Trace element pollution tracking in the complex multi-aquifer groundwater system of Al-Hassa oasis (Saudi Arabia) using spatial, chemometric and index-based techniques

In a global context, trace element pollution assessment in complex multi-aquifer groundwater systems is important, considering the growing concerns about water resource quality and sustainability worldwide. This research addresses multiple objectives by integrating spatial, chemometric, and indexical study approaches, for assessing trace element pollution in the multi-aquifer groundwater system of the Al-Hassa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. Groundwater sampling and analysis followed standard methods. For this purpose, the research employed internationally recognized protocols for groundwater sampling and analysis, including standardized techniques outlined by regulatory bodies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Average values revealed that Cr (0.041) and Fe (2.312) concentrations surpassed the recommended limits for drinking water quality, posing serious threats to groundwater usability by humans. The trace elemental concentrations were ranked as: Li < Mn < Co < As < Mo < Zn < Al < Ba < Se < V < Ni < Cr < Cu < B < Fe < Sr. Various metal(loid) pollution indices, including degree of contamination, heavy metal evaluation index, heavy metal pollution index, and modified heavy metal index, indicated low levels of groundwater pollution. Similarly, low values of water pollution index and weighted arithmetic water quality index were observed for all groundwater points, signifying excellent groundwater quality for drinking and domestic purposes. Spatial distribution analysis showed diverse groundwater quality across the study area, with the eastern and western parts displaying a less desirable quality, while the northern has the best, making water users in the former more vulnerable to potential pollution effects. Thus, the zonation maps hinted the necessity for groundwater quality enhancement from the western to the northern parts. Chemometric analysis identified both human activities and geogenic factors as contributors to groundwater pollution, with human activities found to have more significant impacts. This research provides the scientific basis and insights for protecting the groundwater system and ensuring efficient water management.

Identification of prevalent leachate percolation of municipal solid waste landfill: a case study in India

Landfill leachate forms when waste-inherent water and percolated rainfall transfer are highly toxic, corrosive, acidic, and full of environmental pollutants. The release of leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites poses a severe hazard to human health and aquatic life. This study examined the impact of leachate from Delhi's Ghazipur landfill on the nearby groundwater quality. Analysis of leachate samples was done to determine various parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, pH, BOD5, COD, nitrate, sulphate, chloride and iron, and presence of coliform bacteria. Significant dissolved elements (22,690-34,525 mg/L) were observed in the samples, indicated by the high conductivity value (1156-1405 mho/cm). However, a stable pH range (6.90-7.80) of leachate samples was observed due to high alkalinity concentrations between 2123 and 3256 mg/L. The inverse distance weighing (IDW) interpolation tool from QGIS 3.22.7 developed spatial interpolated models for each parameter across the Ghazipur area. The IDW interpolated graphs of various parameters over the whole study area confirmed these contaminations. In addition, leachate and groundwater samples were physio-chemically analyzed, and temporal fluctuation in landfill waste has also been studied. The temporal fluctuation results showed that when heat is produced, transmitted, and lost throughout the waste system, the maximum temperature position fluctuates over time. The findings of this study highlight the critical importance of landfill management in reducing groundwater contamination from MSW leachate.

Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of Cr(VI) removal by novel tolerant bacteria species along with zero-valent iron nanoparticles

This work describes the study of the removal of a refractory contaminant, i.e., Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous systems by a novel adsorbent comprising Cr(VI) tolerant bacteria and zero valent iron nanoparticle (nZVI). A gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria used in the study were isolated from wastewater (WW) received from the effluent of leather industries. The adsorbents were prepared with bacteria, nZVI alone, and a combination of both. The adsorbent comprising both elements was found to remove Cr(VI) with a higher percentage (93%) and higher capacities (0.58 mg/g) as compared to adsorbent with bacteria (Cr(VI) removal = 63%, qe = 0.163 mg/g) or nanoparticles (Cr(VI) removal = 80%, qe = 0.45 mg/g) alone. The adsorbent worked best at neutral pH, and the removal became saturated after 90 min of incubation. Equilibrium studies with isotherm modeling suggested that the adsorption process follows sips isotherm (R2 = 0.9955), which is expected to bean intra-particle diffusion process before the actual adsorption. Process kinetics was modeled with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and Vermeulen model. The diffusion coefficient determined by fitting the kinetic data to Vermeulen model was found to be 0.0000314 cm2/s. The adsorbent can be tested further for continuous flow processes to find more insights about the usage on a large scale.

Heart transplantation in a patient with infective endocarditis bridged with Impella 5.5: a case report

Background

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a feared complication after surgical valve replacement accounting for 10% to 30% of all cases of IE. Our case is unique as we present a decompensated heart failure patient with IE who urgently needed mechanical circulatory support (MCS) to stabilize while IE was treated. We used Impella to bridge him to sterile state before heart transplant was done. This case highlights the importance of different strategies for bridge to heart transplant in decompensated heart failure patients with endocarditis.

Case summary

We describe a case of 62-year-old male who initially presented with severe shortness of breath with minimal exertion, weight gain, and lower extremity oedema diagnosed with acute on chronic systolic heart failure (HF) exacerbation (ACC stage D, NYHA class IV). Initial blood cultures and extensive work-up for IE were negative. He continued to decompensate haemodynamically despite inotropic support and the decision was to proceed with durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as bridge to orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Immediately prior to LVAD implantation, patient's blood cultures became positive for Cutibacterium acnes. Echocardiogram revealed IE on bioprosthetic aortic valve. Patient therefore underwent urgent aortic valve replacement (AVR) and was stabilized with Impella 5.5.

Discussion

We highlight a case where MCS with Impella was used as a bridge to transplant in a decompensated HF patient who was septic. Patient was listed for OHT but was found to be septic due to IE and had to undergo AVR to achieve infection source control prior to undergoing heart transplant. Impella was used effectively to stabilize ACC stage D/NYHA class IV patient while he recovered from AVR and endocarditis before his blood cultures cleared up and he was listed for OHT. He successfully underwent OHT after 3 weeks.

The impact of heavy metal concentrations on aquatic insect populations in the Asan Wetland of Dehradun, Uttarakhand

This study, centered on the Asan Wetland in Uttarakhand, examines the ecological impact of heavy metals on aquatic insects biodiversity. It highlights the detrimental effects of metals like chromium, mercury, and lead, stemming from natural and anthropogenic sources, on aquatic insects diversity. Aquatic insects, particularly sensitive to water quality, are emphasized as key indicators of environmental health, illustrating the importance of understanding and managing the influences on wetland ecosystems. Wetland ecosystems are vulnerable to various environmental stressors, including pollution from heavy metals. These toxic substances can alter water quality parameters, disrupt nutrient cycling, and negatively impact the biodiversity and ecological balance of the system. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of several heavy metals (namely Cd, As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, Al, Cr) on the distribution and biodiversity of various aquatic insect species, including Coeleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera. The research utilized data collected between November 2021 and October 2022 from specifically chosen sites (S1, S2, S3) within the Asan Wetland in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. After collecting and identifying samples, various statistical (Sorenson, Shannon-Weiner diversity index, Margelef index) and multivariate tests (CCA, PCA, One-way Anova), have been applied to show the effects of these parameters. This study offers significant findings regarding the distribution patterns of heavy metals, the abundance of aquatic insects, and their interconnectedness within the ecosystem of the Asan Wetland. The abundance of aquatic insects, represented by 13 genera belonging to 6 orders, was assessed at three different sites (S1, S2, and S3) within the wetland. It was concluded that the heavy metals concentration and aquatic insects' density increases and decreases vice-versa in monsoon and winter seasons might be due to unfavourable factors. These findings contribute to the understanding of ecological dynamics and potential impacts of heavy metals on aquatic biota in wetland environments.

Removing polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater with mixed matrix membranes

Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl (PFAS) chemicals are fluorinated and exhibit complicated behavior. They are determined and highly resistant to ecological modifications that render plants ecologically robust. Thermal stability and water and oil resistance are examples of material qualities. Their adverse consequences are causing increasing worry due to their bioaccumulative nature in humans and other creatures. Direct data indicates that PFAS exposure in humans causes endocrine system disruption, immune system suppression, obesity, increased cholesterol, and cancer. Several PFASs are present in drinking water at low doses and may harm people. These cancer-causing PFAS have caused concern for water bodies all around the globe. Analytical techniques are used to identify and measure PFAS in an aqueous medium (membrane). Furthermore, a deeper explanation is provided for PFAS removal methods, including mixed matrix membrane (MMM) technology. By removing over 99 % of the PFAS from wastewater, MMMs may effectively remove PFAS from sewage when the support matrix contains adsorbing components. Furthermore, we consider several factors affecting the removal of PFAS and practical sorption methods for PFAS onto various adsorbents.

Exploring nutrient removal mechanisms in column-type SBR with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification

A comprehensive investigation utilized a column-type sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to efficiently remove nutrients throughout various phases of its operational cycle by forming granules. This study assessed the influence and mechanisms of a simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) system employing a column-type sequential batch reactor (SBR). The primary focus was on elucidating the functional groups involved in nitrogen transformation and removal within the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The research findings demonstrate the superior performance of the SBR process compared to the control group. It achieved an impressive SND efficiency of 69%, resulting in a remarkable 66% total nitrogen removal. Furthermore, a detailed analysis unveiled that the SBR process had a beneficial impact on the composition and properties of EPS. This impact was observed through increased EPS content and enhanced capacity to transport, convert, and retain nitrogen effectively. Additionally, after initial acclimatization, the SBR process showed its effectiveness in removing nutrients (88-98%) and COD (93%) from the generated wastewater within a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h. A statistically significant difference between the treatments for the investigated mixing ratios was found by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Machine learning (CatBoost model) was employed to understand each parameter's relationship and predict the outcomes in measurable quantity. The findings of the SBR trials showed that the concentration of generated wastewater and the HRT impacted the treatment efficiency. However, the effluent may still need other physicochemical processes, such as membrane filtering, coagulation, electrocoagulation, etc., as post-treatment options, even though COD, nutrients, and turbidity have been entirely or significantly effectively removed. Overall, this work offers insightful information on the critical function of the SBR bacterial community in promoting SND.

An impactful prospective study on pulmonary tuberculosis in geriatric populations besides its clinical outcomes and implications in the Indian subcontinent

OBJECTIVE

Geriatric populations are most at risk for the tuberculosis pandemic, and as people age, the rate of infection rises steadily and drastically. Geriatric individuals frequently experience diagnostic challenges with a wide range of comorbidities, but employing all available standard and novel methods to diagnose any infection is crucial. The prophylactic and therapeutic management for the geriatric population presents a significant difficulty and challenge in assessing an appropriate and effective therapeutic outcome due to prolonged drug therapy and adverse drug reactions. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in the geriatric population in the Indian subcontinent, its risk factors, clinical outcomes, and adherence to the medication.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective observational investigation was conducted in a tertiary care Hospital in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, from April 2021 to September 2022. A total of 1,014 patients were screened, and 176 participants were selected. The participants were then subjected to medication adherence evaluation, and clinical data was collected.  The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0.

RESULTS

Among 176 participants, 135 (76.70%) were old (65-74 age), 37 (21.02%) were very old (75-84 age) TB patients, and 4 (2.27%) patients were extremely old TB patients (>85). Medication adherence was improved from baseline to the end of the study (p≤0.000). 110 patients completed the treatment (62.5%). 41 patients were cured in between treatments (23.29%), 13 patients died during the treatment (7.38%), 9 patients lost their follow-up (5.11%), 3 patients failed to respond to the treatment (1.70%).

CONCLUSIONS

The effectiveness of therapy critically depends on the patient's medication adherence to anti-TB therapy. In addition to having a higher likelihood of therapy failure, elderly patients did not appropriately respond to the treatment and completely recovered from the infection even after effective pharmacotherapy.

Nanocellulose: A comprehensive review investigating its potential as an innovative material for water remediation

Rapid growth in industrialization sectors, the wastewater treatment plants become exhausted and potentially not able to give desirable discharge standards. Many industries discharge the untreated effluent into the water bodies which affects the aquatic diversity and human health. The effective disposal of industrial effluents thus has been an imperative requirement. For decades nanocellulose based materials gained immense attraction towards application in wastewater remediation and emerged out as a new biobased nanomaterial. It is light weighted, cost effective, mechanically strong and easily available. Large surface area, versatile surface functionality, biodegradability, high aspect ratio etc., make them suitable candidate in this field. Majorly cellulose based nanomaterials are used in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). This review specifically describes about a variety of extraction methods to produced nanocellulose and also discusses the modification of nanocellulose by adding functionalities in its surface chemistry. We majorly focus on the utilization of nanocellulose based materials in water remediation for the removal of different contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, oil, microbial colony etc. This review mainly emphasizes in ray of hope towards nanocellulose materials to achieve more advancement in the water remediation fields.

A state-of-art-review on emerging contaminants: Environmental chemistry, health effect, and modern treatment methods

Pollution problems are increasingly becoming e a priority issue from both scientific and technological points of view. The dispersion and frequency of pollutants in the environment are on the rise, leading to the emergence have been increasing, including of a new class of contaminants that not only impact the environment but also pose risks to people's health. Therefore, developing new methods for identifying and quantifying these pollutants classified as emerging contaminants is imperative. These methods enable regulatory actions that effectively minimize their adverse effects to take steps to regulate and reduce their impact. On the other hand, these new contaminants represent a challenge for current technologies to be adapted to control and remove emerging contaminants and involve innovative, eco-friendly, and sustainable remediation technologies. There is a vast amount of information collected in this review on emerging pollutants, comparing the identification and quantification methods, the technologies applied for their control and remediation, and the policies and regulations necessary for their operation and application. In addition, This review will deal with different aspects of emerging contaminants, their origin, nature, detection, and treatment concerning water and wastewater.

Algae-based approaches for Holistic wastewater management: A low-cost paradigm

Aquatic algal communities demonstrated their appeal for diverse industrial applications due to their vast availability, ease of harvest, lower production costs, and ability to biosynthesize valuable molecules. Algal biomass is promising because it can multiply in water and on land. Integrated algal systems have a significant advantage in wastewater treatment due to their ability to use phosphorus and nitrogen, simultaneously accumulating heavy metals and toxic substances. Several species of microalgae have adapted to thrive in these harsh environmental circumstances. The potential of algal communities contributes to achieving the United Nations' sustainable development goals in improving aquaculture, combating climate change, reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and providing biomass as a biofuel feedstock. Algal-based biomass processing technology facilitates the development of a circular bio-economy that is both commercially and ecologically viable. An integrated bio-refinery process featuring zero waste discharge could be a sustainable solution. In the current review, we will highlight wastewater management by algal species. In addition, designing and optimizing algal bioreactors for wastewater treatment have also been incorporated.

Bio-engineered sensing of Atrazine by green CdS quantum dots: Evidence from electrochemical studies and DFT simulations

The present investigation reports a comprehensible and responsive strategy for identifying atrazine in several conditions using an extensive electrochemical method. CdS Quantum dots were synthesized via a greener approach, and their formation was endorsed by numerous characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, Raman, UV-Vis, and XRD. Owing to the splendid electrocatalytic behavior, Green CdS quantum dots (QDs) of crystallite size ∼2 nm was opted as the sensor material and were, therefore, incorporated on the bare carbon paste electrode's surface. The developed sensor demonstrated an impressive outcome for atrazine sensing accompanied by superior selectivity and sensitivity. The lower detection limit (LLOD) of 0.53 μM was attained using the developed sensor in a linear concentration range of 10-100 μM. Furthermore, the practical pertinence of the developed sensor was examined on distilled water, wastewater, and fresh liquid milk, resulting in a tremendous retrieval of atrazine (91.33-99.8%).

Geospatial distribution and machine learning algorithms for assessing water quality in surface water bodies of Morocco

Surface waterbodies being primary source of water for human consumption are being investigated for its quality globally. This study evaluated water quality in three rivers (River Nfifikh, Hassar and El Maleh) of Mohammedia prefecture, Morocco in terms of heavy metals occurrence during two seasons of winter and spring. The heavy metals analyzed were cadmium, iron, copper, zinc, and lead. Heavy metal pollution index was derived to quantify water quality and pollution. Hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk were calculated to determine possible health risk. Modelling and prediction were performed using random forest, support vector machine and artificial neural network. The heavy metal concentration was lower in the winter season than in the spring season. Heavy metal pollution index (H.P.I.) was in the range of 1.5-2 during the winter season and 2-3 during the spring season. In the Nfifikh river, Cd2+ and Fe were the main polluting heavy metal. H.Q. was < 1 in all three rivers, which signified no adverse health effect from exposure to heavy metals. However, carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that 1 in every 100 people was susceptible to cancer during the life span of 70 years. Based on the control point reference, it was found that Mohammedia prefecture as river water was already contaminated before it entered the prefecture boundary. This was again validated with the water lagoon Douar El Marja which is located near the industrial zones of Mohammedia prefecture. Future studies are required to investigate pollution of rivers prior to their entry in Mohammedia prefecture to identify potential source and adopt mitigation measures accordingly.

Green and sustainable synthesis of CaO nanoparticles: Its solicitation as a sensor material and electrochemical detection of urea

Urea is recognized as one of the most frequently used adulterants in milk to enhance artificial protein content, and whiteness. Drinking milk having high urea concentrations which causes innumerable health disputes like ulcers, indigestion, and kidney-related problems. Therefore, herein, a simple and rapid electroanalytical platform was developed to detect the presence of urea in milk using a modified electrode sensor. Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) were green synthesized and used as a catalyst material for developing the sensor. Synthesized materials formation was confirmed by different techniques like FTIR, UV-visible, XRD, SEM-EDX, and Raman spectroscopy. The carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified using the CaO NPs and used as a working electrode during the analysis followed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The fabricated calcium oxide modified carbon paste electrode (CaO/CPE) successfully detected the presence of urea in the lower concentration range (lower limit of detection (LLOD) = 0.032 µM) having a wide linear detection range of 10-150 µM. Adsorption-controlled electrode process was achieved at the scan rate variation parameter. The leading parameters like the selectivity, repeatability, and stability of the CaO/CPE were investigated. The relative standard deviation of sensor was ± 3.8% during the interference and stability study.

Experimental investigation of H3PO4 activated papaya peels for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution: Evaluation on optimization, kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamics, and reusability studies

This investigation is centered on the effectiveness of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, adsorbed from an aqueous media by H3PO4 activated papaya skin/peels (PSPAC), with initial pH (2-10), contact time (30-180 min), MB dye concentration (varying from 10 to 50 mg/L), and MB dose (0.1-0.5 gm). The findings show that the best optimal conditions for MB dye removal occur at a 6 pH, 0.3 gm dose of PSPAC adsorbent for 10 mg/L MB dye concentration, with 90 min of contact time. To optimize and validate the extraction efficiency of MB dye, a response surface methodology (RSM) study was conducted using a central composite design (CCD) with a regression model showing R2 = 0.9940. FT-IR spectroscopy shows, CO, and O-H stretching functional groups while FE-SEM is assessed to supervise morphological features of the PSPAC adsorbent. The peak adsorption capacity with 46.95 mg/g for the Langmuir isotherm model conveniently satisfies the adsorption process with R2 = 0.9984 while with R2 = 0.999, a kinetic model, pseudo-second-order, confirms MB dye adsorption by PSPAC adsorbent. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters including ΔGᵒ, ΔH°, and ΔS° were computed and found to be spontaneous and exothermic. Furthermore, regeneration studies employed with NaOH (0.1 M) and HCl (0.1 M) solution media show an acceptable MB removal efficiency consecutive up to three cycles. The study highlights that H3PO4 papaya skin/peel (PSPAC) is an effectual, sustainable, reasonably available biosorbent to remove industrial cationic dyes disposal.

Effective voltammetric tool for Nano-detection of triazine herbicide (1-Chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine) by naphthalene derivative

The development and operation of a nanosensor for detecting the poisonous 1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2,4,6-triazine (Atrazine) are described in this study for the first time. The carbon electrode (CE) surface was modified with cysteine-substituted naphthalene diimide to create this sensitive platform. The developed nanosensor (NDI-cys/GCE) was evaluated for its ability to sense Atrazine using differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. To achieve the best response from the target analyte, the effects of several parameters were examined to optimize the conditions. The cysteine-substituted naphthalene diimide significantly improved the signals of the Atrazine compared to bare GCE due to the synergistic activity of substituted naphthalene diimide and cysteine molecules. Under optimal conditions, atrazine detection limits at the (NDI-cys/GCE) were reported to be 94 nM with a linear range of 10-100 μM. The developed sensing platform also showed positive results when used to detect the atrazine herbicide in real tap water, wastewater, and milk samples. Furthermore, a reasonable recovery rate for real-time studies, repeatability, and stability revealed that the developed electrochemical platform could be used for sample analysis.

Green synthesis of nickel-doped magnesium ferrite nanoparticles via combustion for facile microwave-assisted optical and photocatalytic applications

NixMg1-xFe2O4(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) nanoparticles were symphonized via combustion with microwave assistance in the presence of Tamarindus indica seeds extract as fuel. Nanoparticles nature, size, morphology, oxidation state, elemental composition, and optical and luminescence properties were analysed using PXRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and HRTEM with SAED, XPS, UV-Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. PXRD analysis confirms that synthesized nanoparticles are spinel cubic and have a 17-18 nm average crystalline size. Tetrahedral and octahedral sites regarding stretching vibrations were confirmed by FTIR analysis. SEM and HRTEM data it is disclosed that the morphology of synthesized nanoparticles has nano flakes-like structure with sponge-like agglomeration. Elemental compositions of prepared nanoparticles were confirmed through EDX spectroscopy. XPS Spectroscopy confirmed and revealed transition, oxidation states, and elemental composition. The band gap and absorption phenomenon were disclosed using UV-visible spectroscopy, where the band gap declines (2.1, 2, 1.6, 1.8 eV), with increase in nickel NixMg1-xFe2O4(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) doping. Photoluminescence intensity reduces with an incline in nickel doping, was confirmed and disclosed using photoluminescence spectroscopy. Dyes (Methylene blue and Rhodamine B) degradation activity was performed in the presence of NDMF nanoparticles as a photocatalyst, which disclosed that 98.1% of MB dye and 97.9% of RB dye were degraded in 0-120 min. Regarding initial dye concentration and catalyst load, 5 ppm was initiated as the ideal initial concentration for both RB and MB dyes. 50 mg catalyst dosage was found to be most effective for the degradation of MB and RB dyes. In comparison, pH studies revealed that photodegradation efficiency was higher in neutral (MB-98.1%, RB-97.9%) and basic (MB-99.6%, RB-99.3%) conditions than in acidic (MB-61.8%, RB-60.4%) conditions.

Assessment of Serum Homocysteine Level to Predict Early Prognosis of Ischaemic Stroke

Cerebrovascular disease is the third most familiar cause of mortality worldwide and in Bangladesh. The reported prevalence of stroke in Bangladesh is 0.3%. Age, high serum glucose, elevated admission blood pressure, fever, large infarction size, and hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported to be risk factor for early post-stroke neurological deterioration. Early serum homocysteine level estimation can predict the early prognosis of ischemic stroke. In a developing country like Bangladesh, an earlier stroke outcome prediction for guiding therapeutic approach is essential. This study aimed to specify the role of estimating serum homocysteine during the early phase of acute ischemic stroke to assume an early prognosis that would guide- a management plan, the need to stay in the hospital and the need for intervention. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed at the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from October 2021 to April 2022. Radiologically confirmed all ischemic stroke patients admitted at the Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, during the study period fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected using a pre-designed case record form. Quantitative data were represented as mean and standard deviation and qualitative data as frequency and percentage. The comparison was made by Chi-square test and independent samples t-test using SPSS (version 26.0). During the study period, among 716 stroke patients, 59 ischemic stroke patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 64.0±11.72 years. After 72 hours of supportive treatment, early neurological outcomes were observed using NIHSS scoring. Out of 59 patients, the condition of 45(76.0%) patients improved or remained stable (END-) and the state of 14(24.0%) patients worsened (END+). Elderly age-raised temperature and elevated blood glucose level are known to increase infarction size, but only elevated temperature (p value 0.009) has statistical significance in this study. The mean homocysteine level ±SD was 20.22±6.95μmol/L, which is above the normal (<15μmol/L). The level was above average for both outcome groups. Serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in END(+) group (31.59±2.98μmol/L) than END(-) group (16.69±2.66μmol/L) and p value was <0.001.

Micro-mechanical and tribological behavior of Al/SiC/B4C/CNT hybrid nanocomposite

The aluminum nanocomposite is fabricated through squeeze stir casting method where CNT, SiC/B4C powder has been used as a reinforcement in an aluminum matrix. Squeeze action in stir casting opted due to proper reinforcement of 2 vol% of CNT in the matrix. The boron carbide and silicon carbide have been added by 8 and 12 vol% in the matrix. Uniform distribution of reinforcement and phase analysis has been shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD analysis. The formation of intermetallic compounds like Al3BC and Al4C3, dislocation forests, and the interaction of the reinforcement with the matrix are all confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The micro-mechanical behavior of aluminum nanocomposites was investigated using nano indentation. The nano hardness, Vickers hardness, and Young's modulus of 12 vol% B4C compared with 12 vol% of SiC are increased by 12%, 23%, and 16%, respectively, and the same trend has been observed for the 8 vol% B4C reinforced composite. The model analysis for Young's modulus has been done and the experimental value for the modulus of elasticity of the composite are validated and not find such differences significantly. The surface topography was determined, furrow scratches and wear scars, and it was discovered that B4C reinforced composites have reduced stripping pits inside the wear marks, as well as lower wear width and depth. Wear analysis is essential because abrasive encounters result in substantial damage owing to larger pits and bigger wear scars.

Novel and sustainable green sulfur-doped carbon nanospheres via hydrothermal process for Cd (II) ion removal

Herein, the synthesis, characterization, and adsorption performance of a novel green sulfur-doped carbon nanosphere (S-CNs) is studied to eliminate Cd (II) ions from water effectively. S-CNs were characterized using different techniques including Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), , Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), were performed. The efficient adsorption of the Cd (II) ions onto S-CNs strongly depended on pH, initial concentration of Cd (II) ions, S-CNs dosage, and temperature. Four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin & Redlich Peterson) were tested for modeling. Out of four, Langmuir showed more applicability than the other three models, with a Q_max value of 242.72 mg/g. Kinetic modeling studies suggest a superior fit of the obtained experimental data with the Elovich equation (linear) and pseudo-second-order (non-linear) rather than other linear and non-linear models. Data obtained from thermodynamic modeling indicates that using S-CNs for Cd (II) ions adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic . The current work recommends using better and recyclable S-CNs to uptake excess Cd (II) ions.

Efficient purification of aqueous solutions contaminated with sulfadiazine by coupling electro-Fenton/ultrasound process: optimization, DFT calculation, and innovative study of human health risk assessment

In the current work, the hybrid process potential of ultrasound (US) and electro-Fenton (EF), named sono-electro-Fenton (SEF), was fully investigated for sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation. The decontamination in the integration approach was revealed to be greater than in individual procedures, i.e., EF process (roughly 66%) and US process (roughly 15%). The key operating process factors (i.e., applied voltage, H₂O₂ content, pH, initial concentration of SDZ, and reaction time) affecting SDZ removal were evaluated and optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In addition, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as an efficient predictive model was applied to forecast the decontamination efficiency of SDZ through the SEF process based on the same findings produced from BBD. The results revealed that the predictability of SDZ elimination by the ANFIS and BBD approaches exhibited an excellent agreement (a greater R² of 0.99%) among the both models. Density functional theory was also employed to forecast the plausible decomposition elucidation by the bond-breaking mechanism of organic substances. Plus, the main side products of SDZ degradation during the SEF process were tracked. Eventually, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment of different samples of natural water containing SDZ that was treated by adopting US, EF, and SEF processes was examined for the first time. The findings indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of all the purified water sources were computed in the permissible range.

Characterization of municipal solid waste: Measures towards management strategies using statistical analysis

Implementing unified municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is often difficult due to socio-economic variables. However, spatial GIS models and statistical analysis of solid waste characterized by the weekdays, weekends, and festivals can somewhat mitigate the variance and assist with selecting suitable waste management methods. This paper presents the example of Rajouri, India, to propose a suitable MSWM based on Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) intensity maps and statistical findings. The considered region was divided into different sample sites based on the local population density, and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) was collected from four locations in each site on weekdays, weekends, and festivals. Compositional analysis of the MSW was then used to generate spatial IDW models in QGIS 3.22.7 to interpolate MSW generation over the entire area. Finally, statistical analysis was conducted to gain insight into the waste generation and accumulation trends. The results show that Rajouri produces 245 tonnes of waste daily (per capita: 0.382 kg/day) with a large organic fraction compared to other waste categories. Besides, waste generation is observed to increase over weekends and festivals due to increased consumption of material goods. Composting could serve as a vector for municipal solid waste because of its increased organic component and cost constraints. However, further research on the potential segregation techniques for the organic fraction of solid waste is needed.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles adsorb emerging pollutants (glyphosate pesticide) from aqueous solutions

The present study captures the precipitation synthesis of zinc nanoparticles and modification with alumina and oleic acid. The crystalline size evaluated from the XRD profile of the zinc oxide nanoparticles was 18.05 nm but was reduced to 14.20 and 14.50 nm upon modification with oleic acid and alumina. The XRD spectra also showed evidence of the amorphous nature of zinc oxide nanoparticles and subsequent enhancement upon modification. A porous appearance was observed in the SEM instrumentation but seems to be enhanced by modification. The FTIR absorption spectra of the nanoparticles showed a peak associated with ZnO vibration around 449 cm, but the enhanced intensity was observed due to modification. The prepared ZnO-NPs and the modified samples were good materials for the adsorption removal of glyphosate from water, recording efficiencies above 94% at neutral pH and showing a possible incremental trend with an enhanced period of contact and adsorbent dosage. The adsorbents showed maximum capacity that ranged from 82.85 to 82. 97 mg/g. The adsorption models of Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and BET showed excellent fitness. Results from computational results complemented experimental data and were used to identify the sites for adsorption and characteristics of molecular descriptors for the systems.

The study of healthcare professionals' perspective towards the quality of diabetic care services in Abha

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational characteristics and diabetes care from the perspective of health care professionals (HCPs) in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional, self-reported survey of healthcare professionals was done. The study comprised a total of 106 HCPs from various departments involved with diabetes patient clinics or service providers. The electronic data collecting form was used to gather the data.

RESULTS

The study revealed a stronger association between the availability of bed facilities and better glycemic control. Moreover, the majority of HCPs believes that urbanization and sedentary lifestyles are the main contributors to the rise of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Depending on organizational features, the regulations that are available for monitoring defaulter patients and running continuous medical education (CME) programs are vastly different. The main cause of the reported lack of medications for managing diabetic care was described as being a problem with the central medical supply store's drug supply, which was influenced by the type of health sector.

CONCLUSIONS

Facilitating change at all levels, including patient education, HCPs education, and organizational development, can improve the quality of treatment. The current study can provide insight into the focus of interventional strategies to deliver diabetes patients with high-quality patient care.

Nanotechnology future in food using carbohydrate macromolecules: A state-of-the-art review

It is commonly known that agricultural pest and disease management is achieved through the use of agricultural chemicals and other synthetic compounds, which can contaminate water, soil, and food. Using agrochemicals indiscriminately has negative effects on the environment and poor food quality. In contrast, the world's population is increasing rapidly, and arable land is diminishing daily. Traditional agricultural methods must be replaced by nanotechnology-based treatments that efficiently address both the demands of the present and the needs of the future. As a promising contributor to sustainable agriculture and food production worldwide, nanotechnology has been applied through innovative and resourceful tools. Recent advances in nanomaterial engineering have increased agricultural and food sector production and protected crops using nanoparticles (1000 nm). Agrochemicals, nutrients, and genes can now be distributed to plants in a precise and tailored manner through nanoencapsulation (nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and genes). Despite the advancement of technology in agriculture, some areas remain unexplored. The various agricultural domains must therefore be updated in priority order. The development of long-lasting and efficient nanoparticle materials will be key to the development of future eco-friendly and nanoparticle-based technologies. We thoroughly covered the many types of nanoscale agro-materials and gave an overview of biological techniques in nano-enabled tactics that can effectively reduce plant biotic and abiotic challenges while potentially boosting plant nutritional values.

Removal of Pb ions using green Co3O4 nanoparticles: Simulation, modeling, adsorption, and biological studies

Chemical co-precipitation synthesized novel and green cobalt-oxide nanoparticles (Co₃O₄-NPs) utilizing cobalt nitrate as cobalt precursors. FTIR, Raman, scanning electron microscopy, UV visible, X-ray powder diffraction, and BET was used to analyze the surface characteristics, composition, and morphology, of the NPs. These green Co₃O₄-NPs were employed to remove Pb ions from simulated wastewater solutions at various pH, adsorbate, temperature, and dose concentrations. At dose 20 mg/L, pH 6.0, 20 mg/L (Pb(II) solution, 25 °C of temperature, and 45 min for equilibrium, nearly 99.44% of Pb ions were removed. To evaluate the kinetic data, four different kinetic equations were used. The data fit the Elovich rate equation better than the other three models. Thermodynamic and isothermal studies were also evaluated, and the maximum adsorption capacity of 450.45 mg/g was observed at 298.15 K. 0.1 M HNO_3, and 0.1 HCl were used to regenerate used Co₃O₄-NPs. Simulation results show the strong correlation of the Co atom in the Co₃O₄-NPs generates active delocalized surface states, which are energetically most favorable for heavy metal (Pb ions) adsorption and removal, supporting the experimental outcomes. In concluding remarks, green Co₃O₄-NPs can also be used as an adsorbent to remove Pb ions from wastewater bodies.

The phenolic components extracted from mulberry fruits as bioactive compounds against cancer: A review

In Asia, mulberry has long been used to treat various infectious and internal ailments as a traditional medication. The compounds found in it have the potential to improve human health. Because there is no approved and defined evaluation procedure, it has not been formally or scientifically recognized. As a result of these investigations, a new frontier in traditional Chinese medicine has opened up, with the possibility of modernization, for the interaction between active components of mulberry and their biological activities. These studies have used current biotechnological technologies. For ages, mulberry has been used as an herbal remedy in Asia to cure various diseases and internal disorders. It has a high concentration of bioactive chemicals that benefit human health. The most abundant phenolic components extracted from white mulberry leaves are flavonoids (Kuwanons, Moracinflavans, Moragrols, and Morkotins), phenolic acids, alkaloids, and so forth. Flavonoids, benzofurans, chalcones, and alkaloids have been discovered to have cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines. There is growing evidence that mulberry fruits can potentially prevent cancer and other aging-related disorders due to their high concentration of bioactive polyphenolic-rich compounds and macro and micronutrients. Anthocyanins are rapidly absorbed after eating, arriving in the plasmalemma within 15-50 min and entirely removed after 6-8 hr. Due to a lack of an approved and consistent technique for its examination, it has yet to be formally or scientifically recognized. The mulberry plant is commercially grown for silkworm rearing, and less attention is paid to its bioactive molecules, which have a lot of applications in human health. This review paper discusses the phenolic compounds of white mulberry and black mulberry in detail concerning their role in cancer prevention.

Fe3O4-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-bentonite as adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions

The contamination of water due to present of dyes, poses serious health problems. Therefore, treatment of contaminated water is necessary to resolve this problem. A tailored co-precipitation technique has been successfully used to prepare Fe₃O₄-multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Bentonite nanocomposite. The methylene blue present in aqueous solutions was removed using synthesized nanocomposite as adsorbent. The synthesized novel nanocomposite was analyzed by various characterization techniques. The scanning electron microscope analysis shows that Bentonite and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles are well decorated with the MWCNTs matrix. The nanocomposite exhibited a high BET surface area of 204.01 m²/g with a pore volume of 0.367 cm³/g. The BJH adsorption average pore diameter was analyzed to be 7.2 nm. Moreover, the adsorption model was in agreement with the Redlich-Peterson model with adsorption capacity of 48.2 mg/g with a high nonlinear regression coefficient (R² = 0.985) and a low chi-square value (χ² = 6.18). Kinetics data were described well by pseudo-first-order and pseudo second order, models with a high non-linear regression coefficient (R² = 0.993). Adsorption of MB dye was determined to be a non-spontaneous and endothermic process since the values of ΔG, and ΔH were positive, and the entropy value was negative. Thus, the synthesized nanocomposite established itself as a promising candidate for the water treatment process.

Persistence and remote sensing of agri-food wastes in the environment: Current state and perspectives

Food demand is expected to increase globally by 60-110% from 2005 to 2050 due to diet shifts and population growth. This growth in food demand leads to the generation of enormous agri-food wastes (AFWs), which could be classified into pre-consumption and post-consumption. The AFW represents economic losses for all stakeholders along food supply chains, including consumers. It is reported that the direct financial, social, and environmental costs of food waste are 1, 0.9, and 0.7 trillion USD/year, respectively. Diverse conventional AFW management approaches are employed at the different life cycle levels (entre supply chain). The review indicates that inadequate transportation, erroneous packaging, improper storage, losses during processing, contamination, issues with handling, and expiry dates are the main reason for the generation of AFWs in the supply chain. Further, various variables such as cultural, societal, personal, and behavioral factors contribute to the AFW generation. The selection of a specific valorization technology is based on multiple physicochemical and biological parameters. Furthermore, other factors like heterogeneity of the AFWs, preferable energy carriers, by-products management, cost, end-usage applications, and environmental legislative and disposal processes also play a crucial role in adopting suitable technology. Valorization of AFW could significantly impact both economy and the environment. AFWs have been widely investigated for the development of engineered added-value biomaterials and renewable energy production. Considering this, this study has been carried out to highlight the significance of AFW cost, aggregation, quantification, and membrane-based strategies for its management. The study also explored the satellite remote sensing data for Spatio-temporal monitoring, mapping, optimization, and management of AFW management. Along with this, the study also explained the most recent strategies for AFW valorization and outlined the detailed policy recommendation along with opportunities and challenges. The review suggested that AFW should be managed using a triple-bottom-line strategy (economic, social, and environmental sustainability).

Knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes among general population towards bipolar disorders: a cross-sectional report from the Southern region of Saudi Arabia

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to understand the impact of demographic characteristics and to describe the gender differences in knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes towards bipolar disorders among common residents in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2021 and March 2021. The survey was conducted among the common residents in the southern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected by using a structured, self-administered, validated questionnaire comprised of a dichotomous type of questions along with Likert scale.

RESULTS

There is a significant difference in the distribution of knowledge scores between male and female study participants (p=0.000). No significant gender differences have been identified in beliefs and attitudes toward bipolar disorder (p=0.229) and in overall score (p=0.159). The traumatic event was reported as the major cause of bipolar disorder. The age group and employment status were found to be the major predictor of knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about bipolar disorder.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the knowledge awareness rate on bipolar disorder is high among public in the Southern region, there is a vast scope for improving it. Education should be disseminated to promote mental health awareness and improve attitudes and beliefs on bipolar disorders and reduce stigma and discrimination against patients with bipolar disorders.

Insights into chitosan-based cellulose nanowhiskers reinforced nanocomposite material via deep eutectic solvent in green chemistry

In the present work, the synthesis of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW)/chitosan nanocomposite films via deep eutectic solvents (DES) changing the chemical structures were carried out. It was observed that a pure chitosan film has broadband at 3180-3400 cm^-1, indicating amide and hydroxyl groups. Upon CNW incorporation, the peak gets sharper and stronger and shifts to a greater wavelength. Further, the addition of DES infuses more elements of amide into the nanocomposite films. Moreover, the mechanical properties incorporating CNW filler into a chitosan matrix show an enhancement in tensile strength (TS), Young's modulus (YM), and elongation at break. The TS and YM increase while the elongation decrease as the CNW concentration increases. The YM of biocomposite films is increased to 723 MPa at 25% CNW into chitosan films. Besides, the TS has enhanced to 11.48 MPa at 15% CNW concentration in the biocomposite films. The elongation at break has decreased to 11.7% at 25% CNW concentration. Hence, incorporating CNW into the chitosan matrix via DES can still improve the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films. Therefore, the application of DES results in a lower YM and TS as the films are hygroscopic. In conclusion, DES can be considered the new green solvent media for synthesizing materials. It has the potential to replace ionic liquids due to its biodegradability and non-toxic properties while preserving the character of low-vapour pressure. Besides that, chitosan can be used as potential material for applications in process industries, such as the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, DES can be used as a green solvent and aim to reduce the toxic effect of chemicals on the environment during chemical production.

A comparative study based on performance and techno-economic analysis of different strategies for PV-Electrolyzer (green) hydrogen fueling incinerator system

The integration of hydrogen in the primary energy mix requires a major technological shift in virtually every energy-related application. This study has attempted to investigate the techno-economic solar photovoltaic (PV) integrated water electrolysis and waste incineration system. Three different strategies, i.e., (i) PV + Battery(Hybrid mode with required batteries); (ii) auto-ignition (Direct coupling); and (iii) PV + Secondary-Electrolyzer(Direct coupling assisted with secondary electrolyzer), have been envisioned. The 'PV + Battery' consume 42.42 % and 15.07 % less energy than the auto-ignition and 'PV + Secondary-Electrolyzer' methods. However, the capital cost of 'PV + Battery' has been calculated to be 15.4 % and 11.8 % more than auto-ignition and 'PV + Secondary-Electrolyzer, respectively.The energy consumption relative to waste input, the 'PV + Battery' method used 80 % less energy, while auto-ignition and 'PV + Secondary-Electrolyzer' showed 70.5 % and 77.5 % less energy, respectively. Furthermore, these approaches showed a vast difference in cost-benefit for the longer run. 'PV + Battery' was forecasted to be 73.3 % and 23.3 % more expensive than auto-ignition and 'PV + Secondary-Electrolyzer' methods, respectively, for 30 years. Overall, this study can benefit from using either of these methods depending on the application, usage scale, and climatic conditions.

Advanced experimental techniques for the sensitive detection of a toxic bisphenol A using UiO-66-NDC/GO-based electrochemical sensor

In the present study, a simple and sensitive method for detecting bisphenol A (BPA) in various environments, including groundwater, was described using a widespread electrochemical method. BPA is well-known for its endocrine-disrupting properties, which may cause potential toxicological effects oon the nervous, reproductive, and immune systems. A novel metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NDC/GO) was synthesized, and its existence was confirmed by several characterization techniques like FTIR, UV-visible, XRD, SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. Due to the excellent electrocatalytic nature, UiO-66-NDC/GO was chosen as the sensor material and integrated on the surface of the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). The UiO-66-NDC/GO modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE) was engaged for the detection of BPA using techniques like cyclic Voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The applied sensor exhibited an astonishing outcome for BPA detection with high sensitivity and selectivity. The lower detection limit (LLOD) of 0.025 μM was achieved at the modified sensor with a linear concentration range of 10-70 μM. Moreover, the practical applicability of the sensor was tested on tap water, drinking water, and fresh liquid milk, giving an excellent recovery of BPA in the range of 94.8-99.3 (v.%). The proposed method could be employed for electrochemical device or a solid state device fabrication for the onsite monitoring of BPA.

Graphene oxide-based novel MOF nanohybrid for synergic removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions: Simulation and adsorption studies

Heavy metals represent a considerable threat, and the current study deals with synthesizing a novel MOF nanocomposite by intercalating graphene oxide (GO) and linker UiO-66-NDC. It was shown that UiO-66-NDC/GO had enhanced the removal efficiency of Pb (II) ions at pH 6. The adsorption kinetics data followed the PSO (Type 2) representing chemisorption. Adsorption data were also fitted with three different isotherms, namely Temkin, Freundlich, & Langmuir, and the Temkin model exhibited the best correlation (R² 0.99), representing the chemisorption nature of the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of Pb (II) ions using Langmuir was found to be 254.45 mg/g (298 K). The Pb (II) adsorption process was confirmed to be exothermic and spontaneous as the thermodynamic parameters H° and G° were determined to have negative values. MOF nanocomposite also represents significant reusability for up to four regeneration cycles using 0.01 M HCl; for the next four, it works quite efficiently after regeneration. Meanwhile, the simulation findings confirm the superior dynamic stability (∼08 times) of the MOF nanocomposite as compared to the GO system. The removal of Pb (II) from simulated wastewater samples using a super nano-adsorbent using a MOF nanocomposite is described here for the first time.

Comparison of constructed wetland performance coupled with aeration and tubesettler for pharmaceutical compound removal from hospital wastewater

Pharmaceutical compounds being able to alter, retard, and enhance metabolism has gained attention in recent time as emerging pollutant. However, hospitals which are part of every urban landscape have yet to gain attention in terms of its hospital wastewater treatment to inhibit pharmaceutical compounds from reaching environment. Hence this study evaluated performance of constructed wetland in combination with tubesettler and aeration based on removal efficiency and ecological risk assessment (HQ). The removal efficiency of constructed wetland with plantation was higher by 31% (paracetamol), 102% (ibuprofen), 46%, (carbamazepine), 57% (lorazepam), 54% (erythromycin), 31% (ciprofloxacin) and 20% (simvastatin) against constructed wetland without plantation. Constructed wetland with aeration efficiency increased for paracetamol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, lorazepam, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and simvastatin removal efficiency were higher by 58%, 130%, 52%, 79%, 107%, 57%, and 29% respectively. In constructed wetland with plantation, removal efficiency was higher by 20% (paracetamol), 13% (ibuprofen), 4% (carbamazepine), 14% (lorazepam), 34% (erythromycin), 19% (ciprofloxacin) and 7% (simvastatin). High ecological risk was observed for algae, invertebrate and fish with hazard quotient values in range of 2.5-484, 10-631 and 1-78 respectively. This study concludes that if space is the limitation at hospitals aeration with constructed wetland can be adopted. If space is available, constructed wetland with tubesettler is suitable, economic and environmentally friendly option. Future research works can focus on evaluating other processes combination with constructed wetland.

Study of nano cellulose-based membrane tailorable biodegradability for use in the packaging application of electronic devices

With a growing demand for packaging materials and witnessing many landfills and huge garbage islands floating in the Pacific oceans, the need for an alternative material such as bio-degradable plastics has risen. Cellulose-based materials are already in use in several packaging industries. Nanocellulose, a processed cellulose with a specific nanostructure, have several advantages such as high specific strength, modulus, high surface area and unique optical properties. By varying the crosslinking percentages, the kinetics of degradation can be tailored. In this work, extracted cellulose from sugarcane bagasse was hydrolyzed to obtain nanocellulose, which was used to fabricate packaging films (membrane) with PVA as matrix and nanocellulose. Variations of PVA and nanocellulose loadings, and crosslinking agent ratios. In the fabricated films were investigated for chemical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and topographical properties. Results from the degradation tests under appropriate physically simulated environments have suggested that the crosslinking has enhanced the mechanical properties, extent of degradation was dependent on percentages of crosslinking. A real-world device packaging application was demonstrated by encapsulation of perovskite solar cells with the fabricated nanocellulose film revealed that the lifetime of the devices improved which might be indicative of the film having lower permeability for oxygen and moisture.

Microplastics: Occurrences, treatment methods, regulations and foreseen environmental impacts

Microplastics are a silent threat that represent a high degree of danger to the environment in its different ecosystems and of course will also have an important impact on the health of living organisms. It is evident the need to have effective treatments for their treatment, however this is not a simple task, this as a result of the behavior of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants due to their different types and nature, their long molecular chain, reactivity against water, size, shape and the functional groups they carry. Wastewater treatment plants are at the circumference of the release of these wastes into the environment. They often act as a source of many contaminations, which makes this problem more complex. Challenges such as detection in the current scenario using the latest analytical techniques impede the correct understanding of the problem. Due to microplastics, treatment plants have operational and process stability problems. This review paper will present the in-depth situation of occurrence of microplastics, their detection, conventional and advanced treatment methods as well as implementation of legislations worldwide in a comprehensive manner. It has been observed that no innovative or new technologies have emerged to treat microplastics. Therefore, in this article, technologies targeting wastewater treatment plants are critically analyzed. This will help to understand their fate, but also to develop state-of-the-art technologies or combinations of them for the selective treatment of microplastics. The pros and cons of the treatment methods adopted and the knowledge gaps in legislation regarding their implementation are also comprehensively analyzed. This critical work will offer the development of new strategies to restrict microplastics.

Modelling and parameter optimisation for performance evaluation of sequencing batch reactor for treating hospital wastewater

Hospital wastewater treatment is gaining attention in recent studies due to its complex nature. The performance of the sequencing batch reactor coupled with tube-settler was investigated for hospital wastewater treatment. The performance was evaluated regarding removing organic matter and nutrients (nitrate and phosphate). The phosphate was removed in the sequencing batch reactor and its associated tube-settler with a 60% removal efficiency margin. Nitrification was observed in sequencing batch reactor and tube-settler, but denitrification could not be achieved. The nitrification-denitrification process was not completed during the process. The current work's main aim was to understand and optimise the operational parameters involved in the performance of the sequencing batch reactor. The operational parameters were optimised using Design expert software, and Response Surface Methodology involved a four-factor and five-level central composite design. The percentage removal of chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and phosphate was selected to be observed during this study.

Graphical abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13399-022-03406-z.

Investigation in Techniques for Using Sewage Sludge as an Energy Feedstock: Poland’s Experience

The sludge generated from wastewater treatment facilities contains high nutrients and is characterized by high heating values. Thus, the sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients is a potential candidate for its application as fertilizers and an alternate energy feedstock. Nowadays, energy independence contributes to the economic stability of the country, and therefore the search for alternate energy sources is an acute issue. This paper presents a case study on using sewage sludge as an energy feedstock in Poland. The physicochemical characteristics of the sewage sludge are presented. The fuel properties of sewage sludge generated from different waste water treatment plant (WWTP) are summarized. The calorific value of sewage sludge generated in Poland is insufficient for effective use as an energy raw material, therefore, energy potential of mixture of sludge with other waste have been studied. The general trend of sewage sludge formation and the quantitative forecast for the future showed that in 2020, compared to 2012, sludge accumulation increased by 6.9%, but compared to 2019 - decreased by 3%. From 2012 to 2020 the average, sewage sludge accumulation increased annually by 0.8%. This demonstrates the heterogeneity of waste streams for the production of alternative fuels and a modest increase in sewage sludge production in the coming years. This made it possible to prepare several options for the further development of research in the field of developing technologies for obtaining alternative energy. Also this study will help the prospective researchers understand sewage sludge generation and its use as energy feedstock.

Geospatial distribution and health risk assessment of groundwater contaminated within the industrial areas: an environmental sustainability perspective

Groundwater is the second largest water source for daily consumption, only next to surface water resources. Groundwater has been extensively investigated for its pollution level in urban areas. The groundwater quality assessments in industrial areas associated with every urban landscape are still lacking. This study was carried out in two industrial areas including Okhla and Mohan cooperative in New Delhi, India. The six groundwater samples were obtained for water quality assessment for 2015 and 2018. The heavy metals investigated in water samples were Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cr, and Mn. The water quality was assessed in the heavy metals index (MI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). From indexing approach, it was observed that pollution levels have increased in year 2018 as compared to the year 2015. MI < 1 for Cu in 2015 and 2018 in both industrial areas. In the case of remaining metals, MI ranged from 2.5 to 8.4. When the HPI indexing approach was adopted, water was unfit for drinking in both industrial areas in 2015 and 2018, with an HPI value > 100. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment (HI) ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 in 2015, increasing from 17.41 to 217 in 2018, indicating high risk in both years. Carcinogenic risk (CR) was within the acceptable range for 48% of each heavy metal analysed sample. When the Carcinogenic risk index was considered (CRI), all samples were beyond the acceptable range, and every person was prone to carcinogenic risk in 2015.

Role of oxidative stress in angiogenesis and the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in breast cancer

The escalation of cancer cases globally, especially breast cancer, is of concern. Angiogenesis is hallmark of cancer pathogenesis and plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. Pro-angiogenic agents, secreted by tumor cells, form new blood vessels, and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS promote angiogenesis via two major pathways: namely Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) dependent and non-VEGF dependent pathways. As a consequence of unbalanced ROS overproduction and low antioxidants levels, oxidative stress occurs and promotes angiogenesis in breast cancer tissues. Thus, the potential use of antioxidants as a preventive therapy in breast cancer. Preclinical studies depict that vitamins A and E may counter oxidative stress resulting in reduction of metastasis and viability of breast cancer. Furthermore, clinical studies demonstrate a decline in breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women upon the consumption of antioxidants. Herein, we discuss various pro-angiogenic agents that may play an important role in breast cancer angiogenesis. Moreover, the contribution of oxidative stress in inducing the angiogenic process is extensively reviewed here. Furthermore, the findings of pre-clinical and clinical studies on the use of antioxidants, namely vitamins A and E, in breast cancer are deliberated upon, along with the role of angiogenesis in cancer therapy.

Efficient removal of ibuprofen and ofloxacin pharmaceuticals using biofilm reactors for hospital wastewater treatment

Hospital wastewater is harmful to the environment and human health due to its complex chemical composition and high potency towards becoming a source of disease outbreaks. Due to these complexities, its treatment is neither efficient nor cost-effective. It is a challenging issue that requires immediate attention. This effort focuses on the treatment of hospital wastewater (HWW) by removing two selected drugs, namely ibuprofen (IBU) and ofloxacin (OFX) using individual biological treatment methods, such as moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) and physicochemical treatment, such as ozonation and peroxane process. The both methods are compared to find the best method overall based on effectiveness and removal efficiency. The optimal removal for ozone dosing range was nitrate (9.00% and 62.00%), biological oxygen demand (BOD) (92.00% and 64.00%), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (96.00% and 92.00%) that required at least 10 min to reach considerable degradation. The MBBR process assured a better performance for ibuprofen removal, overall. The IBU and OFX removal was found to be 14.32-96.00% at a higher COD value and 11.33-94.00% at a lower COD value due to its biodegradation. This work strives to pave the way forward to build an HWW treatment technology using integrated MBBR processes for better efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Current solid waste management strategies and energy recovery in developing countries - State of art review

Solid waste generation has rapidly increased due to the worldwide population, urbanization, and industrialization. Solid waste management (SWM) is a significant challenge for a society that arises local issues with global consequences. Thus, solid waste management strategies to recycle waste products are promising practices that positively impact sustainable goals. Several developed countries possess excellent solid waste management strategies to recycle waste products. Developing countries face many challenges, such as municipal solid waste (MSW) sorting and handling due to high population density and economic instability. This mismanagement could further expedite harmful environmental and socioeconomic concerns. This review discusses the current solid waste management and energy recovery production in developing countries; with statistics, this review provides a comprehensive revision on energy recovery technologies such as the thermochemical and biochemical conversion of waste with economic considerations. Furthermore, the paper discusses the challenges of SWM in developing countries, including several immediate actions and future policy recommendations for improving the current status of SWM via harnessing technology. This review has the potential of helping municipalities, government authorities, researchers, and stakeholders working on MSW management to make effective decisions for improved SWM for achieving sustainable development.

Advancement in Ozone base wastewater treatment technologies: Brief review

Over 70% of the planet's surface is covered by water. A universal solvent, water can dissolve a wide variety of compounds. The majority of water contamination is caused by human activity. Increasing water use and pollution are to blame for the current shortage of fresh water supplies. Population expansion, agricultural runoff, and municipal wastewater are the primary sources of pollution in the river. To conduct the study, the logical chain was developed. For the review, open sources of scientific information were used. The focus was on publications from the last 10 years and at the same time; earlier works were taken into accounts that have useful information for this study, which were identified in the list of references when studying recent sources. The number of sources published earlier than 10 years ago does not exceed 7% of the total number of references. The present study aims to determine the optimum conditions for best removal of contaminants as the review focuses on advancement in Ozonation/AOP technology, different type of methods used for drugs removal and different operating condition. Various modern treatment procedures make extensive use of drinking water treatment plants. Water shortages in countries can be alleviated by implementing some of the recommendations made in the research. More catchment areas need to be developed; strict management policies and guidelines should be implemented. Ozonation can also more effectively remove certain personal care products (PPCPs) from the skin. Recycled water can be disinfected using ozonation, which breaks down ozone in water. When ozone is used in this way, it is an effective parasiticide, germicide, and virucidal agent. It can also remove the chroma compounds, smells, infections, and many micro-pollutants simultaneously. Ozone-based AOP should be studied in the future to see whether it is cost-effective and to see if it consumes more energy than other traditional treatment methods.

Treatment of Hospital wastewater with submerged aerobic fixed film reactor coupled with tube-settler

In this study, Hospital wastewater was treated using a submerged aerobic fixed film (SAFF) reactor coupled with tubesettler in series. SAFF consisted of a column with an up-flow biofilter. The biological oxygen demand (BOD)₅, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate and phosphate were the chosen pollutants for evaluation. The pollutants removal efficiency was determined at varying organic loading rates and hydraulic retention time. The organic loading rate was varied between 0.25 and 1.25 kg COD m^-3 d^-1. The removal efficiency of SAFF and tubesettler combined was 75 % COD, 67 % BOD and 67 % phosphate, respectively. However, nitrate saw an increase in concentration by 25 %. SAFF contribution in the removal of COD, BOD₅ and Phosphate was 48 %, 46 % and 29 %, respectively. While for accumulation of nitrate, it was responsible for 56%, respectively. Tubesettler performed better than SAFF with 52 %, 54 % and 69 % reduction of COD, BOD₅ and phosphate, respectively. But in terms of nitrate, tubesettler was responsible for 44 % accumulation. The nutrient reduction decreased with an increase in the organic loading rate. Nitrification was observed in the SAFF and tubesettler, which indicated a well-aerated system. An anaerobic unit is required for completing the denitrification process and removing nitrogen from the effluent. The better performance of tubesettler over SAFF calls for necessitates extended retention time over design criteria. Further studies are beneficial to investigate the impact of pharmaceutical compounds on the efficiency of SAFF.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of mammography and breast self-examination among the general female population in Asir region of KSA

OBJECTIVE

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and an increasing burden in terms of incidence, morbidity and mortality. It accounts for about 28.7% of all new cancers in women. In 2015, the Saudi cancer registry shows that breast cancer was graded first among women and it accounts for 16.7% of all cancers reported among Saudi nationals. This study was designed to assess breast cancer screening knowledge and practices among women in the Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional study recruiting 1,021 female participants was performed. The variables included breast cancer knowledge, socio-demographic features, breast self-examination knowledge and practice. Descriptive statistics was used to compare and analyze the collected data while chi-square test was used to check the statistical significance among the selected variables. Saudi married women from Asir region were the participants of this cross-sectional study.

RESULTS

Our findings suggested that participants had a satisfactory level of knowledge about breast self-examination and mammograms at a rate of > 90% and 44.76% respectively. Over 90% of participants had good breast self-exam knowledge, however, only 6.37% was always performed breast self-examination. Similarly, nearly 40% of participants performed mammograms, while 40.5% were unaware. Leaflets and doctors were the primary sources of information for participants regarding the information of breast cancer screening.

CONCLUSIONS

Breast self-examination is a crucial approach to the timely detection of breast cancer and is subsequently critical for effective treatment. From the findings of this study we concluded that most women in the Asir region have a good awareness of breast cancer screening methods. However, either screening of self-examination or mammogram for breast cancer was not carried out thoroughly and regularly. This means that we must continue to emphasize the importance of primary health care in the earliest stages of breast cancer.

Confirmation of Cause of Death Via Comprehensive Autopsy and Whole Exome Molecular Sequencing in People With Epilepsy and Sudden Unexpected Death

Background

Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading mode of death in the United States. Epilepsy affects 1% of Americans; yet epidemiological data show a prevalence of 4% in cases of sudden cardiac arrest. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) may share features with sudden cardiac arrest. The objective of this study was to report autopsy and genomic findings in a large cohort of SUDEP cases.

Methods and Results

Mayo Clinic Sudden Death Registry containing cases (ages 0–90 years) of sudden unexpected and unexplained deaths 1960 to present was queried. Exome sequencing performed on decedent cases. From 13 687 cases of sudden death, 656 (4.8%) had a history of seizures, including 368 confirmed by electroencephalography, 96 classified as SUDEP, 58 as non‐SUDEP, and 214 as unknown (insufficient records). Mean age of death in SUDEP was 37 (±19.7) years; 56 (58.3%) were male; 65% of deaths occurred at night; 54% were found in bed; and 80.6% were prone. Autopsies were obtained in 83 cases; bystander coronary artery disease was frequently reported as cause of death; nonspecific fibrosis was seen in 32.6% of cases, in structurally normal hearts. There were 4 cases of Dravet syndrome with pathogenic variants in SCN1A gene. Using whole exome sequencing in 11 cases, 18 ultrarare nonsynonymous variants were identified in 6 cases including CACNB2, RYR2, CLNB, CACNA1H, and CLCN2.

Conclusions

This study examined one of the largest single‐center US series of SUDEP cases. Several cases were reclassified as SUDEP, 15% had an ECG when alive, and 11 (11.4%) had blood for whole exome sequencing analysis. The most frequent antemortem genetic finding was pathogenic variants in SCN1A; postmortem whole exome sequencing identified 18 ultrarare variants.

Co-occurring indicator pathogens for SARS-CoV-2: A review with emphasis on exposure rates and treatment technologies

Scientific advancements from 2002 to 2020 for coronaviruses, i.e., SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks, could lead towards a better understanding of the exposure to a health crisis. However, data on its transmission routes and persistence in the environment is still in need of the hour. In this review, we discuss the impact of environmental matrices on dealing with the consequences of the global COVID-19 outbreak. We have compiled the most recent data on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the diseases. The review aims to help researchers and the larger public recognize and deal with the consequences of co-occurring viral indicators for COVID-19 and provide nano-technological perspectives of possible diagnostic and treatment tools for further studies. The review highlights environmental wastes such as hospital wastewater effluents, pathogen-laden waste, pathogen-laden ground/surface water, wastewater sludge residues and discusses their potential remediation technologies, i.e., pathogen-contaminated soil disposal, municipal and medical solid waste collection, recycling, and final disposal. Finally, holistic suggestions to tackle environmental-related issues by the scientific community have been provided, where scientists, consultants may involve in a tiered assessment from the hazard to risk management in the post-COVID-19 world.