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Khalid A, Abbasi NA, Jamil N, Syed JH, Ahmad SR, Qadir A. Level of polychlorinated biphenyls in tumor and blood serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects from Punjab, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171908. [PMID: 38527533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined the level of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in tumor and blood serum of female breast cancer patients and control individuals recruited from Punjab, Pakistan. Breast tumor and blood serum from 40 patients and only blood serum from ten control subjects were obtained and concentration of 32 PCB congeners was analyzed through Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrophotometry. Sociodemographic variables of the patients along with essential clinical and haematological parameters were taken as covariates. Tumor reflects the highest median (min-max) concentration (ng g-1 lw) of ƩPCBs at 115.94 (0.05-17.75) followed by 16.53 (0.09-2.94) and 5.24 (0.01-0.59) in blood serum of cancer patients and control group respectively. Median concentrations (ng g-1 lw) of non-dioxine like ƩPCBs were considerably higher at 83.04, 32.89 and 4.27 compared to 13.03 and 3.50 and 0.97 for dioxin like ƩPCBs in tumor, serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects respectively. PCB-87 was most dominant congeners in tumor followed by PCB-170 and -82 whereas PCB-28 and -52 reflected greatest contribution in serum of breast cancer patients. Blood haemoglobin, potassium and chloride ions showed significant positive whereas body mass index reflect inverse relationship when regressed with ƩPCBs in tumor. This pioneer study depicts elevated concentrations of PCBs in patients compared to control, reflecting potential positive association of PCBs with breast cancer which need further confirmation. We concluded that chronic exposure to PCBs might be associated with an increasing number of breast cancer incidences in developing countries like Pakistan, which should be further elucidated through detail in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N A Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - N Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J H Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S R Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR, Baqar M, Qadir A. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of short and medium chain chlorinated paraffins in water and sediments of river Ravi, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2024; 926:171964. [PMID: 38537810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chain chlorinated paraffins being the emerging organic pollutants have raised serious concerns due to their widespread use and related human health risks. However, their occurrence in aquatic bodies like rivers and associated damage to ecological integrity is yet unknown in some regions of the world. The current study is the first ever assessment of SCCPs and MCCPs in sediment and water of river Ravi, Pakistan. Spatial occurrence and associated ecological risks were investigated from sediments (n = 16) and composite water samples (n = 8) collected at eight locations along the stretch of river Ravi. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs varied from below limit of detection (
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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Tariq A, Ahmad SR, Qadir A. Nesting material adaptation of native bird species with anthropogenic litter along an urbanization gradient in Pakistan. Environ Res 2024; 249:118435. [PMID: 38350545 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and associated waste generation have become a mounting ecological concern for wildlife, especially avian communities. Research has primarily focused on investigating the impacts of human activities on marine birds with comparatively less focus on terrestrial species that live in far more anthropized environments and are at significant risk. Our study has explored the abundance and characteristics of anthropogenic litter in 70 nests of four generalist bird species: Bank Myna (Acridotheres ginginianus), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), Black Kite (Milvus migrans) and House Crow (Corvus splendens), within the city of Lahore (Pakistan) and its surroundings, by determining and following an urbanization gradient. The overall frequency of litter occurrence (FLO%) for all the sampled nests was 89%. Over 80% of the recorded litter items consisted of plastic materials, primarily dominated by sheet-like plastics. There was a strong association between fabric and Black Kite nests, and metal and House Crow nests. Litter incorporation increased across the gradient from rural to urban habitats. The highest FLO% was found in nests sampled from waste dumping sites and urban sites (95%-100%), where anthropogenic influence was more intense. The high level of litter incorporation is potentially indicative of a species' adaptive response to urbanization, associated with the decline in natural nesting material and availability of anthropogenic litter. These findings highlight the need for strengthening the existing global database for terrestrial litter and its effect on wildlife and devising policy actions for better waste management and conservation of natural ecosystem balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Tariq
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Naeem D, Aziz R, Awais M, Ahmad SR. Assessment of historical and projected changes in extreme temperatures of Balochistan, Pakistan using extreme value theory. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:375. [PMID: 38492152 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The fundamental consequences of global warming include an upsurge in the intensity and frequency of temperature extremes. This study provides an insight into historical trends and projected changes in extreme temperatures on annual and seasonal scales across "Balochistan, Pakistan". Historical trends are analyzed through the Mann Kendal test, and extreme temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) are evaluated using generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution for historical period (1991-2020) from the observational data and the two projected periods as near-future (2041-2070) and far-future (2071-2100) using a six-member bias-corrected ensemble of regional climate models (RCMs) projections from the coordinate regional downscaling experiment (CORDEX) based on the worst emission scenario (RCP8.5). The evaluation of historical temperature trends suggests that Tmax generally increase on yearly scale and give mixed signals on seasonal scale (winter, spring, summer, and autumn); however, Tmin trends gave mixed signals at both yearly and seasonal scale. Compared to the historical period, the return levels are generally expected to be higher for Tmax and Tmin during the both projection periods in the order as far-future > near-future > historical on yearly and seasonal basis; however, the changes in Tmin are more evident. Station-averaged anomalies of + 1.9 °C and + 3.6 °C were estimated in 100-year return levels for yearly Tmax for near-future and far-future, respectively, while the anomalies in Tmin were found to be + 3.5 °C and + 4.8 °C which suggest the intensified heatwaves but milder colder extreme in future. The findings provide guidance on improved quantification of changing frequencies and severity in temperature extremes and the associated impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darakshan Naeem
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Aziz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Awais
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Siddique S, Chaudhry MN, Ahmad SR, Nazir R, Javed R, Hafeez MR, Alraey Y, Sivasamugham LA, Mahmood A. Risk surveillance with spatial distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) from sedimentary samples of Chenab River. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169256. [PMID: 38101629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A pioneering study employed a holistic geostatistical approach to predict the spatial variability of a non sampled area in the Chenab River, Pakistan, using kriging interpolation for organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-polluted risk zones. The Present research intended to investigate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks, contamination levels, and spatial variation of OCPs in the Chenab River, Pakistan. The residual OCP content in sediment samples (n = 120) ranged from 0.056 to 32.14 ng/g. DDE and α-HCH were prevalent among all the samples analyzed, with mean concentrations of 15.84 ± 8.02 and 12.45 ± 6.72 ng/g, respectively. The order of magnitude of OCPs in sediment samples was DDTs > α-HCH > chlorothalonil > heptachlor > endosulfan > aldrin > dieldrin. The findings of the single (SPI) and Nemerow (Nel) pollution index of α-HCH, heptachlor, and aldrin depicted the Chenab River as a serious pollution risk zone. The outcomes of the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis represent the positive correlation among all OCPs, revealing the common origin. Distribution trends showed substantially higher (p < 0.05) contents of analyzed OCPs along the downstream zone. With regards to USEPA human health hazard assessment model, the estimated non-carcinogenic (ΣHI) and non-carcinogenic (ΣTCR) risk ranged from 1.1 × 10-5 to 1.0 × 10-1, 4.0 × 10-8 to 3.2 × 10-4 respectively. TCR >10-4 illustrated a substantial cancer health risk posed by α-HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, and dieldrin in the downstream zone. We recommend the urgent cessation of the ongoing discharge of OCPs into the Chenab River, which needs to be highlighted owing to the significant cancer risk to public health to ensure the good health and wellbeings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Siddique
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Nawaz Chaudhry
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Nazir
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Javed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University Sialkot, Pakistan
| | | | - Yasser Alraey
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Central Research Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lalita Ambigai Sivasamugham
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University Sialkot, Pakistan.
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Tahir A, Abbasi NA, He C, Ahmad SR. Exposure and human health risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in indoor and outdoor dust from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. Chemosphere 2024; 347:140687. [PMID: 37952823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are widely used in commercial products due to their stability and durability and are subsequently released in the environment posing serious health risks in human population. In this study, dust samples from indoor and outdoor settings of residential, commercial and industrial zones as well as from vehicles were collected from a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 83 dust samples were analyzed for short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chained CPs through quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI QToF-MS) mode. The median concentrations of ƩCPs (C10-17) in outdoor dust were higher than indoor dust in industries (0.97 vs 0.48 μg/g), and residential areas (0.70 vs 0.13 μg/g) while lower in commercial areas (0.28 vs 0.44 μg/g) reflecting their higher prevalence in industrial and residential zones. The vehicular dust had median ƩCPs of 0.16 μg/g which was similar to residential indoor dust. Overall, ƩSCCPs were dominant among all zones with C10,12 and Cl7-8 as abundant carbon and chlorine congeners in both indoor and outdoor dusts. No significant correlations were observed between indoor and outdoor dust for ƩSCCPs and ƩMCCPs indicating their varying exposure. Health hazard index and margin of exposure revealed that toddlers were at higher risk compared to adults as a results of CPs exposure from both indoor and outdoor environments. This is the first ever assessment of CPs in Pakistan reflecting higher prevalence of SCCPs than MCCPs in dust of local environment posing some serious health consequences hence needed intensive investigation and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Khalid S, Chaudhary MN, Nazir R, Ahmad SR, Hussain N, Ayub Y, Ibrar M. Biochar supported metallo-inorganic nanocomposite: A green approach for decontamination of heavy metals from water. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289069. [PMID: 37708189 PMCID: PMC10501632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of water has become a global environmental burden, which has stirred up agitation worldwide. Fabrication of adsorbents utilizing either low cost, environment friendly materials or waste products can be helpful in remediating environmental pollution. The current study evolved around the synthesis of nanocomposites derived from such raw precursors like spent tea waste biochar, hydroxyapatite, and clays. In this context, two nanocomposites, namely manganese ferrite doped hydroxyapatite/kaolinite/biochar (TK-NC) and manganese ferrite doped hydroxyapatite/vermiculite/biochar (TV-NC), were synthesized followed by their employment for decontamination of heavy metals from aqueous media. TK-NC and TV-NC exhibited the crystallite sizes in the range of 2.55-5.94 nm as obtained by Debye Scherrer Equation and Williamsons-Hall equation The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized using FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and powder XRD. Batch adsorption studies were performed, and influence of different adsorption parameters (contact time, reaction temperature, solution pH, adsorbent dose, and initial adsorbate concentration) on metal adsorption was examined. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) on TK-NC and TV-NC was endothermic (+ΔH°) and indicates disorderness (+ΔS°) at the solid-liquid interface owing to the strong affinity of metal ions with adsorbent. The heavy metal uptake selectivity followed the following decreasing order; Cr(VI) > Cu(II) > Ni(II) by both nanocomposites, with adsorption capacities falling in the range of 204.68-343.05 mg g-1. Several adsorption kinetic and isotherm models were applied to experimentally calculated data, which suggest favorable adsorption of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Cu(II) by TK-NC and TV-NC from the system while obeying general-order kinetics and R-P adsorption model, conferring the transition in adsorption kinetics order and involvement of multiple adsorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khalid
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, Lahore School of Economics (LSE), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Nazir
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naqi Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, Lahore School of Economics (LSE), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yaseen Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Aslam I, Qadir A, Ahmad SR. Correction to: A preliminary assessment of microplastics in indoor dust of a developing country in South Asia. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1031. [PMID: 37561362 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Javed T, Ahmad N, Ahmad SR. Coupling hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (δ 2H, δ 18O and δ 13C) to identify factors affecting arsenic enrichment of surface water and groundwater in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, eastern salt range, Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:6643-6673. [PMID: 37347308 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The study area is a part of the Salt Range, where water quality is being deteriorated by natural and anthropogenic sources. This research integrates water quality assessment, arsenic enrichment, hydrogeochemical processes, groundwater recharge and carbon sources in aquifer. Total dissolved solid (TDS) contents in springs water, lake water and groundwater are in range of 681-847 mg/L, 2460-5051 mg/L and 513-7491 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentrations of magnesium and calcium in water bodies next to sodium are because of carbonates, sulfates, halite and silicates dissolution. The average concentrations of ions in groundwater are in order of HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > NO3-, virtually analogous to springs water, but different from lake water, categorized as poor quality and unfit for drinking purposes. Based on major ions hydrochemistry, NaCl and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type hydrochemical facies are associated with concentration of arsenic (4.2-39.5 µg/L) in groundwater. Groundwater samples (70%) having arsenic concentration (11 ≤ As ≤ 39.5 µg/L) exceeded from World Health Organization (WHO) guideline (As ≤ 10 µg/L) in near neutral to slightly alkaline (6.7 ≤ pH ≤ 8.3), positive Eh(6 ≤ Eh ≤ 204 mV), signifying its oxic condition. Eh-pH diagrams for arsenic and iron indicate that 80% of groundwater for arsenic and iron were in compartments of HAsO42- and Fe(OH)3, unveil oxic environment. Arsenic is moderately positive correlated with TDS, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, sulfate and weak negative with δ13CDIC in surface and groundwater, forecasting multiple sources of arsenic to aquifer. Stable isotopes of waters show recharge of groundwater from local rain and lake water. The lower δ13CDIC values of groundwater are modified by influx of CO2 produced during biological oxidation of soil natural organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Javed
- Isotope Application Division (IAD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Aslam S, Khurram A, Hussain R, Qadir A, Ahmad SR. Sources, distribution, and incipient threats of polymeric microplastic released from food storage plastic materials. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:638. [PMID: 37138178 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to find out the source, distribution, quantity, and incipient threats of the microplastics (MPs) released by food-packing plastic materials, plastic bags, bottles, and containers on human health, biodiversity, water bodies, and atmosphere. For this purpose, 152 articles about MPs (0.1 to 5000 µm) and nanoplastics (NP) 1 to 100 nm) were reviewed and interpreted their results in the present articles about microplastics. The highest plastic waste is generated by China (⁓ 59 Mt), the USA (⁓ 38 Mt), Brazil (⁓ 12 Mt), Germany (⁓ 15 Mt), and Pakistan (⁓ 6 Mt). The count of MPs (MPs/kg) in Chinese salt was 718, UK 136, Iran 48, and USA 32, while MPs in bivalves, i.e., in Chinese bivalves was 2.93, UK 2.9, Iran 2.2, and Italy 7.2 in MPs/kg, respectively. The MPs count in Chinese fish was 7.3, Italy's 23, the USA's 13, and UK's 1.25 in MPs/kg, respectively. The MP concentrations in the water bodies, i.e., USA, were 15.2, Italy 7, and UK 4.4 in mg/L, respectively. It was critically reviewed that MPs can enter the human body causing various disorders (neurotoxic, biotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic disorders) because of the presence of various polymers. The present study concluded that MPs were released from processed and stored food containers, either through physical, biological, or chemical means, which harshly affect the surrounding environment and human health. The study recommended that alternatives to plastic containers are glass and bioplastic containers, papers, cotton bags, wooden boxes, and tree leaves need to use to avoid direct consumption of MPs from food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfa Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Khurram
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rahib Hussain
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
- Institute of Geographic Sciences &, Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Siddique S, Chaudhry MN, Ahmad SR, Javed R, Nazir R, Mubarak S, Alghamdi HA, Mahmood A. Comprehensive GIS based risk surveillance of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fish species of River Chenab, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2023; 871:162084. [PMID: 36758692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate Carcinogenic (TR) and non-carcinogenic (THQ) human health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in three edible fish species (Labeo boga, Channa marulius and Wallago attu) of River Chenab, Pakistan using USEPA human health risk assessment model. Holistic GIS (Geographic information system) based Geo-Statistical approach has been employed for the first time in River Chenab, Pakistan to categorize contaminated risk zones of OCPs based on single pollution index. The ∑OCPs concentrations in fish species were ranged from 5.09 to 414 ng/g with the prevalence of dieldrin. Results of single pollution index of DDE, aldrin, dieldrin and ∑endosulfan revealed River Chenab as polluted and risk zone area. Distribution pattern assessed significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of OCPs in downstream area suggesting substantial pollution of surrounded industrial region. The human health risk assessment depicted no harmful non-carcinogenic (THQ) risk except for ΣOCPs concentration of C. marulius. Significant carcinogenic (TR) health risk exhibited by all examined OCPs from maximum of the studied sites. Therefore, the high carcinogenic human health risk had highlighted an immediate removal of continuous disposal of OCPs in the River Chenab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Siddique
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Nawaz Chaudhry
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Javed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Nazir
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Mubarak
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Huda Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan.
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Siddique S, Chaudhry MN, Ahmad SR, Nazir R, Zhao Z, Javed R, Alghamdi HA, Mahmood A. Ecological and human health hazards; integrated risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from the Chenab River, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 2023; 882:163504. [PMID: 37080307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic hazards to human health were investigated through oral and dermal exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from water samples (n = 120) of River Chenab, Pakistan. The Pioneering study aimed to employ an integrated geographic information system (GIS) based geostatistical method for the determination of pollution load by GC-ECD from water of River Chenab. The residual levels of OCPs detected from water samples ranged from 0.54 to 122 ng L-1 with significant prevalence of DDE and α-HCH. Results of the Nemerrow pollution index (NeI), single pollution index (SPI), and comprehensive pollution index (CPI) reflected the downstream zone a stern pollution risk zone. The spatial distribution pattern through geostatistical approaches also revealed significantly higher (p < 0.05) OCP levels in the downstream zone. Risk quotient (RQCCC) of surface water quality with respect to heptachlor epitomized a high level of risk (RQCCC > 1). Non-carcinogenic human health risk (Σ HQ) assessment ranged from 8.39 × 10-9 to 1.7 × 10-3, which represented a marginal risk through oral and dermal exposure. However, carcinogenic risks by oral exposure route were ranged from 3.57 × 10-11 to 4.46 × 10-6. Estimated cancer risk (ΣCR) exhibited a considerable carcinogenic risk posed by heptachlor, α-HCH and dieldrin. It is suggested to employ an immediate mitigation strategy for the constant discharge of OCPs in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Siddique
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Nawaz Chaudhry
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Nazir
- Applied Chemistry Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rimsha Javed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Huda Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan.
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Rasheed R, Javed H, Rizwan A, Afzaal M, Ahmad SR. Eco-sustainability analysis of precast-concrete utility poles manufacturing–A case study from Pakistan. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14976. [PMID: 37095914 PMCID: PMC10121627 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The civil construction sector is a major contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and accounts for 40 to 50% of the total GHGs emissions produced all over the world. Concrete utility poles are considered as pillars of power distribution systems in many developing regions of the world. This study has analysed the environmental sustainability of low-tension (LT) and high-tension (HT) types of precast-concrete (PC) poles used for power distribution in Pakistan. Life cycle analysis (LCA) method is used for the assessment of environmental burdens associated with the production-manufacturing stages of these PC poles. The LCA scores are illustrated for five impact categories: climate change, acidification, eutrophication, fine-particulate matter formation and fossil resource scarcity. The significant impact scores have been depicted in climate change and abiotic resource depletion categories as; 4.60E+01 kg CO2 eq. and 1.24 E+01 kg oil eq (for LT PC pole) and 1.55E+02 kg CO2 eq and 3.00E+01 kg oil eq (for HT PC pole), respectively. The analytics further depict that the manufacturing of PC pole is a highly energy intensive process, with significant hauling of raw materials and finished product which causes significant emissions and impact towards climate change and fossil resources depletion. Overall, this research can offer several novel contributions to the field of sustainable development and civil engineering, including a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process, the development of sustainable practices and technologies and the identification of the links between sustainable development and economic growth.
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Hafeez S, Qadir A, Aslam M, Aslam HMU, Rehmat MS, Ahmad SR. Environmental Risks of Microplastics on the Spatial and Temporal Gradient in a River Originating from the Western Himalayas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:727-739. [PMID: 36636893 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics in different environmental matrices has raised many concerns about potential effects of microplastics on humans and freshwater ecosystems. In Pakistan, rivers potentially receive microplastics from anthropogenic activities in their catchments. However, research studies regarding microplastics' presence, distribution, and risks are scarce in Pakistan. To bridge the gap, the present study was conducted to evaluate microplastic pollution in the Chenab River. Surface water samples were collected from selected sites on the Chenab River using a manta trawl in the low-flow season during postmonsoon (October) 2019 and 2020 and in the high-flow season during monsoon (July) 2020 and 2021. Samples were digested, followed by density separation and filtration. Identification and polymer characterization of microplastics were completed using stereomicroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Microplastics were found in all samples with significant spatiotemporal variation in microplastic concentration, with an average of 45.98 ± 10.45 microplastics/m3 in the low-flow season and 34.66 ± 16.15 microplastics/m3 in the high-flow season. Among microplastic shapes, fibers were the most dominant shape, whereas polyethylene terephthalate (38.2%) and polypropylene (19%) were the most abundant polymers. Polymer risk index analysis and pollution load index demonstrated that most of the sites ranked as safe. The potential ecological risks from single polymers and combined polymers showed minor risks posed by microplastics. The present study is the first step to focus on microplastic pollution in the Chenab River; it will help river managers to mitigate the microplastic pollution without compromising the ecological integrity of the river. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:727-739. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Hafeez
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehmood Aslam
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Khan WU, Yasin NA, Ahmad SR, Nazir A, Naeem K, Nadeem QUA, Nawaz S, Ijaz M, Tahir A. Burkholderia cepacia CS8 improves phytoremediation potential of Calendula officinalis for tannery solid waste polluted soil. Int J Phytoremediation 2023; 25:1656-1668. [PMID: 36855239 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2183717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have shown potential for the bioremediation of tannery waste polluted soil. During our previous study, it was observed that heavy metal resistant Burkholderia cepacia CS8 augmented growth and phytoremediation capability of an ornamental plant. Objective of the present research work was to evaluate the capability of B. cepacia CS8 assisted Calendula officinalis plants for the phytoremediation of tannery solid waste (TSW) polluted soil. The TSW treatment significantly reduced growth attributes and photosynthetic pigments in C. officinalis. However, supplementation of B. cepacia CS8 which exhibited substantial tolerance to the TSW amended soil, augmented growth traits, carotenoid, proline, and antioxidant enzymes level in C. officinalis under toxic and nontoxic regimes. Inoculation of B. cepacia CS8 augmented plant growth (shoot length 13%, root length 11%), physiological attributes (chlorophyll a 14%, chlorophyll b 17%), antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase 24%, superoxide dismutase 31% and catalase 19%), improved proline 36%, phenol 32%, flavonoids 14% and declined malondialdehyde (MDA) content 15% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level 12% in C. officinalis at TSW10 stress compared with relevant un-inoculated plants of TSW10 treatment. Moreover, B. cepacia CS8 application enhanced labile metals in soil and subsequent metal uptake, such as Cr 19%, Cd 22%, Ni 35%, Fe 18%, Cu 21%, Pb 34%, and Zn 30%, respectively in C. officinalis plants subjected to TSW10 stress than that of analogous un-inoculated treatment. Higher plant stress tolerance and improved phytoremediation potential through microbial inoculation will assist in the retrieval of agricultural land in addition to the renewal of native vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Ullah Khan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Nazir
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (F4), Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Naeem
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain Nadeem
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahrukh Nawaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ijaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arifa Tahir
- Department of Environmental Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
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16
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Inayat S, Ahmad SR, Awan SJ, Nawshad M, Ali Q. In vivo and in vitro toxicity profile of tetrabutylammonium bromide and alcohol-based deep eutectic solvents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1777. [PMID: 36720927 PMCID: PMC9889713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as new promising solvents in the field of "green chemistry," which possess a broad range of potential applications. However, the ecotoxicological profile of these solvents is still poorly known. In this study, ammonium-based deep eutectic solutions with glycerol (2:2), ethylene glycol (1:2), and diethylene glycol (1:2) as hydrogen bond donors in 1:2 proportion were evaluated for their interaction with various biological systems, including gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi, fish, and human fibroblast cell lines. The DES synthesis was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, which analyses the interactions between DES precursors for their synthesis. The antimicrobial activity of tetrabutylammonium bromide: ethylene glycol was the most potent, while tetrabutylammonium bromide: diethylene glycol had a higher LC50 against C. carpio fish. Tetrabutylammonium bromide: glycerol was supposed to be the most suitable DES in terms of cell viability percentage (118%) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (93%). Finally, tetrabutylammonium bromide in glycerol can be considered an eco-friendly solvent due to its lower toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaila Inayat
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Quaid e Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Zoology Department, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Quaid e Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Javaid Awan
- Zoology Department, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Nawshad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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17
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Shahid SU, Abbasi NA, Tahir A, Ahmad S, Ahmad SR. Health risk assessment and geospatial analysis of arsenic contamination in shallow aquifer along Ravi River, Lahore, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:4866-4880. [PMID: 35976585 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposure variation of arsenic from different ground and surface water sources has remained unpredictable which may cause severe human health problems. The current study is, therefore, designed to analyze the spatial variability of arsenic contamination in shallow aquifer and assess the potential human health risks. For this purpose, a total of 55 groundwater, 10 drain water, 4 river water, and 6 sediment samples were collected along zero to 5 km stretch of the River Ravi, Lahore. All water samples were tested for As, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS), whereas sediments were only tested for As. Health risk models were used to predict cancer and non-cancer risk in adults and children. Among water samples, highest median (minimum-maximum) concentrations (µg/L) of As were recorded 53.32 (1.98-1555) in groundwater, followed by 53.04 (1.58-351.5) in drain water, and 4.80 (2.13-8.67) in river water, respectively, whereas As concentration (mg/kg) in river sediments was 6.03 (5.56-13.92). Variation of As in groundwater was non-significant (P > 0.05) among every 1-km stretch from the Ravi River. However, maximum median concentrations (µg/L) of 60.18 and 60.08 were recorded between 2-3 and 0-1 km from River Ravi, respectively, reflecting possible mixing of river water with shallow aquifers. A very high cancer and non-cancer risk (HI > 1.0 × 10-4) through groundwater As exposure was predicted for both children and adults. The current study concluded that prevalence of As above WHO prescribed limits in shallow aquifer along the urban stretch of the River Ravi is posing serious health risk to the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Umair Shahid
- Centre for Integrated Mountain Research (CIMR), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Ahmad TM, Haider MS, Randhir TO, Randhir R, Ahmad SR. Spatial analysis of factors influencing bacterial leaf blight in rice production. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e264249. [PMID: 36946787 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.264249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight that is a major threat to rice production. Crop losses in extreme situations can reach up to75%, and millions of hectares of rice are affected each year. Management of the disease required information about the spatial distribution of BLB incidence, severity, and prevalence. In this study, major rice-growing areas of Pakistan were surveyed during 2018-2019 for disease occurrence, and thematic maps were developed using geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that Narowal district had highest percentage of disease incidence (54-69%), severity (42-44%), and prevalence (72-90%) meanwhile Jhung district had the lowest incidence (21-23%), severity (18-22%), and prevalence (45-54%). To understand the environmental factors contributing to this major rice disease, the research analyze, the spatial relationships between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. Those variables include relative humidity (RH), atmospheric pressure (A.P), minimum temperature, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and elevation, which were evaluated by using GIS-based Ordinary Least Square (OLS) spatial model. The fitted model had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 65 percent explanatory power of disease development. All environmental variables showed a general trend of positive correlation between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. The results show the potential for disease management and prediction using environmental variable and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Ahmad
- University of the Punjab, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M S Haider
- University of the Punjab, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - T O Randhir
- University of Massachusetts, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Conservation, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - R Randhir
- Springfield Technical Community College, Department of Biological Sciences, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - S R Ahmad
- University of the Punjab, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hamid A, Rashid Ahmad S, Saeed Iqbal M, Naz I, Zahid Qureshi M, Iram F. Electrochemical synthesis of copper-arabinoxylan nanocomposite for applications as antimicrobial agent and CO2 conversion catalyst. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Sattar S, Hussain R, Shah SM, Bibi S, Ahmad SR, Shahzad A, Zamir A, Rauf Z, Noshad A, Ahmad L. Composition, impacts, and removal of liquid petroleum waste through bioremediation as an alternative clean-up technology: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11101. [PMID: 36281410 PMCID: PMC9586903 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hazardous wastes, especially petroleum wastes hydrocarbon (PWHCs), can damage human health and biological diversity. A huge amount of petroleum waste along with persistent organic pollutants is being generated during exploration and processing of crude oil. The dumping of petroleum waste hydrocarbons in an open pit contaminates the soil which can cause severe threats to human health and agro-geo-environmental ecosystem. The current study aimed to evaluate the mode of occurrence, composition, environmental, and health impacts of petroleum waste by using recent literature. The extracted results show that oil emulsion contains 48% oil, suspension 23%, settled emulsion 42%, and sludge emulsion 36%. The study discusses the possible biological techniques for rehabilitation of petroleum waste-contaminated areas. Several physical and chemical techniques are available for remediation of petroleum waste, but they are either costly or environmentally not feasible. Whereas, biological remediation namely, Bioremediation (Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation), Phytoremediation (Phytodegradation, Rhizoremediation, Phytovolatilization, and Rhizo-filtration) is a cheap and environmentally friendly way to remove petroleum waste hydrocarbons from contaminated soil and water. Some important enzymes (i.e., peroxidase, nitrilase, nitroreductase, phosphatase) and plant species i.e., Acacia and Chloris species are prominent methods to remediate the PWHCs. The knowledge assembled in this review is expected to create new doors for researchers to develop more efficient techniques to control the harmful impacts of PWHCs on the environment and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Sattar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Swabi, KP 23561, Pakistan,National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Rahib Hussain
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan,College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, 54590, Pakistan,Corresponding author.
| | | | - Salma Bibi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Swabi, KP 23561, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asim Shahzad
- Department of Botany, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Zamir
- Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Rauf
- Department of Geology, University of Swabi, KP 23561, Pakistan
| | - Asma Noshad
- Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University, KP, Pakistan
| | - Laeiq Ahmad
- Department of Geology, University of Swabi, KP 23561, Pakistan
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21
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Rasheed R, Tahir F, Afzaal M, Ahmad SR. Decomposition analytics of carbon emissions by cement manufacturing - a way forward towards carbon neutrality in a developing country. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:49429-49438. [PMID: 35585452 PMCID: PMC9116699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon emissions have emerged as an alarming and complex issue causing a long-lasting debate over climate change in the construction, building, and industrial sectors. There is tremendous growth in the construction and building industry, especially in low-middle-income developing countries, that involves rising production and consumption of cement and energy. As such, a growing amount of carbon emissions is becoming a serious challenge for developing economies. This study has assessed the driving factors that influence the critical levels of carbon emissions by employing Kaya identity and logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition models in the growing cement manufacturing sector of a low-medium developing county, Pakistan, from 2005 to 2020. The results portrayed a typical trend of carbon emissions which are summarized as follows: (a) From 2006 to 2010, a slight increase is shown; (b) a slight decrease in the trend during 2011-2013; (c) from 2014 to 2018, there is a rapid rebound in the trend; and (d) a slight decline in 2019-2020. While the resultant mean values regarding the growth of the cement sector (6.34%), labor productivity (12.03%), energy structure (0.06%), energy intensity (- 0.63%), and carbon intensity (- 0.87%) have deliberated that these are the driving factors for carbon emissions by the cement industry in a developing economy. This study will provide an insight to the policymakers of developing nations so that they can efficiently monitor their carbon emissions and design and implement effective mitigation strategies. Ultimately, they would be able to shift to carbon-neutral technologies and renewable-alternative energy sources to achieve sustainable economic growth and a cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Rasheed
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Fizza Tahir
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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22
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Ashraf M, Zeshan M, Hafeez S, Hussain R, Qadir A, Majid M, Ahmad F, Ahmad SR. Temporal variation in leachate composition of a newly constructed landfill site in Lahore in context to environmental pollution and risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:37129-37143. [PMID: 35032273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the seasonal and temporal variations in the extent and source of physiochemical and toxic trace elements in the Lakhodair landfill site of Lahore, Pakistan. For this purpose, systematic composite samples were collected every month, consecutively for 1 year, and analyzed for different physiochemical parameters and trace elements. The results of TDS, TSS, COD, NH3-N, BOD5, sulfate, sulfides, phenolic compounds, and oil and grease were higher than the national environmental quality standard (NEQs). The concentrations of trace elements, especially Mn (1.7 mg/L) and Cd (0.05 mg/L), were above the MPL, while Fe (14 mg/L), Ni (1.6 mg/L), and Zn (6.7 mg/L) were also found higher than the NEQs in some samples. In Lakhodair leachates, the TDS, COD, NH3-N, BOD5, sulfides, and Cl- have high concentration coefficient (i.e., CC 3 to > 6), which falls in the category of considerable to high contamination and risk level, while the remaining parameters were in the category of low to moderate contamination (CC 1 to ≤ 3) and moderate risk. The lower BOD5/COD ratio (< 0.1) in spring and autumn seasons represents the active methanogenesis and anaerobic activities in the Lakhodair landfill site. The anaerobic and methanogenesis activities enhance the redox reaction as a result of CO2 emission, which increases the pH, TDS, COD, Cl-, BOD5, NH3-N, sulfides, and phenolic compounds in the leachate site. However, the lower concentrations of some trace elements in leachate may be because of an anaerobic process that may immobilize the trace elements. It is presumed that the trace elements in the Lakhodair landfill may be in a metastable state, which is difficult to leach out. It is hereby recommended that leachate produced in the Lakhodair landfill site should be handled carefully to limit the environmental and health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsoon Ashraf
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeshan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Hafeez
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rahib Hussain
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muzaffar Majid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ahmad
- School of Food and Nutrition, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Aslam I, Qadir A, Ahmad SR. A preliminary assessment of microplastics in indoor dust of a developing country in South Asia. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:340. [PMID: 35389091 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution is an emerging global environmental concern. Considering the high fraction of time people spend indoors, the human population can be directly exposed to this contamination through indoor dust. This preliminary study evaluates MPs' abundance and human health risk assessment in the deposited indoor dust. A total of forty dust samples (n = 20) were collected from homes in two different cities (Pakistan) in steel mesh pouches using the vacuum cleaner. The identification and quantification of MPs were conducted with a stereo microscope, whereas the qualitative assessment was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The US EPA parameters to calculate the human health risk assessment were used to determine MPs' risk per-day/month/year. Overall, microfibers were the dominant category, followed by microfilms, micro-fragments, and nurdles. The chemical categorization of MPs was revealed as polyester, polyethylene, copolymers of polypropylene, and polyurethane. In Lahore, an average abundance of 241.45 (items/m2) MPs were observed compared to Sahiwal, with 162.1 (items/m2). More than 90% of the identified MPs were microfibers, with higher detection frequency and abundance in Lahore than Sahiwal. The human health risk assessment revealed high exposure risk because of indoor MPs. Moreover, toddlers were more vulnerable as compared to adults at both low and high exposure risk scenarios. There is an imminent need to conduct in-depth risk assessment focusing on the respirable fraction of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan
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Irshad MA, Shakoor MB, Nawaz R, Yasmeen T, Arif MS, Rizwan M, Rehman MZU, Ahmad SR, Latif M, Nasim I, Ali S. Green and eco-friendly synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles and their application for removal of cadmium from wastewater: reaction kinetics study. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is known to be a widespread environmental contaminant and a potential toxin that may adversely affect human health across the globe. Green nanotechnology has recently received a lot of attention for developing eco-friendly, low-cost renewable and sustainable materials for the efficient removal of persistent contaminants from wastewater, including heavy metals (HMs). The current study compared the ability of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) synthesized from Trianthema portulacastrum (A) and Chenopodium quinoa (B) extracts to remove Cd from wastewater. The washed biomass of both the plants was dried under shade for a few days and was ground into the fine particles in a blender. The powdered biomass of T. portulacastrum and C. quinoa was soaked separately in distilled water (@ 10 g/100 ml) for 36 h. The stock solution of titanium (0.3 M) was prepared from concentrated titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and was mixed with the plant extracts at 1:2 ratio of extract to TTIP solution with continuous stirring at room temperature. A light brown scum like TiO2-NPs were obtained at the bottom of china dish and calcined at 450 °C for 4 h. Finally, after natural cooling, the TiO2-NPs were collected and used for the sorption of Cd through wastewater. Sorption attributes of both TiO2 NPs (A, B) were investigated over contact time, dosage of adsorbent, pH, and initial concentration of Cd. Maximum sorption was obtained (46 mgg−1) by TiO2 NPs (A), followed by 44 mg Cd g−1 with TiO2 NPs (B) at pH 4.2, an optimum adsorbent dosage 0.7 g L−1, Cd initial level 30 mg L−1, with contact time of 2 h. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model was suited for adsorption experimental data using both nanoparticles. These results validated the potential use of TiO2 NPs to remove liquified cadmium at high concentrations from the industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Shakoor
- Colleges of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab , Lahore 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Rab Nawaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Tahira Yasmeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Arif
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia ur Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad 38040 , Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- Colleges of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab , Lahore 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Maria Latif
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , The University of Lahore , Lahore , 54000 , Pakistan
| | - Iqra Nasim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , Lahore College for Women University , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Government College University Faisalabad , Faisalabad , 38000 , Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology , China Medical University , Taichung , 40402 , Taiwan
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Juffry L, Lim F, Ahmad SR, Johar S. Outcomes of cardiac CT investigations in patients from the Rapid Access Chest Pain clinic with consideration to additional CT modalities and individual risk factors. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Coronary CT is a first line investigation according to NICE guidelines, yet there are still uncertainties in its ability to decrease adverse event rates. The high sensitivity and high negative predictive value of coronary CT only validates low to moderate pre-test probability of attaining significant CAD due to its low positive predictive value. Improving outcomes in coronary CT could avoid events and limit the use of invasive modalities such as invasive coronary angiography. Increased probability of MACE with presence of risk factors could also raise the merit of risk stratification utilization for better classification.
This study provides insight into the effectiveness of CT as a first-line investigation for new onset angina referred to RACPC regardless of CAD probability and any further testing. Data differences on outcome probabilities in risk stratification utilization and different CT modalities, both coronary calcium scoring and coronary angiography, raised notion that the incremental value of these tools should not be overlooked. End-outcomes would compromise of MACE composites after a 6-month follow-up. We hypothesize that patients investigated with coronary CT as opposed to without, with presence or absence of functional testing, would grant better clinical outcomes.
Data on 155 patients who registered in RACPC were identified and collected from Brunei Health Information Management Systems for a one-year period (August 2018- August 2019). Information on sociodemographic, risk factors, further diagnostic testing, CT reports and event follow-up at 6 months were extracted, subject to availability. Probability of CAD in patients were classified according to CCS and CTCA results.
CAD was detected in 62 (40.0%) patients with non-obstructive or obstructive CAD in addition to low to high calcium scores. Over the 6-month follow-up period, MACE occurred in 8 patients in the CT group (6.3%) and 4 (13.8%) without CT. 126 (81.3%) patients with CT did not attain MACE (p = 0.19) and chances of getting CABG after adjustments with co- founding factors were significantly lower than without CT [HR = 2.654e-06; 95% CI = 2.204e-07-3.195e-05; p= <0.001]. A higher event probability was associated with a high CCS (41.1%) (p= <0.001) than abnormal CTCA (11.4%) (p = 0.018). MACE was also associated with multiple risk factors such as age (p= <0.001), hypertension (p = 0.001), diabetes (p= <0.001), high cholesterol(p = 0.027), and abnormal total cholesterol (0.010) and creatinine levels [serum creatinine, p= 0.017; creatinine clearance, p = 0.006].
Outcomes measured were not significantly better in those with cardiac CT however risk of coronary artery bypass graft was significantly lower. CCS is better than CTCA in event prospects but both possess promising prognostic values in healthy arteries. Multiple CAD risk factors associated with MACE were likely as a result of intense atherosclerosis, marking appeal for risk stratifications and preventive measures. Abstract Figure. Kaplan-Meier curves for MACE Abstract Figure. Multiple cox regression models
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Affiliation(s)
- L Juffry
- Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - F Lim
- Ripas Hospital, Cardiology, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - S R Ahmad
- Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
| | - S Johar
- Ripas Hospital, Cardiology, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
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Arshad M, Awais M, Bashir R, Ahmad SR, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Senousy HH, Iftikhar M, Anjum MU, Ramzan S, Alharbi SA, Bárek V, Brestic M, Noman A. Assessment of wheat productivity responses and soil health dynamics under brackish ground water. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:793-803. [PMID: 35197746 PMCID: PMC8848132 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous use of brackish groundwater for irrigation is detrimental for soil and crop attributes. A three-year research study was designed for the wheat crop to assess the effects of brackish groundwater on crop yield and soil health under a surface irrigation system. Three sites were selected in different cropping zones of Pakistan. The treatments comprised of irrigation with moderately brackish water having 0.8, 1.3 & 2.7 dSm−1 of salinity and canal water. The results indicated that EC, SAR, bicarbonates, Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels increased in the soil for consecutive years and this increase was more at site S3 followed by S2 and S1. As soil depth is concerned, the increase was more pronounced in upper layers of soil (0–15 cm) as compared to 15–30 cm depth. Growth and yield were also affected by the consecutive use of this water, the number of plants, plant height, the number of spikes per plant, and yield was reduced at all the three sites. However, the impact was less pronounced at the site S1 whereas S3 was the most affected one. Grain weight and dry matter weight were observed to be maximum at S1. Water productivity was also calculated for all the three sites. Maximum water productivity was observed at S1 followed by S2 & S3. It was concluded that the continuous use of brackish water would have an adverse effect on crop yield and subsequently, soil health is also affected by it significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan (M. Awais).
| | - Rohina Bashir
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anwar-ul-Haq
- Institute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hoda H. Senousy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Maryam Iftikhar
- Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Anjum
- Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ramzan
- Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Viliam Bárek
- Institute of Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Irrigation & Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan (M. Awais).
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Ahmad SR, Sharma BD, Mendiratta SK, Nazir T, Hassan N. Effect of different dietary fiber-rich extenders on the quality attributes of functional restructured buffalo meat fillets. Iran J Vet Res 2022; 23:363-368. [PMID: 36874177 PMCID: PMC9984142 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2022.41762.6080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The ever-increasing market of functional meat products demanded especially by modern health conscious consumers has prompted researchers to develop healthier meat products. Aims This experiment was conducted to improve the dietary fiber-deficient buffalo meat with natural functional fiber-rich extenders. Methods Meat obtained from the carcass of adult female buffalo (>10 years of age) was procured from the local market within 5-6 h of slaughter, conditioned for 24 h, and then processed by incorporating the dietary fiber-rich extenders at their optimum levels viz. 12% barley flour, 12% maize flour, 10% pea hull powder, and 8% wheat bran (hydrated as 1:1, w/w) for the development of functional restructured buffalo meat fillets (FRBMF). Results Results revealed higher cooking yield, pH, moisture content, lower protein, and fat percentage for most of the treated samples compared with the control group. The ash percentage of FRBMF prepared with the optimum level of pea hull powder and wheat bran was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in control and other treatments. Shear force values for FRBMF were lower than the control. Total dietary fiber (TDF) percentage of all the treatment products was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control. Texture profile analysis revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) between FRBMF and the control. The sensory scores for most of the attributes of FRBMF incorporated with the optimum level of extenders were lower but comparable to the control. Conclusion It was concluded that the functionality of the product had improved, especially in terms of total dietary fiber, as compared to the control. Pea hull powder and wheat bran proved to be excellent sources of dietary fibers, followed by barley and maize flours, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ahmad
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India - 190006
| | - B D Sharma
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India - 243122
| | - S K Mendiratta
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India - 243122
| | - T Nazir
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India - 190006
| | - N Hassan
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India - 190006
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Alam A, Chaudhry MN, Mahmood A, Ahmad SR, Butt TE. Development & application of Conceptual Framework Model (CFM) for environmental risk assessment of contaminated lands. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6167-6177. [PMID: 34764747 PMCID: PMC8569007 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dumping sites are the most common types of contaminated lands as they pollute the environment. Environmental management of contaminated sites cannot be delivered effectively and efficiently without robust holistic & integrated risk assessment. Previous studies reveal the absence of a risk assessment model that holistically integrates all essential factors progressively and categorically. The study aimed to develop a holistic & integrated Conceptual Framework Model (CFM) for environmental risk assessment and to apply developed CFM on real-world existing Mahmood Booti Open Dumping Site (MBODS). CFM developed in this study had three main tiers i.e., baseline study, hazard identification & exposure assessment, and risk estimation. For the application of CFM, baseline data were collected and assessed. Water, leachate & soil samples were collected within 1000 m across the site and analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and heavy metals to estimate risk. Results of applied CFM depicted that Physico-chemical analysis of leachate, water, and soil revealed significant pollution levels. Heavy metal analysis exhibited that Ni, Pb, Mn, and Cr levels exceeded the allowable limits of the "World Health Organization" in leachate, water, and soil samples. It also revealed the existence of metals at the source (dumping site itself), pathway, and receptor of the dumping site. Ei r value for Ni, Pb and Cd from the study area manifested a serious probable risk to ecological integrities. Results for PERI from dumpsite demonstrated a serious ecological risk. It can be concluded that although Mahmood Booti dumping site has been at post-closure stage, it is a momentous source of hazardous toxic contaminants to the nearby inhabitants. The work presented in this paper may reproduce repeatedly to create site-specific risk assessment models of other contaminated lands in a cost-effective, consistent and cohesive manner. Application of CFM at Mahmood Booti Dumping site described detailed risk assessment which helps further in risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Alam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz Chaudhry
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Talib-E- Butt
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, Wynne-Jones Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, England, UK
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Ishaq HK, Farid M, Zubair M, Alharby HF, Asam ZUZ, Farid S, Bamagoos AA, Alharbi BM, Shakoor MB, Ahmad SR, Rizwan M, Ali S. Efficacy of Lemna minor and Typha latifolia for the treatment of textile industry wastewater in a constructed wetland under citric acid amendment: A lab scale study. Chemosphere 2021; 283:131107. [PMID: 34144284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) are one of the most harmful heavy metals (HMs), entering into the food chain through the irrigation of crops with an industrial effluent. The present study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of textile effluents and performance of citric acid (CA) on phytoextraction potential of Lemna minor L. and Typha latifolia L. in an artificially designed wetland. Different doses of textile wastewater (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and CA (10 mM) were applied alone and in combination. Plants were harvested and the data was collected regarding agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS), electrolytic leakage (EL) and HMs uptake and accumulation. The results depicted that the concentration and accumulation of Cu, Pb and Cr in different parts of T. latifolia plant was increased with and without CA addition. The maximum concentration of Pb, Cu and Cr increased in leaves by 279, 240 & 171%, in stem by 192, 172 & 154%, and in roots by 224, 183 & 168%, respectively. Similarly, the accumulation of Pb, Cu and Cr increased in leaves by 91, 71 & 36%, in stem by 57, 46 & 36% and in roots by 76, 53 & 45%, respectively in plants treated with 100% textile effluent as compared to the 25% textile effluent treated plants under CA amendment. In L. minor, the concentration of Pb, Cu & Cr increased by 542, 411 and 397% while accumulation increased by 101, 59 & 55% respectively in overall plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Khuzama Ishaq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Farid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Hesham F Alharby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaki Ul Zaman Asam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Sheharyaar Farid
- University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Atif A Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah M Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Kokab T, Ashraf HS, Shakoor MB, Jilani A, Ahmad SR, Majid M, Ali S, Farid N, Alghamdi RA, Al-Quwaie DAH, Hakeem KR. Effective Removal of Cr(VI) from Wastewater Using Biochar Derived from Walnut Shell. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18189670. [PMID: 34574595 PMCID: PMC8467037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals are the major concern of the modern age. Among the heavy metals, chromium (Cr(VI)) is regarded as a highly toxic heavy metal released largely from leather tanning operations. To remove such high concentrations of Cr(VI), an advanced method is required urgently. Thus, biosorption using biochar, which is an organic material produced from various sources such as walnut shell, can be applied successfully for Cr(VI) abatement. The major objectives of this experiment were the remediation of the Cr(VI) heavy metal using walnut shell biochar and checking of the effect of pH, biochar dosage, Cr level, and shaking time. Remediation of Cr(VI) using walnut shell biochar was proved to be effective and removed the maximum concentration of Cr(VI) up to 93% at pH 5.5, 2 h agitation time, and the biochar amount of 1.1 g L−1 from an aqueous solution. Equilibrium modeling demonstrated that the chemisorption process was involved in adsorption of Cr(VI). The surface of the biochar was porous and provided numerous sites for Cr(VI) attachment, which was also confirmed by the presence of Cr(VI) onto the biochar after adsorption. Hence, the use of walnut shell biochar was highly effective as a sorbent, which could conveniently be applied to small-scale as well as large-scale levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Kokab
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (T.K.); (H.S.A.); (S.R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Hafiza Sumbal Ashraf
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (T.K.); (H.S.A.); (S.R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal Shakoor
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (T.K.); (H.S.A.); (S.R.A.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.S.); (A.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Asim Jilani
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.B.S.); (A.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (T.K.); (H.S.A.); (S.R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Muzaffar Majid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (T.K.); (H.S.A.); (S.R.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.B.S.); (A.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Nazar Farid
- National Centre for Laser Applications (NCLA), School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Rana A. Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Diana A. H. Al-Quwaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid Rehman Hakeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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Sana S, Qadir A, Mumtaz M, Evans NP, Ahmad SR. Spatial trends and human health risks of organochlorinated pesticides from bovine milk; a case study from a developing country, Pakistan. Chemosphere 2021; 276:130110. [PMID: 33725621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bovine milk is a nutritious food commodity extensively produced and consumed in Punjab, Pakistan. This study assesses the concentration profile of organochlorine pesticides (OCP; 18 compounds) in buffaloes and cow's milk in eight major districts of Punjab, Pakistan and the potential impacts of such exposure. The total OCPs in buffaloes and cow's milk samples ranged from 3.93 to 27.63 ng mL-1 and 14.64-77.93 ng mL-1 respectively. The overall pattern of mean OCPs concentration in buffaloes and cows milk showed that Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are predominant followed by Heptachlors and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs). So far, the concentration profile depicted that ∑HCHs, ∑DDTs and ∑Heptachlors did not exceed the maximum residual limits set for buffaloes and cow's milk. The spatial trends in terms of cluster analysis depicted significant variation (p > 0.05) among the districts in one cluster probably owing to local conditions. Furthermore, recently used DDTs were also identified at some of the selected districts. The risk assessment suggests that the estimated daily intake for each OCP was in accordance with the acceptable daily intake, thus single compound exposure does not pose a significant carcinogenic risk. However, the hazard ratios indicated that the values for ∑DDTs posed risk in adults consuming cow's milk whereas children may face carcinogenic risk on the consumption of both buffalo and cow's milk. The risk may be altered where mixture is considered, furthermore, regarding carcinogenic risks a continuous monitoring based ecological analysis is recommended in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sana
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ahmad Z, Abbasi MH, Ahmad SR, Sheikh N. Molecular classification and comparative phylogeographic study of insectivorous bat species (Pipisitrellus coromandra) from Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e240725. [PMID: 34105650 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.240725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular based identification of bat fauna in Pakistan has been relatively less explored. The current study was therefore planned to report for the first time the molecular classification of insectivorous bats (Pipistrellus coromandra) based on mitochondrion gene (COI) from Punjab, Pakistan. Specimens were collected from five different locations followed by DNA extraction with subsequent gene amplification and sequencing. All samples in the study had shown close identity matches with species (Pipistrellus coromandra) from India and (Pipistrellus tenuis) from Vietnam with percentage identity score of 96.11 and 95.58 respectively except one sequence which only revealed 86.78% identity match on Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and could only be assigned to genus level Pipistrellus sp. The results indicated negligible intra-population genetic distance among collected samples whereas the comparison with species from other countries had shown high intraspecific (P. coromandra) and interspecific (P. tenuis) mean genetic distances. The current study hence successfully proved the efficiency of COI gene as a molecular marker for species identification and in analyzing the patterns of genetic variation with species from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M H Abbasi
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - S R Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N Sheikh
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hussain A, Rizwan M, Ali S, Rehman MZU, Qayyum MF, Nawaz R, Ahmad A, Asrar M, Ahmad SR, Alsahli AA, Alyemeni MN. Combined use of different nanoparticles effectively decreased cadmium (Cd) concentration in grains of wheat grown in a field contaminated with Cd. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 215:112139. [PMID: 33761378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in arable lands has become a serious matter for food security. Among various approaches, the application of nanoparticles (NPs) for remediation of contaminated water and soils is attaining more popularity worldwide. The current field experiment was executed to explore the impacts of single and combined use of ZnO NPs, Fe NPs and Si NPs on wheat growth and Cd intake by plants in a Cd-contaminated field. Wheat was sown in a field which was contaminated with Cd and was irrigated with the raw-city-effluent while NPs were applied as foliar spray alone and in all possible combinations. The data revealed that straw and grain yields were enhanced in the presence of NPs over control. Chlorophyll, carotenoids contents and antioxidants activities were enhanced while electrolyte leakage was reduced with all NPs over control. In comparison with control, Cd uptake in wheat straw was reduced by 84% and Cd uptake in grain was reduced by 99% in T8 where all three NPs were foliar-applied simultaneously. Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) contents were increased in those plants where ZnO and Fe NPs were exogenously applied which revealed that ZnO and Fe NPs enhanced the bio-fortification of Zn and Fe in wheat grains. Overall, foliar application of different NPs is beneficial for better wheat growth, yield, nutrients uptake and to lessen the Cd intake by plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil under real field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq Qayyum
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Rab Nawaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asrar
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Aslam I, Mumtaz M, Qadir A, Jamil N, Baqar M, Mahmood A, Ahmad SR, Zhang G. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air-conditioner filter dust of indoor urban setting: Implication for health risk in a developing country. Indoor Air 2021; 31:807-817. [PMID: 33247439 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary investigation highlights the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the indoor environment of a megacity, Lahore, Pakistan using the dust ensnared by air-conditioner filters. The Σ16 OCPs concentration ranged from 7.53 to 1272.87 ng/g with the highest percent contribution by ΣDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; 87.21%) and aldrin (6.58%). The spatial variation of OCPs profile revealed relatively higher concentration from homes near to agricultural and abandoned DDT manufacturing sites. Calculated isomer ratios revealed historic sources of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and the fresh input of technical DDT and chlordane by the dwellers. The air conditioner dust was helpful to better understand the health risk in the indoor environment. So far a high lifetime cancer risk (10-3 ) was predicted for toddlers via accidental ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. Similarly, the non-carcinogenic risk-based hazard quotient was found to be high for toddlers (6.94) and within the permissible limit (<1) for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College for Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Saeed U, Sherdil K, Ashraf U, Mohey-Ud-Din G, Younas I, Butt HJ, Ahmad SR. Identification of potential lockdown areas during COVID-19 transmission in Punjab, Pakistan. Public Health 2021; 190:42-51. [PMID: 33338902 PMCID: PMC7654357 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Real-time COVID-19 spread mapping and monitoring to identify lockdown and semi-lockdown areas using hotspot analysis and geographic information systems and also near future prediction modeling for risk of COVID-19 in Punjab, Pakistan. STUDY DESIGN Data for all COVID-19 cases were collected until 20 October 2020 in Punjab Province. METHODS The methodology included geotagging COVID-19 cases to understand the trans-mobility areas for COVID-19 and characterize risk. The hotspot analysis technique was used to identify the number of areas in danger zones and the number of people affected by COVID-19. The complete lockdown areas were marked down geographically to be selected by the government of Pakistan based on increased numbers of cases. RESULTS As per predictive model estimates, almost 9.2 million people are COVID-19 infected by 20 October 2020 in Punjab Province. The compound growth rate of COVID-19 decreased to 0.012% per day and doubling rate increased to 364.5 days in Punjab Province. Based on Pueyo model predictions from past temporal data, it is more likely that Punjab and Pakistan entered into peak around the first week of July 2020, and the decline of growth rate (and doubling rate) of reported cases started afterward. Hospital load was also measured through the Pueyo model, and mostly, people in the 60+ years age group are expected to dominate the hospitalized population. CONCLUSIONS Pakistan is experiencing a high number of COVID-19 cases, with the maximum share from Punjab, Pakistan. Statistical modeling and compound growth estimation formulation were done through the Pueyo model, which was applied in Pakistan to identify the compound growth of COVID-19 patients and predicting numbers of patients shortly by slightly modifying it as per the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Saeed
- The Urban Sector Planning and Services Management Unit, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - K Sherdil
- The Urban Sector Planning and Services Management Unit, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - U Ashraf
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - G Mohey-Ud-Din
- The Urban Sector Planning and Services Management Unit, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Younas
- The Urban Sector Planning and Services Management Unit, Lahore, Pakistan; Space Sciences Department, University of the Punjab (New Campus), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H J Butt
- The Urban Sector Planning and Services Management Unit, Lahore, Pakistan; Punjab University College of Information Technology, PUCIT, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S R Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Rasheed R, Umer R, Hamid A, Rizwan A, Javed H, Ahmad SR, Su Y. Waste valorization and resource conservation in rice processing industries-an analytical study from Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:43372-43388. [PMID: 32902753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to analyze and enhance the eco-efficiency of rice processing in Pakistan while focusing on pollution prevention, waste management, and valorization opportunities. Three rice mills were selected, and physical and chemical properties of their wastewater and solid waste were analyzed. It is depicted that rice husk has the highest share in the solid waste stream and possesses a significant renewable energy potential with a calorific value of 16 MJ/kg and a much lower energy cost of about 0.4 USD/MJ as compared to diesel and furnace oil, i.e., 36.8 and 26.2 USD/MJ, respectively. Recovery of commercially valuable by-products from the effluent of parboiling process is also investigated, and about 0.25 kg of starch/L from wastewater has been effectively reclaimed by wet milling method. The effluent water is also analyzed using Streeter-Phelps model which confirmed that value of contaminants in the wastewater of two of the selected rice mills exceeds the dilution capacity of the receiving body, with dissolved oxygen values at critical level as 0.54 mg/L and -20.7 mg/L respectively. Water pinch analysis and water cascade analysis (WCA) have also been employed to monitor and manage the water footprints. While the concentration composite curve depicted that about 0.8 ton/h of freshwater is saved by an application of smart water integration and pinch point was determined as 1814 ppm. While the WCA confirms that a total water demand of 45.3 kg/s at the third purity level has been reduced to 28.0 kg/s at the lowest purity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Rasheed
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Roshna Umer
- Department of Environmental Science, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Almas Hamid
- Department of Environmental Science, Kinnaird College for Women Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asfra Rizwan
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hajra Javed
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yuehong Su
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Saleem MS, Ahmad SR, Javed MA. Impact assessment of urban development patterns on land surface temperature by using remote sensing techniques: a case study of Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan district. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:39865-39878. [PMID: 32748362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is related to the theory of higher atmosphere and surface temperature taking place in the city area as compared to the nearby rural areas. The study results explain the advantages of green spaces in urban areas. Landsat TM/OLI concept of 1998 and 2017 years was attained from USGS for this work. To find out the land-use and land cover pattern supervised classification, the maximum prospect process is adopted. A total of four classes were mapped for the study area which includes built-up, barren land, vegetation, and water bodies. Effective sensor brightness temperature has been acquired from spectral radiance by using Plank's reverse function. On the basis of surface emissivity, Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classes are used to find out the ultimate temperature of the land surface (LST). The maximum temperature was recorded in the built-up area and barren land of the city and minimum temperatures were noted in areas with a greater cover of vegetation. The presence of UHI temperature is obvious from the land surface temperature views. An increase of 2 °C in surface temperature is recorded in district Lahore during the last two decades. Rise of 2.2 °C and 2.4 °C surface temperature has taken place in Faisalabad and Multan Districts in the last 19 years, respectively. In the establishment of a correlation among the LST, built-up, and vegetation, there is a positive sign present in their relation. With the increase in the built-up area, LST does increase as well. Moreover, with the reduction in vegetation cover, the LST is also raised. The study has revealed that there is a need for proper planning for the durable management of urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid Saleem
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Javed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Waleed M, Ahmad SR, Javed MA, Samiullah S. Identification of irrigation potential areas, using multi-criteria analysis in Khyber District, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:39832-39840. [PMID: 32388752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the opportunities for irrigated agriculture in Khyber District of Former Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA). Agriculture continues to be most important economic activity in Pakistan and former FATA is no exception. However, agriculture in the semi-arid Khyber District continues to suffer a decline due to excessive reliance on rainfall, which is drastically insufficient. Khyber District have large expanses of fertile land; however, farmers depend on unpredictable rain-fed agriculture, which has low productivity and food insecurity. There are a number of rivers in the region where great prospects exist for irrigated farming. Geographical information systems (GIS)-based multi-criteria analysis can be used to map areas with irrigation potential. The current study focused on different variables including soil texture, perennial rivers, land cover, topography, and dams. For this study, data was collected from diverse sources which include Google earth images, top sheets, land use land cover, soil texture map of FATA, and SRTM 30 Meter. The collected data was analyzed by using multi-criteria analysis in Arc GIS 10.2.2 by using MIF technique. The results of this research indicate that there is great potential for irrigated farming in the study area. Potential land for this purpose were divided into three categories, i.e., highly suitable which consisted of 678 km2, or 26% of the total area; 1044 km2 representing 40% were moderately suitable to irrigation; while the remaining 698 km2 representing 27% were considered least suitable for irrigation. Likewise, 204 km2 representing 7% were deemed unsuitable for irrigated agriculture mostly consisting of barren rocks. The results also illustrate how GIS as a tool can be used in the exploration of water resources in a scientific approach, thus making decision-making easier and more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waleed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Javed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Akhtar AM, Qazi WA, Ahmad SR, Gilani H, Mahmood SA, Rasool A. Integration of high-resolution optical and SAR satellite remote sensing datasets for aboveground biomass estimation in subtropical pine forest, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2020; 192:584. [PMID: 32808098 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate stand-alone and combined Pleiades high-resolution passive optical and ALOS PALSAR active Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite imagery for aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation in subtropical mountainous Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest in Murree Forest Division, Punjab, Pakistan. Spectral vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, etc.) and sigma nought HV-polarization backscatter dB values are derived from processing optical and SAR datasets, respectively, and modeled against field-measured AGB values through various regression models (linear, nonlinear, multi-linear). For combination of multiple spectral indices, NDVI, TNDVI, and MSAVI2 performed the best with model R2/RMSE values of 0.86/47.3 tons/ha. AGB modeling with SAR sigma nought dB values gives low model R2 value of 0.39. The multi-linear combination of SAR sigma nought dB values with spectral indices exhibits more variability as compared with the combined spectral indices model. The Leave-One-Out-Cross-Validation (LOOCV) results follow closely the behavior of the model statistics. SAR data reaches AGB saturation at around 120-140 tons/ha, with the region of high sensitivity around 50-130 tons/ha; the SAR-derived AGB results show clear underestimation at higher AGB values. The models involving only spectral indices underestimate AGB at low values (< 60 tons/ha). This study presents biomass estimation maps of the Chir Pine forest in the study area and also the suitability of optical and SAR satellite imagery for estimating various biomass ranges. The results of this work can be utilized towards environmental monitoring and policy-level applications, including forest ecosystem management, environmental impact assessment, and performance-based REDD+ payment distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela M Akhtar
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54590, Pakistan
- Development Working Plan Circle, Punjab Forest Department, 108 Ravi Road, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waqas A Qazi
- Geospatial Research & Education Lab (GREL), Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Gilani
- Geospatial Research & Education Lab (GREL), Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Amer Mahmood
- Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ansir Rasool
- Green Pakistan Program, Punjab Forest Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Ijaz M, Akram M, Ahmad SR, Mirza K, Ali Nadeem F, Thygerson SM. Risk Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Upper and Lower Back Pain in Male Underground Coal Miners in Punjab, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E4102. [PMID: 32526830 PMCID: PMC7312123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is not enough data available on occupational health and safety issues of underground coal miners in Pakistan. This study focuses on spinal disorders in association with personal and occupational factors. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used for a cross-sectional study of 260 workers of 20 mines located in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Regression models were created for upper back pain and lower back pain of workers whose mean age is 19.8 years (±SD 1.47). Results identify the coal cutting as the most harmful work with odds ratios (ORs) 13.06 (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.7-21.5) for lower back pain and 11.2 (95% CI 3.5-19.4) for upper back pain in participants. Those with greater years of work experience had higher odds of upper back pain (2.4, 95% CI 1.4-3.5) and lower back pain (3.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.4). Number of repetitions (mean value 25.85/minute with ±SD 9.48) are also significant for spinal disorder with ORs of 4.3 (95% CI 3.2-7.4) for lower back and 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-2.4) for upper back. Many other occupational and personal factors are positively associated with the back pain in underground coal mines workers, requiring immediate ergonomic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Ijaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (M.I.); (M.A.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (M.I.); (M.A.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (M.I.); (M.A.); (S.R.A.)
| | - Kamran Mirza
- Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Falaq Ali Nadeem
- College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Steven M. Thygerson
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Irfan M, Qadir A, Mumtaz M, Ahmad SR. An unintended challenge of microplastic pollution in the urban surface water system of Lahore, Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:16718-16730. [PMID: 32133610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are widely considered to be a major threat particularly in the urban areas owing to extensive use of plastic products. The current study is the first investigation to highlight the microplastics (MPs) pollution from the freshwater (Ravi River) located in the predominant urban center, i.e., Lahore, Pakistan. The concentration profile was quantified from surface water (n = 19) and sediments (n = 19) collected from different drains and canals of predominant freshwater resources in Lahore, Pakistan. The highest content of MPs was observed in the sullage carrier with mean concentration of 16,150 ± 80 MPs/m3 and 40,536 ± 202 MPs/m2 in the water and sediments respectively. The lowest level was detected in the link canals with mean concentration of 190 ± 141 MPs/m3 in the water and 683 ± 479 MPs/m2 in the sediments. The proportion of large size MPs (300 μm-5 mm) was maximum in the upstream section of Ravi river, whereas fine size MPs (50-150 μm) were dominant in the downstream section. In terms of shapes, the fragments were predominant with a relative abundance of 56.1% and 83.1% followed by fibers with a relative abundance of 38.6% and 11.8% in the water and sediments respectively. The chemical composition analysis showed that most of the fibers, fragments, and beads were polyethylene while the sheets were composed of polypropylene. Nevertheless, the foams isolated from the samples were composed of polystyrene. Within 24 h, about 2.4 ± 2.4 billion microplastic pieces were estimated to be transported from a single water channel into the river. The highest discharge of MPs was estimated from the sullage carrier with about 7 billion pieces/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ijaz M, Ahmad SR, Akram MM, Thygerson SM, Ali Nadeem F, Khan WU. Cross-Sectional Survey of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Workers Practicing Traditional Methods of Underground Coal Mining. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17072566. [PMID: 32283589 PMCID: PMC7177932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: In subcontinental underground mines, coal mining is carried out manually and requires many laborers to practice traditional means of coal excavation. Each task of this occupation disturbs workers’ musculoskeletal order. In order to propose and practice possible ergonomic interventions, it is necessary to know what tasks (drilling and blasting, coal cutting, dumping, transporting, timbering and supporting, loading and unloading) cause disorder in either upper limbs, lower limbs, or both. Methods: To this end, R-programming, version R 3.1.2 and SPSS, software 20, were used to calculate data obtained by studying 260 workers (working at different tasks of coal mining) from 20 mines of four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. In addition, a Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (SNMQ) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) sheet were used to collect data and to analyze postures respectively. Results: In multi regression models, significance of the five tasks for upper and lower limb disorder is 0.00, which means that task based prevalence of upper and lower limb disorders are common in underground coal mines. The results of the multiple bar chart showed that 96 coal cutters got upper limb disorders and 82 got lower limb disorders. The task of timbering and supporting was shown to be dangerous for the lower limbs and relatively less dangerous for the upper limbs, with 25 workers reporting pain in their lower limbs, and 19 workers reporting pain in their upper limbs. Documented on the RULA sheet, all tasks got the maximum possible score (7), meaning that each of these tasks pose a threat to the posture of 100% of workers. The majority of participants (182) fell in the age group of 26 to 35 years. Of those workers, 131 reported pain in the lower limbs and slight discomfort (128) in the upper limbs. The significance value of age was 0.00 for upper limb disorder and was 0.012 for lower limb disorder. Frequency graphs show age in direct proportion to severity of pain while in inverse proportion with number of repetitions performed per min. Conclusions: All findings infer that each task of underground coal mining inflicts different levels of disorder in a workers’ musculoskeletal structure of the upper and lower limbs. It highlighted the need for urgent intervention in postural aspects of each task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Ijaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (S.R.A.); (M.M.A.); (W.U.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-423-595-3102
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (S.R.A.); (M.M.A.); (W.U.K.)
| | - Muhammad M. Akram
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (S.R.A.); (M.M.A.); (W.U.K.)
| | - Steven M. Thygerson
- Department of Public Health, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA;
| | - Falaq Ali Nadeem
- College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Waheed Ullah Khan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, New campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (S.R.A.); (M.M.A.); (W.U.K.)
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Tasneem F, Abbasi NA, Iqbal Chaudhry MJ, Mashiatullah A, Ahmad SR, Qadir A, Malik RN. Dietary proxies (δ15N, δ13C) as signature of metals and arsenic exposure in birds from aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Environ Res 2020; 183:109191. [PMID: 32062182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, exposure to arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) was investigated in the blood, pectoral muscles and tail feathers of two terrestrial (spotted owlet; Athena brama and bank myna; Acridotheres ginginianus) and two aquatic (cattle egret; Bubulcus ibis and pond heron; Ardeola grayii) bird species inhabiting Pakistan. Food chain specimens, as well as the dietary proxies δ15N and δ13C, were also analyzed to validate potential trophic and dietary transfers of metals and As in birds. Zn was found to be the most prevalent metal in the tissues of birds followed by Pb, As, Cu, and Cd. The bioaccumulation of metals and As was higher in tail feathers reflecting the combined effect of both endogenous and exogenous contamination. Pectoral muscle and blood harbored lower levels of As and metals, indicating less recent exposure through diet. Aquatic birds feeding at higher trophic levels accumulated significantly higher concentrations of metals and As in their tissues (P < 0.05) and, therefore, may be at a greater risk of metal and As toxicity than terrestrial birds. Linear regression model depicts δ15N as a strong predictor of metals and As levels in the tissues of both aquatic and terrestrial birds, followed by the δ13C dietary proxy. All metals in aquatic species, except for Cd, as well as terrestrial species, except for Cu, exhibit bioaccumulative potential through the food chain (Trophic transfer factor: TTFs > 1) indicating potential harmful consequences for birds. Elevated concentrations of metals and As in tissues may cause harmful effects in birds potentially leading to declines in their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhenda Tasneem
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; WWF, constitution avenue, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Mashiatullah
- Isotope Application Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Kanwal S, Abbasi NA, Chaudhry MJI, Ahmad SR, Malik RN. Oxidative stress risk assessment through heavy metal and arsenic exposure in terrestrial and aquatic bird species of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:12293-12307. [PMID: 31993901 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated metal- and metalloid-induced oxidative stress response in two aquatic (cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) (n = 10), pond heron (Ardeola grayii) (n = 10)), as well as two terrestrial (spotted owlet (Athene brama) (n = 6) and bank myna (Acridotheres ginginianus) (n = 16)) bird species collected from the outskirts of Lahore city, Pakistan. For this purpose, glutathione (tGSH) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)) levels and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT)) were analyzed as biomarkers of oxidative stress against metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) and metalloid (As) concentrations in kidney liver and blood of birds. Our results depicted significant correlation for Pb, Cd, and As with oxidative stress biomarkers in birds. The levels of heavy metals and As and their corresponding effects on oxidative stress biomarkers were comparably higher in aquatic species (p ≤ 0.01) except for Pb and Zn. In comparison of species, SOD and tGSH activities were higher in bank myna and cattle egret, while CAT activity and TBARS concentrations were higher in pond heron and cattle egret, respectively. We deduced that tissues with higher accumulation of metal(loid)s such as liver and kidney were under a great risk to oxidative damage. The overall order of metal accumulation and subsequent oxidative damage among families followed the pattern as Strigidae ≥Ardieda ≥ Sturnidae with their respective trophic levels. Globally, metal- and As-induced oxidative stress is least emphasized in multiple tissues of birds that is needed to be addressed with focus on case-control studies using dose-response approach. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsa Kanwal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
- WWF Constitution Avenue, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Ali SN, Baqar M, Mumtaz M, Ashraf U, Anwar MN, Qadir A, Ahmad SR, Nizami AS, Jun H. Organochlorine pesticides in the surrounding soils of POPs destruction facility: source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:7328-7340. [PMID: 31884545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) obsolete pesticides stockpiles, particularly the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), is one of the critical environmental issues faced by many developing countries. This pioneering study aimed to investigate the occurrence, source fingerprinting, human health, and ecological risks of OCPs in the surroundings of the lone POPs pesticide destruction facility in Pakistan. The ΣOCPs residual levels in soil ranged from 35.98 to 566.77 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 174.42 + 111.62 ng/g (dw). The OCPs contamination levels in the soil followed the pattern as ΣHCHs > Σendrins > Σendosulfans > dieldrin > Σheptachlors > ΣDDTs > Σchlordanes > methoxychlor. The ΣHCHs residual concentrations were comparatively higher than the previous national and global soil studies. The recent accumulation of HCHs, DDTs, and heptachlor was observed in the study area as identified by β-HCH/∑HCHs, (DDE + DDD)/ΣDDTs, heptachlor/Σheptachlor, and heptachlor exo-epoxide/heptachlor ratios. The OCPs' lifetime carcinogenic risk through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation exposure routes ranged from 1.65E-08 to 2.91E-07, whereas the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) ranged from 9.12E-05 to 1.61E-03. The risk vulnerability among age groups was in the order: adult > toddler > child > teen > infant. The calculated risk levels were within an acceptable limit of one in a million (1 × 10-6) for carcinogenic risk and HQ < 1 for noncarcinogenic risk. The current OCPs residual levels, especially dieldrin and endrin, exhibited low to medium ecological risks when compared to various worldwide limits. The upsurge of the OCPs' environmental contamination levels over the years and consideration of the food chain transfer might amplify the human health and ecological risks intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Nazish Ali
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Uzma Ashraf
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, 53200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Sattar Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huang Jun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Ijaz M, Ahmad SR, Akram M, Khan WU, Yasin NA, Nadeem FA. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of musculoskeletal disorders and socioeconomic issues of workers of brick industry in Pakistan. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 2020; 76:102933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ergon.2020.102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Fahid M, Arslan M, Shabir G, Younus S, Yasmeen T, Rizwan M, Siddique K, Ahmad SR, Tahseen R, Iqbal S, Ali S, Afzal M. Phragmites australis in combination with hydrocarbons degrading bacteria is a suitable option for remediation of diesel-contaminated water in floating wetlands. Chemosphere 2020; 240:124890. [PMID: 31726588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of diesel in the water could reduce the growth of plant and thus phytoremediation efficacy. The toxicity of diesel to plant is commonly explained; because of hydrocarbons in diesel accumulate in various parts of plants, where they disrupt the plant cell especially, the epidemis, leaves, stem and roots of the plant. This study investigated the effect of bacterial augmentation in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) on remediation of diesel oil contaminated water. A helophytic plant, Phragmites australis (P. australis), was vegetated on a floating mat to establish FTWs for the remediation of diesel (1%, w/v) contaminated water. The FTWs was inoculated with three bacterial strains (Acinetobacter sp. BRRH61, Bacillus megaterium RGR14 and Acinetobacter iwoffii AKR1), possessing hydrocarbon degradation and plant growth-enhancing capabilities. It was observed that the FTWs efficiently removed hydrocarbons from water, and bacterial inoculation further enhanced its hydrocarbons degradation efficacy. Diesel contaminated water samples collected after fifteen days of time interval for three months and were analyzed for pollution parameters. The maximum reduction in hydrocarbons (95.8%), chemical oxygen demand (98.6%), biochemical oxygen demand (97.7%), total organic carbon (95.2%), phenol (98.9%) and toxicity was examined when both plant and bacteria were employed in combination. Likewise, an increase in plant growth was seen in the presence of bacteria. The inoculated bacteria showed persistence in the water, root and shoot of P. australis. The study concluded that the augmentation of hydrocarbons degrading bacteria in FTWs is a better option for treatment of diesel polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ghulam Shabir
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Younus
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Yasmeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Siddique
- Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Razia Tahseen
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samina Iqbal
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Rasheed R, Yasar A, Wang Y, Tabinda AB, Ahmad SR, Tahir F, Su Y. Environmental impact and economic sustainability analysis of a novel anaerobic digestion waste-to-energy pilot plant in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:26404-26417. [PMID: 31325094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel medium-large industrial-scale, anaerobic digestion (AD) waste-to-energy pilot plant has been investigated in terms of cost-benefit, environmental impact, and economic sustainability. This pilot plant exclusively features a multi-digester AD system induced by motorized stirring, methane purification, compression, storage and digestate-fertilizer processing systems, and subsequent electricity generation. The operational productivity and success of the pilot plant has been proven on a variety of waste feedstock substrates in the form of cow-buffalo manure and potato waste. The plant has an average energy productivity of 384 kWh/day and an annual rate of return was estimated to be 15.4%. The life cycle environmental impact analysis deliberated the significant impact potentials in terms of climate change (kg CO2 equivalent), and fossil depletion (kg of oil equivalent) for three selected substrates: 100% cow-buffalo manure (CBM), 100% potato waste (PW), and a mixture of 75% CBM and 25% PW. The results show the climate change potential of 70 kg, 71 kg, and 149 kg and fossil depletion potential of - 2.43 kg, - 16.45 kg, and 18 kg per 2000 kg of substrate slurry, respectively. As such, the substrate of 100% CBM posed the least climate change impacts whereas 100% PW has been established most effective under the fossil depletion category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Rasheed
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Katchary Road, Lower Mall, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Katchary Road, Lower Mall, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yubo Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Katchary Road, Lower Mall, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fizza Tahir
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Katchary Road, Lower Mall, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yuehong Su
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Hameed S, Mahmood N, Chaudhry MN, Ahmad SR, Aqeel Ur Rahman M, Hameed S, Mahmood N. SHORT COMMUNICATION-Pattern of anti-tuberculosis drugs susceptibility in new and previously treated tuberculosis patients and environmental risk factors investigation. Pak J Pharm Sci 2019; 32:1709-1714. [PMID: 31608894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Resistance pattern both in newly and previously treated-TB patients and risk factors associated in spread of tuberculosis are investigated in the current study. A total 244 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were used for drug-susceptibility test against four drugs. Environmental risk factors were assessed by using self-designed history proforma. Among 244 TB-isolates, 64% were categorized as MDR-TB in drug-susceptibility test. Male proportion was 51% while 32% belonged to 15-34 years age group and 49% were from city Lahore whereas majority of people (31%) was working on daily wages. Divergent drug-resistance pattern was obtained; RIF (68%), SM (52%), EMB (51%). INH showed only (27%) resistance against first-line anti-TB drug. Drug-resistance prevalence for two drug combination was highest (50%) for (INH+SM) and (INH+EMB) followed by (RIF+SM) (49%) whereas for three drugs combination (INH+RIF+EMB) and (INH+RIF+SM) the prevalence was almost same 50% and 49% respectively while 66% patients were categorized as previously treated and 34% as new TB cases. In drug susceptibility test, 71% were identified as MDR-TB among New TB cases, while 63% were identified as MDR-TB from previously treated cases. Surprisingly DST results displayed that percentage prevalence of MDR-TB both in newly and previously treated cases was almost same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Hameed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Aqeel Ur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Salma Hameed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hameed S, Ahmad SR, Rahman MAU, Nazir H, Ullah I. Drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and predictors associated with the development of drug resistance. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:155-159. [PMID: 30910744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a major challenge to national TB control programmes in developing countries. In the Pakistan province of Punjab, the extent and development of DR-TB is not well known. The current study was therefore conducted to assess the incidence and predictors of DR-TB in Punjab Province. METHODS Drug susceptibility testing was performed for 863 confirmed culture-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates using the proportion method. Patients were enrolled in the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant TB Unit of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital (Lahore, Pakistan) from August 2011 to September 2013. Data analysis was performed using IBS SPSS Statistics v.20. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors for DR-TB. RESULTS The rate of resistance to at least one drug (i.e. DR-TB) was 35.0% (302/863) and the rate of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was 30.0% (259/863). Among DR-TB cases, the number of females was relatively higher (167/302; 55.3%) compared with males. The majority of DR-TB patients resided in a rural area (229/302; 75.8%). Significant predictors of DR-TB were age 18-45 years, previous TB treatment, rural residence, being a housewife, being married, duration of sickness >1year and unemployment. CONCLUSION The problem of DR-TB in Pakistan is significant. The strongest risk factors were young age and previous anti-TB treatment. Being married, being a housewife, rural residence and unemployment were also risk factors, culminating in an urgent need for effective control, early diagnosis and treatment policies for DR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Hameed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Humera Nazir
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant TB Unit, TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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