1
|
Sartori R, Hagg A, Zampieri S, Armani A, Winbanks CE, Viana LR, Haidar M, Watt KI, Qian H, Pezzini C, Zanganeh P, Turner BJ, Larsson A, Zanchettin G, Pierobon ES, Moletta L, Valmasoni M, Ponzoni A, Attar S, Da Dalt G, Sperti C, Kustermann M, Thomson RE, Larsson L, Loveland KL, Costelli P, Megighian A, Merigliano S, Penna F, Gregorevic P, Sandri M. Perturbed BMP signaling and denervation promote muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaay9592. [PMID: 34349036 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with advanced solid cancers exhibit features of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Because the underlying mechanisms of this multifactorial syndrome are incompletely defined, effective therapeutics have yet to be developed. Here, we show that diminished bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is observed early in the onset of skeletal muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia in mouse models and in patients with cancer. Cancer-mediated factors including Activin A and IL-6 trigger the expression of the BMP inhibitor Noggin in muscle, which blocks the actions of BMPs on muscle fibers and motor nerves, subsequently causing disruption of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), denervation, and muscle wasting. Increasing BMP signaling in the muscles of tumor-bearing mice by gene delivery or pharmacological means can prevent muscle wasting and preserve measures of NMJ function. The data identify perturbed BMP signaling and denervation of muscle fibers as important pathogenic mechanisms of muscle wasting associated with tumor growth. Collectively, these findings present interventions that promote BMP-mediated signaling as an attractive strategy to counteract the loss of functional musculature in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sartori
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Adam Hagg
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Laís R Viana
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-97, Brazil
| | - Mouna Haidar
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin I Watt
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hongwei Qian
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Camilla Pezzini
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pardis Zanganeh
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Larsson
- Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 171 76, Sweden
| | - Gianpietro Zanchettin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa S Pierobon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Moletta
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Valmasoni
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Ponzoni
- Department of Radiology, Padova General Hospital, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Shady Attar
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Da Dalt
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Monika Kustermann
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel E Thomson
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Centre for Reproductive Health. Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, and Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Merigliano
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marco Sandri
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Watt KI, Henstridge DC, Ziemann M, Sim CB, Montgomery MK, Samocha-Bonet D, Parker BL, Dodd GT, Bond ST, Salmi TM, Lee RS, Thomson RE, Hagg A, Davey JR, Qian H, Koopman R, El-Osta A, Greenfield JR, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA, Drew BG, Cox AG, Porrello ER, Harvey KF, Gregorevic P. Yap regulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and adiposity in metabolic disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2887. [PMID: 34001905 PMCID: PMC8129430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor underlying the development of metabolic disease and a growing public health concern globally. Strategies to promote skeletal muscle metabolism can be effective to limit the progression of metabolic disease. Here, we demonstrate that the levels of the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator YAP are decreased in muscle biopsies from obese, insulin-resistant humans and mice. Targeted disruption of Yap in adult skeletal muscle resulted in incomplete oxidation of fatty acids and lipotoxicity. Integrated 'omics analysis from isolated adult muscle nuclei revealed that Yap regulates a transcriptional profile associated with metabolic substrate utilisation. In line with these findings, increasing Yap abundance in the striated muscle of obese (db/db) mice enhanced energy expenditure and attenuated adiposity. Our results demonstrate a vital role for Yap as a mediator of skeletal muscle metabolism. Strategies to enhance Yap activity in skeletal muscle warrant consideration as part of comprehensive approaches to treat metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K I Watt
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D C Henstridge
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - M Ziemann
- Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - C B Sim
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M K Montgomery
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D Samocha-Bonet
- Division of Healthy Aging, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B L Parker
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - G T Dodd
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S T Bond
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - T M Salmi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R S Lee
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Phenotyping Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R E Thomson
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Hagg
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J R Davey
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H Qian
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Koopman
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A El-Osta
- Dept of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - J R Greenfield
- Division of Healthy Aging, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dept of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - M J Watt
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M A Febbraio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B G Drew
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A G Cox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E R Porrello
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Dept of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hagg A, Kharoud S, Goodchild G, Goodman CA, Chen JL, Thomson RE, Qian H, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA, Walton KL. TMEPAI/PMEPA1 Is a Positive Regulator of Skeletal Muscle Mass. Front Physiol 2020; 11:560225. [PMID: 33250771 PMCID: PMC7672205 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.560225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of myostatin- and activin-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling using ligand traps, such as soluble receptors, ligand-targeting propeptides and antibodies, or follistatin can increase skeletal muscle mass in healthy mice and ameliorate wasting in models of cancer cachexia and muscular dystrophy. However, clinical translation of these extracellular approaches targeting myostatin and activin has been hindered by the challenges of achieving efficacy without potential effects in other tissues. Toward the goal of developing tissue-specific myostatin/activin interventions, we explored the ability of transmembrane prostate androgen-induced (TMEPAI), an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)-mediated SMAD2/3 signaling, to promote growth, and counter atrophy, in skeletal muscle. In this study, we show that TMEPAI can block activin A, activin B, myostatin and GDF-11 activity in vitro. To determine the physiological significance of TMEPAI, we employed Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) delivery of a TMEPAI expression cassette to the muscles of healthy mice, which increased mass by as much as 30%, due to hypertrophy of muscle fibers. To demonstrate that TMEPAI mediates its effects via inhibition of the SMAD2/3 pathway, tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of mice were co-injected with AAV vectors expressing activin A and TMEPAI. In this setting, TMEPAI blocked skeletal muscle wasting driven by activin-induced phosphorylation of SMAD3. In a model of cancer cachexia associated with elevated circulating activin A, delivery of AAV:TMEPAI into TA muscles of mice bearing C26 colon tumors ameliorated the muscle atrophy normally associated with cancer progression. Collectively, the findings indicate that muscle-directed TMEPAI gene delivery can inactivate the activin/myostatin-SMAD3 pathway to positively regulate muscle mass in healthy settings and models of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hagg
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Swati Kharoud
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgia Goodchild
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Sunshine Hospital, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin L Chen
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel E Thomson
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hongwei Qian
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davey JR, Estevez E, Thomson RE, Whitham M, Watt KI, Hagg A, Qian H, Henstridge DC, Ludlow H, Hedger MP, McGee SL, Coughlan MT, Febbraio MA, Gregorevic P. Intravascular Follistatin gene delivery improves glycemic control in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 2020; 34:5697-5714. [PMID: 32141144 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802059rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) manifests from inadequate glucose control due to insulin resistance, hypoinsulinemia, and deteriorating pancreatic β-cell function. The pro-inflammatory factor Activin has been implicated as a positive correlate of severity in T2D patients, and as a negative regulator of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, and of pancreatic β-cell phenotype in mice. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether intervention with the Activin antagonist Follistatin can ameliorate the diabetic pathology. Here, we report that an intravenous Follistatin gene delivery intervention with tropism for striated muscle reduced the serum concentrations of Activin B and improved glycemic control in the db/db mouse model of T2D. Treatment reversed the hyperglycemic progression with a corresponding reduction in the percentage of glycated-hemoglobin to levels similar to lean, healthy mice. Follistatin gene delivery promoted insulinemia and abundance of insulin-positive pancreatic β-cells, even when treatment was administered to mice with advanced diabetes, supporting a mechanism for improved glycemic control associated with maintenance of functional β-cells. Our data demonstrate that single-dose intravascular Follistatin gene delivery can ameliorate the diabetic progression and improve prognostic markers of disease. These findings are consistent with other observations of Activin-mediated mechanisms exerting deleterious effects in models of obesity and diabetes, and suggest that interventions that attenuate Activin signaling could help further understanding of T2D and the development of novel T2D therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Davey
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Estevez
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel E Thomson
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Whitham
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Kevin I Watt
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Hagg
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hongwei Qian
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Darren C Henstridge
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Helen Ludlow
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark P Hedger
- The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Winbanks CE, Murphy KT, Bernardo BC, Qian H, Liu Y, Sepulveda PV, Beyer C, Hagg A, Thomson RE, Chen JL, Walton KL, Loveland KL, McMullen JR, Rodgers BD, Harrison CA, Lynch GS, Gregorevic P. Smad7 gene delivery prevents muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia in mice. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:348ra98. [PMID: 27440729 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with advanced cancer often succumb to complications arising from striated muscle wasting associated with cachexia. Excessive activation of the type IIB activin receptor (ActRIIB) is considered an important mechanism underlying this wasting, where circulating procachectic factors bind ActRIIB and ultimately lead to the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3. Therapeutics that antagonize the binding of ActRIIB ligands are in clinical development, but concerns exist about achieving efficacy without off-target effects. To protect striated muscle from harmful ActRIIB signaling, and to reduce the risk of off-target effects, we developed an intervention using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV vectors) that increase expression of Smad7 in skeletal and cardiac muscles. SMAD7 acts as an intracellular negative regulator that prevents SMAD2/3 activation and promotes degradation of ActRIIB complexes. In mouse models of cachexia, rAAV:Smad7 prevented wasting of skeletal muscles and the heart independent of tumor burden and serum levels of procachectic ligands. Mechanistically, rAAV:Smad7 administration abolished SMAD2/3 signaling downstream of ActRIIB and inhibited expression of the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx. These findings identify muscle-directed Smad7 gene delivery as a potential approach for preventing muscle wasting under conditions where excessive ActRIIB signaling occurs, such as cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate T Murphy
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bianca C Bernardo
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Hongwei Qian
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Yingying Liu
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Beyer
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Adam Hagg
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rachel E Thomson
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Justin L Chen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Buel D Rodgers
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. Department of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen JL, Walton KL, Winbanks CE, Murphy KT, Thomson RE, Makanji Y, Qian H, Lynch GS, Harrison CA, Gregorevic P. Elevated expression of activins promotes muscle wasting and cachexia. FASEB J 2013; 28:1711-23. [PMID: 24378873 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-245894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In models of cancer cachexia, inhibiting type IIB activin receptors (ActRIIBs) reverse muscle wasting and prolongs survival, even with continued tumor growth. ActRIIB mediates signaling of numerous TGF-β proteins; of these, we demonstrate that activins are the most potent negative regulators of muscle mass. To determine whether activin signaling in the absence of tumor-derived factors induces cachexia, we used recombinant serotype 6 adeno-associated virus (rAAV6) vectors to increase circulating activin A levels in C57BL/6 mice. While mice injected with control vector gained ~10% of their starting body mass (3.8±0.4 g) over 10 wk, mice injected with increasing doses of rAAV6:activin A exhibited weight loss in a dose-dependent manner, to a maximum of -12.4% (-4.2±1.1 g). These reductions in body mass in rAAV6:activin-injected mice correlated inversely with elevated serum activin A levels (7- to 24-fold). Mechanistically, we show that activin A reduces muscle mass and function by stimulating the ActRIIB pathway, leading to deleterious consequences, including increased transcription of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, decreased Akt/mTOR-mediated protein synthesis, and a profibrotic response. Critically, we demonstrate that the muscle wasting and fibrosis that ensues in response to excessive activin levels is fully reversible. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting activins in cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Chen
- 2Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, P.O. Box 6492, St. Kilda Rd. Central, Melbourne 8008, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Winbanks CE, Chen JL, Qian H, Liu Y, Bernardo BC, Beyer C, Watt KI, Thomson RE, Connor T, Turner BJ, McMullen JR, Larsson L, Harrison CA, Gregorevic P. The bone morphogenetic protein axis is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle mass. J Exp Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1084/jem.21012oia54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
8
|
Winbanks CE, Chen JL, Qian H, Liu Y, Bernardo BC, Beyer C, Watt KI, Thomson RE, Connor T, Turner BJ, McMullen JR, Larsson L, McGee SL, Harrison CA, Gregorevic P. The bone morphogenetic protein axis is a positive regulator of skeletal muscle mass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:345-57. [PMID: 24145169 PMCID: PMC3812980 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201211134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The BMP signaling pathway promotes muscle growth and inhibits muscle wasting via SMAD1/5-dependent signaling. Although the canonical transforming growth factor β signaling pathway represses skeletal muscle growth and promotes muscle wasting, a role in muscle for the parallel bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway has not been defined. We report, for the first time, that the BMP pathway is a positive regulator of muscle mass. Increasing the expression of BMP7 or the activity of BMP receptors in muscles induced hypertrophy that was dependent on Smad1/5-mediated activation of mTOR signaling. In agreement, we observed that BMP signaling is augmented in models of muscle growth. Importantly, stimulation of BMP signaling is essential for conservation of muscle mass after disruption of the neuromuscular junction. Inhibiting the phosphorylation of Smad1/5 exacerbated denervation-induced muscle atrophy via an HDAC4-myogenin–dependent process, whereas increased BMP–Smad1/5 activity protected muscles from denervation-induced wasting. Our studies highlight a novel role for the BMP signaling pathway in promoting muscle growth and inhibiting muscle wasting, which may have significant implications for the development of therapeutics for neuromuscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Winbanks
- Division of Cell Signaling and Metabolism, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Winbanks CE, Weeks KL, Thomson RE, Sepulveda PV, Beyer C, Qian H, Chen JL, Allen JM, Lancaster GI, Febbraio MA, Harrison CA, McMullen JR, Chamberlain JS, Gregorevic P. Follistatin-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is regulated by Smad3 and mTOR independently of myostatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:997-1008. [PMID: 22711699 PMCID: PMC3384410 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin is essential for skeletal muscle development and growth, but the intracellular signaling networks that regulate follistatin-mediated effects are not well defined. We show here that the administration of an adeno-associated viral vector expressing follistatin-288aa (rAAV6:Fst-288) markedly increased muscle mass and force-producing capacity concomitant with increased protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. These effects were attenuated by inhibition of mTOR or deletion of S6K1/2. Furthermore, we identify Smad3 as the critical intracellular link that mediates the effects of follistatin on mTOR signaling. Expression of constitutively active Smad3 not only markedly prevented skeletal muscle growth induced by follistatin but also potently suppressed follistatin-induced Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling. Importantly, the regulation of Smad3- and mTOR-dependent events by follistatin occurred independently of overexpression or knockout of myostatin, a key repressor of muscle development that can regulate Smad3 and mTOR signaling and that is itself inhibited by follistatin. These findings identify a critical role of Smad3/Akt/mTOR/S6K/S6RP signaling in follistatin-mediated muscle growth that operates independently of myostatin-driven mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Winbanks
- Division of Metabolism and Obesity, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pellicano F, Thomson RE, Inman GJ, Iwata T. Regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells by ccp1, a FGF2 downstream gene. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:657. [PMID: 21118521 PMCID: PMC3001724 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coiled-coil domain containing 115 (Ccdc115) or coiled coil protein-1 (ccp1) was previously identified as a downstream gene of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) highly expressed in embryonic and adult brain. However, its function has not been characterised to date. Here we hypothesized that ccp1 may be a downstream effecter of FGF2, promoting cell proliferation and protecting from apoptosis. METHODS Forced ccp1 expression in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) and neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line, as well as down-regulation of ccp1 expression by siRNA in NIH3T3, was used to characterize the role of ccp1. RESULTS Ccp1 over-expression increased cell proliferation, whereas down-regulation of ccp1 expression reduced it. Ccp1 was able to increase cell proliferation in the absence of serum. Furthermore, ccp1 reduced apoptosis upon withdrawal of serum in SK-N-SH. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or ERK Kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, only partially inhibited the ccp1-dependent BrdU incorporation, indicating that other signaling pathway may be involved in ccp1-induced cell proliferation. Induction of Sprouty (SPRY) upon FGF2 treatment was accelerated in ccp1 over-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS All together, the results showed that ccp1 regulates cell number by promoting proliferation and suppressing cell death. FGF2 was shown to enhance the effects of ccp1, however, it is likely that other mitogenic factors present in the serum can also enhance the effects. Whether these effects are mediated by FGF2 influencing the ccp1 function or by increasing the ccp1 expression level is still unclear. At least some of the proliferative regulation by ccp1 is mediated by MAPK, however other signaling pathways are likely to be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pellicano
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thomson RE, Kind PC, Graham NA, Etherson ML, Kennedy J, Fernandes AC, Marques CS, Hevner RF, Iwata T. Fgf receptor 3 activation promotes selective growth and expansion of occipitotemporal cortex. Neural Dev 2009; 4:4. [PMID: 19192266 PMCID: PMC2661882 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) are important regulators of cerebral cortex development. Fgf2, Fgf8 and Fgf17 promote growth and specification of rostromedial (frontoparietal) cortical areas. Recently, the function of Fgf15 in antagonizing Fgf8 in the rostral signaling center was also reported. However, regulation of caudal area formation by Fgf signaling remains unknown. RESULTS In mutant mice with constitutive activation of Fgf receptor 3 (Fgfr3) in the forebrain, surface area of the caudolateral cortex was markedly expanded at early postnatal stage, while rostromedial surface area remained normal. Cortical thickness was also increased in caudal regions. The expression domain and levels of Fgf8, as well as overall patterning, were unchanged. In contrast, the changes in caudolateral surface area were associated with accelerated cell cycle in early stages of neurogenesis without an alteration of cell cycle exit. Moreover, a marked overproduction of intermediate neuronal progenitors was observed in later stages, indicating prolongation of neurogenesis. CONCLUSION Activation of Fgfr3 selectively promotes growth of caudolateral (occipitotemporal) cortex. These observations support the 'radial unit' and 'radial amplification' hypotheses and may explain premature sulcation of the occipitotemporal cortex in thanatophoric dysplasia, a human FGFR3 disorder. Together with previous work, this study suggests that formation of rostral and caudal areas are differentially regulated by Fgf signaling in the cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Thomson
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, University of Glasgow, Beatson Laboratories for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Burd BJ, Barnes PAG, Wright CA, Thomson RE. A review of subtidal benthic habitats and invertebrate biota of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Mar Environ Res 2008; 66 Suppl:S3-S38. [PMID: 19036427 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The initial phase of a collaborative ambient monitoring program (AMP) for the Strait of Georgia (SoG) (Marine Environmental Research, in press.) has focused on the benthos, sedimentary regimes, organic and contaminant cycling in subtidal regions of the strait. As part of that project, we review the primarily subtidal benthic invertebrate faunal communities found in the SoG, with particular reference to habitats and sediment conditions. This topic has not been addressed in the primary literature for over 20 years. Benthic biota are the baseline sentinels of the influence of natural and anthropogenic inputs to sediments. They are also a fundamental component of the food chain at the seafloor, and their community ecology must be clearly understood in order to predict how anthropogenic activities and climate change will affect our coastal oceans. The purpose of this review is to provide context on habitats and biota in the SoG, and to highlight topics and geographic areas where our knowledge of the benthos is limited or lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Burd
- Ecostat Research Ltd., 1040 Clayton Rd., North Saanich, BC, Canada V8L 5P6.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomson RE, Pellicano F, Iwata T. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 kinase domain mutation increases cortical progenitor proliferation via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Neurochem 2006; 100:1565-78. [PMID: 17181553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that mice carrying the K644E kinase domain mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (Fgfr3) (EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E)) have enlarged brains with increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of the cortical progenitors. Despite its unique rostral-low caudal-high gradient expression in the cortex, how Fgfr3 temporally and spatially influences progenitor proliferation is unknown. In vivo BrdU labelling now showed that progenitor proliferation was 10-46% higher in the EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E) cortex compared with wild type during embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5)-E13.5. The difference in proliferation between the EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E) and wild-type cortices was the greatest in the caudal cortex at E12.5 and E13.5. Inhibition of mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK) in vitro at E11.5 reduced the proliferation rate of the EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E) cortical progenitors to similar levels observed in the wild type, indicating that the majority of the increase in cell proliferation caused by the Fgfr3 mutation is mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-dependent at this stage. In addition, elevated levels of Sprouty were observed in the EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E) telencephalon at E14.5, indicating the presence of negative feedback that may have suppressed further MAPK activation. We suggest that temporal activation of MAPK is largely responsible for cell proliferation caused by the Fgfr3 mutation during early stages of cortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Thomson
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Beatson Laboratories for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inglis-Broadgate SL, Thomson RE, Pellicano F, Tartaglia MA, Pontikis CC, Cooper JD, Iwata T. FGFR3 regulates brain size by controlling progenitor cell proliferation and apoptosis during embryonic development. Dev Biol 2005; 279:73-85. [PMID: 15708559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice with the K644E kinase domain mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (Fgfr3) (EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E)) exhibited a marked enlargement of the brain. The brain size was increased as early as E11.5, not secondary to the possible effect of Fgfr3 activity in the skeleton. Furthermore, the mutant brains showed a dramatic increase in cortical thickness, a phenotype opposite to that in FGF2 knockout mice. Despite this increased thickness, cortical layer formation was largely unaffected and no cortical folding was observed during embryonic days 11.5-18.5 (E11.5-E18.5). Measurement of cortical thickness revealed an increase of 38.1% in the EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E) mice at E14.5 and the advanced appearance of the cortical plate was frequently observed at this stage. Unbiased stereological analysis revealed that the volume of the ventricular zone (VZ) was increased by more than two fold in the EIIa;Fgfr3(+/K644E) mutants at E14.5. A relatively mild increase in progenitor cell proliferation and a profound decrease in developmental apoptosis during E11.5-E14.5 most likely accounts for the dramatic increase in total telecephalic cell number. Taken together, our data suggest a novel function of Fgfr3 in controlling the development of the cortex, by regulating proliferation and apoptosis of cortical progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Inglis-Broadgate
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Beatson Laboratories for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thomson RE, Bigley AL, Foster JR, Jowsey IR, Elcombe CR, Orton TC, Hayes JD. Tissue-specific expression and subcellular distribution of murine glutathione S-transferase class kappa. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:653-62. [PMID: 15100242 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Class kappa glutathione S-transferases are a poorly characterized family of detoxication enzymes whose localization has not been defined. In this study we investigated the tissue, cellular, and subcellular distribution of mouse glutathione S-transferase class kappa 1 (mGSTK1) protein using a variety of immunolocalization techniques. Western blotting analysis of mouse tissue homogenates demonstrated that mGSTK1 is expressed at relatively high levels in liver and stomach. Moderate expression was observed in kidney, heart, large intestine, testis, and lung, whereas sparse or essentially no mGSTK1 protein was detected in small intestine, brain, spleen, and skeletal muscle. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for mGSTK1 revealed granular staining of hepatocytes throughout the liver, consistent with organelle staining. IHC analysis of murine kidney localized GSTK1 to the straight portion of the proximal convoluted tubule (pars recta). Staining was consistent with regions rich in mitochondria. Electron microscopy, using indirect immunocolloidal gold staining, clearly showed that mGSTK1 was localized in mitochondria in both mouse liver and kidney. These results are consistent with a role for mGST K1-1 in detoxification, and the confirmation of the intramitochondrial localization of this enzyme implies a unique role for GST class kappa as an antioxidant enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Thomson
- Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jowsey IR, Thomson RE, Orton TC, Elcombe CR, Hayes JD. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a murine class Kappa glutathione S-transferase. Biochem J 2003; 373:559-69. [PMID: 12720545 PMCID: PMC1223515 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Revised: 04/22/2003] [Accepted: 04/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The class Kappa family of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) currently comprises a single rat subunit (rGSTK1), originally isolated from the matrix of liver mitochondria [Harris, Meyer, Coles and Ketterer (1991) Biochem. J. 278, 137-141; Pemble, Wardle and Taylor (1996) Biochem. J. 319, 749-754]. In the present study, an expressed sequence tag (EST) clone has been identified which encodes a mouse class Kappa GST (designated mGSTK1). The EST clone contains an open reading frame of 678 bp, encoding a protein composed of 226 amino acid residues with 86% sequence identity with the rGSTK1 polypeptide. The mGSTK1 and rGSTK1 proteins have been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Both mouse and rat transferases were found to exhibit GSH-conjugating and GSH-peroxidase activities towards model substrates. Analysis of expression levels in a range of mouse and rat tissues revealed that the mRNA encoding these enzymes is expressed predominantly in heart, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle. Although other soluble GST isoenzymes are believed to reside primarily within the cytosol, subcellular fractionation of mouse liver demonstrates that this novel murine class Kappa GST is associated with mitochondrial fractions. Through the use of bioinformatics, the genes encoding the mouse and rat class Kappa GSTs have been identified. Both genes comprise eight exons, the protein coding region of which spans approx. 4.3 kb and 4.1 kb of DNA for mGSTK1 and rGSTK1 respectively. This conservation in primary structure, catalytic properties, tissue-specific expression, subcellular localization and gene structure between mouse and rat class Kappa GSTs indicates that they perform similar physiological functions. Furthermore, the association of these enzymes with mitochondrial fractions is consistent with them performing a specific conserved biological role within this organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Jowsey
- Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thomson RE, Burk B, Zettl A, Clarke J. Scanning tunneling microscopy of the charge-density-wave structure in 1T-TaS2. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 49:16899-16916. [PMID: 10010866 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.16899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
Incommensurate charge density waves (CDWs) in some materials form domains within which the CDWs may be commensurate. However, two questions have remained controversial: What is the geometrical structure of these domains, and are they or are they not identical on the surface and in the bulk? To address these issues in the triclinic (T) phase of tantalum disuffide (1T-TaS(2)) the CDW domain structure has been accurately determined for both the crystal surface and the crystal bulk. By analyzing the bulk CDW wave vectors and associated satellites by x-ray diffraction, it is found that the bulk contains three dimensionally ordered striped domains that have previously been misidentified. Scanning tunneling microscope images show that the striped domain configuration propagates unaltered to the crystal surface, and their Fourier transforms yield the same satellite positions as the x-rays. These observations demonstrate that the surface and bulk CDW domain structures in 1T-TaS(2) are identical.
Collapse
|
19
|
Walter U, Thomson RE, Burk B, Crommie MF, Zettl A, Clarke J. Scanning tunneling microscopy of the blue bronzes (Rb,K)0.3MoO3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1992; 45:11474-11480. [PMID: 10001160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.11474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
20
|
Burk B, Thomson RE, Zettl A, Clarke J. Charge-density-wave domains in 1T-TaS2 observed by satellite structure in scanning-tunneling-microscopy images. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 66:3040-3043. [PMID: 10043683 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
21
|
Abstract
We combined planar membrane monolayer techniques with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to measure the thickness of metal-coated purple membrane (PM) isolated from Halobacterium halobium. Although the metal coating precluded obtaining high-resolution lateral information, it facilitated obtaining high-resolution vertical information. For example, the apparent mean thickness of planar PM and variations in thickness of enzyme-treated PM could be detected and quantified at sub-nanometer resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fisher KA, Whitfield SL, Thomson RE, Yanagimoto KC, Gustafsson MG, Clarke J. Measuring changes in membrane thickness by scanning tunneling microscopy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1023:325-34. [PMID: 2334726 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(90)90123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of using the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as a morphometric tool to measure the thickness of biomembranes. Planar monolayers of oriented purple membrane (PM) were prepared, nitrogen-dried or freeze-etched, and coated with metal. PM thickness was quantified by STM and transmission electron microscopy. STM calibration and the effect of contamination-mediated surface deformation on measurements of PM thickness were evaluated. The thickness of PM attached to mica and glass and the effect of papain on PM thickness were also examined. The apparent thickness of enzymatically modified PM increased after papain treatment. The mean thickness of both nitrogen-dried PM on mica and freeze-etched PM on glass was 4.6 nm. After papain treatment PM thickness on mica increased to 4.8 nm and on glass to 5.4 nm. These results demonstrate that STM analysis of metal-coated planar membrane monolayers can be used to measure changes in average membrane thickness at sub-nanometer resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thomson RE, Walter U, Ganz E, Clarke J, Zettl A, Rauch P, DiSalvo FJ. Local charge-density-wave structure in 1T-TaS2 determined by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 38:10734-10743. [PMID: 9945929 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
24
|
Tománek D, Louie SG, Mamin HJ, Abraham DW, Thomson RE, Ganz E, Clarke J. Theory and observation of highly asymmetric atomic structure in scanning-tunneling-microscopy images of graphite. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1987; 35:7790-7793. [PMID: 9941107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.35.7790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
|
25
|
Mamin HJ, Ganz E, Abraham DW, Thomson RE, Clarke J. Contamination-mediated deformation of graphite by the scanning tunneling microscope. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1986; 34:9015-9018. [PMID: 9939645 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.34.9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|