Sugar delivery at the tomato root and root galls after Meloidogyne incognita infestation

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an effective method for alleviating root-knot nematode disease. At present, the pathway by which sucrose is unloaded from the phloem cells to giant cells (GCs) in root galls and which genes related to sugar metabolism and transport play key roles in this process are unclear. In this study, we found that sugars could be unloaded into GCs only from neighboring phloem cells through the apoplastic pathway. With the development of galls, the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose in the galls and adjacent tissue increased gradually. SUT1, SUT2, SWEET7a, STP10, SUS3 and SPS1 may provide sugar sources for GCs, while STP1, STP2 and STP12 may transport more sugar to phloem parenchyma cells. At the early stage of Meloidogyne incognita infestation, the sucrose content in tomato roots and leaves increased, while the glucose and fructose contents decreased. SWEET7a, SPS1, INV-INH1, INV-INH2, SUS1 and SUS3 likely play key roles in root sugar delivery. These results elucidated the pathway of sugar unloading in tomato galls and provided an important theoretical reference for eliminating the sugar source of RKNs and preventing root-knot nematode disease.

Efficient and durable seawater electrolysis with a V2O3-protected catalyst

The ocean, a vast hydrogen reservoir, holds potential for sustainable energy and water development. Developing high-performance electrocatalysts for hydrogen production under harsh seawater conditions is challenging. Here, we propose incorporating a protective V2O3 layer to modulate the microcatalytic environment and create in situ dual-active sites consisting of low-loaded Pt and Ni3N. This catalyst demonstrates an ultralow overpotential of 80 mV at 500 mA cm-2, a mass activity 30.86 times higher than Pt-C and maintains at least 500 hours in seawater. Moreover, the assembled anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE) demonstrate superior activity and durability even under demanding industrial conditions. In situ localized pH analysis elucidates the microcatalytic environmental regulation mechanism of the V2O3 layer. Its role as a Lewis acid layer enables the sequestration of excess OH- ions, mitigate Cl- corrosion, and alkaline earth salt precipitation. Our catalyst protection strategy by using V2O3 presents a promising and cost-effective approach for large-scale sustainable green hydrogen production.

Fast collective motions of backbone in transmembrane α helices are critical to water transfer of aquaporin

Fast collective motions are widely present in biomolecules, but their functional relevance remains unclear. Herein, we reveal that fast collective motions of backbone are critical to the water transfer of aquaporin Z (AqpZ) by using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A total of 212 residue site-specific dipolar order parameters and 158 15N spin relaxation rates of the backbone are measured by combining the 13C- and 1H-detected multidimensional ssNMR spectra. Analysis of these experimental data by theoretic models suggests that the small-amplitude (~10°) collective motions of the transmembrane α helices on the nanosecond-to-microsecond timescales are dominant for the dynamics of AqpZ. The MD simulations demonstrate that these collective motions are critical to the water transfer efficiency of AqpZ by facilitating the opening of the channel and accelerating the water-residue hydrogen bonds renewing in the selectivity filter region.

Detection of alkaline phosphatase activity with a CsPbBr3/Y6 heterojunction-based photoelectrochemical sensor

An ultra-sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on perovskite composite was developed for the determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in human serum. In contrast to CsPbBr3 or Y6 that generated anodic current, the heterojunction of CsPbBr3/Y6 promoted photocarriers to separate and generated cathodic photocurrent. Ascorbic acid (AA) was produced by ALP hydrolyzing L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium salt (AAP), which can combine with the holes on the photoelectrode surface, accelerating the transmission of photogenerated carriers, leading to enhanced photocurrent intensity. Thus, the enhancement of PEC current was linked to ALP activity. The PEC sensor exhibits good sensitivity for detection of ALP owing to the unique photoelectric properties of the CsPbBr3/Y6 heterojunction. The detection limit of the sensor was 0.012 U·L-1 with a linear dynamic range of 0.02-2000 U·L-1. Therefore, this PEC sensing platform shows great potential for the development of different PEC sensors.

Activating Interfacial Electron Redistribution in Lattice-Matched Biphasic Ni3N-Co3N for Energy-Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production via Coupled Hydrazine Degradation

The development of high-purity and high-energy-density green hydrogen through water electrolysis holds immense promise, but issues such as electrocatalyst costs and power consumption have hampered its practical application. In this study, we present a promising solution to these challenges through the use of a high-performance bifunctional electrocatalyst for energy-efficient hydrogen production via coupled hydrazine degradation. The biphasic metal nitrides with highly lattice-matched structures are deliberately constructed, forming an enhanced local electric field between the electron-rich Ni3N and electron-deficient Co3N. Additionally, Mn is introduced as an electric field engine to further activate electron redistribution. Our Mn@Ni3N-Co3N/NF bifunctional electrocatalyst achieves industrial-grade current densities of 500 mA cm-2 at 0.49 V without degradation, saving at least 53.3 % energy consumption compared to conventional alkaline water electrolysis. This work will stimulate the further development of metal nitride electrocatalysts and also provide new perspectives on low-cost hydrogen production and environmental protection.

Muscle density, but not size, is independently associated with cognitive health in older adults with hip fractures

Emerging evidence indicates a complex interplay between skeletal muscle and cognitive function. Despite the known differences between muscle quantity and quality, which can be measured via computed tomography (CT), the precise nature of their associations with cognitive performance remain underexplored. To investigate the links between muscle size and density and cognitive impairment (CI) in the older adults with hip fractures, we conducted a post hoc, cross-sectional analysis within a prospective cohort study on 679 patients with hip fractures over 65. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and routine hip CT imaging were utilized to assess cognition function and muscle characteristics in older adults with hip fractures. The CT scans provided data on cross-sectional area and attenuation for the gluteus maximus (G.MaxM) and the combined gluteus medius and minimus (G.Med/MinM). Participants were categorized into CI and non-CI groups based on education levels and MMSE scores. Multivariate logistic regressions, propensity score (PS) methods, and subgroup analysis were employed to analyze associations and validate findings. This study included 123 participants (81.6 ± 6.8 years, 74% female) with CI and 556 participants (78.5 ± 7.7 years, 72% female) without. Compared to the non-CI group, muscle parameters, especially density, were significantly lower in the CI group. Specifically, G.Med/Min muscle density, but not size was robustly associated with CI (odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval = 0.62-0.96, P = 0.02), independent of other medical situations. Sensitivity analysis corroborated that G.Med/Min muscle density was consistently lower in the CI group than the non-CI group, as evidenced in the PS matched (P = 0.024) and weighted cohort (P = 0.033). Enhanced muscle parameters, particularly muscle density in the G.Med/MinM muscle, correlate with a lower risk of CI. Muscle density demonstrates a stronger association with cognitive performance than muscle size, highlighting its potential as a key focus in future cognitive health research.

Convenient Size Analysis of Nanoplastics on a Microelectrode

Chemical recycling is a promising approach to reduce plastic pollution. Timely and accurate size analysis of produced nanoplastics is necessary to monitor the process and assess the quality of chemical recycling. In this work, a sandwich-type microelectrode sensor was developed for the size assessment of nanoplastics. β-Mercaptoethylamine was modified on the microelectrode to enhance its surface positive charge density. Polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics were captured on the sensor through electrostatic interactions. Ferrocene was used as an electrochemical beacon and attached to PS via hydrophobic interactions. The results show a nonlinear dependence of the sensor's current response on the PS particle size. The size resolving ability of the microelectrode is mainly attributed to the small size of the electrode and the resulting attenuation of the electric field strength. For mixed samples with different particle sizes, this method can provide accurate average particle sizes. Through an effective pretreatment process, the method can be applied to PS nanoplastics with different surface properties, ensuring its application in evaluating different chemical recycling methods.

A New Family of High Oxidation State Antiperovskite Nitrides: La3MN5 (M = Cr, Mn and Mo)

Three new nitrides La3MN5 (M = Cr, Mn, and Mo) have been synthesized using a high pressure azide route. These are the first examples of ternary Cs3CoCl5-type nitrides, and show that this (MN4)NLa3 antiperovskite structure type may be used to stabilise high oxidation-state transition metals in tetrahedral molecular [MN4]n- nitridometallate anions. Magnetic measurements confirm that Cr and Mo are in the M6+ state, but the M = Mn phase has an anomalously small paramagnetic moment and large cell volume. Neutron powder diffraction data are fitted using an anion-excess La3MnN5.30 model (space group I4/mcm, a = 6.81587(9) Å and c = 11.22664(18) Å at 200 K) in which Mn is close to the +7 state. Excess-anion incorporation into Cs3CoCl5-type materials has not been previously reported, and this or other substitution mechanisms may enable many other high oxidation state transition metal nitrides to be prepared.

[A transcriptomic analysis of correlation between mitochondrial function and energy metabolism remodeling in mice with myocardial fibrosis following myocardial infarction]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the changes of mitochondrial respiratory function during myocardial fibrosis in mice with myocardial infarction (MI) and its correlation with the increase of glycolytic flux.

METHODS

Forty C57BL/6N mice were randomized into two equal groups to receive sham operation or ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce acute MI. At 28 days after the operation, 5 mice from each group were euthanized and left ventricular tissue samples were collected for transcriptomic sequencing. FPKM method was used to calculate gene expression levels to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MI mice, which were analyzed using GO and KEGG databases to determine the pathways affecting the disease process. Heat maps were drawn to show the differential expressions of the pathways and the related genes in the enrichment analysis. In primary cultures of neonatal mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), the changes in mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis levels in response to treatment with the pro-fibrotic agonist TGF-β1 were analyzed using Seahorse experiment.

RESULTS

The mouse models of MI showed significantly increased diastolic and systolic left ventricular diameter (P < 0.05) and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (P < 0.0001). A total of 124 up-regulated and 106 down-regulated DEGs were identified in the myocardial tissues of MI mice, and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in fatty acid metabolism, organelles and other metabolic pathways and in the mitochondria. Heat maps revealed fatty acid beta oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and increased glycolysis levels in MI mice. In the primary culture of CFs, treatment with TGF-β1 significantly reduced the basal and maximum respiratory levels and increased the basal and maximum glycolysis levels (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

During myocardial fibrosis, energy metabolism remodeling occurs in the CFs, manifested by lowered mitochondrial function and increased energy generation through glycolysis.

The effect of deviations in sintering temperature on the translucency and color of multi-layered zirconia

OBJECT

This study aimed to investigate the changes in the translucency and color of four different multi-layered zirconia materials when the sintering temperature were inaccurate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two hundred zirconia samples (11 × 11 × 1.0 mm) of four multi-layered zirconia, Upcera TT-GT (UG), Upcera TT-ML (UM), Cercon xt ML (CX), and Lava Esthetic (LE), were divided into five subgroups according to the sintering temperature: L1 (5% lower temperature), L2 (2.5% lower temperature), R (recommended sintering temperature), H2 (2.5% higher temperature), H1 (5% higher temperature). After sintering, color coordinates were measured. Then the translucency parameter (TP) values, and the color differences (between the inaccurate sintering temperature and the recommended temperature) of each zirconia specimen were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by using three-way ANOVA tests, the one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test.

RESULTS

Three-way ANOVA results showed that material type, sintering temperature, specimen section, and their interactions significantly influenced the TP values (except for the interactions of specimen section and sintering temperature) (P < .05). TP values of zirconia specimens were significantly different in the inaccurate sintering temperatures (P < .05), except for the cervical and body sections of UG group (P > .05). Compared with recommended sintering temperature, higher sintering temperature caused higher TP values for CX, but lower for LE. Three-way ANOVA results showed that material type, sintering temperature, and their interactions significantly influenced the ∆E00 values (P < .05). There were no significant differences in ∆E00 values of UM and CX groups at different inaccurate sintering temperatures, and were clinical imperception (except for UM-L1) (∆E00 < 1.25). ∆E00 values of all zirconia specimens showed clinically acceptable (∆E00 < 2.23).

CONCLUSION

The deviations in sintering temperature significantly influenced the translucency and color of tested multi-layered zirconia. The trends of translucency in the multi-layered zirconia depended on material type and the color changes of all zirconia materials were clinically acceptable at inaccurate sintering temperatures.

Sagittal support rather than medial cortical support matters in geriatric intertrochanteric fracture: A finite element analysis study

Hip fracture, increasing exponentially with age, is osteoporosis's most severe clinical consequence. Intertrochanteric fracture, one of the main types of hip fracture, is associated with higher mortality and morbidity. The current research hotspots lay in improving the treatment effect and optimizing the secondary stability after intertrochanteric fracture surgery. Cortex buttress reduction is a widely accepted method for treating intertrochanteric fracture by allowing the head-neck fragment to slide and rigidly contact the femoral shaft's cortex. Medial cortical support is considered a more effective option in treating young patients. However, osteo-degenerations features, including bone weakness and cortical thickness thinning, affect the performance of cortex support in geriatric intertrochanteric fracture treatment. Literature focusing on the age-specific difference in cortex performance in the fractured hip is scarce. We hypothesized that this osteo-19 degenerative feature affects the performance of cortex support in treating intertrochanteric fractures between the young and the elderly. We established twenty models for the old and the young with intertrochanteric fractures and performed static and dynamic simulations under one-legged stance and walking cycle conditions. The von Mises stress and displacement on the femur, proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) implant, fracture plane, and the cutting volume of cancellous bone of the femur were compared. It was observed that defects in the anterior and posterior cortical bone walls significantly increase the stress on the PFNA implant, the displacement of the fracture surface, and cause a greater volume of cancellous bone to be resected. We concluded that ensuring the integrity and alignment of the anterior and posterior cortical bones is essential for elderly patients, and sagittal support is recommended. This finding suggests that the treatment method for intertrochanteric fracture may differ, considering the patient's age difference.

Vertical Cross-Alignments of 2D Semiconductors with Steered Internal Electric Field for Urea Electrooxidation via Balancing Intermediates Adsorption

Single-component electrocatalysts generally lead to unbalanced adsorption of OH- and urea during urea oxidation reaction (UOR), thus obtaining low activity and selectivity especially when oxygen evolution reaction (OER) competes at high potentials (>1.5 V). Herein, a cross-alignment strategy of in situ vertically growing Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on 2D semiconductor g-C3N4 is reported to form a hetero-structured electrocatalyst. Various spectroscopy measurements including in situ experiments indicate the existence of enhanced internal electric field at the interfaces of vertical Ni(OH)2 and g-C3N4 nanosheets, favorable for balancing adsorption of reaction intermediates. This heterojunction electrocatalyst shows high-selectivity UOR compared to pure Ni(OH)2, even at high potentials (>1.5 V) and large current density. The computational results show the vertical heterojunction could steer the internal electric field to increase the adsorption of urea, thus efficiently avoiding poisoning of strongly adsorbed OH- on active sites. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA)-based electrolyzer with the heterojunction anode could operate at an industrial-level current density of 200 mA cm-2. This work paves an avenue for designing high-performance electrocatalysts by vertical cross-alignments of active components.

Mapping the Research of Ferroptosis in Parkinson's Disease from 2013 to 2023: A Scientometric Review

Methods

Related studies on PD and ferroptosis were searched in Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from inception to 2023. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, RStudio, and Scimago Graphica were employed as bibliometric analysis tools to generate network maps about the collaborations between authors, countries, and institutions and to visualize the co-occurrence and trends of co-cited references and keywords.

Results

A total of 160 original articles and reviews related to PD and ferroptosis were retrieved, produced by from 958 authors from 162 institutions. Devos David was the most prolific author, with 9 articles. China and the University of Melbourne had leading positions in publication volume with 84 and 12 publications, respectively. Current hot topics focus on excavating potential new targets for treating PD based on ferroptosis by gaining insight into specific molecular mechanisms, including iron metabolism disorders, lipid peroxidation, and imbalanced antioxidant regulation. Clinical studies aimed at treating PD by targeting ferroptosis remain in their preliminary stages.

Conclusion

A continued increase was shown in the literature within the related field over the past decade. The current study suggested active collaborations among authors, countries, and institutions. Research into the pathogenesis and treatment of PD based on ferroptosis has remained a prominent topic in the field in recent years, indicating that ferroptosis-targeted therapy is a potential approach to halting the progression of PD.

Synergistic Lewis and Brønsted Acid Sites Promote OH* Formation and Enhance Formate Selectivity: Towards High-efficiency Glycerol Valorization

As a sustainable valorization route, electrochemical glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) involves in formation of key OH* and selective adsorption/cleavage of C-C(O) intermediates with multi-step electron transfer, thus suffering from high potential and poor formate selectivity for most non-noble-metal-based electrocatalysts. So, it remains challenging to understand the structure-property relationship as well as construct synergistic sites to realize high-activity and high-selectivity GOR. Herein, we successfully achieve dual-high performance with low potentials and superior formate selectivity for GOR by forming synergistic Lewis and Brønsted acid sites in Ni-alloyed Co-based spinel. The optimized NiCo oxide solid-acid electrocatalyst exhibits low reaction potential (1.219 V@10 mA/cm2) and high formate selectivity (94.0 %) toward GOR. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pH-dependence measurements show that the Lewis acid centers could accelerate OH* production, while the Brønsted acid centers are proved to facilitate high-selectivity formation of formate. Theoretical calculations reveal that NiCo alloyed oxide shows appropriate d-band center, thus balancing adsorption/desorption of C-O intermediates. This study provides new insights into rationally designing solid-acid electrocatalysts for biomass electro-upcycling.

Lipoprotein(a) is associated with recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease and prediabetes or diabetes

PURPOSE

Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and diabetes mellitus (DM) are both associated with adverse events in high-risk patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). Currently, the association between Lp(a) levels and recurrent cardiovascular (CV) events (CVEs) remained undetermined in patients with different glucose status. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of Lp(a) levels for recurrent CVEs in high-risk CAD patients who suffered from first CVEs according to different glycemic metabolism.

METHODS

We recruited 5257 consecutive patients with prior CVEs and followed up for recurrent CVEs, including CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and non-fatal stroke. Patients were assigned to low, medium, and high groups according to Lp(a) levels and further stratified by glucose status.

RESULTS

During a median 37-month follow-up, 225 (4.28%) recurrent CVEs occurred. High Lp(a) was independently associated with recurrent CVEs [adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR), 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-2.19; P = 0.008]. When participants were classified according to Lp(a) levels and glycemic status, high Lp(a) levels were associated with an increased risk of recurrent CVEs in pre-DM (adjusted HR, 2.96; 95% CI 1.24-7.05; P = 0.014). Meanwhile, medium and high Lp(a) levels were both associated with an increased risk for recurrent CVEs in DM (adjusted HR, 3.09; 95% CI 1.30-7.34; P = 0.010 and adjusted HR, 3.13, 95% CI 1.30-7.53; P = 0.011, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that elevated Lp(a) levels were associated with an increased recurrent CVE risk in patients with CAD, particularly among those with pre-DM and DM, indicating that Lp(a) may provide incremental value in risk stratification in this population.

Efficient healing of diabetic wounds by MSC-EV-7A composite hydrogel via suppression of inflammation and enhancement of angiogenesis

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia, impaired vascularization, and serious complications, such as blindness and chronic diabetic wounds. About 25% of patients with DM are estimated to encounter impaired healing of diabetic wounds, often leading to lower limb amputation. Multiple factors are attributed to the non-healing of diabetic wounds, including hyperglycaemia, chronic inflammation, and impaired angiogenesis. It is imperative to develop more efficient treatment strategies to tackle healing difficulties in diabetic wounds. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising for diabetic wound healing considering their anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic and pro-proliferative activities. A histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7)-derived 7-amino-acid peptide (7A) was shown to be highly effective for angiogenesis. However, it has never been investigated whether MSC-EVs are synergistic with 7A for the healing of diabetic wounds. Herein, we propose that MSC-EVs can be combined with 7A to greatly promote diabetic wound healing. The combination of EVs and 7A significantly improved the migration and proliferation of skin fibroblasts. Moreover, EVs alone significantly suppressed LPS-induced inflammation in macrophages, and notably, the combination treatment showed an even better suppression effect. Importantly, the in vivo study revealed that the combination therapy consisting of EVs and 7A in an alginate hydrogel was more efficient for the healing of diabetic wounds in rats than monotherapy using either EV or 7A hydrogels. The underlying mechanisms include suppression of inflammation, improvement of skin cell proliferation and migration, and enhanced collagen fiber disposition and angiogenesis in wounds. In summary, the MSC-EV-7A hydrogel potentially constitutes a novel therapy for efficient healing of chronic diabetic wounds.

[A multicenter prospective study on early identification of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children]

Objective: To explore potential predictors of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in early stage. Methods: The prospective multicenter study was conducted in Zhejiang, China from May 1st, 2019 to January 31st, 2020. A total of 1 428 patients with fever >48 hours to <120 hours were studied. Their clinical data and oral pharyngeal swab samples were collected; Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in pharyngeal swab specimens was detected. Patients with positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA results underwent a series of tests, including chest X-ray, complete blood count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and procalcitonin. According to the occurrence of RMPP, the patients were divided into two groups, RMPP group and general Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (GMPP) group. Measurement data between the 2 groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between clinical data and RMPP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse the power of the markers for predicting RMPP. Results: A total of 1 428 patients finished the study, with 801 boys and 627 girls, aged 4.3 (2.7, 6.3) years. Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA was positive in 534 cases (37.4%), of whom 446 cases (83.5%) were diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, including 251 boys and 195 girls, aged 5.2 (3.3, 6.9) years. Macrolides-resistant variation was positive in 410 cases (91.9%). Fifty-five cases were with RMPP, 391 cases with GMPP. The peak body temperature before the first visit and LDH levels in RMPP patients were higher than that in GMPP patients (39.6 (39.1, 40.0) vs. 39.2 (38.9, 39.7) ℃, 333 (279, 392) vs. 311 (259, 359) U/L, both P<0.05). Logistic regression showed the prediction probability π=exp (-29.7+0.667×Peak body temperature (℃)+0.004×LDH (U/L))/(1+exp (-29.7+0.667×Peak body temperature (℃)+0.004 × LDH (U/L))), the cut-off value to predict RMPP was 0.12, with a consensus of probability forecast of 0.89, sensitivity of 0.89, and specificity of 0.67; and the area under ROC curve was 0.682 (95%CI 0.593-0.771, P<0.01). Conclusion: In MPP patients with fever over 48 to <120 hours, a prediction probability π of RMPP can be calculated based on the peak body temperature and LDH level before the first visit, which can facilitate early identification of RMPP.

An ATP "Synthase" Derived from a Single Structural Domain of Bacterial Histidine Kinase

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a vital energy source for living organisms, and its biosynthesis and precise concentration regulation often depend on macromolecular machinery composed of protein complexes or complicated multidomain proteins. We have identified a single-domain protein HK853CA derived from bacterial histidine kinases (HK) that can catalyze ATP synthesis efficiently. Here, we explored the reaction mechanism and multiple factors that influence this catalysis through a combination of experimental techniques and molecular simulations. Moreover, we optimized its enzymatic activity and applied it as an ATP replenishment machinery to other ATP-dependent systems. Our results broaden the understanding of ATP biosynthesis and show that the single CA domain can be applied as a new biomolecular catalyst used for ATP supply.

Surface Reconstruction on Metal Nitride during Photo-oxidation

The efficient conversion and storage of solar energy for chemical fuel production presents a challenge in sustainable energy technologies. Metal nitrides (MNs) possess unique structures that make them multi-functional catalysts for water splitting. However, the thermodynamic instability of MNs often results in the formation of surface oxide layers and ambiguous reaction mechanisms. Herein, we present on the photo-induced reconstruction of a Mo-rich@Co-rich bi-layer on ternary cobalt-molybdenum nitride (Co3 Mo3 N) surfaces, resulting in improved effectiveness for solar water splitting. During a photo-oxidation process, the uniform initial surface oxide layer is reconstructed into an amorphous Co-rich oxide surface layer and a subsurface Mo-N layer. The Co-rich outer layer provides active sites for photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (POER), while the Mo-rich sublayer promotes charge transfer and enhances the oxidation resistance of Co3 Mo3 N. Additionally, the surface reconstruction yields a shortened Co-Mo bond length, weakening the adsorption of hydrogen and resulting in improved performance for both photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (PHER) and POER. This work provides insight into the surface structure-to-activity relationships of MNs in solar energy conversion, and is expected to have significant implications for the design of metal nitride-based catalysts in sustainable energy technologies.

Cu-Pt/CrN Fuel Cell Gas Sensor Achieves ppb-Level H2S Detection at Room Temperature

Fuel cell gas sensors have emerged as promising advanced sensing devices owing to their advantageous features of low power consumption and cost-effectiveness. However, commercially available Pt/C electrodes pose significant challenges in terms of stability and accurate detection of low concentrations of target gases. Here, we introduce an efficient Cu-Pt/CrN-based fuel cell gas sensor, designed specifically for the ultrasensitive detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at room temperature. Compared to the commercial Pt/C sensor, the Cu-Pt/CrN sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity (0.26 μA/ppm), with an increase in the selectivity by a factor of 2.5, and demonstrates good stability over a 2 month period. The enhanced sensing performance can be attributed to the modulation of the electronic arrangement of Pt by Cu, resulting in an augmentation of H2S adsorption. The Cu-Pt/CrN fuel cell gas sensor provides an opportunity for detecting parts per billion-level H2S in various applications.

Comparison of saline infusion test and captopril challenge test in the diagnosis of Chinese with primary aldosteronism in different age groups

Background

To explore the diagnostic accuracy and the optimal cutoff value between the saline infusion test (SIT) and captopril challenge test (CCT) [including the value and suppression of plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC)] for primary aldosteronism (PA) diagnosing.

Methods

A total of 318 patients with hypertension were consecutively enrolled, including 126 patients with PA and 192 patients with essential hypertension (EH), in this observational study. The characteristics of patients and laboratory examinations were collected and compared. The comparison between SIT and CCT was carried by drawing the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) and calculating the area under the curve (AUC) to explore the diagnostic accuracy and the optimal cutoff value.

Results

The average age was 51.59 ± 10.43 in the PA group and 45.72 ± 12.44 in the EH group (p<0.05). The optimal cutoff value was 10.7 ng/dL for post-CCT PAC, 6.8 ng/dL for post-SIT PAC, and 26.9% for suppression of post-CCT PAC. The diagnostic value of post-CCT PAC was the highest with 0.831 for the AUC and 0.552 for the Youden index. The optimal cutoff value for patients who were <50 years old was 11.5 ng/dL for post-CCT PAC and 8.4 ng/dL for post-SIT PAC. The suppression of post-CCT PAC turned to 18.2% for those of age 50 or older.

Conclusion

Compared with SIT, CCT had a higher diagnostic value when post-CCT PAC was used as the diagnostic criterion in Chinese people, while the selection of diagnostic thresholds depended on patient age.

MKRN1 regulates the expression profiles and transcription factor activity in HeLa cells inhibition suppresses cervical cancer cell progression

Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecologic malignancies worldwide, necessitating the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study aimed to investigate the significance of MKRN1 in cervical cancer and explore its potential as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. The results indicated that MKRN1 expression was up-regulated in cervical cancer tissues and correlated with advanced tumor stage, higher grade, and poor patient survival. Functional studies demonstrated that targeting MKRN1 effectively inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, highlighting its critical role in tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the knockdown of MKRN1 resulted in altered expression patterns of six transcription factor-encoding genes, revealing its involvement in gene regulation. Co-expression network analysis unveiled complex regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of MKRN1 knockdown on gene expression. Furthermore, the results suggested that MKRN1 might serve as a diagnostic marker for personalized treatment strategies and a therapeutic target to inhibit tumor growth, metastasis, and overcome drug resistance. The development of MKRN1-targeted interventions might hold promise for advancing personalized medicine approaches in cervical cancer treatment. Further research is warranted to validate these findings, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and translate these insights into improved management and outcomes for cervical cancer patients.

Impact of nanoplastics on Alzheimer 's disease: Enhanced amyloid-β peptide aggregation and augmented neurotoxicity

Nanoplastics, widely existing in the environment and organisms, have been proven to cross the blood-brain barrier, increasing the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, current studies mainly focus on the neurotoxicity of nanoplastics themselves, neglecting their synergistic effects with other biomolecules and the resulting neurotoxicity. Amyloid β peptide (Aβ), which triggers neurotoxicity through its self-aggregation, is the paramount pathogenic protein in AD. Here, employing polystyrene nanoparticles (PS) as a model for nanoplastics, we reveal that 100 pM PS nanoparticles significantly accelerate the nucleation rate of two Aβ subtypes (Aβ40 and Aβ42) at low concentrations, promoting the formation of more Aβ oligomers and leading to evident neurotoxicity. The hydrophobic surface of PS facilitates the interaction of hydrophobic fragments between Aβ monomers, responsible for the augmented neurotoxicity. This work provides consequential insights into the modulatory impact of low-dose PS on Aβ aggregation and the ensuing neurotoxicity, presenting a valuable foundation for future research on the intricate interplay between environmental toxins and brain diseases.

Risk prediction of second hip fracture by bone and muscle density of the hip varies with time after first hip fracture: A prospective cohort study

Purpose

Predictors of 'imminent' risk of second hip fracture are unknown. The aims of the study were to explore strength of hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and muscle area and density for predicting second hip fracture at different time intervals.

Methods

Data of the Chinese Second Hip Fracture Evaluation were analyzed, a longitudinal study to evaluate the risk of second hip fracture (of the contralateral hip) by using CT images obtained immediately after first hip fracture. Muscle cross-sectional area and density were measured of the gluteus maximus (G.MaxM) and gluteus medius and minimus (G.Med/MinM) and aBMD of the proximal femur at the contralateral unfractured side. Patients were followed up for a median time of 4.5 years. Separate Cox models were used to predict second hip fracture risk at different time intervals after first event adjusted for age, sex, BMI and diabetes.

Results

The mean age of subjects with imminent (within 1st or 2nd year) second hip fracture was 79.80 ± 5.16 and 81.56 ± 3.64 years. In the 1st year after the first hip fracture, femoral neck (FN) aBMD predicted second hip fracture (HR 5.88; 95 % CI, 1.32-26.09). In the remaining years of follow-up after 2nd year, muscle density predicted second hip fracture (G.MaxM HR 2.13; 95 % CI, 1.25-3.65,G.Med/MinM HR 2.10; 95 % CI, 1.32-3.34).

Conclusions

Our results show that femoral neck aBMD is an important predictor for second hip fracture within the first year and therefore suggest supports the importance concept of early and rapid-acting bone-active drugs to increase hip BMD. In addition, the importance of muscle density predicting second hip fracture after the second year suggest post hip fracture rehabilitation and exercise programs could also be important to reduce muscle fatty infiltration.

Diagnostic value of dynamic contrast enhancement combined with conventional MRI in differentiating benign and malignant lacrimal gland epithelial tumours

AIM

To establish the diagnostic value of the quantitative parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with conventional MRI in differentiating of benign and malignant lacrimal gland epithelial tumours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of primary lacrimal gland epithelial tumours confirmed by histopathology was conducted. Conventional MRI features and DCE-MRI quantitative parameters were collected and subjected to analysis. The diagnostic value was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients were enrolled of which 29 had malignant, whereas 24 had benign tumours. Conventional MRI revealed statistically significant differences between benign and malignant tumours regarding maximum tumour diameter, posterior margin characteristic, bone destruction, and erosion. The Ktrans and Kep values obtained by DCE-MRI were higher in malignant than in benign tumours, with a statistically significant (p<0.001 and p=0.022). A type I time-signal intensity (TIC) curve was more frequent in benign tumours, whereas a type II TIC curve was prevalent in malignant tumours (p=0.001). ROC analysis showed that Ktrans had the best diagnostic value of the DCE-MRI parameters (area under the ROC curve [AUC] of 0.822, 75.9% sensitivity, and 83.3% specificity, p<0.001). The combination of conventional MRI and DCE-MRI factors had the best diagnostic value and balanced sensitivity and specificity (AUC of 0.948, 93.1% sensitivity, and 91.7% specificity, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The present findings indicate that the combination of quantitative parameters of DCE-MRI and image characteristics of conventional MRI have a high diagnostic value for the diagnosis of benign and malignant lacrimal gland epithelial tumours.

Differentiation of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal tuberculosis by dual-layer spectral detector CT enterography

AIM

To investigate the value of radiological features and energy spectrum quantitative parameters in the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) by dual-layer spectral detector computed tomography (CT) enterography (CTE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical and CTE data were collected from 182 patients with CD, 29 with UC, and 51 with ITB. CT images were obtained at the enteric phases and portal phases. The quantitative energy spectrum parameters were iodine density (ID), normalised ID (NID), virtual non-contrast (VNC) value, and effective atomic number (Z-eff). The area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated.

RESULTS

The vascular comb sign (p=0.009) and enlarged lymph nodes (p=0.001) were more common in patients with CD than UC or ITB. In the differentiation of moderate-severe active CD from UC, enteric phase NID (AUC, 0.938; p<0.001) and portal phase Z-eff (AUC, 0.925; p<0.001) had the highest accuracy, which were compared separately. In the differentiation of moderate-severe active CD from ITB, enteric phase NID (AUC, 0.906; p<0.001) and portal phase Z-eff (AUC, 0.947; p<0.001) had the highest accuracy; however, the AUC value was highest when the four parameters are combined (AUC, 0.989; p<0.001; AUC, 0.986; p<0.001; AUC, 0.936; p<0.001; and AUC, 0.986; p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The present study shows that the combined strategies of four parameters have higher sensitivity and specificity in differentiating CD, UC, and ITB, and may play a key role in guiding treatment.

Jellyfish-inspired smart tetraphenylethene lipids with unique AIE fluorescence, thermal response, and cell membrane interaction

Smart lipids with fluorescence emission, thermal response, and polyethylene glycolation (PEGylation) functions can be highly valuable for formulation, image-traceable delivery, and targeted release of payloads. Herein, a series of jellyfish-shaped amphiphiles with a tetraphenylethene (TPE) core and four symmetrical amphiphilic side chains were conveniently synthesized and systematically investigated as smart lipids. Compared with regular amphiphilic TPE lipids and phospholipids, the unprecedented jellyfish-shaped molecular geometry was found to enable a series of valuable capabilities, including sensitive and responsive aggregation-induced emission of fluorescence (AIE FL) and real-time FL monitoring of drug uptake. Furthermore, the jellyfish-shaped geometry facilitated the concentration-dependent aggregation from unimolecular micelles at low concentrations to "side-by-side" spherical aggregates at high concentrations and a unique mode of AIE. In addition, the size and the arrangement of the amphiphilic side chains were found to dominate the aggregate stability, cell uptake, and thus the cytotoxicity of the amphiphiles. This study has unprecedentedly developed versatile smart TPE lipids with precise structures, and unique physicochemical and biological properties while the peculiar structure-property relationship may shed new light on the design and application of AIE fluorophores and functional lipids in biomedicine and materials science.

Aptamers targeting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein exhibit potential anti pan-coronavirus activity

Emerging and recurrent infectious diseases caused by human coronaviruses (HCoVs) continue to pose a significant threat to global public health security. In light of this ongoing threat, the development of a broad-spectrum drug to combat HCoVs is an urgently priority. Herein, we report a series of anti-pan-coronavirus ssDNA aptamers screened using Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). These aptamers have nanomolar affinity with the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and also show excellent binding efficiency to the N proteins of both SARS, MERS, HCoV-OC43 and -NL63 with affinity KD values of 1.31 to 135.36 nM. Such aptamer-based therapeutics exhibited potent antiviral activity against both the authentic SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain and the Omicron variant (BA.5) with EC50 values at 2.00 nM and 41.08 nM, respectively. The protein docking analysis also evidenced that these aptamers exhibit strong affinities for N proteins of pan-coronavirus and other HCoVs (-229E and -HKU1). In conclusion, we have identified six aptamers with a high pan-coronavirus antiviral activity, which could potentially serve as an effective strategy for preventing infections by unknown coronaviruses and addressing the ongoing global health threat.

miR-30c affects the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis by regulating target gene VIP

MicroRNAs play a crucial role in regulating the epithelial barrier and immune response, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of miR-30c in the pathogenesis of UC using a dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis model, which is similar to ulcerative colitis. Wild-type (WT) and miR-30c knockout (KO) mice were assigned to either control or DSS-treated groups to evaluate the influence of aberrant miR-30c expression on UC pathogenesis. The disease activity index, inflammatory factors, and the extent of pathological and histological damage in colon tissues were analyzed. The effect of miR-30c on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene expression was validated through luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that miR-30c KO mice with DSS-induced colitis model showed more severe phenotypes: significantly higher disease activity indices, significant body weight loss, reduced length of the colon of mice, increased number of aberrant crypt structures, reduced mucus secretion, and significant differences in inflammatory factors. These findings suggested that the absence of miR-30c might promote DSS-induced colitis, and the targe-regulatory effect of miR-30c on VIP might play an important role in the development of colitis.

Temperature-Controllable Liquid Crystalline Medium for Stereochemical Elucidation of Organic Compounds via Residual Chemical Shift Anisotropies

The configuration elucidation of organic molecules continues to pose significant challenges in studies involving stereochemistry. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are powerful for obtaining such structural information. Anisotropic NMR techniques, such as measurement of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and residual chemical shift anisotropies (RCSAs), complementing isotropic NMR parameters, provide relative configuration information. RCSAs provide valuable structural information, especially for nonprotonated carbons, yet have been severely underutilized due to the lack of an easily operational alignment medium capable of rapid transition from anisotropic to isotropic environments, especially in aqueous conditions. In this study, an oligopeptide-based alignment media (FK)4 is presented for RCSA measurements. Temperature variation manipulates the assembly of (FK)4, yielding tunable anisotropic and isotropic phases without the requirement of any special devices or time-consuming correction procedures during data analysis. Decent observed ΔΔRCSA values from sp3 carbons benefit the utilization of RCSA measurements in the structural elucidation of organic molecules highly composed with sp3 carbons. Moreover, the (FK)4 alignment medium is applicable for both RDC and RCSA measurements in one sample, further advancing the configuration analysis of molecules of interest.

Global burden and inequality of maternal and neonatal disorders: based on data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study

BACKGROUND

Maternal and neonatal disorders account for substantial health loss across the lifespan from early childhood. These problems may be related to health inequality.

AIM

To provide evidence for improvement in health policies regarding maternal and neonatal disorder inequity.

DESIGN

This was a population-based cross-sectional study based on 2019 Global Burden of Disease data.

METHODS

Annual cases and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2019 were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study. Concentration curves and concentration indices were used to summarize the degree of socioeconomic-related inequality.

RESULTS

For maternal disorders, the global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, death and DALYs were 2889.4 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 2562.9-3251.9), 502.9 (95% UI 418.7-598.0), 5.0 (95% UI 4.4-5.8) and 324.9 (95% UI 284.0-369.1) per 100 000 women in 2019, respectively. The ASRs of maternal disorders were all obviously reduced and remained pro-poor from 1990 to 2019. In neonatal disorders, the global ASRs of incidence, prevalence, death and DALYs were 363.3 (95% UI 334.6-396.8), 1239.8 (95% UI 1142.1-1356.7), 29.1 (95% UI 24.8-34.5) and 2828.3 (95% UI 2441.6-3329.6) per 100 000 people in 2019, respectively. The global ASRs of incidence, death and DALYs in neonatal disorders have remained pro-poor. However, the socioeconomic-related fairness in the ASR of neonatal disorder prevalence is being levelled.

CONCLUSIONS

The global burden of maternal and neonatal disorders has remained high, and socioeconomic-related inequality (pro-poor) tended not to change between 1990 and 2019.

Activatable organic probes for in situ imaging of biomolecules

Biomolecules are fundamental for various chemical and biological processes of living organisms. High-resolution in situ imaging of the dynamics and local distribution of biomolecules may facilitate better interpretation of diverse complex cell events in the biomedicine field. In different advanced imaging tools, fluorescence imaging-based activatable organic probes can be noninvasively and effortlessly internalized into cells and can be easily modified, which is essential for the in situ imaging of targets in living organisms. We here briefly summarize the existing general design strategies of activatable organic probes for retaining the fluorescence signal inside cells. We particularly describe the bioapplication of these probes for the in situ bioimaging. This review is expected to promote the development of new molecular tools for extending the application of these in situ imaging strategies to other biomolecules.

The diagnosis and treatment of Criss-Cross injury of the forearm: A retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND

Due to the paucity of 'Criss-Cross' injury, the pathological changes and injury patterns have not been clearly described; as well as the treatment and prognosis. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the treatment and clinical outcomes of 'Criss-Cross' injury of the forearm.

METHODS

All patients diagnosed with Criss-Cross injury meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria in our Level 3 hospital (most advanced level) from 2010 to 2022, were enrolled in the study. A total of 12 patients were enrolled in our retrospective analysis. Closed reduction was successful in 3 patients, open reduction performed in the remaining patients. 6 patients associated with a fracture, while 2 cases had a concomitant convergent elbow dislocation. The follow-up time in conservative patients was 23.0 months on average (3-51 months), while 38.4 months in surgery group on average (3-108 months). The forearm function was evaluated with the Anderson's forearm function score. The range of motion (ROM) of the elbow and wrist and forearm rotation including any complications was also documented during the follow-up.

RESULTS

On final follow-up, ROM of the elbow, wrist, and forearm rotation significantly improved after conservative treatment (50.0 ± 24.5° to 128.3 ± 2.9°, 55.0 ± 7.1° to 166.7 ± 5.8°, 83.3 ± 20.8° to 165.0 ± 15.0°, respectively, p < 0.001) and surgical treatment (41.7 ± 22.4° to 102.8 ± 21.1°, 42.2 ± 16.4° to 125.6 ± 25.1°, 34.4 ± 26.5° to 138.3 ± 22.6°, respectively, p < 0.001). However, compared with the contralateral side, there were still significant difference regarding the ROM of the elbow (102.8 ± 21.1° to 143.9 ± 4.9°), wrist (125.6 ± 25.1° to 167.8 ± 5.1°), and forearm rotation (138.3 ± 22.6° to 163.3 ± 3.5°) after surgical treatment (P < 0.01). Anderson's Forearm Function Score was excellent in all conservative cases and 2 of 9 patients treated with operation. 2 patients complained about occasional elbow locking, wrist pain and reduced power after conservative treatment. 2 patients reported ulnar neuritis after the operation, one of which was treated with anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve.

CONCLUSION

The Criss-Cross injury could be associated with different fractures and/or simultaneous convergent elbow dislocation. The basic principle of treatment is to reduce both PRUJ and DRUJ by closed reduction or surgery, with early rehabilitation. Most of the patients regained good forearm function after receiving either conservative or surgical treatment.

Combining Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Neurofilament Light Chain for the Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent brain disorder affecting more than 2% of the world's population. Due to the lack of well-specific biomarkers, it is difficult to distinguish MDD from other diseases with similar clinical symptoms (such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral thrombosis). In this work, we provided a strategy to address this issue by constructing a combinatorial biomarker of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light chain (NFL). To achieve the convenient and sensitive detection of two proteins, we developed an electrochemical immunosandwich sensor using two metal-ion-doped carbon dots (Pb-CDs and Cu-CDs) as probes for signal output. Each probe contains approximately 300 Pb2+ or 200 Cu2+, providing excellent signal amplification. This method achieved detection limits of 0.3 pg mL-1 for GFAP and 0.2 pg mL-1 for NFL, lower than most of the reported detection limits. Analysis of real serum samples showed that the concentration ratio of GFAP to NFL, which is associated with the relative degree of brain inflammation and neurodegeneration, is suitable for not only distinguishing MDD from healthy individuals but also specifically distinguishing MDD from Alzheimer's disease and cerebral thrombosis. The good specificity gives the combinatorial GFAP/NFL biomarker broad application prospects in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of MDD.

Detection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) enzymatic activity by pregnancy test strips based on hCG-modified magnetic nanoparticles

The detection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) endopeptidase activity by pregnancy test paper based on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-functionalized peptide-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNs) is described for the first time. HCG-functionalized SNAP-25 peptide substrate with hydrolysis recognition sites was optimally designed. HCG can be recognized by pregnancy test strips. BoNT/A light chain (BoNT-LcA) is the central part of the endopeptidase function in holotoxin, which can specifically hydrolyze SNAP-25 peptide to release the hCG-peptide probe, and the hCG-peptide probe released can be quantitatively detected by pregnancy test strips, achieving indirect determination of BoNT/A. By quantifying the T-line color intensity of test strips, the visual detection limit for BoNT-LcA is 12.5 pg/mL, and the linear range of detection for BoNT-LcA and BoNT/A holotoxin was 100 pg/mL to 1 ng/mL and 25 to 250 ng/mL. The ability of the method to quantify BoNT/A was validated in human serum samples. This method shows the potential for sensitive detecting BoNT/A and has prospects for the diagnosis and prognosis of clinical botulism.

A two-sample mendelian randomization analysis excludes causal relationships between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and kidney stones

Objectives

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been linked to an increased risk of kidney stones in prior observational studies, However, the results are inconsistent, and the causality remains to be established. We aimed to investigate the potential causal relationship between NAFLD and kidney stones using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

Genetic instruments were used as proxies for NAFLD. Summary-level data for the associations of exposure-associated SNPs with kidney stones were obtained from the UK Biobank study (6536 cases and 388,508 controls) and the FinnGen consortium (9713 cases and 366,693 non-cases). MR methods were conducted, including inverse variance weighted method (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO. MR-Egger Regression Intercept and Cochran's Q test were used to assess the directional pleiotropy and heterogeneity.

Results

cALT-associated NAFLD did not exhibit an association with kidney stones in the Inverse variance weighted (IVW) methods, in both the FinnGen consortium (OR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.94-1.11, p = 0.632) and the UKBB study (OR: 1.000, 95%CI: 0.998-1.002, p = 0.852). The results were consistent in European ancestry (FinnGen OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 0.98-1.14, p = 0.144, UKBB OR: 1.000, 95%CI: 0.998-1.002, p = 0.859). IVW MR analysis also did not reveal a significant causal relationship between NAFLD and the risk of kidney stone for the other three NAFLD-related traits, including imaging-based, biopsy-confirmed NAFLD, and more stringent biopsy-confirmed NAFLD. The results remained consistent and robust in the sensitivity analysis.

Conclusions

The MR study did not provide sufficient evidence to support the causal associations of NAFLD with kidney stones.

Biophysical and nutritional combination treatment for myosteatosis in patients with sarcopenia: a study protocol for single-blinded randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Sarcopenia is characterised by age-related loss of skeletal muscle and function and is associated with risks of adverse outcomes. The prevalence of sarcopenia increases due to ageing population and effective interventions is in need. Previous studies showed that β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplement and vibration treatment (VT) enhanced muscle quality, while the coapplication of the two interventions had further improved muscle mass and function in sarcopenic mice model. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of this combination treatment in combating sarcopenia in older people. The findings of this study will demonstrate the effect of combination treatment as an alternative for managing sarcopenia.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

In this single-blinded randomised controlled trial, subjects will be screened based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 definition. 200 subjects who are aged 65 or above and identified sarcopenic according to the AWGS algorithm will be recruited. They will be randomised to one of the following four groups: (1) Control+ONS; (2) HMB+ONS; (3) VT+ONS and (4) HMB+VT + ONS, where ONS stands for oral nutritional supplement. ONS will be taken in the form of protein formular once/day; HMB supplements will be 3 g/day; VT (35 Hz, 0.3 g, where g=gravitational acceleration) will be received for 20 mins/day and at least 3 days/week. The primary outcome assessments are muscle strength and function. Subjects will be assessed at baseline, 3-month and 6-month post treatment.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study was approved by Joint CUHK-NTEC (The Chinese University of Hong Kong and New Territories East Cluster) Clinical Research Management Office (Ref: CRE-2022.223-T) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. Trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at academic conferences.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT05525039.

Metal nitrides for seawater electrolysis

Electrocatalytic high-throughput seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production is a promising green energy technology that offers possibilities for environmental and energy sustainability. However, large-scale application is limited by the complex composition of seawater, high concentration of Cl- leading to competing reaction, and severe corrosion of electrode materials. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted to address these challenges. Metal nitrides (MNs) with excellent chemical stability and catalytic properties have emerged as ideal electrocatalyst candidates. This review presents the electrode reactions and basic parameters of the seawater splitting process, and summarizes the types and selection principles of conductive substrates with critical analysis of the design principles for seawater electrocatalysts. The focus is on discussing the properties, synthesis, and design strategies of MN-based electrocatalysts. Finally, we provide an outlook for the future development of MNs in the high-throughput seawater electrolysis field and highlight key issues that require further research and optimization.

Enhanced cartilage regeneration by icariin and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles combined in alginate-hyaluronic acid hydrogel

OBJECTIVE

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration and absence of curative therapies. Therefore, more efficient therapies are compellingly needed. Both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and Icariin (ICA) are promising for repair of cartilage defect. This study proposes that ICA may be combined to potentiate the cartilage repair capacity of MSC-EVs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MSC-EVs were isolated from sodium alginate (SA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) composite hydrogel (SA-HA) cell spheroid culture. EVs and ICA were combined in SA-HA hydrogel to test therapeutic efficacy on cartilage defect in vivo.

RESULTS

EVs and ICA were synergistic for promoting both proliferation and migration of MSCs and inflammatory chondrocytes. The combination therapy led to strikingly enhanced repair on cartilage defect in rats, with mechanisms involved in the concomitant modulation of both cartilage degradation and synthesis makers.

CONCLUSION

The MSC-EVs-ICA/SA-HA hydrogel potentially constitutes a novel therapy for cartilage defect in OA.

Microwave ablation versus liver resection for primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma within Milan criteria: a long-term multicenter cohort study

Background

Ablation has been recommended by worldwide guidelines as first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while evidence regarding its efficacy for primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is lacking. We aimed to study the efficacy of ablation in treating iCCA by comparing its prognosis with surgery.

Methods

In this real-world multicenter cohort study from January 2009 to June 2022, 10,441 iCCA patients from ten tertiary hospitals were identified. Patients who underwent curative-intent microwave ablation (MWA) or liver resection (LR) for tumors within Milan criteria were included. One-to-many propensity score matching (PSM) at variable ratios (1:n ≤4) was used to balance baseline characteristics. Mediation analysis was applied to identify potential mediators of the survival difference.

Findings

944 patients were finally enrolled in this study, with 221 undergoing MWA and 723 undergoing LR. After PSM, 203 patients in the MWA group were matched with 588 patients in the LR group. The median follow-up time was 4.7 years. Compared with LR, MWA demonstrated similar overall survival (5-year 44.8% versus 40.4%; HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.71-1.29, P = .761). There was an improvement in the 5-year disease-free survival rate for MWA from 17.1% during the period of 2009-2016 to 37.3% during 2017-2022, becoming comparable to the 40.8% of LR (P = .129). The proportion of ablative margins ≥5 mm increased from 25% to 61% over the two periods, while this proportion of surgical margins was 62% and 77%, respectively. 34.5% of DFS disparity can be explained by the mediation effect of margins (P < .0001). Similar DFS was observed when both ablative and surgical margins exceeded 5 mm (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.52-1.32, P = .41).

Interpretation

MWA may be considered as a viable alternative to LR for iCCA within Milan criteria when an adequate margin can be obtained.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Metallic Materials for Bone Repair

Repair of large bone defects caused by trauma or disease poses significant clinical challenges. Extensive research has focused on metallic materials for bone repair because of their favorable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and manufacturing processes. Traditional metallic materials, such as stainless steel and titanium alloys, are widely used in clinics. Biodegradable metallic materials, such as iron, magnesium, and zinc alloys, are promising candidates for bone repair because of their ability to degrade over time. Emerging metallic materials, such as porous tantalum and bismuth alloys, have gained attention as bone implants owing to their bone affinity and multifunctionality. However, these metallic materials encounter many practical difficulties that require urgent improvement. This article systematically reviews and analyzes the metallic materials used for bone repair, providing a comprehensive overview of their morphology, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and in vivo implantation. Furthermore, the strategies and efforts made to address the short-comings of metallic materials are summarized. Finally, the perspectives for the development of metallic materials to guide future research and advancements in clinical practice are identified.

Investigating the Impact of Tea Consumption on Cognitive Function and Exploring Tea-Genetic Interactions in Older Adults Aged 65-105 Years: Findings from the 2002-2018 CLHLS Data

BACKGROUND

As the global population ages, cognitive impairment (CI) becomes more prevalent. Tea has been one of the most popular drinks in the world. Several studies have demonstrated that tea consumption has an impact on cognitive function.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to examine the association between tea consumption and cognitive function and explore the potential effect of genetics on the relationship between tea consumption and CI risk in older adults.

DESIGN

This is a prospective longitudinal study using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS).

SETTING

Six waves of data from CLHLS containing 76,270 subjects were analyzed. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) with a logit link function were adopted to estimate the effect of tea consumption on CI risk from a cross-sectional and longitudinal perspective.

PARTICIPANTS

A population-based cohort of adults aged 65-105 years.

MEASUREMENTS

The frequency and type of tea consumption were obtained by questionnaires. CI was measured based on MMSE. Polygenic risk was measured using the polygenic score approach described by the International Schizophrenia.

RESULTS

The results showed that drinking green tea had a better protective effect on cognitive function than other types of tea, the incidence of CI gradually decreased with the increase of tea consumption frequency, and men were more likely to benefit from tea consumption. Additionally, we also found a significant interaction between tea consumption and genetic risk, measured by polygenic risk score (PRS).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on current research evidence, tea consumption, may be a simple and important measure for CI prevention.

Artificial Intelligence in battling infectious diseases: A transformative role

It is widely acknowledged that infectious diseases have wrought immense havoc on human society, being regarded as adversaries from which humanity cannot elude. In recent years, the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has ushered in a revolutionary era in the realm of infectious disease prevention and control. This evolution encompasses early warning of outbreaks, contact tracing, infection diagnosis, drug discovery, and the facilitation of drug design, alongside other facets of epidemic management. This article presents an overview of the utilization of AI systems in the field of infectious diseases, with a specific focus on their role during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article also highlights the contemporary challenges that AI confronts within this domain and posits strategies for their mitigation. There exists an imperative to further harness the potential applications of AI across multiple domains to augment its capacity in effectively addressing future disease outbreaks.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-assisted surgery for traumatic bronchial rupture: a report of three cases

Background

Traumatic tracheal rupture is a severe closed chest injury that often causes major respiratory and circulatory disturbances requiring emergency surgery. We have found that veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) employs lung-protective ventilation strategies to facilitate lung rest, aiming to minimize the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury, while ensuring adequate oxygenation.

Case Description

We presented 3 critically ill patients who presented with traumatic bronchial rupture between 2019 and 2021, and underwent emergency thoracic surgery with the help of VV-ECMO. The ECMO support time, the operative time, the duration of postoperative hospital stay, and the postoperative mechanical ventilation time were collected in this study. All patients were successfully treated and discharged home. The duration of surgery ranged from 135 to 180 min, the duration of ECMO use ranged from 98 to 123 h, the duration of postoperative ventilator use ranged from 5 to 8 days, and the duration of postoperative hospital stay ranged from 14 to 30 days. All 3 patients had good postoperative pulmonary re-expansion, with no residual tracheal or bronchial stenosis, and good physical activity following the surgery.

Conclusions

We reported successful use of VV-ECMO in critically ill patients with traumatic bronchial rupture presenting in acute respiratory and circulatory failure. Performing emergency surgery with ECMO-assisted support can provide more time to stabilize the patient and ensure the safety of the procedure. However, considering the small sample size of this study, larger cohorts with long-term follow-up data are needed to further evaluate its application.

Alanine aminotransferase electrochemical sensor based on graphene@MXene composite nanomaterials

Graphene@MXene composite nanomaterials were utilized to construct an electrochemical sensor for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) detection. The combination of graphene nanosheets with MXene avoids the self-stacking of MXene and graphene, and broadens the charge transfer channel. In addition, the composite nanomaterial provides increased loading sites for pyruvate oxidase. The principle of ALT detection is a two-step enzymatic reaction. L-Alanine was initially transferred to pyruvate catalyzed by ALT. The formed pyruvate was then oxidized by pyruvate oxidase, generating H2O2. Through the detection of the generated H2O2, ALT activity was measured. The linear range of the sensor to ALT was from 5 to 400 U·L-1 with a detection limit of 0.16 U·L-1 (S/N = 3). For real sample analysis, the spiked recovery test results of ALT in serum samples were between 96.89 and 103.93% with RSD < 5%, confirming the reliability of the sensor testing results and potential clinical application of the sensor.

Estrogen as a guardian of auditory health: Tsp1-CD47 axis regulation and noise-induced hearing loss

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to analyze the role of estrogen in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and uncover underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

An ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rat model (OVX) was constructed to investigate the hearing threshold and auditory latency before and after noise exposure using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) test. The morphological changes were assessed using immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Proteomics and bioinformatics were used to analyze the mechanism. The findings were further verified through western blot and Luminex liquid suspension chip technology.

RESULTS

After noise exposure, OVX rats exhibited substantially elevated hearing thresholds. A conspicuous delay in ABR wave I latency was observed, alongside increased loss of outer hair cells, severe collapse of stereocilia and pronounced deformation of the epidermal plate. Accordingly, OVX rats with estrogen supplementation exhibited tolerance to NIHL. Additionally, a remarkable upregulation of the thrombospondin 1 (Tsp1)-CD47 axis in OVX rats was discovered and verified.

CONCLUSIONS

OVX rats were more susceptible to NIHL, and the protective effect of estrogen was achieved through regulation of the Tsp1-CD47 axis. This study presents a novel mechanism through which estrogen regulates NIHL and offers a potential intervention strategy for the clinical treatment of NIHL.

Associations of Quantitative and Qualitative Muscle Parameters With Second Hip Fracture Risk in Older Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

Older women with a first hip fracture exhibit heightened susceptibility and incidence of second fracture and potentially severe consequences. This prospective study was to compare the predictive power of qualitative and quantitative muscle parameters for a second hip fracture in older women with a first hip fracture. A total of 206 subjects were recruited from the longitudinal Chinese Second Hip Fracture Evaluation study. Hip computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained immediately after the first fracture. Muscle fat infiltration was assessed according to the Goutallier classification qualitatively. Quantitative parameters included cross-sectional area and density of gluteus maximus (G.MaxM) and gluteus medius and minimus (G.Med/MinM) muscles. CT X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the contralateral femur. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) of second hip fracture risk. The mean age of subjects was 74.9 (±9.5) years at baseline. After 4.5 years, 35 had a second hip fracture, 153 without a second hip fracture, and 18 died. Except for the combined G.MinM Goutallier grade 3 and 4 groups before adjustment for covariates (HR = 5.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49-22.83), there were no significant HRs for qualitative classification to predict a second hip fracture. Among quantitative metrics, after adjustment for covariates, G.Med/MinM density was significant in the original (HR = 1.44; CI 1.02-2.04) and competing risk analyses (HR = 1.46; CI 1.02-2.07). After additional adjustment for femoral neck (FN) aBMD, G.Med/MinM density remained borderline significant for predicting a second hip fracture in competing risk analysis (HR = 1.43; CI 0.99-2.06; p = 0.057). Our study revealed that Goutallier classification was less effective than quantitative muscle metrics for predicting hip second fracture in this elderly female cohort. After adjustment for FN aBMD, G.Med/MinM density is a borderline independent predictor of second hip fracture risk. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.