - Sara Capponi
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA; (S.C.); (S.B.)
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (M.T.Y.); (A.C.)
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA; (S.C.); (S.B.)
- Center for Cellular Construction, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (M.T.Y.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-502-6358
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7
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Yeh MT, Bujaki E, Dolan PT, Smith M, Wahid R, Konz J, Weiner AJ, Bandyopadhyay AS, Van Damme P, De Coster I, Revets H, Macadam A, Andino R. Engineering the Live-Attenuated Polio Vaccine to Prevent Reversion to Virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:736-751.e8. [PMID: 32330425 PMCID: PMC7566161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV or Sabin vaccine) replicates in gut-associated tissues, eliciting mucosa and systemic immunity. OPV protects from disease and limits poliovirus spread. Accordingly, vaccination with OPV is the primary strategy used to end the circulation of all polioviruses. However, the ability of OPV to regain replication fitness and establish new epidemics represents a significant risk of polio re-emergence should immunization cease. Here, we report the development of a poliovirus type 2 vaccine strain (nOPV2) that is genetically more stable and less likely to regain virulence than the original Sabin2 strain. We introduced modifications within at the 5' untranslated region of the Sabin2 genome to stabilize attenuation determinants, 2C coding region to prevent recombination, and 3D polymerase to limit viral adaptability. Prior work established that nOPV2 is immunogenic in preclinical and clinical studies, and thus may enable complete poliovirus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erika Bujaki
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Patrick T Dolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Rahnuma Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - John Konz
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Amy J Weiner
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Coster
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Hilde Revets
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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8
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Stern A, Yeh MT, Zinger T, Smith M, Wright C, Ling G, Nielsen R, Macadam A, Andino R. The Evolutionary Pathway to Virulence of an RNA Virus. Cell 2017; 169:35-46.e19. [PMID: 28340348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic polio once afflicted almost half a million children each year. The attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) has enabled world-wide vaccination efforts, which resulted in nearly complete control of the disease. However, poliovirus eradication is hampered globally by epidemics of vaccine-derived polio. Here, we describe a combined theoretical and experimental strategy that describes the molecular events leading from OPV to virulent strains. We discover that similar evolutionary events occur in most epidemics. The mutations and the evolutionary trajectories driving these epidemics are replicated using a simple cell-based experimental setup where the rate of evolution is intentionally accelerated. Furthermore, mutations accumulating during epidemics increase the replication fitness of the virus in cell culture and increase virulence in an animal model. Our study uncovers the evolutionary strategies by which vaccine strains become pathogenic and provides a powerful framework for rational design of safer vaccine strains and for forecasting virulence of viruses. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Stern
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tal Zinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Matt Smith
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Caroline Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guy Ling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology; Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Macadam
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Stern A, Bianco S, Yeh MT, Wright C, Butcher K, Tang C, Nielsen R, Andino R. Costs and benefits of mutational robustness in RNA viruses. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1026-36. [PMID: 25127138 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of mutations in RNA viruses is thought to facilitate rapid adaptation to changes in the environment. However, most mutations have deleterious effects on fitness, especially for viruses. Thus, tolerance to mutations should determine the nature and extent of genetic diversity that can be maintained in the population. Here, we combine population genetics theory, computer simulation, and experimental evolution to examine the advantages and disadvantages of tolerance to mutations, also known as mutational robustness. We find that mutational robustness increases neutral diversity and, as expected, can facilitate adaptation to a new environment. Surprisingly, under certain conditions, robustness may also be an impediment for viral adaptation, if a highly diverse population contains a large proportion of previously neutral mutations that are deleterious in the new environment. These findings may inform therapeutic strategies that cause extinction of otherwise robust viral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Stern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; IBM Research-Almaden, Industrial and Applied Genomics, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120-6099, USA
| | - Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Caroline Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kristin Butcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chao Tang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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10
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Oem JK, Yeh MT, McKenna TS, Hayes JR, Rieder E, Giuffre AC, Robida JM, Lee KN, Cho IS, Fang X, Joo YS, Park JH. Pathogenic characteristics of the Korean 2002 isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs and cattle. J Comp Pathol 2008; 138:204-14. [PMID: 18384806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental infection of susceptible cattle and pigs showed that the O/SKR/AS/2002 pig strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an infection that is highly virulent and contagious in pigs but very limited in cattle. Pigs directly inoculated with, or exposed to swine infected with, strain O/SKR/AS/2002 showed typical clinical signs, including gross vesicular lesions in mouth and pedal sites. In addition, FMDV was isolated from, and FMDV genomic RNA was detected in, blood, serum, nasal swabs and oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid early in the course of infection. Antibodies against the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC were detected in both directly inoculated and contact pigs, indicating active virus replication. In contrast, the disease in cattle was atypical. After inoculation, lesions were confined to the infection site. A transient viraemia occurred 1 and 2 days after inoculation, and this was followed by the production of antibodies to NSP 3ABC, indicating subclinical infection. No clinical disease was seen, and no antibodies to NSP 3ABC were present in contact cattle. Additionally, no virus or viral nucleic acid was detected in blood, nasal swab and OP fluid samples from contact cattle. Thus, the virus appeared not to be transmitted from infected cattle to contact cattle. In its behaviour in pigs and cattle, strain O/SKR/AS/2002 resembled the porcinophilic FMDV strain of Cathay origin, O/TAW/97. However, the latter, unlike O/SKR/AS/2002, has reduced ability to grow in bovine-derived cells. The porcinophilic character of O/TAW/97 has been attributed to a deletion in the 3A coding region of the viral genome. However, O/SKR/AS/2002 has an intact 3A coding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Oem
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, 480 Anyang-6-Dong, Anyang 430-824, Republic of Korea
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Zhioua E, Yeh MT, LeBrun RA. Assay for phenoloxidase activity in Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis. J Parasitol 1997; 83:553-4. [PMID: 9194851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenoloxidase activity in Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis was assayed. No phenoloxidase activity was detected compared to high activity through time in larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). We conclude that activated prophenoloxidase does not act as an opsonin in ixodid ticks tested to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhioua
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA
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Yeh MT, Mather TN, Coughlin RT, Gingrich-Baker C, Sumner JW, Massung RF. Serologic and molecular detection of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Rhode Island. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:944-7. [PMID: 9157157 PMCID: PMC229705 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.4.944-947.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) assay with antigen produced in vitro in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL60 was used to identify the first recognized case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Rhode Island. This IFA assay was used to detect granulocytic ehrlichiae in white-footed mice and in a dog inhabiting the area surrounding the patient's residence. Host-seeking Ixodes scapularis ticks found in the same habitat also were infected. I. scapularis ticks collected from other locations were fed on dogs and New Zealand White rabbits to assess the competency of these species as hosts of granulocytotropic Ehrlichia. Tick-induced infections of dogs were confirmed by serologic testing, tissue culture isolation, and PCR amplification, whereas several rabbits seroconverted but were PCR and culture negative. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and DNA sequencing of the PCR products or culture isolation was used to confirm granulocytic Ehrlichia infections in humans, dogs, white-footed mice, and ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Yeh
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA
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Hu R, Yeh MT, Hyland KE, Mather TN. Experimental Babesia microti infection in golden hamsters: immunoglobulin G response and recovery from severe hemolytic anemia. J Parasitol 1996; 82:728-32. [PMID: 8885880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We described the parasitemia, hematologic changes, and immunity developed by golden hamsters during 8 wk of infection with Babesia microti following experimental inoculation. All 8 hamsters used in this study were readily infected. Animals attained peak parasitemias asynchronously but within a 2-wk period. Most of the animals reached their peak parasitemia by 4 wk postinoculation, attaining a mean +/- SD of 21.9 +/- 9.4% infected erythrocytes (range = 20-35%). Red blood cell count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin level were used to monitor the course of the hemolytic anemia experienced by infected hamsters. All 3 measures corresponded inversely to the parasitemia; significant hematologic changes (P = 0.0001) were observed during the 8 wk of monitoring. Although all hamsters suffered from severe hemolytic anemia, they also recovered within the same period. Golden hamsters developed a detectable anti-B. microti IgG response by 2 wk postinoculation. Individual animals typically attained peak antibody levels (> or = 1:8, 192) 1 wk after the peak parasitemia. Hamsters retained a high IgG titer (> or = 1:4,096), although parasitemias fell dramatically, fluctuating thereafter at low levels (< 5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hu
- Center for Vector-Bome Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA
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Magnarelli LA, Stafford KC, Mather TN, Yeh MT, Horn KD, Dumler JS. Hemocytic rickettsia-like organisms in ticks: serologic reactivity with antisera to Ehrlichiae and detection of DNA of agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2710-4. [PMID: 8567911 PMCID: PMC228561 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.10.2710-2714.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ixodid ticks were collected from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and British Columbia (Canada) during 1991 to 1994 to determine the prevalence of infection with hemocytic (blood cell), rickettsia-like organisms. Hemolymph obtained from these ticks was analyzed by direct and indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) staining methods with dog, horse, or human sera containing antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, or Rickettsia rickettsii. Of the 693 nymphal and adult Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, and Ixodes pacificus ticks tested with dog anti-E. canis antiserum, 209 (32.5%) contained hemocytic bacteria. The prevalence of infected ticks varied greatly with species and locale. In parallel tests of duplicate hemolymph preparations from adult I. scapularis ticks, the hemocytic organisms reacted positively with E. canis and/or E. equi antisera, including sera from persons who had granulocytic ehrlichiosis. In separate PCR analyses, DNA of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis was detected in 59 (50.0%) of 118 adult and in 1 of 2 nymphal I. scapularis ticks tested from Connecticut. There was no evidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis DNA in these ticks. In indirect FA tests of hemolymph for spotted fever group rickettsiae, the overall prevalence of infection was less than 4%. Specificity tests of antigens and antisera used in these studies revealed no cross-reactivity between E. canis and E. equi or between any of the ehrlichial reagents and those of R. rickettsii. The geographic distribution of hemocytic microorganisms with shared antigens to Ehrlichia species or spotted fever group rickettsiae is widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Magnarelli
- Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven 06504, USA
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Hsieh YF, Ling GC, Lu YB, Yeh MT, Chiang CP. Incidence of tumor of the renal pelvis in Taiwan. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1979; 78:749-53. [PMID: 292751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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