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Keep S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Webb I, Fones A, Kirk J, Britton P, Bickerton E. The spike protein of the apathogenic Beaudette strain of avian coronavirus can elicit a protective immune response against a virulent M41 challenge. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297516. [PMID: 38265985 PMCID: PMC10807761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The avian Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes major economic losses in the poultry industry as the aetiological agent of infectious bronchitis, a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. IBV causes major economic losses to poultry industries across the globe and is a concern for global food security. IBV vaccines are currently produced by serial passage, typically 80 to 100 times in chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) to achieve attenuation by unknown molecular mechanisms. Vaccines produced in this manner present a risk of reversion as often few consensus level changes are acquired. The process of serial passage is cumbersome, time consuming, solely dependent on the supply of CEE and does not allow for rapid vaccine development in response to newly emerging IBV strains. Both alternative rational attenuation and cell culture-based propagation methods would therefore be highly beneficial. The majority of IBV strains are however unable to be propagated in cell culture proving a significant barrier to the development of cell-based vaccines. In this study we demonstrate the incorporation of a heterologous Spike (S) gene derived from the apathogenic Beaudette strain of IBV into a pathogenic M41 genomic backbone generated a recombinant IBV denoted M41K-Beau(S) that exhibits Beaudette's unique ability to replicate in Vero cells, a cell line licenced for vaccine production. The rIBV M41K-Beau(S) additionally exhibited an attenuated in vivo phenotype which was not the consequence of the presence of a large heterologous gene demonstrating that the Beaudette S not only offers a method for virus propagation in cell culture but also a mechanism for rational attenuation. Although historical research suggested that Beaudette, and by extension the Beaudette S protein was poorly immunogenic, vaccination of chickens with M41K-Beau(S) induced a complete cross protective immune response in terms of clinical disease and tracheal ciliary activity against challenge with a virulent IBV, M41-CK, belonging to the same serogroup as Beaudette. This implies that the amino acid sequence differences between the Beaudette and M41 S proteins have not distorted important protective epitopes. The Beaudette S protein therefore offers a significant avenue for vaccine development, with the advantage of a propagation platform less reliant on CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isobel Webb
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Kirk
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Keep S, Dowgier G, Lulla V, Britton P, Oade M, Freimanis G, Tennakoon C, Jonassen CM, Tengs T, Bickerton E. Deletion of the s2m RNA Structure in the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Human Astrovirus Results in Sequence Insertions. J Virol 2023; 97:e0003823. [PMID: 36779761 PMCID: PMC10062133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00038-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses infect a wide variety of host species, resulting in a range of diseases in both humans and animals. The coronavirus genome consists of a large positive-sense single-stranded molecule of RNA containing many RNA structures. One structure, denoted s2m and consisting of 41 nucleotides, is located within the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) and is shared between some coronavirus species, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, as well as other pathogens, including human astrovirus. Using a reverse genetic system to generate recombinant viruses, we investigated the requirement of the s2m structure in the replication of IBV, a globally distributed economically important Gammacoronavirus that infects poultry causing respiratory disease. Deletion of three nucleotides predicted to destabilize the canonical structure of the s2m or the deletion of the nucleotides corresponding to s2m impacted viral replication in vitro. In vitro passaging of the recombinant IBV with the s2m sequence deleted resulted in a 36-nucleotide insertion in place of the deletion, which was identified to be composed of a duplication of flanking sequences. A similar result was observed following serial passage of human astrovirus with a deleted s2m sequence. RNA modeling indicated that deletion of the nucleotides corresponding to the s2m impacted other RNA structures present in the IBV 3' UTR. Our results indicated for both IBV and human astrovirus a preference for nucleotide occupation in the genome location corresponding to the s2m, which is independent of the specific s2m sequence. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses infect many species, including humans and animals, with substantial effects on livestock, particularly with respect to poultry. The coronavirus RNA genome consists of structural elements involved in viral replication whose roles are poorly understood. We investigated the requirement of the RNA structural element s2m in the replication of the Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus, an economically important viral pathogen of poultry. Using reverse genetics to generate recombinant IBVs with either a disrupted or deleted s2m, we showed that the s2m is not required for viral replication in cell culture; however, replication is decreased in tracheal tissue, suggesting a role for the s2m in the natural host. Passaging of these viruses as well as human astrovirus lacking the s2m sequence demonstrated a preference for nucleotide occupation, independent of the s2m sequence. RNA modeling suggested deletion of the s2m may negatively impact other essential RNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Lulla
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Oade
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Gulholm T, Yeang M, Nguyen I, Andrews PI, Balgahom R, Beresford R, Branley J, Briest R, Britton P, Burrell R, Gehrig N, Kesson A, Kok J, Maley M, Newcombe J, Samarasekara H, Van Hal S, Varadhan H, Thapa K, Jones S, Newton P, Naing Z, Stelzer-Braid S, Rawlinson W. Molecular typing of enteroviruses: comparing 5'UTR, VP1 and whole genome sequencing methods. Pathology 2022; 54:779-783. [PMID: 35738943 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) commonly cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and can also cause potentially fatal neurological and systemic complications. In our laboratory, sequencing 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome has been the routine method of genotyping EVs. During a recent localised outbreak of aseptic meningitis, sequencing the 5'UTR identified the causative virus as EV-A71, which did not fit with the clinical syndrome or illness severity. When genotyped using a different target gene, VP1, the result was different. This led us to evaluate the accuracy of the two different target genome regions and compare them against whole genome sequencing (WGS). We aimed to optimise the algorithm for detection and characterisation of EVs in the diagnostic laboratory. We hypothesised that VP1 and WGS genotyping would provide different results than 5'UTR in a subset of samples. Clinical samples from around New South Wales which were positive for EV by commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were genotyped by targeting three different viral genome regions: the 5'UTR, VP1 and WGS. Sequencing was performed by Sanger and next generation sequencing. The subtyping results were compared. Of the 74/118 (63%) samples that were successfully typed using both the 5'UTR and the VP1 method, the EV typing result was identical for 46/74 (62%) samples compared to WGS as the gold standard. The same EV group but different EV types were found in 22/74 (30%) samples, and 6/74 (8%) samples belonged to different EV groups depending on typing method used. Genotyping with WGS and VP1 is more accurate than 5'UTR. Genotyping by the 5'UTR method is very sensitive, but less specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gulholm
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology East, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; UNSW Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine UNSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
| | - M Yeang
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), New South Wales Health Pathology East, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - I Nguyen
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology East, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - P I Andrews
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Balgahom
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Nepean Blue Mountains Pathology Service, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - R Beresford
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - J Branley
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Nepean Blue Mountains Pathology Service, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Nepean Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Briest
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - P Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Sydney Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, NSW, Australia
| | - R Burrell
- Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N Gehrig
- NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A Kesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Kok
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - M Maley
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - J Newcombe
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Samarasekara
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology, Nepean Blue Mountains Pathology Service, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - S Van Hal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - H Varadhan
- NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - K Thapa
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology East, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - S Jones
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - P Newton
- Department of Microbiology, NSW Health Pathology, The Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Z Naing
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology East, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - S Stelzer-Braid
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), New South Wales Health Pathology East, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology East, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), New South Wales Health Pathology East, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Keep S, Carr BV, Lean FZX, Fones A, Newman J, Dowgier G, Freimanis G, Vatzia E, Polo N, Everest H, Webb I, Mcnee A, Paudyal B, Thakur N, Nunez A, MacLoughlin R, Maier H, Hammond J, Bailey D, Waters R, Charleston B, Tuthill T, Britton P, Bickerton E, Tchilian E. Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus as a Model for Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867707. [PMID: 35418984 PMCID: PMC8995773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, we have developed a porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) model for in depth mechanistic evaluation of the pathogenesis, virology and immune responses of this important family of viruses. Pigs are a large animal with similar physiology and immunology to humans and are a natural host for PRCV. Four PRCV strains were investigated and shown to induce different degrees of lung pathology. Importantly, although all four strains replicated equally well in porcine cell lines in vitro and in the upper respiratory tract in vivo, PRCV strains causing more severe lung pathology were also able to replicate in ex vivo tracheal organ cultures as well as in vivo in the trachea and lung. The time course of infection of PRCV 135, which caused the most severe pulmonary pathology, was investigated. Virus was shed from the upper respiratory tract until day 10 post infection, with infection of the respiratory mucosa, as well as olfactory and sustentacular cells, providing an excellent model to study upper respiratory tract disease in addition to the commonly known lower respiratory tract disease from PRCV. Infected animals made antibody and T cell responses that cross reacted with the four PRCV strains and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. The antibody response was reproduced in vitro in organ cultures. Comparison of mechanisms of infection and immune control in pigs infected with PRCVs of differing pathogenicity with human data from SARS-CoV-2 infection and from our in vitro organ cultures, will enable key events in coronavirus infection and disease pathogenesis to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Fones
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isobel Webb
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Mcnee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen, Galway, Ireland
| | - Helena Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - John Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Toby Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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Stevenson-Leggett P, Armstrong S, Keep S, Britton P, Bickerton E. Analysis of the avian coronavirus spike protein reveals heterogeneity in the glycans present. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34424155 PMCID: PMC8513636 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an economically important coronavirus, causing damaging losses to the poultry industry worldwide as the causative agent of infectious bronchitis. The coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein is a large type I membrane protein protruding from the surface of the virion, which facilitates attachment and entry into host cells. The IBV S protein is cleaved into two subunits, S1 and S2, the latter of which has been identified as a determinant of cellular tropism. Recent studies expressing coronavirus S proteins in mammalian and insect cells have identified a high level of glycosylation on the protein’s surface. Here we used IBV propagated in embryonated hens’ eggs to explore the glycan profile of viruses derived from infection in cells of the natural host, chickens. We identified multiple glycan types on the surface of the protein and found a strain-specific dependence on complex glycans for recognition of the S2 subunit by a monoclonal antibody in vitro, with no effect on viral replication following the chemical inhibition of complex glycosylation. Virus neutralization by monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies was not affected. Following analysis of predicted glycosylation sites for the S protein of four IBV strains, we confirmed glycosylation at 18 sites by mass spectrometry for the pathogenic laboratory strain M41-CK. Further characterization revealed heterogeneity among the glycans present at six of these sites, indicating a difference in the glycan profile of individual S proteins on the IBV virion. These results demonstrate a non-specific role for complex glycans in IBV replication, with an indication of an involvement in antibody recognition but not neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Annand E, Barr J, Singanallur Balasubramanian N, Reid P, Boyd V, Burneikienė-Petraitytė R, Žvirblienė A, Grewar J, Laing E, Secombe C, Britton P, Jones C, Broder C, Dhand N, Smith I. Spillover of bat borne rubulavirus in Australian horses – Horses as sentinels for emerging infectious diseases. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Keep S, Oade MS, Lidzbarski-Silvestre F, Bentley K, Stevenson-Leggett P, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Sanderson N, Hammond JA, Jones RC, Britton P, Bickerton E. Multiple novel non-canonically transcribed sub-genomic mRNAs produced by avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1103-1118. [PMID: 32720890 PMCID: PMC7660457 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus sub-genomic mRNA (sgmRNA) synthesis occurs via a process of discontinuous transcription involving complementary transcription regulatory sequences (TRSs), one (TRS-L) encompassing the leader sequence of the 5' untranslated region (UTR), and the other upstream of each structural and accessory gene (TRS-B). Several coronaviruses have an ORF located between the N gene and the 3'-UTR, an area previously thought to be non-coding in the Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) due to a lack of a canonical TRS-B. Here, we identify a non-canonical TRS-B allowing for a novel sgmRNA relating to this ORF to be produced in several strains of IBV: Beaudette, CR88, H120, D1466, Italy-02 and QX. Interestingly, the potential protein produced by this ORF is prematurely truncated in the Beaudette strain. A single nucleotide deletion was made in the Beaudette strain allowing for the generation of a recombinant IBV (rIBV) that had the potential to express a full-length protein. Assessment of this rIBV in vitro demonstrated that restoration of the full-length potential protein had no effect on viral replication. Further assessment of the Beaudette-derived RNA identified a second non-canonically transcribed sgmRNA located within gene 2. Deep sequencing analysis of allantoic fluid from Beaudette-infected embryonated eggs confirmed the presence of both the newly identified non-canonically transcribed sgmRNAs and highlighted the potential for further yet unidentified sgmRNAs. This HiSeq data, alongside the confirmation of non-canonically transcribed sgmRNAs, indicates the potential of the coronavirus genome to encode a larger repertoire of genes than has currently been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Filip Lidzbarski-Silvestre
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kirsten Bentley
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Sanderson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Richard C. Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
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Keep S, Britton P, Bickerton E. Transient Dominant Selection for the Modification and Generation of Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Coronaviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2203:147-165. [PMID: 32833211 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in which a full-length cDNA corresponding to the IBV genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a T7 promoter sequence. Vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length IBV cDNA has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the IBV cDNA using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. Here, we describe the use of transient dominant selection as a method for introducing modifications into the IBV cDNA that has been successfully used for the substitution of specific nucleotides, deletion of genomic regions, and the exchange of complete genes. Infectious recombinant IBVs are generated in situ following the transfection of vaccinia virus DNA, containing the modified IBV cDNA, into cells infected with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
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Keep S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Steyn A, Oade MS, Webb I, Stuart J, Vervelde L, Britton P, Maier HJ, Bickerton E. Temperature Sensitivity: A Potential Method for the Generation of Vaccines against the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E754. [PMID: 32674326 PMCID: PMC7412246 DOI: 10.3390/v12070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious economically important respiratory pathogen of domestic fowl. Reverse genetics allows for the molecular study of pathogenic determinants to enable rational vaccine design. The recombinant IBV (rIBV) Beau-R, a molecular clone of the apathogenic Beaudette strain, has previously been investigated as a vaccine platform. To determine tissues in which Beau-R could effectively deliver antigenic genes, an in vivo study in chickens, the natural host, was used to compare the pattern of viral dissemination of Beau-R to the pathogenic strain M41-CK. Replication of Beau-R was found to be restricted to soft tissue within the beak, whereas M41-CK was detected in beak tissue, trachea and eyelid up to seven days post infection. In vitro assays further identified that, unlike M41-CK, Beau-R could not replicate at 41 °C, the core body temperature of a chicken, but is able to replicate a 37 °C, a temperature relatable to the very upper respiratory tract. Using a panel of rIBVs with defined mutations in the structural and accessory genes, viral replication at permissive and non-permissive temperatures was investigated, identifying that the Beau-R replicase gene was a determinant of temperature sensitivity and that sub-genomic mRNA synthesis had been affected. The identification of temperature sensitive allelic lesions within the Beau-R replicase gene opens up the possibility of using this method of attenuation in other IBV strains for future vaccine development as well as a method to investigate the functions of the IBV replicase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Angela Steyn
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Michael S. Oade
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Isobel Webb
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Jamie Stuart
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Helena J. Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
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Keep S, Sives S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Britton P, Vervelde L, Bickerton E. Limited Cross-Protection against Infectious Bronchitis Provided by Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Expressing Heterologous Spike Glycoproteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E330. [PMID: 32580371 PMCID: PMC7350270 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. Protective immunity is associated with the major structural protein, spike (S) glycoprotein, which induces neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. Cross-protective immunity between serotypes is limited and can be difficult to predict. In this study, the ability of two recombinant IBV vaccine candidates, BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S), to induce cross-protection against a third serotype, QX, was assessed. Both rIBVs are genetically based on the Beaudette genome with only the S gene derived from either M41 or 4/91, two unrelated serotypes. The use of these rIBVs allowed for the assessment of the potential of M41 and 4/91 S glycoproteins to induce cross-protective immunity against a heterologous QX challenge. The impact of the order of vaccination was also assessed. Homologous primary and secondary vaccination with BeauR-M41(S) or BeauR-4/91(S) resulted in a significant reduction of infectious QX load in the trachea at four days post-challenge, whereas heterologous primary and secondary vaccination with BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S) reduced viral RNA load in the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). Both homologous and heterologous vaccination regimes reduced clinical signs and birds recovered more rapidly as compared with an unvaccinated/challenge control group. Despite both rIBV BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S) displaying limited replication in vivo, serum titres in these vaccinated groups were higher as compared with the unvaccinated/challenge control group. This suggests that vaccination with rIBV primed the birds for a boosted humoral response to heterologous QX challenge. Collectively, vaccination with the rIBV elicited limited protection against challenge, with failure to protect against tracheal ciliostasis, clinical manifestations, and viral replication. The use of a less attenuated recombinant vector that replicates throughout the respiratory tract could be required to elicit a stronger and prolonged protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
| | - Samantha Sives
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; (S.S.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; (S.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
Large-scale laboratory- and method-performance studies involving more than about 30 laboratories may be evaluated by calculating the HORRAT ratio for each test sample (HORRAT = [experimentally found among-laboratories relative standard deviation] divided by [relative standard deviation calculated from the Horwitz formula]). The chemical analytical method is deemed acceptable per se if HORRAT ͌ 1.0 (± 0.5). If HORRAT is ≳2.0, the most extreme values are removed successively until an "acceptable" ratio is obtained. The laboratories responsible for the extreme values that are removed should examine their technique and procedures. If ≳15% of the values have to be removed, the instructions and the methods should be examined. This suggested computation procedure is simple and does not require statistical outlier tables. Proposed action limits may be adjusted according to experience. Data supporting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method 245.1 for mercury in waters (manual cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry), supplemented by subsequent laboratory-performance data, were reexamined in this manner. Method-performance parameters (means and among-laboratories relative standard deviations) were comparable with results from the original statistical analysis that used a robust biweight procedure for outlier removal. The precision of the current controlled performance is better by a factor of 4 than that of estimates resulting from the original method-performance study, at the expense of rejecting more experimental values as outliers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Horwitz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-500, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Paul Britton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Stuart J Chirtel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-705, Washington, DC 20204
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Youssef D, Britton P, Mohammad S, Mervis J, Gnanaapa G, Yusoff S. 647 A Rare Case Report of Complete Heart Block and Transient Parkinsonism in a Child Secondary to Mycoplasma Pneumoniae With Normal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Heart Lung Circ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Webb I, Keep S, Stuart J, Oade M, Britton P, Bickertron E. Generation of a recombinant GFP-tagged infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Webb
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- 2University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Keep
- 3University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Stuart
- 4University of York, York, United Kingdom
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Oade
- 5University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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14
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Dowgier G, Keep S, Britton P, Bickerton E. Modification of the ADP-ribose-1"-monophosphatase domain in recombinant infectious bronchitis virus affects viral replication in vitro and attenuates the virus in vivo. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Dowgier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
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15
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Stevenson-Leggett P, Keep S, Oade M, Britton P, Bickerton E. Generation of recombinant avian coronaviruses indicates the S gene is a factor in pathogenicity. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pibright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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16
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Bickerton E, Dowgier G, Britton P. Recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses expressing heterologous S1 subunits: potential for a new generation of vaccines that replicate in Vero cells. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1681-1685. [PMID: 30355423 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein (S) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) comprises two subunits, S1 and S2. We have previously demonstrated that the S2 subunit of the avirulent Beau-R strain is responsible for its extended cellular tropism for Vero cells. Two recombinant infectious bronchitis viruses (rIBVs) have been generated; the immunogenic S1 subunit is derived from the IBV vaccine strain, H120, or the virulent field strain, QX, within the genetic background of Beau-R. The rIBVs BeauR-H120(S1) and BeauR-QX(S1) are capable of replicating in primary chicken kidney cell cultures and in Vero cells. These results demonstrate that rIBVs are able to express S1 subunits from genetically diverse strains of IBV, which will enable the rational design of a future generation of IBV vaccines that may be grown in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Giulia Dowgier
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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Ellis S, Keep S, Britton P, de Wit S, Bickerton E, Vervelde L. Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Expressing Chimeric Spike Glycoproteins Induce Partial Protective Immunity against Homologous Challenge despite Limited Replication In Vivo. J Virol 2018; 92:e01473-18. [PMID: 30209177 PMCID: PMC6232476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01473-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination regimes against Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which are based on a single virus serotype, often induce insufficient levels of cross-protection against serotypes and two or more antigenically diverse vaccines are used in attempt to provide broader protection. Amino acid differences in the surface protein, spike (S), in particular the S1 subunit, are associated with poor cross-protection. Here, homologous vaccination trials with recombinant IBVs (rIBVs), based on the apathogenic strain, BeauR, were conducted to elucidate the role of S1 in protection. A single vaccination of specific-pathogen-free chickens with rIBV expressing S1 of virulent strains M41 or QX, BeauR-M41(S1) and BeauR-QX(S1), gave incomplete protection against homologous challenge, based on ciliary activity and clinical signs. There could be conformational issues with the spike if heterologous S1 and S2 are linked, suggesting a homologous S2 might be essential. To address this, a homologous vaccination-challenge trial incorporating rIBVs expressing full spike from M41, BeauR-M41(S), and S2 subunit from M41, BeauR-M41(S2) was conducted. All chimeric viruses grew to similar titers in vitro, induced virus-specific partial protective immunity, evident by cellular infiltrations, reductions in viral RNA load in the trachea and conjunctiva and higher serum anti-IBV titers. Collectively, these findings show that vaccination with rIBVs primed the birds for challenge but the viruses were cleared rapidly from the mucosal tissues in the head. Chimeric S1 and S2 viruses did not protect as effectively as BeauR-M41(S) based on ciliary activity and clinical signs. Booster vaccinations and an rIBV with improved in vivo replication may improve the levels of protection.IMPORTANCE Infectious bronchitis virus causes an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease, responsible for significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Amino acid differences in the surface protein, spike (S), in particular the S1 subunit, have been associated with poor cross-protection. Available vaccines give poor cross-protection and rationally designed live attenuated vaccines, based on apathogenic BeauR, could address these. Here, to determine the role of S1 in protection, a series of homologous vaccination trials with rIBVs were conducted. Single vaccinations with chimeric rIBVs induced virus-specific partial protective immunity, characterized by reduction in viral load and serum antibody titers. However, BeauR-M41(S) was the only vaccination to improve the level of protection against clinical signs and the loss of tracheal ciliary activity. Growth characteristics show that all of the rIBVs replicated in vitro to similar levels. Booster vaccinations and an rIBV with improved in vivo replication may improve the levels of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ellis
- Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Bickerton E, Maier HJ, Stevenson-Leggett P, Armesto M, Britton P. The S2 Subunit of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Beaudette Is a Determinant of Cellular Tropism. J Virol 2018; 92:e01044-18. [PMID: 30021894 PMCID: PMC6146808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01044-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) glycoprotein of the avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is comprised of two subunits (S1 and S2), has a role in virulence in vivo, and is responsible for cellular tropism in vitro We have previously demonstrated that replacement of the S glycoprotein ectodomain from the avirulent Beaudette strain of IBV with the corresponding region from the virulent M41-CK strain resulted in a recombinant virus, BeauR-M41(S), with the in vitro cell tropism of M41-CK. The IBV Beaudette strain is able to replicate in both primary chick kidney cells and Vero cells, whereas the IBV M41-CK strain replicates in primary cells only. In order to investigate the region of the IBV S responsible for growth in Vero cells, we generated a series of recombinant IBVs expressing chimeric S glycoproteins, consisting of regions from the Beaudette and M41-CK S gene sequences, within the genomic background of Beaudette. The S2, but not the S1, subunit of the Beaudette S was found to confer the ability to grow in Vero cells. Various combinations of Beaudette-specific amino acids were introduced into the S2 subunit of M41 to determine the minimum requirement to confer tropism for growth in Vero cells. The ability of IBV to grow and produce infectious progeny virus in Vero cells was subsequently narrowed down to just 3 amino acids surrounding the S2' cleavage site. Conversely, swapping of the 3 Beaudette-associated amino acids with the corresponding ones from M41 was sufficient to abolish Beaudette growth in Vero cells.IMPORTANCE Infectious bronchitis remains a major problem in the global poultry industry, despite the existence of many different vaccines. IBV vaccines, both live attenuated and inactivated, are currently grown on embryonated hen's eggs, a cumbersome and expensive process due to the fact that most IBV strains do not grow in cultured cells. The reverse genetics system for IBV creates the opportunity for generating rationally designed and more effective vaccines. The observation that IBV Beaudette has the additional tropism for growth on Vero cells also invokes the possibility of generating IBV vaccines produced from cultured cells rather than by the use of embryonated eggs. The regions of the IBV Beaudette S glycoprotein involved in the determination of extended cellular tropism were identified in this study. This information will enable the rational design of a future generation of IBV vaccines that may be grown on Vero cells.
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19
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Keep S, Bickerton E, Armesto M, Britton P. The ADRP domain from a virulent strain of infectious bronchitis virus is not sufficient to confer a pathogenic phenotype to the attenuated Beaudette strain. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1097-1102. [PMID: 29893665 PMCID: PMC6171709 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The replicase gene of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) encodes 15 non-structural proteins (nsps). Nsp 3 is a multi-functional protein containing a conserved ADP-ribose-1″-phosphatase (ADRP) domain. The crystal structures of the domain from two strains of IBV, M41 (virulent) and Beaudette (avirulent), identified a key difference; M41 contains a conserved triple-glycine motif, whilst Beaudette contains a glycine-to-serine mutation that is predicted to abolish ADRP activity. Although ADRP activity has not been formally demonstrated for IBV nsp 3, Beaudette fails to bind ADP-ribose. The role of ADRP in virulence was investigated by generating rIBVs, based on Beaudette, containing either a restored triple-glycine motif or the complete M41 ADRP domain. Replication in vitro was unaffected by the ADRP modifications and the in vivo phenotype of the rIBVs was found to be apathogenic, indicating that restoration of the triple-glycine motif is not sufficient to restore virulence to the apathogenic Beaudette strain.
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20
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Abstract
We have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in which a full-length cDNA corresponding to the IBV genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a T7 promoter sequence. Vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length IBV cDNA has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the IBV cDNA using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. Here, we describe the use of transient dominant selection as a method for introducing modifications into the IBV cDNA that has been successfully used for the substitution of specific nucleotides, deletion of genomic regions, and exchange of complete genes. Infectious recombinant IBVs are generated in situ following the transfection of vaccinia virus DNA, containing the modified IBV cDNA, into cells infected with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing T7 DNA-dependant RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Sarah M Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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21
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Britton P, Willsher P, Taylor K, Kilburn-Toppin F, Provenzano E, Forouhi P, Benson J, Agrawal A, Forman J, Wallis M. Microbubble detection and ultrasound-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy of axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:772-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Yilmaz H, Altan E, Cizmecigil UY, Gurel A, Ozturk GY, Bamac OE, Aydin O, Britton P, Monne I, Cetinkaya B, Morgan KL, Faburay B, Richt JA, Turan N. Phylogeny and S1 Gene Variation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Detected in Broilers and Layers in Turkey. Avian Dis 2017; 60:596-602. [PMID: 27610718 DOI: 10.1637/11346-120915-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (AvCoV-IBV) is recognized as an important global pathogen because new variants are a continuous threat to the poultry industry worldwide. This study investigates the genetic origin and diversity of AvCoV-IBV by analysis of the S1 sequence derived from 49 broiler flocks and 14 layer flocks in different regions of Turkey. AvCoV-IBV RNA was detected in 41 (83.6%) broiler flocks and nine (64.2%) of the layer flocks by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. In addition, AvCoV-IBV RNA was detected in the tracheas 27/30 (90%), lungs 31/49 (62.2%), caecal tonsils 7/22 (31.8%), and kidneys 4/49 (8.1%) of broiler flocks examined. Pathologic lesions, hemorrhages, and mononuclear infiltrations were predominantly observed in tracheas and to a lesser extent in the lungs and a few in kidneys. A phylogenetic tree based on partial S1 sequences of the detected AvCoV-IBVs (including isolates) revealed that 1) viruses detected in five broiler flocks were similar to the IBV vaccines Ma5, H120, M41; 2) viruses detected in 24 broiler flocks were similar to those previously reported from Turkey and to Israel variant-2 strains; 3) viruses detected in seven layer flocks were different from those found in any of the broiler flocks but similar to viruses previously reported from Iran, India, and China (similar to Israel variant-1 and 4/91 serotypes); and 4) that the AVCoV-IBV, Israeli variant-2 strain, found to be circulating in Turkey appears to be undergoing molecular evolution. In conclusion, genetically different AvCoV-IBV strains, including vaccine-like strains, based on their partial S1 sequence, are circulating in broiler and layer chicken flocks in Turkey and the Israeli variant-2 strain is undergoing evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Yilmaz
- A University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Altan
- A University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Y Cizmecigil
- A University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydin Gurel
- B University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pathology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulay Yuzbasioglu Ozturk
- B University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pathology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Erdogan Bamac
- B University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pathology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- A University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paul Britton
- C Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Isabella Monne
- D Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Burhan Cetinkaya
- E University of Firat, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Kenton L Morgan
- F Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Bonto Faburay
- G Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Juergen A Richt
- G Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Nuri Turan
- A University of Istanbul, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Virology, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Dent SD, Xia D, Wastling JM, Neuman BW, Britton P, Maier HJ. The proteome of the infectious bronchitis virus Beau-R virion. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3499-3506. [PMID: 27257648 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry caused by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). It was thought that coronavirus virions were composed of three major viral structural proteins until investigations of other coronaviruses showed that the virions also include viral non-structural and genus-specific accessory proteins as well as host-cell proteins. To study the proteome of IBV virions, virus was grown in embryonated chicken eggs, purified by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation and analysed by mass spectrometry. Analysis of three preparations of purified IBV yielded the three expected structural proteins plus 35 additional virion-associated host proteins. The virion-associated host proteins had a diverse range of functional attributions, being involved in cytoskeleton formation, RNA binding and protein folding pathways. Some of these proteins were unique to this study, while others were found to be orthologous to proteins identified in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virions and also virions from a number of other RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Dent
- Compton Laboratory, Compton, The Pirbright Institute, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Dong Xia
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Benjamin W Neuman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
| | - Paul Britton
- Compton Laboratory, Compton, The Pirbright Institute, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Helena J Maier
- Compton Laboratory, Compton, The Pirbright Institute, Newbury RG20 7NN, UK
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Maier HJ, Neuman BW, Bickerton E, Keep SM, Alrashedi H, Hall R, Britton P. Extensive coronavirus-induced membrane rearrangements are not a determinant of pathogenicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27126. [PMID: 27255716 PMCID: PMC4891661 DOI: 10.1038/srep27126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA (+RNA) viruses rearrange cellular membranes during replication, possibly in order to concentrate and arrange viral replication machinery for efficient viral RNA synthesis. Our previous work showed that in addition to the conserved coronavirus double membrane vesicles (DMVs), Beau-R, an apathogenic strain of avian Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), induces regions of ER that are zippered together and tethered open-necked double membrane spherules that resemble replication organelles induced by other +RNA viruses. Here we compared structures induced by Beau-R with the pathogenic lab strain M41 to determine whether membrane rearrangements are strain dependent. Interestingly, M41 was found to have a low spherule phenotype. We then compared a panel of pathogenic, mild and attenuated IBV strains in ex vivo tracheal organ culture (TOC). Although the low spherule phenotype of M41 was conserved in TOCs, each of the other tested IBV strains produced DMVs, zippered ER and spherules. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation for the presence of DMVs with spherules, suggesting that these structures are spatially and temporally linked. Our data indicate that virus induced membrane rearrangements are fundamentally linked to the viral replicative machinery. However, coronavirus replicative apparatus clearly has the plasticity to function in different structural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin W. Neuman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | - Hasan Alrashedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - Ross Hall
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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25
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Valastro V, Holmes EC, Britton P, Fusaro A, Jackwood MW, Cattoli G, Monne I. S1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: An attempt to harmonize virus classification. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 39:349-364. [PMID: 26883378 PMCID: PMC7172980 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease that results in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. The virus exists in a wide variety of genetically distinct viral types, and both phylogenetic analysis and measures of pairwise similarity among nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been used to classify IBV strains. However, there is currently no consensus on the method by which IBV sequences should be compared, and heterogeneous genetic group designations that are inconsistent with phylogenetic history have been adopted, leading to the confusing coexistence of multiple genotyping schemes. Herein, we propose a simple and repeatable phylogeny-based classification system combined with an unambiguous and rationale lineage nomenclature for the assignment of IBV strains. By using complete nucleotide sequences of the S1 gene we determined the phylogenetic structure of IBV, which in turn allowed us to define 6 genotypes that together comprise 32 distinct viral lineages and a number of inter-lineage recombinants. Because of extensive rate variation among IBVs, we suggest that the inference of phylogenetic relationships alone represents a more appropriate criterion for sequence classification than pairwise sequence comparisons. The adoption of an internationally accepted viral nomenclature is crucial for future studies of IBV epidemiology and evolution, and the classification scheme presented here can be updated and revised novel S1 sequences should become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Valastro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Britton
- Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, UK
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Mark W Jackwood
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
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26
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Abstract
We have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in which a full-length cDNA corresponding to the IBV genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a T7 promoter sequence. Vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length IBV cDNA has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the IBV cDNA using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. Here, we describe the use of transient dominant selection as a method for introducing modifications into the IBV cDNA; this has been successfully used for the substitution of specific nucleotides, deletion of genomic regions, and the exchange of complete genes. Infectious recombinant IBVs are generated in situ following the transfection of vaccinia virus DNA, containing the modified IBV cDNA, into cells infected with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an economically important virus infecting chickens, causing large losses to the poultry industry globally. While vaccines are available, there is a requirement for novel vaccine strategies due to high strain variation and poor cross-protection. This requires a more detailed understanding of virus-host cell interactions to identify candidates for targeted virus attenuation. One key area of research in the positive sense RNA virus field, due to its central role in virus replication, is the induction of cellular membrane rearrangements by this class of viruses for the assembly of virus replication complexes. In our recent work, we identified the structures induced by IBV during infection of cultured cells, as well as primary cells and ex vivo organ culture. We identified structures novel to the coronavirus family, which strongly resemble replication sites of other positive sense RNA viruses. We have begun to extend this work using recombinant IBVs, which are chimera of different virus strains to study the role of viral proteins in the induction of membrane rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Maier
- a The Pirbright Institute; Compton Laboratory; Compton, UK
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28
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs), enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large RNA genome, and a unique replication strategy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs and upper respiratory disease in chickens to potentially lethal human respiratory infections. Here we provide a brief introduction to coronaviruses discussing their replication and pathogenicity, and current prevention and treatment strategies. We also discuss the outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the recently identified Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jane Maier
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Bickerton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses need to cross the plasma membrane and deliver their genome inside the cell. This step is initiated by the recognition of receptors present on the host cell surface. Receptors can be major determinants of tropism, host range, and pathogenesis. Identifying virus receptors can give clues to these aspects and can lead to the design of intervention strategies. Interfering with receptor recognition is an attractive antiviral therapy, since it occurs before the viral genome has reached the relative safe haven within the cell. This chapter describes the use of an immunoprecipitation approach with Fc-tagged viral spike proteins followed by mass spectrometry to identify and characterize the receptor for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. This technique can be adapted to identify other viral receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
Purification of intact enveloped virus particles can be useful as a first step in understanding the structure and function of both viral and host proteins that are incorporated into the virion. Purified preparations of virions can be used to address these questions using techniques such as mass spectrometry proteomics. Recent studies on the proteome of coronavirus virions have shown that in addition to the structural proteins, accessory and non-structural virus proteins and a wide variety of host cell proteins associate with virus particles. To further study the presence of virion proteins, high-quality sample preparation is crucial to ensure reproducible analysis by the wide variety of methods available for proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
While classical virology techniques such as virus culture, electron microscopy, or classical PCR had been unsuccessful in identifying the causative agent responsible for the fulminating disease of guinea fowl, we identified a novel avian gammacoronavirus associated with the disease using metagenomics. Next-generation sequencing is an unbiased approach that allows the sequencing of virtually all the genetic material present in a given sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
Single particle tracking (SPT) of individual virion fusion with host cell membranes using total internal reflection microscopy (TIRFM) is a powerful technique for quantitatively characterizing virus-host interactions. One significant limitation of this assay to its wider use across many types of enveloped viruses, such as coronavirus, has been incorporating non-lipid receptors (proteins) into the supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) used to monitor membrane fusion. Here, we describe a method for incorporating a proteinaceous viral receptor, feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN), into SLBs using cell blebbing of mammalian cells expressing fAPN in the plasma membrane. This receptor binds feline coronavirus (FECV 1683). We describe how to carry out single particle tracking of FECV fusion in this SLB platform to obtain fusion kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chicken kidney (CK) cell cultures have historically proved useful for the assay of a number of viruses including coronaviruses. A technique for the preparation of such cell cultures, using a combination of manual and trypsin disaggregation of kidneys dissected from 2- to 3-week-old birds is described. This technique routinely gives high cell yield together with high viability and the resultant adherent primary cultures can be used for virus growth and plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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34
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Abstract
Chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), comprising transverse sections of chick embryo trachea with beating cilia, have proved useful in the isolation of several respiratory viruses and as a viral assay system, using ciliostasis as the criterion for infection. A simple technique for the preparation of chicken tracheal organ cultures in glass test tubes, in which virus growth and ciliostasis can be readily observed, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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35
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Abstract
Quantification of the number of infectious viruses in a sample is a basic virological technique. In this chapter we provide a detailed description of three techniques to estimate the number of viable infectious avian coronaviruses in a sample. All three techniques are serial dilution assays, better known as titrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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Maier HJ, Bickerton E, Britton P, Jones LM, Neveu G, Roussarie JP, Rottier PJM, Tangy F, de Haan CAM. A field-proven yeast two-hybrid protocol used to identify coronavirus-host protein-protein interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1282:213-29. [PMID: 25720483 PMCID: PMC7121825 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, yeast two-hybrid became an invaluable technique to decipher protein-protein interaction networks. In the field of virology, it has proven instrumental to identify virus-host interactions that are involved in viral embezzlement of cellular functions and inhibition of immune mechanisms. Here, we present a yeast two-hybrid protocol that has been used in our laboratory since 2006 to search for cellular partners of more than 300 viral proteins. Our aim was to develop a robust and straightforward pipeline, which minimizes false-positive interactions with a decent coverage of target cDNA libraries, and only requires a minimum of equipment. We also discuss reasons that motivated our technical choices and compromises that had to be made. This protocol has been used to screen most non-structural proteins of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), a member of betacoronavirus genus, against a mouse brain cDNA library. Typical results were obtained and are presented in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jane Maier
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Bickerton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- grid.63622.330000000403887540The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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37
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Taylor K, Vandersluis H, Britton P, Wallis M. 4.1: Nonbiopsy of presumed fibroadenomas in patients <30 years: is it safe? A single unit experience and review of European practice. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15 Suppl 1:O1-P53. [PMID: 24624992 PMCID: PMC3980303 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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38
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Abstract
The avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of the respiratory disease infectious bronchitis of domestic fowl, and is controlled by routine vaccination. To explore the potential use of IBV as a vaccine vector a reverse genetics system was utilised to generate infectious recombinant IBVs (rIBVs) expressing the reporter genes enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) or humanised Renilla luciferase (hRluc). Infectious rIBVs were obtained following the replacement of Gene 5 or the intergenic region (IR) with eGFP or hRluc, or the replacement of ORFs 3a and 3b with hRluc. The replacement of Gene 5 with an IBV codon-optimised version of the hRluc gene also resulted in successful rescue of infectious rIBV. Reporter gene expression was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, or luciferase activity assays, for all successfully rescued rIBVs following infection of primary chick kidney (CK) cells. The genetic stability of rIBVs was analysed by serial passage on CK cells. Recombinant IBV stability varied depending on the genome region being replaced, with the reporter genes maintained up to at least passage 8 (P8) following replacement of Gene 5, P7 for replacement of the IR and P5 for replacement of ORFs 3a and 3b. Codon-optimisation of the hRluc gene, when replacing Gene 5, resulted in an increase in genome stability, with hRluc expression stable up to P10 compared to P8 for standard hRluc. Repeated passaging of rIBVs expressing hRluc at an MOI of 0.01 demonstrated an increase in stability, with hRluc expression stable up to at least P12 following the replacement of Gene 5. This study has demonstrated that heterologous genes can be incorporated into, and expressed from a range of IBV genome locations and that replacement of accessory Gene 5 offers a promising target for realising the potential of IBV as a vaccine vector for other avian pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bentley
- Compton Laboratory, Avian Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Armesto
- Compton Laboratory, Avian Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- Compton Laboratory, Avian Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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39
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Rajan S, Foreman J, Wallis MG, Caldas C, Britton P. Multidisciplinary decisions in breast cancer: does the patient receive what the team has recommended? Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2442-7. [PMID: 23736032 PMCID: PMC3694248 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to breast cancer management is the gold standard. The aim is to evaluate MDT decision making in a modern breast unit. METHODS All referrals to the breast MDT where breast cancer was diagnosed from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011 were included. Multidisciplinary team decisions were compared with subsequent patient management and classified as concordant or discordant. RESULTS Over the study period, there were 3230 MDT decisions relating to 705 patients. Overall, 91.5% (2956 out of 3230) of decisions were concordant, 4.5% (146 out of 3230), were discordant and 4% (128 out of 3230) had no MDT decision. Of 146 discordant decisions, 26 (17.8%) were considered 'unjustifiable' as there was no additional information available after the MDT to account for the change in management. The remaining 120 discordant MDT decisions were considered 'justifiable', as management was altered due to patient choice (n=61), additional information available after MDT (n=54) or MDT error (n=5). CONCLUSION The vast majority of MDT decisions are implemented. Management alteration was most often due to patient choice or additional information available after the MDT. A minority of management alterations were 'unjustifiable' and the authors recommend that any patient whose treatment is subsequently changed should have MDT rediscussion prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajan
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Box 97, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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40
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Maier HJ, Cottam EM, Stevenson-Leggett P, Wilkinson JA, Harte CJ, Wileman T, Britton P. Visualizing the autophagy pathway in avian cells and its application to studying infectious bronchitis virus. Autophagy 2013; 9:496-509. [PMID: 23328491 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular response to starvation that leads to the degradation of organelles and long-lived proteins in lysosomes and is important for cellular homeostasis, tissue development and as a defense against aggregated proteins, damaged organelles and infectious agents. Although autophagy has been studied in many animal species, reagents to study autophagy in avian systems are lacking. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3/LC3) is an important marker for autophagy and is used to follow autophagosome formation. Here we report the cloning of avian LC3 paralogs A, B and C from the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, and the production of replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing these avian LC3s tagged with EGFP and FLAG-mCherry. An additional recombinant adenovirus expressing EGFP-tagged LC3B containing a G120A mutation was also generated. These vectors can be used as tools to visualize autophagosome formation and fusion with endosomes/lysosomes in avian cells and provide a valuable resource for studying autophagy in avian cells. We have used them to study autophagy during replication of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). IBV induced autophagic signaling in mammalian Vero cells but not primary avian chick kidney cells or the avian DF1 cell line. Furthermore, induction or inhibition of autophagy did not affect IBV replication, suggesting that classical autophagy may not be important for virus replication. However, expression of IBV nonstructural protein 6 alone did induce autophagic signaling in avian cells, as seen previously in mammalian cells. This may suggest that IBV can inhibit or control autophagy in avian cells, although IBV did not appear to inhibit autophagy induced by starvation or rapamycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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41
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Sigrist B, Tobler K, Schybli M, Konrad L, Stöckli R, Cattoli G, Lüschow D, Hafez HM, Britton P, Hoop RK, Vögtlin A. Detection of Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus type QX infection in Switzerland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1180-3. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712463692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis, a disease of chickens caused by Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), leads to severe economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. Various attempts to control the virus based on vaccination strategies are performed. However, due to the emergence of novel genotypes, an effective control of the virus is hindered. In 1996, a novel viral genotype named IBV-QX was reported for the first time in Qingdao, Shandong province, China. The first appearance of an IBV-QX isolate in Europe was reported between 2003 and 2004 in The Netherlands. Subsequently, infections with this genotype were found in several other European countries such as France, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, Slovenia, and Sweden. The present report describes the use of a new set of degenerate primers that amplify a 636-bp fragment within the S1 gene by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect the occurrence of IBV-QX infection in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Sigrist
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Martina Schybli
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Leonie Konrad
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - René Stöckli
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Dörte Lüschow
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Paul Britton
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Richard K. Hoop
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
| | - Andrea Vögtlin
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, National Reference Center for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (Sigrist, Schybli, Konrad, Hoop, Vögtlin)
- Institute of Virology (Tobler), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Zyto-Histo Diagnostics, Freienstein, Switzerland (Stöckli)
- OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilatttico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (Cattoli)
- Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Germany (Lüschow, Hafez)
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Adzhar A, Gough RE, Haydon D, Shaw K, Britton P, Cavanagh D. Molecular analysis of the 793/B serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in Great Britain. Avian Pathol 2012; 26:625-40. [PMID: 18483932 DOI: 10.1080/03079459708419239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the winter of 1990/91 respiratory disease of poultry in Great Britain has commonly been associated with the 793/B (or 4/91) serotype of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We have sequenced a variable part of the S1 region of the spike protein (5) gene. Comparison of up to 270 nucleotides of 12 British 793/B isolates, obtained in 1991 and 1993, revealed 94 to 100% nucleotide identity with each other. Eleven of them fell into one of two subgroups, A and B, one isolate forming subgroup C. Identity within subgroups A and B was > 98%. The whole S1 gene sequence (1617 nucleotides) was determined for five 793/B isolates, two from each of subgroups A and B and one from subgroup C; nucleotide identity between any two isolates was > 97%. A large proportion of the nucleotide differences corresponded to amino acid changes. The whole S1 amino acid sequence differed by 21 to 25% or more from that of all other published IBV sequences. This extensive difference has probably contributed to the persistence of the 793/B serotype in Britain even though het-erologous vaccines have been used. The finding that the 793/B isolates could be placed into three subgroups suggests that either (a) they had diverged from a common progenitor present, but undetected, in Britain prior to 1990/91 or (b) at least three different strains of the 793/B serotype had entered Britain in or prior to 1990/91.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adzhar
- Compton Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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43
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Cavanagh D, Mawditt K, Sharma M, Drury SE, Ainsworth HL, Britton P, Gough RE. Detection of a coronavirus from turkey poults in Europe genetically related to infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. Avian Pathol 2012; 30:355-68. [PMID: 19184921 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120066368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal contents of 13-day-old turkey poults in Great Britain were analysed as the birds showed stunting, unevenness and lameness, with 4% mortality. At post mortem examination, the main gross features were fluid caecal and intestinal contents. Histological examination of tissues was largely unremarkable, apart from some sections that showed crypt dilation and flattened epithelia. Negative contrast electron microscopy of caecal contents revealed virus particles, which in size and morphology had the appearance of a coronavirus. RNA was extracted (turkey/UK/412/00) and used in a number of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) with the oligonucleotides based on sequences derived from avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus of domestic fowl. The RT-PCRs confirmed that turkey/UK/412/00 was a coronavirus and, moreover, showed that it had the same partial gene order (S-E-M-5-N-3' untranslated region) as IBV. This gene order is unlike that of any known mammalian coronavirus, which does not have a gene analogous to the gene 5 of IBV.The gene 5 of the turkey virus had two open reading frames, 5a and 5b, as in IBV and the coronaviruses isolated from turkeys in North America. The turkey/UK/412/00 also resembled IBV, but not mammalian coronaviruses, in having three open reading frames in the gene encoding E protein (gene 3). The percentage differences between the nucleotide sequences of genes 3 and 5 and the 3' untranslated region of turkey/UK/412/00 when compared with those of IBVs were similar to the differences observed when different strains of IBV were compared with each other. No sequences unique to the turkey isolates were identified. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that a coronavirus was associated with disease in turkeys outside of North America and that it is a Group 3 coronavirus, like IBV.
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Britton P, Armesto M, Cavanagh D, Keep S. Modification of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus for vaccine development. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 3:114-9. [PMID: 22179147 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.18983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an infectious respiratory disease of domestic fowl that affects poultry of all ages causing economic problems for the poultry industry worldwide. Although IBV is controlled using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines it continues to be a major problem due to the existence of many serotypes, determined by the surface spike protein resulting in poor cross-protection, and loss of immunogenicity associated with vaccine production. Live attenuated IBV vaccines are produced by the repeated passage in embryonated eggs resulting in spontaneous mutations. As a consequence attenuated viruses have only a few mutations responsible for the loss of virulence, which will differ between vaccines affecting virulence and/or immunogenicity and can revert to virulence. A new generation of vaccines is called for and one means of controlling IBV involves the development of new and safer vaccines by precisely modifying the IBV genome using reverse genetics for the production of rationally attenuated IBVs in order to obtain an optimum balance between loss of virulence and capacity to induce immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Britton
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
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Taylor K, Britton P, O'Keeffe S, Wallis MG. Quantification of the UK 5-point breast imaging classification and mapping to BI-RADS to facilitate comparison with international literature. Br J Radiol 2011; 84:1005-10. [PMID: 22011830 PMCID: PMC3473699 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/48490964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The UK 5-point breast imaging scoring system, recently formalised by the Royal College of Radiologists Breast Group, does not specify the likelihood of malignancy in each category. The breast imaging and reporting data system (BI-RADS) is widely used throughout North America and much of Europe. The main purpose of this study is to quantify the cancer likelihood of each of the UK 5-point categories and map them to comparable BI-RADS categories to facilitate comparison with North American and European literature and publication of UK research abroad. METHODS During the 8 year study period, mammogram and ultrasound results were UK scored and the percentage of cancer outcomes within each group calculated. These were then compared with the percentage incidence of the BI-RADS categories. RESULTS Of 23 741 separate assessment episodes, 15 288 mammograms and 10 642 ultrasound examinations were evaluated. There was a direct correlation between UK scoring and BI-RADS for categories 1 and 5. UK Score 2 lipomas and simple cysts correlated with BI-RADS 2, with the remaining UK Score 2 lesions (mostly fibroadenomas) assigned to BI-RADS 3. BI-RADS 4 incorporates a wide range of cancer risk (2-95%) with subdivisions a, b and c indicating increasing, but unspecified, likelihood of malignancy. UK Score 3 correlated with BI-RADS 4 a/b and UK Score 4 corresponded with BI-RADS 4c. CONCLUSION This study quantifies the cancer likelihood of the UK scoring and maps them to parallel BI-RADS categories, with equivalent cancer risks. This facilitates the ability to share UK research data and clinical practice on an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Taylor
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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Cottam EM, Maier HJ, Manifava M, Vaux LC, Chandra-Schoenfelder P, Gerner W, Britton P, Ktistakis NT, Wileman T. Coronavirus nsp6 proteins generate autophagosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum via an omegasome intermediate. Autophagy 2011; 7:1335-47. [PMID: 21799305 DOI: 10.4161/auto.7.11.16642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular response to starvation which generates autophagosomes to carry cellular organelles and long-lived proteins to lysosomes for degradation. Degradation through autophagy can provide an innate defence against virus infection, or conversely autophagosomes can promote infection by facilitating assembly of replicase proteins. We demonstrate that the avian coronavirus, Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) activates autophagy. A screen of individual IBV non-structural proteins (nsps) showed that autophagy was activated by IBV nsp6. This property was shared with nsp6 of mammalian coronaviruses Mouse Hepatitis Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus, and the equivalent nsp5-7 of the arterivirus Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. These multiple-spanning transmembrane proteins located to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they generated Atg5 and LC3II-positive vesicles, and vesicle formation was dependent on Atg5 and class III PI3 kinase. The vesicles recruited double FYVE-domain containing protein (DFCP) indicating localised concentration of phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate, and therefore shared many features with omegasomes formed from the ER in response to starvation. Omegasomes induced by viral nsp6 matured into autophagosomes that delivered LC3 to lysosomes and therefore recruited and recycled the proteins needed for autophagosome nucleation, expansion, cellular trafficking and delivery of cargo to lysosomes. The coronavirus nsp6 proteins activated omegasome and autophagosome formation independently of starvation, but activation did not involve direct inhibition of mTOR signalling, activation of sirtuin1 or induction of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Cottam
- Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Li Y, Reddy K, Reid SM, Cox WJ, Brown IH, Britton P, Nair V, Iqbal M. Recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys as a vector-based vaccine against highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza and Marek's disease. Vaccine 2011; 29:8257-66. [PMID: 21907750 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for poultry vaccination is the design of vaccines that protect against multiple pathogens via a single protective dose delivered through mass vaccination methods. In this investigation, we examined herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) as a vaccine vector for delivery of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen of highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus that can act as a dual vaccine against avian influenza and Marek's disease. The HVT vector was developed using reverse genetics based on an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of HVT. The BAC carrying the HVT genome was genetically modified to express the HA gene of a highly pathogenic H7N1 virus. The resultant recombinant BAC construct containing the modified HVT sequence was transfected into chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, and HVT recombinants (rHVT-H7HA) harbouring the H7N1 HA were recovered. Analysis of cultured CEF cells infected with the rHVT-H7HA showed that HA was expressed and that the rescued rHVT-H7HA stocks were stable during several in vitro passages with no difference in growth kinetics compared with the parent HVT. Immunisation of one-day-old chicks with rHVT-H7HA induced H7-specific antibodies and protected chickens challenged with homologous H7N1 virus against virus shedding, clinical disease and death. This vaccine supports differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) vaccination strategies because no nucleoprotein-(NP) specific antibodies were detected in the rHVT-H7HA vaccinated birds. The rHVT-H7HA not only provided protection against a lethal challenge with highly pathogenic H7N1 virus but also against highly virulent Marek's disease virus and can be used as a DIVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Li
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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Armesto M, Evans S, Cavanagh D, Abu-Median AB, Keep S, Britton P. A recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus expressing a heterologous spike gene belonging to the 4/91 serotype. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24352. [PMID: 21912629 PMCID: PMC3166170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that replacement of the spike (S) gene of the apathogenic IBV strain Beau-R with that from the pathogenic strain of the same serotype, M41, resulted in an apathogenic virus, BeauR-M41(S), that conferred protection against challenge with M41. We have constructed a recombinant IBV, BeauR-4/91(S), with the genetic backbone of Beau-R but expressing the spike protein of the pathogenic IBV strain 4/91(UK), which belongs to a different serogroup as Beaudette or M41. Similar to our previous findings with BeauR-M41(S), clinical signs observations showed that the S gene of the pathogenic 4/91 virus did not confer pathogenicity to the rIBV BeauR-4/91(S). Furthermore, protection studies showed there was homologous protection; BeauR-4/91(S) conferred protection against challenge with wild type 4/91 virus as shown by the absence of clinical signs, IBV RNA assessed by qRT-PCR and the fact that no virus was isolated from tracheas removed from birds primarily infected with BeauR-4/91(S) and challenged with IBV 4/91(UK). A degree of heterologous protection against M41 challenge was observed, albeit at a lower level.Our results confirm and extend our previous findings and conclusions that swapping of the ectodomain of the S protein is a precise and effective way of generating genetically defined candidate IBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Armesto
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Evans
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - David Cavanagh
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Abu-Bakr Abu-Median
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Keep
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- Avian Viral Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Britton P, Warwick J, Wallis MG, O'Keeffe S, Taylor K, Sinnatamby R, Barter S, Gaskarth M, Duffy SW, Wishart GC. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic imaging in symptomatic breast patients: team and individual performance. Br J Radiol 2011; 85:415-22. [PMID: 21224304 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/32906819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The combination of mammography and/or ultrasound remains the mainstay in current breast cancer diagnosis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the reliability of standard breast imaging and individual radiologist performance and to explore ways that this can be improved. METHODS A total of 16,603 separate assessment episodes were undertaken on 13,958 patients referred to a specialist symptomatic breast clinic over a 6 year period. Each mammogram and ultrasound was reported prospectively using a five-point reporting scale and compared with final outcome. RESULTS Mammographic sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating curve (ROC) area were 66.6%, 99.7% and 0.83, respectively. The sensitivity of mammography improved dramatically from 47.6 to 86.7% with increasing age. Overall ultrasound sensitivity, specificity and ROC area was 82.0%, 99.3% and 0.91, respectively. The sensitivity of ultrasound also improved dramatically with increasing age from 66.7 to 97.1%. Breast density also had a profound effect on imaging performance, with mammographic sensitivity falling from 90.1 to 45.9% and ultrasound sensitivity reducing from 95.2 to 72.0% with increasing breast density. CONCLUSION The sensitivity ranges widely between radiologists (53.1-74.1% for mammography and 67.1-87.0% for ultrasound). Reporting sensitivity was strongly correlated with radiologist experience. Those radiologists with less experience (and lower sensitivity) were relatively more likely to report a cancer as indeterminate/uncertain. To improve radiology reporting performance, the sensitivity of cancer reporting should be closely monitored; there should be regular feedback from needle biopsy results and discussion of reporting classification with colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Britton
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge Breast Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
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Gounaris I, Sinnatamby R, Taylor K, Wallis M, Hiller L, Vallier AL, Provenzano E, Iddawela M, Wishart G, Earl H, Britton P. O-31 Accuracy of unidimensional and volumetric ultrasound measurements in predicting good pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patient. EJC Suppl 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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