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Bullert A, Li X, Gautam B, Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Wang K, Thorne PS, Lehmler HJ. Distribution of 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52) Metabolites in Adolescent Rats after Acute Nose-Only Inhalation Exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:6105-6116. [PMID: 38547313 PMCID: PMC11008251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Inhalation of PCB-contaminated air is increasingly recognized as a route for PCB exposure. Because limited information about the disposition of PCBs following inhalation exposure is available, this study investigated the disposition of 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB52) and its metabolites in rats following acute, nose-only inhalation of PCB52. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (50-58 days of age, 210 ± 27 g; n = 6) were exposed for 4 h by inhalation to approximately 14 or 23 μg/kg body weight of PCB52 using a nose-only exposure system. Sham animals (n = 6) were exposed to filtered lab air. Based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), PCB52 was present in adipose, brain, intestinal content, lung, liver, and serum. 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4-OH-PCB52) and one unknown monohydroxylated metabolite were detected in these compartments except for the brain. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis identified several metabolites, including sulfated, methoxylated, and dechlorinated PCB52 metabolites. These metabolites were primarily found in the liver (7 metabolites), lung (9 metabolites), and serum (9 metabolites) due to the short exposure time. These results demonstrate for the first time that complex mixtures of sulfated, methoxylated, and dechlorinated PCB52 metabolites are formed in adolescent rats following PCB52 inhalation, laying the groundwork for future animal studies of the adverse effects of inhaled PCB52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda
J. Bullert
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Binita Gautam
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University
of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Mendy A, Thorne PS. Long-term cancer and overall mortality associated with drinking water nitrate in the United States. Public Health 2024; 228:82-84. [PMID: 38330736 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nitrate is a probable carcinogen regulated in drinking water by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N; equivalent to 44.3 mg/L NO3). We aimed to determine the association of US drinking water nitrate levels with overall as well as cardiovascular, cancer, and other cause mortality. STUDY DESIGN This study used a population-based retrospective cohort design. METHODS We analyzed data from 2029 participants of the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey followed for mortality until 2019 for a median of 13.9 years. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for mortality associated with drinking water nitrate, adjusting for covariates that included socio-economic factors and pack-years of cigarette smoking. RESULTS Drinking water nitrate was detected in 50.8 % of the samples, had a median concentration of 0.77 mg/L NO3, and was above US EPA MCL in 0.4 % of participants. In adjusted analysis, drinking water nitrate detection was associated with 73 % higher cancer mortality (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19-2.51), whereas a 10-fold increase in drinking water nitrate levels was associated with 69 % higher cancer mortality (HR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.24-2.31) and 21 % higher overall mortality (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00-1.46). Drinking water nitrate below EPA MCL was still associated with higher cancer mortality (HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07-2.43 per 10-fold increase and HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.08-2.42 for detection). CONCLUSIONS Levels of drinking water nitrate may be an overlooked contributor to cancer mortality in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Gueye-Ndiaye S, Hauptman M, Yu X, Li L, Rueschman M, Castro-Diehl C, Sofer T, Owens J, Gold DR, Adamkiewicz G, Metwali N, Thorne PS, Phipatanakul W, Redline S. Multilevel Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing-Related Symptom Burden in an Urban Pediatric Community-Based Sample. CHEST Pulm 2023; 1:100019. [PMID: 38222082 PMCID: PMC10786403 DOI: 10.1016/j.chpulm.2023.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) disproportionately affects children with low socioeconomic status (SES). The multilevel risk factors that drive these associations are not well understood. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the associations between SDB risk factors, including individual health conditions (obesity, asthma, and allergies), household SES (maternal education), indoor exposures (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS] and pests), and neighborhood characteristics (neighborhood disadvantage), and pediatric SDB symptoms? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analyses were performed on 303 children (aged 6-12 years) enrolled in the Environmental Assessment of Sleep Youth study from 2018 to 2022. Exposures were determined by caregiver reports, assays of measured settled dust from the child's bedroom, and neighborhood-level Census data (deriving the Childhood Opportunity Index to characterize neighborhood disadvantage). The primary outcome was the SDB-related symptom burden assessed by the OSA-18 questionnaire total score. Using linear regression models, we calculated associations between exposures and SDB-related symptom burden, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, then health conditions, indoor environment, and neighborhood factors. RESULTS The sample included 303 children (39% Hispanic, Latino, Latina, or Spanish origin; 30% Black or African American; 22% White; and 11% other). Increasing OSA-18 total scores were associated with low household SES after adjustment for demographic factors, and with asthma, allergies, ETS, pests (mouse, cockroach, and rodents), and an indoor environmental index (sum of the presence of pests and ETS; 0-2) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Even after further adjusting for asthma, allergies, and neighborhood disadvantage, ETS and pest exposure were associated with OSA-18 (ETS: β = 12.80; 95% CI, 7.07-18.53, also adjusted for pest; pest exposure: β = 3.69; 95% CI, 0.44-6.94, also adjusted for ETS). INTERPRETATION In addition to associations with ETS, a novel association was observed for indoor pest exposure and SDB symptom burden. Strategies to reduce household exposure to ETS and indoor allergens should be tested as approaches for reducing sleep health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyni Gueye-Ndiaye
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Xinting Yu
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Le Li
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Michael Rueschman
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Cecilia Castro-Diehl
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Judith Owens
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Diane R Gold
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Susan Redline
- Harvard Medical School (S. G.-N., M. H., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., J. O., D. R. G., W. P., and S. R.); the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders (S. G.-N., X. Y., L. L., M. R., C. C.-D., and S. R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine(S. G.-N.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Division of General Pediatrics (M. H.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Region1 New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) (M. H.); the Department of Statistics (T. S.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Division of Neurology (J. O.), Boston Children's Hospital; the Department of Medicine (D. R. G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital; the Department of Environmental Medicine (D. R. G. and G. A.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; the Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (N. M. and P. S. T.), University of Iowa College of Public Health; the Division of Allergy/Immunology (W. P.), Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Epidemiology (S. R.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
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Wang H, Bullert AJ, Li X, Stevens H, Klingelhutz AJ, Ankrum JA, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS, Lehmler HJ. Use of a polymeric implant system to assess the neurotoxicity of subacute exposure to 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol, a human metabolite of PCB 52, in male adolescent rats. Toxicology 2023; 500:153677. [PMID: 37995827 PMCID: PMC10757425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that ubiquitously exist in the environment. PCB exposure has been linked to cancer and multi-system toxicity, including endocrine disruption, immune inhibition, and reproductive and neurotoxicity. 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 52) is one of the most frequently detected congeners in the environment and human blood. The hydroxylated metabolites of PCB 52 may also be neurotoxic, especially for children whose brains are still developing. However, it is challenging to discern the contribution of these metabolites to PCB neurotoxicity because the metabolism of PCB is species-dependent. In this study, we evaluated the subacute neurotoxicity of a human-relevant metabolite, 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4-ol (4-52), on male adolescent Sprague Dawley rats, via a novel polymeric implant drug delivery system grafted subcutaneously, at total loading concentrations ranging from 0%, 1%, 5%, and 10% of the implant (w/w) for 28 days. Y-maze, hole board test, open field test, and elevated plus maze were performed on exposure days 24-28 to assess their locomotor activity, and exploratory and anxiety-like behavior. 4-52 and other possible hydroxylated metabolites in serum and vital tissues were quantified using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Our results demonstrate the sustained release of 4-52 from the polymeric implants into the systemic circulation in serum and tissues. Dihydroxylated and dechlorinated metabolites were detected in serum and tissues, depending on the dose and tissue type. No statistically significant changes were observed in the neurobehavioral tasks across all exposure groups. The results demonstrate that subcutaneous polymeric implants provide a straightforward method to expose rats to phenolic PCB metabolites to study neurotoxic outcomes, e.g., in memory, anxiety, and exploratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amanda J Bullert
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hanna Stevens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - James A Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Lan T, Liu B, Bao W, Thorne PS. Identification of PCB congeners and their thresholds associated with diabetes using decision tree analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18322. [PMID: 37884570 PMCID: PMC10603165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the potential combined effects of multiple PCB congeners on diabetes. To address this gap, we used data from 1244 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. We used (1) classification trees to identify serum PCB congeners and their thresholds associated with diabetes; and (2) logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of diabetes with combined PCB congeners. Of the 40 PCB congeners examined, PCB 126 has the strongest association with diabetes. The adjusted OR of diabetes comparing PCB 126 > 0.025 to ≤ 0.025 ng/g was 2.14 (95% CI 1.30-3.53). In the subpopulation with PCB 126 > 0.025 ng/g, a lower PCB 101 concentration was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (comparing PCB 101 < 0.72 to ≥ 0.72 ng/g, OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.27-8.55). In the subpopulation with PCB 126 > 0.025 & PCB 101 < 0.72 ng/g, a higher PCB 49 concentration was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (comparing PCB 49 > 0.65 to ≤ 0.65 ng/g, OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.06-7.35). This nationally representative study provided new insights into the combined associations of PCBs with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Buyun Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Areecheewakul S, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Zacharias ZR, Jing X, Meyerholz DK, Legge KL, Houtman JCD, O’Shaughnessy PT, Thorne PS, Salem AK. Immunomodulatory Effects of Subacute Inhalation Exposure to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma. ACS Nano 2023; 17:14586-14603. [PMID: 37463491 PMCID: PMC10416562 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that inhalation exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) results in pulmonary inflammation. However, immunomodulatory consequences after CuO NP inhalation exposure have been less explored. We tested the effect of CuO NP aerosols on immune responses in healthy, house dust mite (HDM) asthmatic, or allergen immunotherapy (AIT)-treated asthmatic mice (BALB/c, females). The AIT consisted of a vaccine comprising HDM allergens and CpG-loaded nanoparticles (CpG NPs). AIT treatment involved mice being immunized (via subcutaneous (sc) injection; 2 doses) while concomitantly being exposed to CuO NP aerosols (over a 2 week period), starting on the day of the first vaccination. Mice were then sensitized twice by sc injection and subsequently challenged with HDM extract 10 times by intranasal instillation. The asthmatic model followed the same timeline except that no immunizations were administered. All mice were necropsied 24 h after the end of the HDM challenge. CuO NP-exposed healthy mice showed a significant decrease in TH1 and TH2 cells, and an elevation in T-bet+ Treg cells, even 40 days after the last exposure to CuO NPs. Similarly, the CuO NP-exposed HDM asthma model demonstrated decreased TH2 responses and increased T-bet+ Treg cells. Conversely, CuO NP inhalation exposure to AIT-treated asthmatic mice resulted in an increase in TH2 cells. In conclusion, immunomodulatory effects of inhalation exposure to CuO NPs are dependent on immune conditions prior to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudartip Areecheewakul
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Zeb R. Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary
Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department
of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Interdisciplinary
Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jon C. D. Houtman
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Human
Toxicology
Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Friesen MC, Xie S, Sauvé JF, Viet SM, Josse PR, Locke SJ, Hung F, Andreotti G, Thorne PS, Hofmann JN, Beane Freeman LE. An algorithm for quantitatively estimating occupational endotoxin exposure in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study: I. Development of task-specific exposure levels from published data. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:561-572. [PMID: 37087684 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Farmers conduct numerous tasks with potential for endotoxin exposure. As a first step to characterize endotoxin exposure for farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) Study, we used published data to estimate task-specific endotoxin concentrations. METHODS We extracted published data on task-specific, personal, inhalable endotoxin concentrations for agricultural tasks queried in the study questionnaire. The data, usually abstracted as summary measures, were evaluated using meta-regression models that weighted each geometric mean (GM, natural-log transformed) by the inverse of its within-study variance to obtain task-specific predicted GMs. RESULTS We extracted 90 endotoxin summary statistics from 26 studies for 9 animal-related tasks, 30 summary statistics from 6 studies for 3 crop-related tasks, and 10 summary statistics from 5 studies for 4 stored grain-related tasks. Work in poultry and swine confinement facilities, grinding feed, veterinarian services, and cleaning grain bins had predicted GMs > 1000 EU/m3 . In contrast, harvesting or hauling grain and other crop-related tasks had predicted GMs below 100 EU/m3 . SIGNIFICANCE These task-specific endotoxin GMs demonstrated exposure variability across common agricultural tasks. These estimates will be used in conjunction with questionnaire responses on task duration to quantitatively estimate endotoxin exposure for study participants, described in a companion paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuai Xie
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jean-François Sauvé
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (work was done while at Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Pabitra R Josse
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J Locke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Felicia Hung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Friesen MC, Beane Freeman LE, Locke SJ, Josse PR, Xie S, Viet SM, Sauvé JF, Andreotti G, Thorne PS, Hofmann JN. An algorithm for quantitatively estimating occupational endotoxin exposure in the biomarkers of exposure and effect in agriculture study: II. Application to the study population. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:573-586. [PMID: 37087683 PMCID: PMC10265745 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We developed an algorithm to quantitatively estimate endotoxin exposure for farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) Study. METHODS The algorithm combined task intensity estimates derived from published data with questionnaire responses on activity duration to estimate task-specific cumulative endotoxin exposures for 13 tasks during four time windows, ranging from "past 12 months" to "yesterday/today." We applied the algorithm to 1681 participants in Iowa and North Carolina. We examined correlations in endotoxin metrics within- and between-task. We also compared these metrics to prior day full-shift inhalable endotoxin concentrations from 32 farmers. RESULTS The highest median task-specific cumulative exposures were observed for swine confinement, poultry confinement, and grind feed. Inter-quartile ranges showed substantial between-subject variability for most tasks. Time window-specific metrics of the same task were moderately-highly correlated. Between-task correlation was variable, with moderately-high correlations observed for similar tasks (e.g., between animal-related tasks). Prior day endotoxin concentration increased with the total metric and with task metrics for swine confinement, clean other animal facilities, and clean grain bins. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides insight into the variability and sources of endotoxin exposure among farmers in the BEEA study and summarizes exposure estimates for future investigations in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah J. Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pabitra R. Josse
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuai Xie
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jean-François Sauvé
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France (work was done while at Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhang K, Lan T, Bao W, Cui Q, Thorne PS. Blood Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds Among US Workers From Various Trades. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:458-466. [PMID: 36804870 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine blood benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m-/p-xylene (BTEX) concentrations and their trends contrasting construction workers with workers in other occupations from 1999 to 2014 in the United States. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, quantile regressions were performed to investigate associations between occupation and blood BTEX concentrations. Results: We found that high-risk and construction occupations were associated with increased blood concentrations of toluene, o-xylene, and m-/p-xylene at the 50-90th percentiles (P 50-90 ), and ethylbenzene at P 70-90 . Moreover, although blood concentrations of ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m-/p-xylene trended down among all US workers, no decreasing trend was observed for benzene and toluene among construction workers. Conclusions: Future studies are warranted to address questions about specific tasks to better assess VOC exposure from various trades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqi Zhang
- From the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (K.Z., Q.C.); Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (T.L., P.S.T.); Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (W.B.); Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (P.S.T.)
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Lan T, Liu B, Bao W, Thorne PS. Identification of PCB Congeners and their Thresholds associated with Diabetes using Decision Tree Analysis. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2845995. [PMID: 37205460 PMCID: PMC10187404 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2845995/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the potential combined effects of multiple PCB congeners on diabetes. To address this gap, we used data from 1244 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. We used 1) classification trees to identify serum PCB congeners and their thresholds associated with diabetes; and 2) logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of diabetes with combined PCB congeners. Of the 40 PCB congeners examined, PCB 126 has the strongest association with diabetes. The adjusted OR of diabetes comparing PCB 126 > 0.025 to ≤ 0.025 ng/g was 2.14 (95% CI 1.30-3.53). In the subpopulation with PCB 126 > 0.025 ng/g, a lower PCB 101 concentration was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (comparing PCB 101 < 0.72 to ≥ 0.72 ng/g, OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.27-8.55). In the subpopulation with PCB 126 > 0.025&PCB 101 < 0.72 ng/g, a higher PCB 49 concentration was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (comparing PCB 49 > 0.65 to ≤ 0.65 ng/g, OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.06-7.35). This nationally representative study provided new insights into the combined associations of PCBs with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Lan
- University of Iowa College of Public Health
| | - Buyun Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Wei Bao
- University of Science and Technology of China
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11
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Kizhakke Puliyakote AS, Stapleton EM, Durairaj K, Karuppusamy K, Kathiresan GB, Shanmugam K, Abdul Rahim S, Navaneethakrishnan S, Bilas M, Huang R, Metwali N, Jeronimo M, Chan KS, Guo J, Nagpal P, Peters TM, Thorne PS, Comellas AP, Hoffman EA. Imaging-based assessment of lung function in a population cooking indoors with biomass fuel: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:710-721. [PMID: 36759166 PMCID: PMC10027118 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00286.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass fuels (wood) are commonly used indoors in underventilated environments for cooking in the developing world, but the impact on lung physiology is poorly understood. Quantitative computed tomography (qCT) can provide sensitive metrics to compare the lungs of women cooking with wood vs. liquified petroleum gas (LPG). We prospectively assessed (qCT and spirometry) 23 primary female cooks (18 biomass, 5 LPG) with no history of cardiopulmonary disease in Thanjavur, India. CT was obtained at coached total lung capacity (TLC) and residual volume (RV). qCT assessment included texture-derived ground glass opacity [GGO: Adaptive Multiple Feature Method (AMFM)], air-trapping (expiratory voxels ≤ -856HU) and image registration-based assessment [Disease Probability Measure (DPM)] of emphysema, functional small airways disease (%AirTrapDPM), and regional lung mechanics. In addition, within-kitchen exposure assessments included particulate matter <2.5 μm(PM2.5), black carbon, β-(1, 3)-d-glucan (surrogate for fungi), and endotoxin. Air-trapping went undetected at RV via the threshold-based measure (voxels ≤ -856HU), possibly due to density shifts in the presence of inflammation. However, DPM, utilizing image-matching, demonstrated significant air-trapping in biomass vs. LPG cooks (P = 0.049). A subset of biomass cooks (6/18), identified using k-means clustering, had markedly altered DPM-metrics: greater air-trapping (P < 0.001), lower TLC-RV volume change (P < 0.001), a lower mean anisotropic deformation index (ADI; P < 0.001), and elevated % GGO (P < 0.02). Across all subjects, a texture measure of bronchovascular bundles was correlated to the log-transformed β-(1, 3)-d-glucan concentration (P = 0.026, R = 0.46), and black carbon (P = 0.04, R = 0.44). This pilot study identified environmental links with qCT-based lung pathologies and a cluster of biomass cooks (33%) with significant small airways disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Quantitative computed tomography has identified a cluster of women (33%) cooking with biomass fuels (wood) with image-based markers of functional small airways disease and associated alterations in regional lung mechanics. Texture and image registration-based metrics of lung function may allow for early detection of potential inflammatory processes that may arise in response to inhaled biomass smoke, and help identify phenotypes of chronic lung disease prevalent in nonsmoking women in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash S Kizhakke Puliyakote
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Emma M Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kumar Durairaj
- Department of Physics, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Kesavan Karuppusamy
- Department of Physics, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Geetha B Kathiresan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | - Kumaran Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, India
| | | | | | - Monalisa Bilas
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Rui Huang
- School of Economics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kung-Sik Chan
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Junfeng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Alejandro P Comellas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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Ruran HB, Tourigny L, Thorne PS, Metwali N. Innovative compounds to reduce β-D-glucans, endotoxin, and allergens newly discovered on smartphones. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2023; 2:79-83. [PMID: 36873732 PMCID: PMC9979623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eight-four percent of people own smartphones and view them 14 billion times daily, making them potential vectors for environmental hazards such as allergens, β-D-glucans (BDGs), and endotoxin. Whether these toxins are prevalent and the effectiveness of cleaning solutions targeting these agents on smartphones have not been studied. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine (1) whether phones are reservoirs of allergen, endotoxin, and BDGs and (2) if present, whether their levels can be effectively reduced by using specific cleaning methods. METHODS Electrostatic wipes used to wipe the phones of 15 volunteers were tested to determine their allergen, BDG, and endotoxin levels. Cleaning interventions were done on simulated phone models; 70% isopropyl alcohol, 0.184% benzyl and ethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (Clorox nonbleach [The Chlorox Company, Oakland, Calif]), 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium, 3% benzyl benzoate, and 3% tannic acid wipes were used and compared with wipes with no solution (the control). RESULTS The smartphones showed high and variable levels of BDG and endotoxin. Cat and dog allergens were found mostly on the smartphones of pet owners. The combination of chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium significantly reduced BDG levels (mean 269 ng/wipe vs 1930 ng/wipe for the control [P < .05]) and endotoxin, (mean 349 vs 1320 endotoxin units/wipe for the control [P < .05]). The combination of benzyl benzoate and tannic acid significantly reduced the levels of cat and dog allergens (dog, mean level of 14 ng/wipe versus 407 ng/wipe for the control [P < .001]; cat, mean level of 55 ng/wipe versus 1550 ng/wipe for the control [P < .001]). The combination mixture solutions had the greatest reductions compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS There are elevated levels of BDG, allergens, and endotoxin on smartphones. The combination of chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium was the most effective in reducing BDG and endotoxin levels, and the combination of benzyl benzoate and tannic acid was most effective in reducing cat and dog allergen levels on smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter S. Thorne
- University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City
| | - Nervana Metwali
- University of Iowa, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City
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MacNell N, Feinstein L, Wilkerson J, Salo PM, Molsberry SA, Fessler MB, Thorne PS, Motsinger-Reif AA, Zeldin DC. Implementing machine learning methods with complex survey data: Lessons learned on the impacts of accounting sampling weights in gradient boosting. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280387. [PMID: 36638125 PMCID: PMC9838837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prominent use of complex survey data and the growing popularity of machine learning methods in epidemiologic research, few machine learning software implementations offer options for handling complex samples. A major challenge impeding the broader incorporation of machine learning into epidemiologic research is incomplete guidance for analyzing complex survey data, including the importance of sampling weights for valid prediction in target populations. Using data from 15, 820 participants in the 1988-1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort, we determined whether ignoring weights in gradient boosting models of all-cause mortality affected prediction, as measured by the F1 score and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. In simulations, we additionally assessed the impact of sample size, weight variability, predictor strength, and model dimensionality. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, unweighted model performance was inflated compared to the weighted model (F1 score 81.9% [95% confidence interval: 81.2%, 82.7%] vs 77.4% [95% confidence interval: 76.1%, 78.6%]). However, the error was mitigated if the F1 score was subsequently recalculated with observed outcomes from the weighted dataset (F1: 77.0%; 95% confidence interval: 75.7%, 78.4%). In simulations, this finding held in the largest sample size (N = 10,000) under all analytic conditions assessed. For sample sizes <5,000, sampling weights had little impact in simulations that more closely resembled a simple random sample (low weight variability) or in models with strong predictors, but findings were inconsistent under other analytic scenarios. Failing to account for sampling weights in gradient boosting models may limit generalizability for data from complex surveys, dependent on sample size and other analytic properties. In the absence of software for configuring weighted algorithms, post-hoc re-calculations of unweighted model performance using weighted observed outcomes may more accurately reflect model prediction in target populations than ignoring weights entirely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel MacNell
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lydia Feinstein
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jesse Wilkerson
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pӓivi M. Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samantha A. Molsberry
- Social & Scientific Systems, a DLH Holdings Company, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alison A. Motsinger-Reif
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Martinez A, Hua JBX, Haque E, Hornbuckle KC, Thorne PS. Occurrence and spatial distribution of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in residential soils from East Chicago, southwest Lake Michigan. Sci Total Environ 2022; 850:157705. [PMID: 35931157 PMCID: PMC9907466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and the sum of all congeners (ΣPCB) in residential soils of East Chicago, Indiana. ΣPCB in soils ranged from 20 to 1700 ng/g dry weight (DW), with a geometric mean of 120 ng/g DW. These values are significantly higher than other locations, but similar or lower to locations nearby well-known PCB contamination sites. No PCB spatial distribution pattern was observed. PCB concentrations increase with total organic carbon in the soils and proximity to Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC), where sediments are contaminated with PCBs. Most samples are similar in their PCB distribution and Aroclor 1254 yielded the highest similarity to all the samples. A fifth of the samples highly resemble other PCB profiles such as EPA background and Cedar Rapids Iowa soils, and volatilization from Lake Michigan, whereas volatilization from IHSC could not explain the PCBs found in soils. IHSC was expected to be the main source of PCBs in the nearby soils. It is possible that soils are impacted by variety of known and unknown sources, including volatilization from Lake Michigan, resulting in a regional PCB signal. Although PCB concentrations are higher than other locations, samples were below the current US EPA non-cancer residential soil level remediation goal for dioxin TEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Jason B X Hua
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ezazul Haque
- Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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15
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Haque E, Jing X, Bostick BC, Thorne PS. In vitro and in silico bioaccessibility of urban dusts contaminated by multiple legacy sources of lead (Pb). J Hazard Mater Adv 2022; 8:100178. [PMID: 36926421 PMCID: PMC10016194 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lead contamination from gasoline, paint, pesticides, and smelting have unique chemical structures. Recent investigations into Pb speciation in urban soils and dusts from multiple sources have revealed emerging forms which differ from the initial sources. This results from reactions with soil constituents leading to transformation to new forms for which the bioaccessibilities remain uninvestigated. We investigated the in vitro and in silico bioaccessibility of these emerging forms in three physiologically relevant milieux: artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF), simulated epithelial lung fluid (SELF), and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Species were validated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Results highlight diverse bioaccessibilities which are form and compartmentally-dependent. In ALF the bioaccessibility trend was humate-bound Pb (86%) > hydrocerussite (79%) > Fe oxide-bound Pb (47%) > galena (10%) > pyromorphite (4%) > Mn oxide-bound Pb (2%). Humate-bound Pb, hydrocerussite, Fe and Mn oxide-bound Pb were 100% bioaccessible in SGF while pyromorphite and galena were 26%, and 8%, respectively. Bioaccessibility in SELF was very low (< 1%) and significantly lower than ALF and SGF (p < 0.001). In silico bioaccessibilities modeled using equilibrium solubilities in extraction solutions were in good agreement with empirical measurements. These emerging forms of Pb have a wide range of bioaccessibilities that can influence their toxicity and impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezazul Haque
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | | | - Peter S. Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, IA, USA
- Corresponding author at: 145N. Riverside Dr., 100 CPHB S341A, Iowa City, IA 52242-2007. (P.S. Thorne)
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16
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Friesen MC, Hung F, Xie S, Viet SM, Deziel NC, Locke SJ, Josse PR, Sauvé JF, Andreotti G, Thorne PS, Beane-Freeman LE, Hofmann JN. A Task-Specific Algorithm to Estimate Occupational (1→3)-β-D-glucan Exposure for Farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture Study. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:974-984. [PMID: 35731645 PMCID: PMC9551320 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Farmers may be exposed to glucans (a cell component of molds) through a variety of tasks. The magnitude of exposure depends on each farmer's activities and their duration. We developed a task-specific algorithm to estimate glucan exposure that combines measurements of (1→3)-β-D-glucan with questionnaire responses from farmers in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture (BEEA) study. METHODS To develop the algorithm, we first derived task-based geometric means (GMs) of glucan exposure for farming tasks using inhalable personal air sampling data from a prior air monitoring study in a subset of 32 BEEA farmers. Next, these task-specific GMs were multiplied by subject-reported activity frequencies for three time windows (the past 30 days, past 7 days, and past 1 day) to obtain subject-, task-, and time window-specific glucan scores. These were summed together to obtain a total glucan score for each subject and time window. We examined the within- and between-task correlation in glucan scores for different time frames. Additionally, we assessed the algorithm for the 'past 1 day' time window using full-shift concentrations from the 32 farmers who participated in air monitoring the day prior to an interview using multilevel statistical models to compare the measured glucan concentration with algorithm glucan scores. RESULTS We focused on the five highest exposed tasks: poultry confinement (300 ng/m3), swine confinement (300 ng/m3), clean grain bins (200 ng/m3), grind feed (100 ng/m3), and stored seed or grain (50 ng/m3); the remaining tasks were <50 ng/m3 and had similar concentrations to each other. Overall, 67% of the participants reported at least one of these tasks. The most prevalent task was stored seed or grain (64%). The highest median glucan scores were observed for poultry confinement and swine confinement; these tasks were reported by 2% and 8% of the participants, respectively. The correlation between scores for the same task but different time windows was high for swine confinement and poultry confinement, but low for clean grain bins. Task-specific scores had low correlation with other tasks. Prior day glucan concentration was associated with the total glucan 'past 1 day' score and with swine confinement and clean grain bin task scores. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the variability and key sources of glucan exposure in a US farming population. It also provides a framework for better glucan exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies and is a crucial starting point for evaluating health risks associated with glucans in future epidemiologic evaluations of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1-240-2476-7278; e-mail:
| | - Felicia Hung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shuai Xie
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicole C Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah J Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pabitra R Josse
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean-François Sauvé
- Pollutants Metrology Department, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Work Performed: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura E Beane-Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Mampage CB, Hughes DD, Jones LM, Metwali N, Thorne PS, Stone EA. Characterization of sub-pollen particles in size-resolved atmospheric aerosol using chemical tracers. Atmos Environ X 2022; 15:100177. [PMID: 36186266 PMCID: PMC9521721 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains may contain allergens that exacerbate allergic respiratory diseases like asthma and rhinitis. In the presence of water, pollen grains (10-100 μm) can rupture to produce sub-pollen particles (SPP) with diameters <2.5 μm, which in comparison to intact pollen grains, have longer atmospheric lifetimes and greater penetration to the lower lung. The current study examines SPP, fungal spores, and bacteria in size-resolved atmospheric particulate matter (PM) using chemical and biological tracers. During springtime tree pollen season in Iowa City, Iowa, fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations of fructose (a pollen chemical tracer) increased on rainy sampling periods, especially during severe thunderstorms, and peaked when a tornado struck nearby. Submicron fluorescent particles, measured by single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy, were also enhanced during rain events, particularly thunderstorms in agreement with the chemical tracer measurements. PM2.5 sucrose (a pollen chemical tracer) concentrations were higher in early spring when nighttime temperatures were closer to freezing, while fructose concentrations were higher in late spring with warmer temperatures, consistent with chemical tracers being sensitive to seasonal temperature influences. The first co-located measurements of fructose and Bet v 1 (birch pollen allergen), indicated that SPP ranged in diameter from <0.25 to 2.5 μm during rainy sampling periods and that allergens and carbohydrates exhibited distinct size distributions. Meanwhile, mannitol (a fungal spore tracer) peaked on warm, dry days following rain and was primarily in supermicron particles (>1.0 μm), which is consistent with intact fungal spore diameters (1-30 μm). Bacterial endotoxins in PM also increased during extreme weather events, primarily in supermicron particles. While the concentrations of fructose, mannitol, and endotoxin all increased in PM2.5 μm during thunderstorms, the greatest relative increase in concentration was observed for fructose. Together, these observations suggest that SPP containing starch granules and allergens (Bet v 1) were released during rainy sampling periods. This study advances the use of chemical tracers to track SPP and other bioaerosols in the atmosphere, by providing new insight to their size distribution and response to extreme weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dagen D. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lillian M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. (E.A. Stone)
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18
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Al Rashaideh T, Metwali N, Perry SS, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS. Cerium Oxide Enhances the Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung Epithelial Cell Cultures. Toxics 2022; 10:522. [PMID: 36136487 PMCID: PMC9502999 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, many approaches have been developed to improve the performance of nanomaterials. Combining more than one nanomaterial is one such approach that achieves superior results. However, during the fabrication of nanomaterials or formulation of end products, materials can be released into the ambient air and be inhaled by workers. The adverse health outcomes of inhaling such compounds are unknown. In this study, we examined such effects in combining two of the most utilized nanomaterials in several industrial sectors: zinc oxide (ZnO) and cerium oxide (CeO2). These materials can be found together in sunscreens, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, and construction products. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse biological outcomes of CeO2-ZnO nano-mixtures in human lung epithelial cells. A549 human lung epithelial cells were treated with increasing concentrations of ZnO or CeO2 NPs alone, or as a mixture of both, under submerged conditions for 24 h. After treatment, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell membrane integrity, and cytokine production were examined. ZnO NPs showed a dose-dependent trend for all endpoints. CeO2 NPs did not exhibit any toxic effect in any individual concentrations. When higher doses of ZnO were combined with increasing doses of CeO2, loss of cell viability and an elevation in cell membrane leakage were observed. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and ROS generation were higher when ZnO NPs were combined with CeO2 NPs, compared to cells that were treated with ZnO alone. The release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was reduced in the cells that were treated with higher doses of ZnO and CeO2. Thus, the presence of CeO2 enhanced the toxicity of ZnO in A549 cells at non-toxic levels of CeO2. This suggests an additive toxicity of these two nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Al Rashaideh
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah S. Perry
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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19
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Areecheewakul S, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Haque E, Jing X, Meyerholz DK, O'Shaughnessy PT, Thorne PS, Salem AK. Time course of pulmonary inflammation and trace element biodistribution during and after sub-acute inhalation exposure to copper oxide nanoparticles in a murine model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:40. [PMID: 35698146 PMCID: PMC9195454 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) induce pulmonary toxicity after acute or sub-acute inhalation exposures. However, little is known about the biodistribution and elimination kinetics of inhaled CuO NPs from the respiratory tract. The purposes of this study were to observe the kinetics of pulmonary inflammation during and after CuO NP sub-acute inhalation exposure and to investigate copper (Cu) biodistribution and clearance rate from the exposure site and homeostasis of selected trace elements in secondary organs of BALB/c mice. Results Sub-acute inhalation exposure to CuO NPs led to pulmonary inflammation represented by increases in lactate dehydrogenase, total cell counts, neutrophils, macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, iron levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung weight changes. Dosimetry analysis in lung tissues and BAL fluid showed Cu concentration increased steadily during exposure and gradually declined after exposure. Cu elimination from the lung showed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 6.5 days. Total Cu levels were significantly increased in whole blood and heart indicating that inhaled Cu could be translocated into the bloodstream and heart tissue, and potentially have adverse effects on the kidneys and spleen as there were significant changes in the weights of these organs; increase in the kidneys and decrease in the spleen. Furthermore, concentrations of selenium in kidneys and iron in spleen were decreased, pointing to disruption of trace element homeostasis. Conclusions Sub-acute inhalation exposure of CuO NPs induced pulmonary inflammation, which was correlated to Cu concentrations in the lungs and started to resolve once exposure ended. Dosimetry analysis showed that Cu in the lungs was translocated into the bloodstream and heart tissue. Secondary organs affected by CuO NPs exposure were kidneys and spleen as they showed the disruption of trace element homeostasis and organ weight changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00480-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudartip Areecheewakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Ezazul Haque
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Patrick T O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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20
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Salo PM, Mendy A, Wilkerson J, Molsberry SA, Feinstein L, London SJ, Fessler MB, Thorne PS, Zeldin DC. Serum antioxidant vitamins and respiratory morbidity and mortality: a pooled analysis. Respir Res 2022; 23:150. [PMID: 35681205 PMCID: PMC9178544 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases; however, studies on antioxidant vitamins and respiratory outcomes have been conflicting. We evaluated whether lower serum levels of vitamins A, C, D, and E are associated with respiratory morbidity and mortality in the U.S. adult population. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of data from the 1988-1994 and 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (participants aged ≥ 20 years). We estimated covariate-adjusted odds ratios (aOR) per interquartile decrease in each serum vitamin level to quantify associations with respiratory morbidity, and covariate-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) to quantify associations with respiratory mortality assessed prospectively through 2015. Vitamin supplementation and smoking were evaluated as potential effect modifiers. RESULTS Lower serum vitamin C increased the odds of wheeze among all participants (overall aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.16). Among smokers, lower serum α-tocopherol vitamin E increased the odds of wheeze (aOR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.19) and chronic bronchitis/emphysema (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.24). Conversely, lower serum γ-tocopherol vitamin E was associated with lower odds of wheeze and chronic bronchitis/emphysema (overall aORs: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79-0.92 and 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.95, respectively). Lower serum vitamin C was associated with increased chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) mortality in all participants (overall aHR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.07-1.51), whereas lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) tended to increase mortality from CLRD and influenza/pneumonia among smokers (aHR range: 1.33-1.75). Mortality from influenza/ pneumonia increased with decreasing serum vitamin A levels in all participants (overall aHR: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.99-1.48). In pooled analysis, vitamin C deficiency and 25-OHD insufficiency were associated with mortality from influenza/pneumonia, increasing mortality risk up to twofold. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of nationally representative data on over 34,000 participants showed that lower serum levels of vitamins A, C, D, and α-tocopherol vitamin E are associated with increased respiratory morbidity and/or mortality in U.S. adults. The results underscore the importance of antioxidant vitamins in respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paivi M Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Angelico Mendy
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie J London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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21
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Zhang D, Saktrakulkla P, Marek RF, Lehmler HJ, Wang K, Thorne PS, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW. PCB Sulfates in Serum from Mothers and Children in Urban and Rural U.S. Communities. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:6537-6547. [PMID: 35500099 PMCID: PMC9118556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Serum samples from 24 subjects (6 mother-daughter and 6 mother-son dyads) in a rural community (Columbus Junction, Iowa) and 24 subjects (6 mother-daughter and 6 mother-son dyads) in an urban community (East Chicago, Indiana) were analyzed for 74 sulfated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We detected significantly higher mean concentrations of total assessed PCB sulfates in the urban group (110-8900 ng/g fresh weight of serum, mean = 3400 ng/g, standard error = 300) than in the rural cohort (530-6700 ng/g fresh weight of serum, mean = 1800 ng/g, standard error = 500). Eight PCB sulfate congeners (4-PCB 2 sulfate, 4'-PCB 2 sulfate, 2'-PCB 3 sulfate, 4'-PCB 3 sulfate, 4-PCB 11 sulfate, 4'-PCB 18 sulfate, 4'-PCB 25 sulfate, and 4-PCB 52 sulfate) contributed over 90% of the total assessed PCB sulfates in most individuals. The serum samples were enriched in PCB sulfates with fewer than 5 chlorine atoms, and this congener distribution differed from those of PCBs and hydroxylated PCBs in previous studies in the same communities. Regression analysis indicated several significant congener-specific correlations in mother-child dyads, and these relationships differed by location and by mother-daughter or mother-son dyads. This is the first study reporting a broad range of PCB sulfates in populations from urban and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
& Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
& Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Michael W. Duffel
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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22
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Haque E, Moran ME, Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS. Validation of blood arsenic and manganese assessment from archived clotted erythrocyte fraction in an urban cohort of mother-child dyads. Sci Total Environ 2022; 810:152320. [PMID: 34915002 PMCID: PMC9709768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) from contaminated food, drinking water and dust are linked to a host of adverse health effects. The recent discovery of unmonitored community exposures to hazardous levels of metals, as seen in the Flint Water Crisis and East Chicago, have demonstrated a need for novel biomonitoring methods utilizing samples other than whole blood. Here, we present a method utilizing clotted erythrocyte fraction samples, a blood component commonly archived in biorepositories, to predict whole blood levels of As and Mn. This method would allow for innovative retrospective assessments of environmental exposures in previously unused samples. Whole blood and clotted erythrocyte fraction samples were simultaneously collected from 84 participants in the Airborne Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Pollutants (AESOP) cohort study of mother-child dyads in East Chicago. Clotted erythrocyte fraction samples were prepared by alkaline dilution and subsequently analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A strong linear relationship was observed between whole blood and clotted erythrocyte fraction with Pearson correlation coefficients (r, p < 0.001) of 0.74, and 0.82 for As and Mn, respectively. Modeled whole blood Mn levels predicted from clotted erythrocyte fractions evaluated at a test threshold representing the NHANES median of 9.7 μg/L, were found to have diagnostic sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 71%. Clotted erythrocyte partitioning of As was tested on a wide range of oral gavage doses using a rat model. Results from this investigation demonstrate clotted erythrocyte fraction samples are a viable alternative biological sample for retrospective public health surveillance of environmental exposure to As and Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezazul Haque
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, United States of America; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Margaret E Moran
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, United States of America; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America.
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Wang L, Bayanbold K, Zhao L, Wang Y, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS, Yang H, Jiang BH, Liu LZ. Redox sensitive miR-27a/b/Nrf2 signaling in Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. Sci Total Environ 2022; 809:151118. [PMID: 34718002 PMCID: PMC9387726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a well-known carcinogen that can cause several types of cancer including lung cancer. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the redox sensitive transcription factor, can protect normal cells from a variety of toxicants and carcinogens by inducing the expression of cellular protective genes and maintaining redox balance. However, Nrf2 also protects cancer cells from radio- and chemo-therapies and facilitates cancer progression. Although Cr(VI) treatment has been demonstrated to upregulate Nrf2 expression, the mechanisms for Nrf2 regulation upon chronic Cr(VI) exposure remain to be elucidated. We found that Nrf2 was upregulated in BEAS-2B cells exposed to Cr(VI) from 1 to 5 months, and also in Cr(VI)-induced transformed (Cr-T) cells with Cr(VI) treatment for 6 months. We showed that KEAP1, the classic negative regulator of Nrf2, was downregulated after Cr(VI) exposure for 4 months, suggesting that Nrf2 induction by Cr(VI) treatment is through KEAP1 decrease at late stage. To further decipher the mechanisms of Nrf2 upregulation at early stage of Cr(VI) exposure, we demonstrated that miR-27a and miR-27b were redox sensitive miRNAs, since reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers induced miR-27a/b expression. After Cr(VI) exposure for 1 month, the expression levels of miR-27a/b was dramatically decreased. The changes of miR-27a/b and their target Nrf2 were confirmed in vivo by mouse model intranasally exposed to Cr(VI) for 12 weeks. Nrf2 was a direct target of miR-27a/b, which acted as tumor suppressors in vitro and in vivo to inhibit tumorigenesis and cancer development of Cr-T cells. The results suggested that the inhibition of miR-27a/b was responsible for Nrf2 upregulation at both early stage and late stage of Cr(VI) exposure. This novel regulation of Nrf2 upon chronic Cr(VI) exposure through redox-regulated miR-27a/b will provide potential targets for preventing and treating Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Khaliunaa Bayanbold
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hushan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Ling-Zhi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC, Thorne PS. Toxicity Assessment of 91-Day Repeated Inhalation Exposure to an Indoor School Air Mixture of PCBs. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:1780-1790. [PMID: 34994547 PMCID: PMC9122270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
School indoor air contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released from older building materials and paint pigments may pose health risks to children, as well as teachers and staff, by inhalation of PCBs. The health effects of long-term inhalation exposure to PCBs are poorly understood. We conducted a comprehensive toxicity assessment of 91-day repeated inhalation exposure to a lab-generated mixture of PCBs designed to emulate indoor school air, combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to school air mixture (SAM+) at a concentration of 45.5 ± 5.9 μg/m3 ∑209PCB or filtered air 4 h/day, 6 days/week for 13 weeks using nose-only exposure systems. The congener-specific PCB body burden was quantified in major tissues using GC-MS/MS. The generated SAM+ vapor recapitulated the target school air profile with a similarity coefficient, cos θ of 0.91. PCB inhalation yielded 875-9930 ng/g ∑209PCBlipid weight levels in tissues in the following ascending order: brain < liver < lung < serum < adipose tissue. We observed that PCB exposure impaired memory, induced anxiety-like behavior, significantly reduced white blood cell counts, mildly disrupted metabolomics in plasma, and influenced transcription processes in the brain with 274 upregulated and 58 downregulated genes. With relatively high exposure and tissue loading, evidence of toxicity from half the end points tested was seen in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Mendy A, Salo PM, Wilkerson J, Feinstein L, Fessler MB, Thorne PS, Zeldin DC. Albuminuria as a Predictor of Mortality from Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease and from Influenza and Pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18:2093-2095. [PMID: 33979561 PMCID: PMC8641818 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202009-1226rl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Päivi M. Salo
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Michael B. Fessler
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Lan T, Liu B, Bao W, Thorne PS. BMI modifies the association between dietary intake and serum levels of PCBs. Environ Int 2021; 156:106626. [PMID: 34034117 PMCID: PMC8910784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants that are carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disrupting in humans. Although diet is the primary source of exposure, there is no consensus on the association between dietary intake and serum PCBs. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) - with its inverse association with serum PCBs - may play a role in the association, which has never been studied. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between dietary intake and serum levels of PCBs, and whether the association was modified by BMI. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004, including 1531 participants. We estimated dietary intake of PCBs using the 24-hour diet recall, USDA Food Composition Intake Database, and PCB content in foods from the Canada Total Diet Study. Serum PCBs were measured by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS). We used linear regression to examine the associations of dietary PCB intake with serum levels of seven PCB congeners and six PCB metrics. Further, we explored the role of BMI in the associations. We found that participants who were older and non-Hispanic tended to have a higher serum level of ∑37-PCB. In addition, we observed positive associations between dietary intake and serum PCBs for: PCB 105, 118, 126, 138 + 158, and 153 (P value ranges 0.005-0.03); seven PCB indicators (P value = 0.03) and the sum of 37 PCBs (P value = 0.04). Furthermore, we observed an effect modification by BMI (P for interaction = 0.01 for ∑37-PCBs), with stronger associations in underweight or normal-weight individuals, and no association in overweight and obese individuals. In conclusion, within a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of the US population, dietary PCB intake was positively associated with serum PCBs and the association was modified by BMI. Additional studies are warranted to replicate and confirm this effect modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Riederer AM, Krenz JE, Tchong-French MI, Torres E, Perez A, Younglove LR, Jansen KL, Hardie DC, Farquhar SA, Sampson PD, Metwali N, Thorne PS, Karr CJ. Effectiveness of portable HEPA air cleaners on reducing indoor endotoxin, PM 10, and coarse particulate matter in an agricultural cohort of children with asthma: A randomized intervention trial. Indoor Air 2021; 31:1926-1939. [PMID: 34288127 PMCID: PMC8577577 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a randomized trial of portable HEPA air cleaners in the homes of children age 6-12 years with asthma in the Yakima Valley, Washington. All families received asthma education while intervention families also received two HEPA cleaners (child's bedroom, living room). We collected 14-day integrated samples of endotoxin in settled dust and PM10 and PM10-2.5 in the air of the children's bedrooms at baseline and one-year follow-up, and used linear regression to compare follow-up levels, adjusting for baseline. Seventy-one families (36 HEPA, 35 control) completed the study. Baseline geometric mean (GSD) endotoxin loadings were 1565 (6.3) EU/m2 and 2110 (4.9) EU/m2 , respectively, in HEPA vs. control homes while PM10 and PM10-2.5 were 22.5 (1.9) μg/m3 and 9.5 (2.9) μg/m3 , respectively, in HEPA homes, and 19.8 (1.8) μg/m3 and 7.7 (2.0) μg/m3 , respectively, in control homes. At follow-up, HEPA families had 46% lower (95% CI, 31%-57%) PM10 on average than control families, consistent with prior studies. In the best-fit heterogeneous slopes model, HEPA families had 49% (95% CI, 6%-110%) and 89% lower (95% CI, 28%-177%) PM10-2.5 at follow-up, respectively, at 50th and 75th percentile baseline concentrations. Endotoxin loadings did not differ significantly at follow-up (4% lower, HEPA homes; 95% CI, -87% to 50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Krenz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria I. Tchong-French
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Northwest Communities Education Center, Radio KDNA, Granger, WA, USA
| | - Adriana Perez
- Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic, Toppenish, WA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Younglove
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen L. Jansen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David C. Hardie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Farquhar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D. Sampson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Catherine J. Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Phipatanakul W, Koutrakis P, Coull BA, Petty CR, Gaffin JM, Sheehan WJ, Lai PS, Bartnikas LM, Kang CM, Wolfson JM, Samnaliev M, Cunningham A, Baxi SN, Permaul P, Hauptman M, Trivedi M, Louisias M, Liang L, Thorne PS, Metwali N, Adamkiewicz G, Israel E, Baccarelli AA, Gold DR. Effect of School Integrated Pest Management or Classroom Air Filter Purifiers on Asthma Symptoms in Students With Active Asthma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326:839-850. [PMID: 34547084 PMCID: PMC8424475 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.11559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE School and classroom allergens and particles are associated with asthma morbidity, but the benefit of environmental remediation is not known. OBJECTIVE To determine whether use of a school-wide integrated pest management (IPM) program or high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter purifiers in the classrooms improve asthma symptoms in students with active asthma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Factorial randomized clinical trial of a school-wide IPM program and HEPA filter purifiers in the classrooms was conducted from 2015 to 2020 (School Inner-City Asthma Intervention Study). There were 236 students with active asthma attending 41 participating urban elementary schools located in the Northeastern US who were randomized to IPM by school and HEPA filter purifiers by classroom. The date of final follow-up was June 20, 2020. INTERVENTIONS The school-wide IPM program consisted of application of rodenticide, sealing entry points, trap placement, targeted cleaning, and brief educational handouts for school staff. Infestation was assessed every 3 months, with additional treatments as needed. Control schools received no IPM, cleaning, or education. Classroom portable HEPA filter purifiers were deployed and the filters were changed every 3 months. Control classrooms received sham HEPA filters that looked and sounded like active HEPA filter purifiers. Randomization was done independently (split-plot design), with matching by the number of enrolled students to ensure a nearly exact 1:1 student ratio for each intervention with 118 students randomized to each group. Participants, investigators, and those assessing outcomes were blinded to the interventions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the number of symptom-days with asthma during a 2-week period. Symptom-days were assessed every 2 months during the 10 months after randomization. RESULTS Among the 236 students who were randomized (mean age, 8.1 [SD, 2.0] years; 113 [48%] female), all completed the trial. At baseline, the 2-week mean was 2.2 (SD, 3.9) symptom-days with asthma and 98% of the classrooms had detectable levels of mouse allergen. The results were pooled because there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 interventions (P = .18 for interaction). During a 2-week period, the mean was 1.5 symptom-days with asthma after use of the school-wide IPM program vs 1.9 symptom-days after no IPM across the school year (incidence rate ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.38-1.33]), which was not statistically significantly different. During a 2-week period, the mean was 1.6 symptom-days with asthma after use of HEPA filter purifiers in the classrooms vs 1.8 symptom-days after use of sham HEPA filter purifiers across the school year (incidence rate ratio, 1.47 [95% CI, 0.79-2.75]), which was not statistically significantly different. There were no intervention-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among children with active asthma, use of a school-wide IPM program or classroom HEPA filter purifiers did not significantly reduce symptom-days with asthma. However, interpretation of the study findings may need to consider allergen levels, particle exposures, and asthma symptoms at baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02291302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Phipatanakul
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carter R. Petty
- Biostatistics and Research Design Center, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan M. Gaffin
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William J. Sheehan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Children’s National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Peggy S. Lai
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Lisa M. Bartnikas
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jack M. Wolfson
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mihail Samnaliev
- Biostatistics and Research Design Center, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amparito Cunningham
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sachin N. Baxi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Perdita Permaul
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Environmental Health Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Trivedi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical School, Worcester
| | - Margee Louisias
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elliot Israel
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Allergy and Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Haque E, Thorne PS, Nghiem AA, Yip CS, Bostick BC. Lead (Pb) concentrations and speciation in residential soils from an urban community impacted by multiple legacy sources. J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:125886. [PMID: 34492824 PMCID: PMC8666965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In many urban areas, elevated soil lead (Pb) concentrations are indicators of community-level Pb exposure. Here, we examine the spatial distribution and speciation of legacy soil Pb contamination in East Chicago, Ind., an industrial center with a wide range of Pb sources including a former lead smelter. In situ X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (n = 358) revealed widespread soil Pb contamination above the Environmental Protection Agency regulatory limit for soils. This soil contamination was heterogenous across all neighborhoods, and mostly uncorrelated with distance from the former smelting site. Soil Pb levels increased with decreasing median household income in East Chicago's nine neighborhoods (r = -0.73, p = 0.03). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (n = 44) indicated that the soil Pb was primarily adsorbed to iron and manganese oxides or humic acids, and as Pb hydroxycarbonate regardless of contamination levels. Crystalline insoluble forms of Pb, like pyromorphite, were not detected in significant concentrations. Thus, the unique chemical forms of potential Pb sources to soil, such as paint, ore and slag are not persistent and instead are extensively repartitioned into acid-soluble forms of Pb with greater bioavailability. These findings have implications for remediation efforts and human health as blood Pb levels in this community are significantly elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezazul Haque
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA.
| | - Athena A Nghiem
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Caryn S Yip
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA.
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O’Shaughnessy PT, Strzelecki B, Ortiz-Hernandez M, Aubin P, Jing X, Chang Q, Xiang J, Thorne PS, Stapleton JT. Characterization of performance and disinfection resilience of nonwoven filter materials for use in 3D-printed N95 respirators. J Occup Environ Hyg 2021; 18:265-275. [PMID: 33989113 PMCID: PMC8215690 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1913283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a high demand for respiratory protection among health care workers in hospitals, especially surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). To aid in alleviating that demand, a survey of commercially available filter media was conducted to determine whether any could serve as a substitute for an N95 FFR while held in a 3D-printed mask (Stopgap Surgical Face Mask from the NIH 3D Print Exchange). Fourteen filter media types and eight combinations were evaluated for filtration efficiency, breathing resistance (pressure drop), and liquid penetration. Additional testing was conducted to evaluate two filter media disinfection methods in the event that the filters were reused in a hospital setting. Efficiency testing was conducted in accordance with the procedures established for approving an N95 FFR. One apparatus used a filter-holding device and another apparatus employed a manikin head to which the 3D-printed mask could be sealed. The filter media and combinations exhibited collection efficiencies varied between 3.9% and 98.8% when tested with a face velocity comparable to that of a standard N95 FFR at the 85 L min-1 used in the approval procedure. Breathing resistance varied between 10.8 to >637 Pa (1.1 to > 65 mm H2O). When applied to the 3D-printed mask efficiency decreased by an average of 13% and breathing resistance increased 4-fold as a result of the smaller surface area of the filter media when held in that mask compared to that of an N95 FFR. Disinfection by dry heat, even after 25 cycles, did not significantly affect filter efficiency and reduced viral infectivity by > 99.9%. However, 10 cycles of 59% vaporized H2O2 significantly (p < 0.001) reduced filter efficiency of the media tested. Several commercially available filter media were found to be potential replacements for the media used to construct the typical cup-like N95 FFR. However, their use in the 3D-printed mask demonstrated reduced efficiency and increased breathing resistance at 85 L min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brian Strzelecki
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Monica Ortiz-Hernandez
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Patrick Aubin
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, GH, The University of Iowa, SW54-11, Iowa City, Iowa
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Thorne PS. Environmental endotoxin exposure and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:61-63. [PMID: 34000345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Sikdar S, Wyss AB, Lee MK, Hoang TT, Richards M, Beane Freeman LE, Parks C, Thorne PS, Hankinson JL, Umbach DM, Motsinger-Reif A, London SJ. Interaction between Genetic Risk Scores for reduced pulmonary function and smoking, asthma and endotoxin. Thorax 2021; 76:1219-1226. [PMID: 33963087 PMCID: PMC8572320 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified numerous loci associated with lower pulmonary function. Pulmonary function is strongly related to smoking and has also been associated with asthma and dust endotoxin. At the individual SNP level, genome-wide analyses of pulmonary function have not identified appreciable evidence for gene by environment interactions. Genetic Risk Scores (GRSs) may enhance power to identify gene–environment interactions, but studies are few. Methods We analysed 2844 individuals of European ancestry with 1000 Genomes imputed GWAS data from a case–control study of adult asthma nested within a US agricultural cohort. Pulmonary function traits were FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC. Using data from a recent large meta-analysis of GWAS, we constructed a weighted GRS for each trait by combining the top (p value<5×10−9) genetic variants, after clumping based on distance (±250 kb) and linkage disequilibrium (r2=0.5). We used linear regression, adjusting for relevant covariates, to estimate associations of each trait with its GRS and to assess interactions. Results Each trait was highly significantly associated with its GRS (all three p values<8.9×10−8). The inverse association of the GRS with FEV1/FVC was stronger for current smokers (pinteraction=0.017) or former smokers (pinteraction=0.064) when compared with never smokers and among asthmatics compared with non-asthmatics (pinteraction=0.053). No significant interactions were observed between any GRS and house dust endotoxin. Conclusions Evaluation of interactions using GRSs supports a greater impact of increased genetic susceptibility on reduced pulmonary function in the presence of smoking or asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Sikdar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.,Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Annah B Wyss
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thanh T Hoang
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - David M Umbach
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Terry TL, Givens BE, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne PS, Rodgers VGJ, Salem AK. Encapsulating Polyethyleneimine-DNA Nanoplexes into PEGylated Biodegradable Microparticles Increases Transgene Expression In Vitro and Reduces Inflammatory Responses In Vivo. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:69. [PMID: 33565009 PMCID: PMC7872112 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulating genetic material into biocompatible polymeric microparticles is a means to improving gene transfection while simultaneously decreasing the tendency for inflammatory responses; and can be advantageous in terms of delivering material directly to the lungs via aerosolization for applications such as vaccinations. In this study, we investigated the advantages of using polymeric microparticles carrying the luciferase reporter gene in increasing transfection efficiency in the readily transfectable HEK293 cell line and the difficult to transfect RAW264.7 cell line. The results indicated that there was a limit to the ratio of nitrogen in polyethylenimine (PEI) to phosphate in DNA (N/P ratio) beyond which further increases in transgene expression no longer, or only marginally, occurred. Microparticles encapsulating PEI:DNA nanoplexes induced cellular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. PEGylation increased transgene expression, likely related to enhanced degradation of particles. Furthermore, intra-tracheal instillation in rats allowed us to investigate the inflammatory response in the lung as a function of PEGylation, porosity, and size. Porosity did not influence cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the absence of PEG, but in particles containing PEG, non-porous particles recruited fewer inflammatory cells than their porous counterparts. Finally, both 1 μm and 10 μm porous PLA-PEG particles recruited more neutrophils than 4 μm particles. Thus, we have shown that PEGylation and lack of porosity are advantageous for faster release of genetic cargo from microparticles and a reduced inflammatory response, respectively.
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Haque E, Moran ME, Thorne PS. Retrospective blood lead assessment from archived clotted erythrocyte fraction in a cohort of lead-exposed mother-child dyads. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142166. [PMID: 32920407 PMCID: PMC7686297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb) is linked to a host of adverse health effects. Recent revelations of unmonitored exposures to hazardous levels of lead as seen in the Flint Water Crisis have manifested a need for evaluating biological samples, other than regularly prepared whole blood, for biomonitoring of lead exposure. Here, we present a method utilizing clotted erythrocyte fraction samples, which are commonly archived along with serum (or plasma) in biorepositories, to predict whole blood lead levels to allow for retrospective assessments of environmental exposure to lead. Whole blood and clotted erythrocyte fraction samples were collected from 91 participants in the Airborne Exposure to Semivolatile Organic Pollutants (AESOP) cohort study of mother-child dyads. Clotted erythrocyte fraction samples were prepared either using microwave assisted acid digestion or alkaline dilution and subsequently analyzed for lead using Inductively-couple plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Simultaneously withdrawn whole blood samples were also analyzed. A strong linear relationship was observed between lead in whole blood and clotted erythrocyte fraction with Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of 0.90, and 0.89 (p < 0.001) for acid digestion and alkaline dilution, respectively. Slopes and intercepts from simple linear regression models of the two clotted erythrocyte fraction methods were not found to be significantly different (p > 0.05) when compared to the standard blood lead assay method. Modeled blood lead predicted from clotted erythrocyte fraction was evaluated at a test threshold of 3 μg/dL was found to have diagnostic sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 100%. Results from this study demonstrate clotted erythrocyte fraction samples are a viable alternative biological sample for retrospective public health surveillance of environmental exposure to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezazul Haque
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, United States of America; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Margaret E Moran
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Human Toxicology Program, Graduate College, University of Iowa, United States of America; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, United States of America.
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Phipatanakul W, Mauger DT, Guilbert TW, Bacharier LB, Durrani S, Jackson DJ, Martinez FD, Fitzpatrick AM, Cunningham A, Kunselman S, Wheatley LM, Bauer C, Davis CM, Geng B, Kloepfer KM, Lapin C, Liu AH, Pongracic JA, Teach SJ, Chmiel J, Gaffin JM, Greenhawt M, Gupta MR, Lai PS, Lemanske RF, Morgan WJ, Sheehan WJ, Stokes J, Thorne PS, Oettgen HC, Israel E. Preventing asthma in high risk kids (PARK) with omalizumab: Design, rationale, methods, lessons learned and adaptation. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 100:106228. [PMID: 33242697 PMCID: PMC7887056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma remains one of the most important challenges to pediatric public health in the US. A large majority of children with persistent and chronic asthma demonstrate aeroallergen sensitization, which remains a pivotal risk factor associated with the development of persistent, progressive asthma throughout life. In individuals with a tendency toward Type 2 inflammation, sensitization and exposure to high concentrations of offending allergens is associated with increased risk for development of, and impairment from, asthma. The cascade of biological responses to allergens is primarily mediated through IgE antibodies and their production is further stimulated by IgE responses to antigen exposure. In addition, circulating IgE impairs innate anti-viral immune responses. The latter effect could magnify the effects of another early life exposure associated with increased risk of the development of asthma - viral infections. Omalizumab binds to circulating IgE and thus ablates antigen signaling through IgE-related mechanisms. Further, it has been shown restore IFN-α response to rhinovirus and to reduce asthma exacerbations during the viral season. We therefore hypothesized that early blockade of IgE and IgE mediated responses with omalizumab would prevent the development and reduce the severity of asthma in those at high risk for developing asthma. Herein, we describe a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of omalizumab in 2-3 year old children at high risk for development of asthma to prevent the development and reduce the severity of asthma. We describe the rationale, methods, and lessons learned in implementing this potentially transformative trial aimed at prevention of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Phipatanakul
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Immunology, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - David T Mauger
- Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Theresa W Guilbert
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Sandy Durrani
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | | | - Fernando D Martinez
- Asthma and Airway Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Amparito Cunningham
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Immunology, United States of America
| | - Susan Kunselman
- Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Lisa M Wheatley
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cindy Bauer
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Carla M Davis
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Bob Geng
- Rady Children's Hospital, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kirsten M Kloepfer
- Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Craig Lapin
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Andrew H Liu
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline A Pongracic
- Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Stephen J Teach
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - James Chmiel
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M Gaffin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Greenhawt
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Meera R Gupta
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Wayne J Morgan
- Asthma and Airway Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - William J Sheehan
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Stokes
- Washington University and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Peter S Thorne
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Allergy and Immunology, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Elliot Israel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Allergy and Immunology, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Flor S, Gosse L, Klenov VE, Stolwijk JM, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Thorne PS. Comprehensive Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity Assessment of an Indoor School Air Mixture of PCBs. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:15976-15985. [PMID: 33256405 PMCID: PMC7879961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Few in vivo inhalation studies have explored the toxicity of environmentally relevant mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The manufacture of industrial PCBs was banned in 1978, but PCBs continue to be formed in industrial and consumer products. Schools represent a significant source of airborne exposures to legacy and nonlegacy PCBs, placing children at risk. To evaluate the impact of these exposures, we generated an airborne mixture of PCBs, called the School Air Mixture (SAM), to match the profile of an older school from our adolescent cohort study. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed either to SAM or filtered air in nose-only exposure systems, 4 h/day for 4 weeks. Congener-specific air and tissue PCB profiles were assessed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PCB exposures recapitulated the target school air profile with a similarity coefficient, cos θ of 0.83. PCB inhalation yielded μg/g ∑209 PCB levels in tissues. Neurobehavioral testing demonstrated a modest effect on spatial learning and memory in SAM-exposed rats. PCB exposure induced oxidative stress in the liver and lungs, affected the maturational stages of hematopoietic stem cells, reduced telomerase activity in bone marrow cells, and altered the gut microbiota. This is the first study to emulate PCB exposures in a school and comprehensively evaluate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Susanne Flor
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Laura Gosse
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Violet E. Klenov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Stolwijk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Stapleton EM, Kizhakke Puliyakote A, Metwali N, Jeronimo M, Thornell IM, Manges RB, Bilas M, Kamal Batcha MA, Kumaravel MS, Durairaj K, Karuppusamy K, Kathiresan G, Rahim SA, Shanmugam K, Thorne PS, Peters TM, Hoffman EA, Comellas AP. Lung function of primary cooks using LPG or biomass and the effect of particulate matter on airway epithelial barrier integrity. Environ Res 2020; 189:109888. [PMID: 32979995 PMCID: PMC7525042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooks exposed to biomass fuel experience increased risk of respiratory disease and mortality. We sought to characterize lung function and environmental exposures of primary cooking women using two fuel-types in southeastern India, as well as to investigate the effect of particulate matter (PM) from kitchens on human airway epithelial (HAE) cells in vitro. METHODS We assessed pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function on 25 primary female cooks using wood biomass or liquified petroleum gas (LPG), and quantified exposures from 34 kitchens (PM2.5, PM < 40 μm, black carbon, endotoxin, and PM metal and bacterial content). We then challenged HAE cells with PM, assessing its cytotoxicity to small-airway cells (A549) and its effect on: transepithelial conductance and macromolecule permeability (NuLi cells), and antimicrobial activity (using airway surface liquid, ASL, from primary HAE cells). RESULTS Lung function was impaired in cooks using both fuel-types. 60% of participants in both fuel-types had respiratory restriction (post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC>90). The remaining 40% in the LPG group had normal spirometry (post FEV1/FVC = 80-90), while only 10% of participants in the biomass group had normal spirometry, and the remaining biomass cooks (30%) had respiratory obstruction (post FEV1/FVC<80). Significant differences were found in environmental parameters, with biomass kitchens containing greater PM2.5, black carbon, zirconium, arsenic, iron, vanadium, and endotoxin concentrations. LPG kitchens tended to have more bacteria (p = 0.14), and LPG kitchen PM had greater sulphur concentrations (p = 0.02). In vitro, PM induced cytotoxicity in HAE A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, however the effect was minimal and there were no differences between fuel-types. PM from homes of participants with a restrictive physiology increased electrical conductance of NuLi HAE cells (p = 0.06) and decreased macromolar permeability (p ≤ 0.05), while PM from homes of those with respiratory obstruction tended to increase electrical conductance (p = 0.20) and permeability (p = 0.07). PM from homes of participants with normal spirometry did not affect conductance or permeability. PM from all homes tended to inhibit antimicrobial activity of primary HAE cell airway surface liquid (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Biomass cooks had airway obstruction, and significantly greater concentrations of kitchen environmental contaminants than LPG kitchens. PM from homes of participants with respiratory restriction and obstruction altered airway cell barrier function, elucidating mechanisms potentially responsible for respiratory phenotypes observed in biomass cooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | | | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Matthew Jeronimo
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | - Ian M Thornell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Robert B Manges
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Monalisa Bilas
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | | | | | - Kumar Durairaj
- Centre for Research and Development, Ponnaiah Ramajayam Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kesavan Karuppusamy
- Department of Physics, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geetha Kathiresan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sirajunnisa Abdul Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kumaran Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Alejandro P Comellas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 205 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 26 food items: beef steak, butter, canned tuna, catfish, cheese, eggs, french fries, fried chicken, ground beef, ground pork, hamburger, hot dog, ice cream, liver, luncheon meat, margarine, meat-free dinner, milk, pizza, poultry, salmon, sausage, shrimp, sliced ham, tilapia, and vegetable oil. Using Diet History Questionnaire II, we calculated the PCB dietary exposure in mothers and children participating in the AESOP Study in East Chicago, Indiana, and Columbus Junction, Iowa. Salmon had the highest concentration followed by canned tuna, but fish is a minor contributor to exposure. Other animal proteins are more important sources of PCB dietary exposure in this study population. Despite the inclusion of few congeners and food types in previous studies, we found evidence of a decline in PCB concentrations over the last 20 years. We also found strong associations of PCB congener distributions with Aroclors in most foods and found manufacturing byproduct PCBs, including PCB11, in tilapia and catfish. The reduction in PCB levels in food indicates that dietary exposure is comparable to PCB inhalation exposures reported for the same study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Tuo Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jason Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Rachel F Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Masterson EE, Younglove LB, Perez A, Torres E, Krenz JE, Tchong French MI, Riederer AM, Sampson PD, Metwali N, Min E, Jansen KL, Aisenberg G, Babadi RS, Farquhar SA, Thorne PS, Karr CJ. The home air in agriculture pediatric intervention (HAPI) trial: Rationale and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 96:106085. [PMID: 32721578 PMCID: PMC7494646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data addressing air quality effects on children with asthma in rural U.S. communities are rare. Our community engaged research partnership previously demonstrated associations between neighborhood NH3 and ambient PM2.5 and asthma in the agricultural lower Yakima Valley of Washington. As a next step, the partnership desired an intervention approach to address concerns about pediatric asthma in this largely Latino immigrant, farm worker community. OBJECTIVE The Home Air in Agriculture Pediatric Intervention (HAPI) sought to examine the effectiveness of enrichment of an existing asthma education program with portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaners designed to reduce PM2.5 and NH3. We investigated the effect of this enriched approach on these exposures and asthma health measures. DESIGN We randomized children with poorly controlled asthma to a control arm (current asthma education program) or an intervention arm (current asthma education program + placement of two indoor air cleaners in the family's home). Outcomes included (1) 14-day integrated samples of indoor air contaminants (PM2.5 and NH3) at baseline and one-year follow-up and (2) child asthma health metrics at baseline, midpoint (4-6 months) and one-year follow-up. These included the Asthma Control Test, symptoms days, clinical utilization, oral corticosteroid use, pulmonary function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and urinary leukotriene E4 concentration. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first randomized HEPA cleaner intervention designed to assess NH3 as well as PM2.5 and to evaluate health outcomes of children with asthma in an agricultural region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Masterson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
| | - Lisa B Younglove
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Adriana Perez
- Yakima Valley Farm Worker's Clinic, Toppenish, WA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Northwest Communities Education Center, Radio KDNA, Granger, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E Krenz
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Maria I Tchong French
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Paul D Sampson
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Esther Min
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Karen L Jansen
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Gino Aisenberg
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ryan S Babadi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A Farquhar
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Sauvé JF, Locke SJ, Josse PR, Stapleton EM, Metwali N, Altmaier RW, Andreotti G, Thorne PS, Hofmann JN, Beane Freeman LE, Friesen MC. Characterization of inhalable endotoxin, glucan, and dust exposures in Iowa farmers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 228:113525. [PMID: 32311660 PMCID: PMC8010939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The observed deficit of lung cancer in farmers has been partly attributed to exposure to organic dusts and endotoxins based largely on surrogate metrics. To move beyond these surrogates for etiological studies, we characterized task-based and time-weighted average (TWA) exposure to inhalable endotoxin, (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan, and dust in Iowa farmers. METHODS We collected 320 personal inhalable dust samples from 32 farmers during 69 sample days in 2015 and 2016. Samples were collected using Button aerosol samplers and analyzed for endotoxin using a kinetic chromogenic amebocyte lysate assay, and for (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan using a Limulus endpoint assay. We assessed relationships between bioaerosol concentrations and selected tasks and farm characteristics using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS Bedding work, hog handling, and working in barn/confinement buildings, grain bins, and grain elevators were associated with higher endotoxin exposure. We found a monotonic trend between higher endotoxin concentrations and increasing number of animals. Bedding work, cleaning, and feed/grain storage work were associated with higher (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan concentrations. The median concentrations by task spanned one order of magnitude for inhalable dust and two orders of magnitude for endotoxin and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan. Pearson correlations between endotoxin and glucan concentrations were 0.22 for TWA exposure and 0.56 for task samples. CONCLUSIONS This characterization of exposure factors that influence bioaerosol concentrations can support the development of refined bioaerosol exposure metrics for future etiologic analyses of cancer and other health outcomes in farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Sauvé
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah J Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pabitra R Josse
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emma M Stapleton
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ralph W Altmaier
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Lee MK, Wyss AB, Carnes MU, Richards M, Parks CG, Beane Freeman LE, Thorne PS, Umbach DM, Azcarate-Peril MA, Peddada SD, London SJ. House dust microbiota in relation to adult asthma and atopy in a US farming population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:910-920. [PMID: 32615170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial exposure from house dust has been associated with asthma and atopy in children but whether these relationships are present in adults remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine associations of house dust microbiota with adult asthma, atopy, and hay fever. METHODS Vacuumed bedroom dust samples from the homes of 879 participants (average age, 62 years) in the Agricultural Lung Health Study, a case-control study of asthma nested within a farming cohort, were subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize bacterial communities. We defined current asthma and hay fever using questionnaires and current atopy by blood specific IgE level > 0.70 IU/mL to 1 or more of 10 common allergens. We used linear regression to examine whether overall within-sample bacterial diversity differed by outcome, microbiome regression-based kernel association test to evaluate whether between-sample bacterial community compositions differed by outcome, and analysis of composition of microbiomes to identify differentially abundant bacterial taxa. RESULTS Overall diversity of bacterial communities in house dust was similar by asthma status but was lower (P < .05) with atopy or hay fever. Many individual bacterial taxa were differentially abundant (false-discovery rate, <0.05) by asthma, atopy, or hay fever. Several taxa from Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were more abundant with asthma, atopy, or hay fever. In contrast, several taxa from Firmicutes were more abundant in homes of individuals with adequately controlled asthma (vs inadequately controlled asthma), individuals without atopy, or individuals without hay fever. CONCLUSIONS Microbial composition of house dust may influence allergic outcomes in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyeong Lee
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Annah B Wyss
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Megan U Carnes
- Genomics in Public Health and Medicine Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, Md
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David M Umbach
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine and Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shyamal D Peddada
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Stephanie J London
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, NC.
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Sauvé JF, Stapleton EM, O'Shaughnessy PT, Locke SJ, Josse PR, Altmaier RW, Silverman DT, Liu D, Albert PS, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN, Thorne PS, Jones RR, Friesen MC. Diesel Exhaust Exposure during Farming Activities: Statistical Modeling of Continuous Black Carbon Concentrations. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:503-513. [PMID: 32219300 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Daily driving of diesel-powered tractors has been linked to increased lung cancer risk in farmers, yet few studies have quantified exposure levels to diesel exhaust during tractor driving or during other farm activities. We expanded an earlier task-based descriptive investigation of factors associated with real-time exposure levels to black carbon (BC, a surrogate of diesel exhaust) in Iowa farmers by increasing the sample size, collecting repeated measurements, and applying statistical models adapted to continuous measurements. METHODS The expanded study added 43 days of sampling, for a total of 63 sample days conducted in 2015 and 2016 on 31 Iowa farmers. Real-time, continuous monitoring (30-s intervals) of personal BC concentrations was performed using a MicroAeth AE51 microaethelometer affixed with a micro-cyclone. A field researcher recorded information on tasks, fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. We evaluated the influence of these variables on log-transformed BC concentrations using a linear mixed-effect model with random effects for farmer and day and a first-order autoregressive structure for within-day correlation. RESULTS Proximity to diesel-powered equipment was observed for 42.5% of the overall sampling time and on 61 of the 63 sample days. Predicted geometric mean BC concentrations were highest during grain bin work, loading, and harvesting, and lower for soil preparation and planting. A 68% increase in BC concentrations was predicted for close proximity to a diesel-powered vehicle, relative to far proximity, while BC concentrations were 44% higher in diesel vehicles with open cabins compared with closed cabins. Task, farmer location, fuel type, and proximity to burning biomass explained 8% of within-day variance in BC concentrations, 2% of between-day variance, and no between-farmer variance. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that farmers worked frequently near diesel equipment and that BC concentrations varied between tasks and by fuel type, farmer location, and proximity to burning biomass. These results could support the development of exposure models applicable to investigations of health effects in farmers associated with exposure to diesel engine exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Sauvé
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma M Stapleton
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick T O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sarah J Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pabitra R Josse
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph W Altmaier
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danping Liu
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Albert
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Areecheewakul S, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Givens BE, Steines BR, Wang Y, Meyerholz DK, Parizek NJ, Altmaier R, Haque E, O’Shaughnessy PT, Salem AK, Thorne PS. Toxicity assessment of metal oxide nanomaterials using in vitro screening and murine acute inhalation studies. NanoImpact 2020; 18:100214. [PMID: 32968700 PMCID: PMC7504913 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterizations and in vitro toxicity screening were performed on metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) independently comprising ZnO, CuO, CeO2, Fe2O3, WO3, V2O5, TiO2, Al2O3 and MgO. Nanomaterials that exhibited the highest toxicity responses in the in vitro screening assays (ZnO, CuO, and V2O5) and the lesser explored material WO3 were tested for acute pulmonary toxicity in vivo. Female and male mice (C57Bl/6J) were exposed to aerosolized metal oxide ENMs in a nose-only exposure system and toxicity outcomes (biomarkers of cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, inflammation, and lung histopathology) at 4 and 24 h after the start of exposure were assessed. The studies were performed as part of the NIEHS Nanomaterials Health Implications Research consortium with the purpose of investigating the effects of ENMs on various biological systems. ENMs were supplied by the Engineered Nanomaterials Resource and Coordination Core. Among the ENMs studied, the highest toxicity was observed for CuO and ZnO NPs in both in vitro and in vivo acute models. Compared to sham-exposed controls, there was a significant increase in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils and proinflammatory cytokines and a loss of macrophage viability at both 4 h and 24 h for ZnO and CuO but not seen for V2O5 or WO3. These effects were observed in both female and male mice. The cell viability performed after in vitro exposure to ENMs and assessment of lung inflammation after acute inhalation exposure in vivo were shown to be sensitive endpoints to predict ENM acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudartip Areecheewakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Brittany E. Givens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Steines
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Yifang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Nathanial J. Parizek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Ralph Altmaier
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Ezazul Haque
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Aliasger K. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Correspondence to: P.S. Thorne, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Dr., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. (A.K. Salem), (P.S. Thorne)
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Mendy A, Salo PM, Wilkerson J, Feinstein L, Ferguson KK, Fessler MB, Thorne PS, Zeldin DC. Association of urinary levels of bisphenols F and S used as bisphenol A substitutes with asthma and hay fever outcomes. Environ Res 2020; 183:108944. [PMID: 31911000 PMCID: PMC7167336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenols F (BPF) and S (BPS) are bisphenol A (BPA) analogs used as substitutes in consumer products. Despite previous reports of BPA's association with asthma, no studies have examined its structural analogs in relation to asthma and allergy outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of urinary BPF, BPS, and BPA with asthma and hay fever in a US representative sample. METHODS We analyzed data from 3,538 participants aged 12 years or older in the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Children aged 6-11 years (N = 738), who did not have all covariate data available, were analyzed separately. Covariate-adjusted logistic regression was used to assess the association of the exposures with the outcomes. RESULTS BPF, BPS, and BPA were detected in 57.1%, 88.4%, and 94.8% of the urine samples, respectively. Urinary BPF detection was positively associated with current asthma (odds ratio [OR]: 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.04) and hay fever (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.12-2.46). Urinary BPS was associated with increased odds of current asthma in men (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.40) and urinary BPA was associated with increased odds of asthma without hay fever in children aged 6-11 years (OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.05-6.68). CONCLUSION Our nationally-representative findings document that BPF and BPS exposure is common in the US and that exposure to these BPA analogs is associated with asthma and/or hay fever. Our results suggest that BPF and BPS may not be safe alternatives to BPA; however, prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Pӓivi M Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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45
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Wang Y, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Steines BR, Jing X, Salem AK, Thorne PS. Comparison of in vitro toxicity of aerosolized engineered nanomaterials using air-liquid interface mono-culture and co-culture models. NanoImpact 2020; 18:100215. [PMID: 32885098 PMCID: PMC7462419 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Airborne engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can readily enter the human body through inhalation potentially leading to adverse health effects such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Our group has previously utilized and validated an integrated low flow system capable of generating and depositing airborne ENMs directly onto cells at an air-liquid interface (ALI). To further improve this ALI method for an even closer representation of the in vivo system, a co-culture model containing epithelial, endothelial and macrophage cell lines (A549, EA.hy 926, and THP-1 differentiated macrophages) was established and validated for testing ENMs toxicity. In the co-culture model, cells were exposed to citrate-capped gold (Au), 15% silver on silica (Ag-SiO2) and copper oxide (CuO) ENMs under the same protocol (4 h ALI exposure with a target concentration of 3.5 mg/m3) and compared to responses with A549 cells only or THP-1 differentiated cells only. The toxicological profile was assessed by measuring cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and interleukin (IL)-8 concentration. Results showed that 15% Ag-SiO2 induced more oxidative stress-related toxicity in the co-culture than in A549 cells alone. Both 15% Ag-SiO2 and CuO exposure produced significantly higher levels of IL-8 in the co-culture compared with A549 cells alone. Citrate-capped Au was largely inert. Further exposures of CuO on macrophages alone provided evidence of cell-cell interaction in the co-culture model. In addition, the co-culture model exhibited a similar response to primary human bronchial epithelial cells in terms of ROS and IL-8 responses after CuO exposure, suggesting a more advanced refinement of the conventional model for in vitro inhalation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Wang
- Human Toxicology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin R. Steines
- Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Peter S. Thorne
- Human Toxicology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Mendy A, Wilkerson J, Salo PM, Zeldin DC, Thorne PS. Endotoxin clustering with allergens in house dust and asthma outcomes in a U.S. national study. Environ Health 2020; 19:35. [PMID: 32178682 PMCID: PMC7077112 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxin is ubiquitous in the environment, but its clustering with indoor allergens is not well characterized. This study examined the clustering patterns of endotoxin with allergens in house dust and their association with asthma outcomes. METHODS We analyzed data from 6963 participants of the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. House dust sampled from bedroom floor and bedding was evaluated for endotoxin and allergens from fungi, cockroach, dog, cat, mites, and rodents. Two-step cluster analysis and logistic regressions were performed to identify the clustering patterns and their associations with current asthma and wheeze in the past 12 months, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Of the homes, 17.8% had low endotoxin and allergen levels in house dust (Cluster 1). High endotoxin level clustered with Alternaria and pet allergens in the homes of participants with a high socioeconomic status who own pets (Cluster 2) (48.9%). High endotoxin clustered with Aspergillus, dust mites, cockroach, and rodent allergens in the homes of participants with low socioeconomic status (Cluster 3) (33.3%). Compared to Cluster 1, Cluster 2 was associated with higher asthma prevalence (OR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.06-1.91) and wheeze (OR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07-1.63). Cluster 3 was positively associated with wheeze only in participants sensitized to inhalant allergens (OR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.06-1.91) or exposed to tobacco smoke (OR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.15-2.60). CONCLUSIONS The clustering of endotoxin with allergens in dust from homes with pets or of people with low socioeconomic status is associated with asthma and wheeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Pӓivi M Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, 100 CPHB, S341A, 145 N Riverside Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242-2207, USA.
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Mendy A, Wilkerson J, Salo PM, Weir CH, Feinstein L, Zeldin DC, Thorne PS. Synergistic Association of House Endotoxin Exposure and Ambient Air Pollution with Asthma Outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:712-720. [PMID: 30965018 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201809-1733oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: House endotoxin and ambient air pollution are risk factors for asthma; however, the effects of their coexposure on asthma are not well characterized.Objectives: To examine potential synergistic associations of coexposure to house dust endotoxin and ambient air pollutants with asthma outcomes.Methods: We analyzed data of 6,488 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Dust from bedding and bedroom floor was analyzed for endotoxin content. The Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) and Downscaler Model data were used to determine annual average particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures at participants' residential locations. The associations of the coexposures with asthma outcomes were assessed and tested for synergistic interaction.Measurements and Main Results: In adjusted analysis, PM2.5 (CMAQ) (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.18), O3 (Downscaler Model) (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), and log10 NO2 (CMAQ) (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.33-7.45) were positively associated with emergency room visits for asthma in the past 12 months. Coexposure to elevated concentrations of house dust endotoxin and PM2.5 (CMAQ) was synergistically associated with the outcome, increasing the odds by fivefold (OR, 5.01; 95% CI, 2.54-9.87). A synergistic association was also found for coexposure to higher concentrations of endotoxin and NO2 in children (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.65-7.18).Conclusions: Coexposure to elevated concentrations of residential endotoxin and ambient PM2.5 in all participants and NO2 in children is synergistically associated with increased emergency room visits for asthma. Therefore, decreasing exposure to both endotoxin and air pollution may help reduce asthma morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Pӓivi M Salo
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Charles H Weir
- Office of Emergency Management, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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King BM, Janechek NJ, Bryngelson N, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lersch T, Bunker K, Casuccio G, Thorne PS, Stanier CO, Fiegel J. Lung cell exposure to secondary photochemical aerosols generated from OH oxidation of cyclic siloxanes. Chemosphere 2020; 241:125126. [PMID: 31683444 PMCID: PMC6941482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To study the fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) undergoing photooxidation in the environment and to assess the acute toxicity of inhaled secondary aerosols from cVMS, we used an oxidative flow reactor (OFR) to produce aerosols from oxidation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). The aerosols produced from this process were characterized for size, shape, and chemical composition. We found that the OFR produced aerosols composed of silicon and oxygen, arranged in chain agglomerates, with primary particles of approximately 31 nm in diameter. Lung cells were exposed to the secondary organosilicon aerosols at estimated doses of 54-116 ng/cm2 using a Vitrocell air-liquid interface system, and organic gases and ozone exposure was minimized through a series of denuders. Siloxane aerosols were not found to be highly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M King
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nathan J Janechek
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nathan Bryngelson
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Traci Lersch
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Gary Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Charles O Stanier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4133 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Parizek NJ, Steines BR, Haque E, Altmaier R, Adamcakova-Dodd A, O’Shaughnessy PT, Thorne PS. Acute in vivo pulmonary toxicity assessment of occupationally relevant particulate matter from a cellulose nanofiber board. NanoImpact 2020; 17:100210. [PMID: 32968699 PMCID: PMC7504912 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are an emerging engineered nanomaterial that are utilized in a variety of applications, including as a replacement for urea-formaldehyde, and other adhesives, as the binding agent in manufactured fiber and particle boards. To ensure the health and well-being of those producing, installing, or otherwise using cellulose nanofiber boards (CNFBs) it is imperative that the particulate matter (PM) produced during CNFB manipulation be evaluated for toxicity. We developed and internally verified a generation system to examine the PM produced by sanding CNFB using aluminum oxide sandpaper. With 80-grit sandpaper our system produced a low dispersity aerosol, as determined by a scanning mobility particle sizer and an optical particle counter, with a geometric mean of 28 nm (GSD = 1.60). ICP-MS evaluation showed little difference in metal concentrations between CNFB PM and nonsanded CNFB stock. We then used the system to simultaneously generate and expose both male and female C57BL/6J mice acutely for 4 hours at a concentration of 7.9 mg/m3. Sham-exposed controls were treated similarly but without sanding the CNFB. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid biomarkers showed no signs of inflammatory response at either 4- or 24-hours post exposure. Further, BAL cell viability, number of total cells, and pulmonary cellular recruitment were not significantly changed between the sham-exposed controls and CNFB-exposed mice. Histology further confirmed no pulmonary toxicity as a result of CNFB PM inhalation. We conclude that inhalation of a high concentration of the PM from manipulation of a CNFB did not produce acute toxic responses within 24 hours of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanial J. Parizek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Benjamin R. Steines
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Ezazul Haque
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Ralph Altmaier
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
| | | | - Peter S. Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246
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Mendy A, Metwali N, Perry SS, Chrischilles EA, Wang K, Thorne PS. Household endotoxin reduction in the Louisa Environmental Intervention Project for rural childhood asthma. Indoor Air 2020; 30:88-97. [PMID: 31605641 PMCID: PMC7889405 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin exacerbates asthma. We designed the Louisa Environmental Intervention Project (LEIP) and assessed its effectiveness in reducing household endotoxin and improving asthma symptoms in rural Iowa children. Asthmatic school children (N = 104 from 89 homes) of Louisa and Keokuk counties in Iowa (aged 5-14 years) were recruited and block-randomized to receive extensive (education + professional cleaning) or educational interventions. Environmental sampling collection and respiratory survey administration were done at baseline and during three follow-up visits. Mixed-model analyses were used to assess the effect of the intervention on endotoxin levels and asthma symptoms in the main analysis and of endotoxin reduction on asthma symptoms in exploratory analysis. In the extensive intervention group, dust endotoxin load was significantly reduced in post-intervention visits. The extensive compared with the educational intervention was associated with significantly decreased dust endotoxin load in farm homes and less frequent nighttime asthma symptoms. In exploratory analysis, dust endotoxin load reduction from baseline was associated with lower total asthma symptoms score (Odds ratio: 0.52, 95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.92). In conclusion, the LEIP intervention reduced household dust endotoxin and improved asthma symptoms. However, endotoxin reductions were not sustained post-intervention by residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelico Mendy
- Departments of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nervana Metwali
- Departments of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sarah S Perry
- Departments of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Departments of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Departments of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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