1
|
Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, Cavallera V, Cousin E, Hagins H, Moberg ME, Mehlman ML, Abate YH, Abbas J, Abbasi MA, Abbasian M, Abbastabar H, Abdelmasseh M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar MA, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abedi A, Abedi V, Abeldaño Zuñiga RA, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Aboyans V, Abrha WA, Abualhasan A, Abu-Gharbieh E, Aburuz S, Adamu LH, Addo IY, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adekiya TA, Adikusuma W, Adnani QES, Adra S, Afework T, Afolabi AA, Afraz A, Afzal S, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad S, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed JQ, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MB, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Aji B, Ajumobi O, Akade SE, Akbari M, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemi RO, Akonde M, Al Hasan SM, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal TMA, Al-amer RM, Albashtawy M, AlBataineh MT, Aldawsari KA, Alemi H, Alemi S, Algammal AM, Al-Gheethi AAS, Alhalaiqa FAN, Alhassan RK, Ali A, Ali EA, Ali L, Ali MU, Ali MM, Ali R, Ali S, Ali SSS, Ali Z, Alif SM, Alimohamadi Y, Aliyi AA, Aljofan M, Aljunid SM, Alladi S, Almazan JU, Almustanyir S, Al-Omari B, Alqahtani JS, Alqasmi I, Alqutaibi AY, Al-Shahi Salman R, Altaany Z, Al-Tawfiq JA, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Al-Worafi YM, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi KH, Amani R, Amindarolzarbi A, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq MH, Amu H, Amugsi DA, Amusa GA, Amzat J, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson DB, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Angappan D, Angesom TW, Anil A, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anwer R, Arafat M, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Ariffin H, Arifin H, Arkew M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov AA, Artanti KD, Aruleba RT, Asadi-Pooya AA, Asena TF, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ashraf M, Ashraf T, Atalell KA, Athari SS, Atinafu BTT, Atorkey P, Atout MMW, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Avan A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayatollahi H, Ayinde OO, Ayyoubzadeh SM, Azadnajafabad S, Azizi Z, Azizian K, Azzam AY, Babaei M, Badar M, Badiye AD, Baghdadi S, Bagherieh S, Bai R, Baig AA, Balakrishnan S, Balalla S, Baltatu OC, Banach M, Bandyopadhyay S, Banerjee I, Baran MF, Barboza MA, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrow A, Bashash D, Bashiri H, Bashiru HA, Basiru A, Basso JD, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Batra K, Baune BT, Bedi N, Begde A, Begum T, Behnam B, Behnoush AH, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Bemanalizadeh M, Bender RG, Benfor B, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berice B, Bettencourt PJG, Beyene KA, Bhadra A, Bhagat DS, Bhangdia K, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhargava A, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhat V, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS, Bhatti R, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Bilalaga MM, Biswas A, Bitaraf S, Bitra VR, Bjørge T, Bodolica V, Bodunrin AO, Boloor A, Braithwaite D, Brayne C, Brenner H, Briko A, Bringas Vega ML, Brown J, Budke CM, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns RA, Bustanji Y, Butt MH, Butt NS, Butt ZA, Cabral LS, Caetano dos Santos FL, Calina D, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao C, Carabin H, Cárdenas R, Carreras G, Carvalho AF, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Casulli A, Catalá-López F, Catapano AL, Caye A, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cerin E, Chacón-Uscamaita PRU, Chan JSK, Chanie GS, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chekol Abebe E, Chen H, Chen J, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chidambaram SB, Chimoriya R, Ching PR, Chitheer A, Chong YY, Chopra H, Choudhari SG, Chowdhury EK, Chowdhury R, Christensen H, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung E, Coberly K, Columbus A, Comachio J, Conde J, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Dabbagh Ohadi MA, Dadana S, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, D'Amico E, Danawi HA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darwish AH, Das S, Das S, Dascalu AM, Dash NR, Dashti M, De la Hoz FP, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Dean FE, Dehghan A, Dehghan A, Dejene H, Demant D, Demetriades AK, Demissie S, Deng X, Desai HD, Devanbu VGC, Dhama K, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Dibas M, Ding DD, Dinu M, Dirac MA, Diress M, Do TC, Do THP, Doan KDK, Dodangeh M, Doheim MF, Dokova KG, Dongarwar D, Dsouza HL, Dube J, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye OC, Dutta S, Dziedzic AM, Edinur HA, Eissazade N, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, El Nahas N, El Sayed I, Elahi Najafi MA, Elbarazi I, Elemam NM, Elgar FJ, Elgendy IY, Elhabashy HR, Elhadi M, Elilo LT, Ellenbogen RG, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emamverdi M, Emeto TI, Endres M, Esezobor CI, Eskandarieh S, Fadaei A, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahim A, Faramarzi A, Fares J, Farjoud Kouhanjani M, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fathi M, Fathi S, Fatima SAF, Feizkhah A, Fereshtehnejad SM, Ferrari AJ, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Firouraghi N, Fischer F, Fonseca AC, Force LM, Fornari A, Foroutan B, Fukumoto T, Gadanya MA, Gaidhane AM, Galali Y, Galehdar N, Gan Q, Gandhi AP, Ganesan B, Gardner WM, Garg N, Gau SY, Gautam RK, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremeskel GG, Gebreslassie HG, Getacher L, Ghaderi Yazdi B, Ghadirian F, Ghaffarpasand F, Ghanbari R, Ghasemi M, Ghazy RM, Ghimire S, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Ghotbi E, Ghozy S, Gialluisi A, Gill PS, Glasstetter LM, Gnedovskaya EV, Golchin A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes-Neto M, Goulart AC, Goyal A, Gray RJ, Grivna M, Guadie HA, Guan B, Guarducci G, Guicciardi S, Gunawardane DA, Guo H, Gupta B, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gutiérrez RA, Habibzadeh F, Hachinski V, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi NR, Haep N, Haile TG, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Halwani R, Hameed S, Hamiduzzaman M, Hammoud A, Han H, Hanifi N, Hankey GJ, Hannan MA, Hao J, Harapan H, Hareru HE, Hargono A, Harlianto NI, Haro JM, Hartman NN, Hasaballah AI, Hasan F, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hassan A, Hassan S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen MB, Haubold J, Hay SI, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Heidari M, Heidari-Soureshjani R, Hesami H, Hezam K, Hiraike Y, Hoffman HJ, Holla R, Hopf KP, Horita N, Hossain MM, Hossain MB, Hossain S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu C, Huang J, Huda MN, Hussain J, Hussein NR, Huynh HH, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ilaghi M, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Immurana M, Iravanpour F, Islam SMS, Ismail F, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iyer M, Jaan A, Jacob L, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jafari M, Jafarinia M, Jafarzadeh A, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Jamora RDG, Jana S, Javadi N, Javed S, Javeed S, Jayapal SK, Jayaram S, Jiang H, Johnson CO, Johnson WD, Jokar M, Jonas JB, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshua CE, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kabito GG, Kadashetti V, Kafi F, Kalani R, Kalantar F, Kaliyadan F, Kamath A, Kamath S, Kanchan T, Kandel A, Kandel H, Kanmodi KK, Karajizadeh M, Karami J, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karch A, Karimi A, Karimi H, Karimi Behnagh A, Kasraei H, Kassebaum NJ, Kauppila JH, Kaur H, Kaur N, Kayode GA, Kazemi F, Keikavoosi-Arani L, Keller C, Keykhaei M, Khadembashiri MA, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khamesipour F, Khammarnia M, Khan M, Khan MAB, Khan YH, Khan Suheb MZ, Khanmohammadi S, Khanna T, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh MM, Khateri S, Khatib MN, Khayat Kashani HR, Khonji MS, khorashadizadeh F, Khormali M, Khubchandani J, Kian S, Kim G, Kim J, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kivimäki M, Kochhar S, Kolahi AA, Koly KN, Kompani F, Koroshetz WJ, Kosen S, Kourosh Arami M, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko MA, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Kuate Defo B, Kuddus MA, Kumar A, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar N, Kumsa NB, Kundu S, Kurniasari MD, Kusuma D, Kuttikkattu A, Kyu HH, La Vecchia C, Ladan MA, Lahariya C, Laksono T, Lal DK, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lami FH, Landires I, Langguth B, Lasrado S, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lau KMM, Laurens MB, Lawal BK, Le LKD, Le TTT, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee SW, Lee SW, Lee WC, Lee YH, Leonardi M, Lerango TL, Li MC, Li W, Ligade VS, Lim SS, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu J, Liu W, Lo CH, Lo WD, Lobo SW, Logroscino G, Lopes G, Lopukhov PD, Lorenzovici L, Lorkowski S, Loureiro JA, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Lutzky Saute R, Ma ZF, Mabrok M, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maghazachi AA, Maghbouli N, Mahjoub S, Mahmoudi M, Majeed A, Malagón-Rojas JN, Malakan Rad E, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Malta DC, Manilal A, Mansouri V, Mansournia MA, Marasini BP, Marateb HR, Maroufi SF, Martinez-Raga J, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Martorell M, März W, Marzo RR, Massano J, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathews E, Maude RJ, Maugeri A, Maulik PK, Mayeli M, Mazaheri M, McAlinden C, McGrath JJ, Meena JK, Mehndiratta MM, Mendez-Lopez MAM, Mendoza W, Mendoza-Cano O, Menezes RG, Merati M, Meretoja A, Merkin A, Mersha AM, Mestrovic T, Mi T, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Mihretie ET, Minh LHN, Mirfakhraie R, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei M, Misganaw A, Misra S, Mithra P, Mizana BA, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi S, Mohammadi S, Mohammadshahi M, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mohan S, Mojiri-forushani H, Moka N, Mokdad AH, Molinaro S, Möller H, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman M, Montazeri F, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mossialos E, Motaghinejad M, Mousavi P, Mousavi SE, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mughal F, Mukoro GD, Mulita A, Mulita F, Musaigwa F, Mustafa A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi P, Naik GR, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najmuldeen HHR, Nakhostin Ansari N, Nambi G, Namdar Areshtanab H, Nargus S, Nascimento BR, Naser AY, Nashwan AJJ, Nasoori H, Nasreldein A, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Nayak BP, Nazri-Panjaki A, Negaresh M, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi RI, Negru SM, Nejadghaderi SA, Nematollahi MH, Nesbit OD, Newton CRJ, Nguyen DH, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen HQ, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Niazi RK, Nikolouzakis TK, Niranjan V, Nnyanzi LA, Noman EA, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap JJ, Nri-Ezedi CA, Ntaios G, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nurrika D, Oancea B, Odetokun IA, O'Donnell MJ, Ogunsakin RE, Oguta JO, Oh IH, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke SR, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Okwute PG, Olagunju AT, Olaiya MT, Olana MD, Olatubi MI, Oliveira GMM, Olufadewa II, Olusanya BO, Omar Bali A, Ong S, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Orji AU, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Osuagwu UL, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Ouyahia A, Owolabi MO, P A MP, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padubidri JR, Pal PK, Palange PN, Palladino C, Palladino R, Palma-Alvarez RF, Pan F, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandian JD, Pangaribuan HU, Pantazopoulos I, Pardhan S, Parija PP, Parikh RR, Park S, Parthasarathi A, Pashaei A, Patel J, Patil S, Patoulias D, Pawar S, Pedersini P, Pensato U, Pereira DM, Pereira J, Pereira MO, Peres MFP, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Pham HT, Phillips MR, Pinilla-Monsalve GD, Piradov MA, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polat B, Poluru R, Pond CD, Poudel GR, Pouramini A, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Pourfridoni M, Pourtaheri N, Prakash PY, Prakash S, Prakash V, Prates EJS, Pritchett N, Purnobasuki H, Qasim NH, Qattea I, Qian G, Radhakrishnan V, Raee P, Raeisi Shahraki H, Rafique I, Raggi A, Raghav PR, Rahati MM, Rahim F, Rahimi Z, Rahimifard M, Rahman MO, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rahmani AM, Rahmani S, Rahmani Youshanlouei H, Rahmati M, Raj Moolambally S, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Ramadan H, Ramasamy SK, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Rancic N, Rao IR, Rao SJ, Rapaka D, Rashedi V, Rashid AM, Rashidi MM, Rashidi Alavijeh M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Rawaf S, Razo C, Redwan EMM, Rekabi Bana A, Remuzzi G, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee TG, Riad A, Robinson SR, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Rogowski ELB, Romoli M, Ronfani L, Roy P, Roy Pramanik K, Rubagotti E, Ruiz MA, Russ TC, S Sunnerhagen K, Saad AMA, Saadatian Z, Saber K, SaberiKamarposhti M, Sacco S, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghian S, Saeed U, Saeed U, Safdarian M, Safi SZ, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahraian MA, Sajedi SA, Sakshaug JW, Saleh MA, Salehi Omran H, Salem MR, Salimi S, Samadi Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samargandy S, Samodra YL, Samuel VP, Samy AM, Sanadgol N, Sanjeev RK, Sanmarchi F, Santomauro DF, Santri IN, Santric-Milicevic MM, Saravanan A, Sarveazad A, Satpathy M, Saylan M, Sayyah M, Scarmeas N, Schlaich MP, Schuermans A, Schwarzinger M, Schwebel DC, Selvaraj S, Sendekie AK, Sengupta P, Senthilkumaran S, Serban D, Sergindo MT, Sethi Y, SeyedAlinaghi S, Seylani A, Shabani M, Shabany M, Shafie M, Shahabi S, Shahbandi A, Shahid S, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Shahsavari HR, Shahwan MJ, Shaikh MA, Shaji KS, Sham S, Shama ATT, Shamim MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi MA, Shanawaz M, Sharath M, Sharfaei S, Sharifan A, Sharma M, Sharma R, Shashamo BB, Shayan M, Sheikhi RA, Shekhar S, Shen J, Shenoy SM, Shetty PH, Shiferaw DS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shivakumar KM, Shokri F, Shool S, Shorofi SA, Shrestha S, Siankam Tankwanchi AB, Siddig EE, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva JP, Silva LMLR, Sinaei E, Singh BB, Singh G, Singh P, Singh S, Sirota SB, Sivakumar S, Sohag AAM, Solanki R, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Solomon Y, Solomon Y, Song S, Song Y, Sotoudeh H, Spartalis M, Stark BA, Starnes JR, Starodubova AV, Stein DJ, Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Suleman M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader R, Sultana A, Sun J, Sunkersing D, Sunny A, Susianti H, Swain CK, Szeto MD, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabai S, Tabish M, Taheri M, Tahvildari A, Tajbakhsh A, Tampa M, Tamuzi JJLL, Tan KK, Tang H, Tareke M, Tarigan IU, Tat NY, Tat VY, Tavakoli Oliaee R, Tavangar SM, Tavasol A, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Teramoto M, Tesfaye AH, Tesfaye EG, Tesler R, Thakali O, Thangaraju P, Thapa R, Thapar R, Thomas NK, Thrift AG, Ticoalu JHV, Tillawi T, Toghroli R, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran NM, Tran NH, Tran PV, Tromans SJ, Truelsen TC, Truyen TTTT, Tsatsakis A, Tsegay GM, Tsermpini EE, Tualeka AR, Tufa DG, Ubah CS, Udoakang AJ, Ulhaq I, Umair M, Umakanthan S, Umapathi KK, Unim B, Unnikrishnan B, Vaithinathan AG, Vakilian A, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valizadeh R, Van den Eynde J, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vaziri S, Vellingiri B, Venketasubramanian N, Verras GI, Vervoort D, Villafañe JH, Villani L, Vinueza Veloz AF, Viskadourou M, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov V, Volovat SR, Vu LT, Vujcic IS, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Wahood W, Walde MT, Wang F, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang YP, Waqas M, Waris A, Weerakoon KG, Weintraub RG, Weldemariam AH, Westerman R, Whisnant JL, Wickramasinghe DP, Wickramasinghe ND, Willekens B, Wilner LB, Winkler AS, Wolfe CDA, Wu AM, Wulf Hanson S, Xu S, Xu X, Yadollahpour A, Yaghoubi S, Yahya G, Yamagishi K, Yang L, Yano Y, Yao Y, Yehualashet SS, Yeshaneh A, Yesiltepe M, Yi S, Yiğit A, Yiğit V, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Younis MZ, Yu C, Yusuf H, Zadey S, Zahedi M, Zakham F, Zaki N, Zali A, Zamagni G, Zand R, Zandieh GGZ, Zangiabadian M, Zarghami A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeariya MGM, Zegeye ZB, Zeukeng F, Zhai C, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang ZJ, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zheng P, Zhou H, Zhu B, Zhumagaliuly A, Zielińska M, Zikarg YT, Zoladl M, Murray CJL, Ong KL, Feigin VL, Vos T, Dua T. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:344-381. [PMID: 38493795 PMCID: PMC10949203 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378-521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20-3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5-45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7-26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6-38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5-32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7-2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Csako RI, Rowland DL, Hevesi K, Vitalis E, Balalla S. Female Sexuality in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Factors and Sexual Response Associated with Masturbation. Int J Sex Health 2022; 34:521-539. [PMID: 38596385 PMCID: PMC10903691 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2022.2099499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Sexual health includes the state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality. Masturbation is an important sexual activity with many potential benefits which has gained considerable interest in sexuality research in the past twenty years; however, this research is the first of its kind within the Aotearoa/New Zealand context. In this in-depth investigation, we examined frequencies of, reasons for, and activities during masturbation as well as the relationship between masturbation and other factors. Methods Participants were 698 New Zealand women at least 18 years of age participating in a 42-item anonymous online survey collecting comprehensive information about sexual practices and related factors. Results The results indicated that female masturbation has high prevalence in the New Zealand population. Conclusion The pattern of results enabled us to identify the positive effects of masturbation, masturbation practices commonly used by New Zealand women and the differences between New Zealand women who masturbate frequently and less frequently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita I. Csako
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David L. Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, USA
| | - Kriszta Hevesi
- Department of Education and Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese Vitalis
- Illinois School of Professional Psychology, National Louis University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shivanthi Balalla
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haagsma JA, James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, Lucchesi LR, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Adebayo OM, Ahmadi A, Ahmed MB, Aichour MTE, Alahdab F, Alghnam SA, Aljunid SM, Al-Raddadi RM, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Anjomshoa M, Antonio CAT, Appiah SCY, Aremu O, Arora A, Asayesh H, Assadi R, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Balalla S, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Bijani A, Borges G, Borschmann R, Bose D, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Choi JYJ, Christopher DJ, Crowe CS, Dalal K, Daryani A, Davitoiu DV, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, De Neve JW, Deribe K, Dessie GA, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Doan LP, Dolan KA, Driscoll TR, Dubey M, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, El Sayed Zaki M, Endries AY, Eskandarieh S, Faro A, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Gezae KE, Gill TK, Goulart AC, Grada A, Guo Y, Gupta R, Haghparast Bidgoli H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hendrie D, Henok A, Híjar M, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hossain N, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Igumbor EU, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Ivers RQ, Jacobsen KH, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kalani R, Kasaeian A, Kelbore AG, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khan EA, Khoja AT, Kiadaliri AA, Kim YE, Kim D, Kisa A, Koyanagi A, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar M, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Leasher JL, Li S, Linn S, Lunevicius R, Machado FR, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malik MA, Malta DC, Manda AL, Mansournia MA, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Meheretu HAA, Mehndiratta MM, Melese A, Mendoza W, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirrakhimov EM, Moazen B, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammed S, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Mondello S, Montero-Zamora PA, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morawska L, Velásquez IM, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mousavi SM, Murthy S, Musa KI, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Nguyen TH, Nguyen SH, Nguyen LH, Nguyen HLT, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Orpana HM, Otstavnov SS, P A M, Pakhale S, Park EK, Patton GC, Pesudovs K, Phillips MR, Polinder S, Prakash S, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahimi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rai RK, Ramezanzadeh K, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaeian S, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Sabde YD, Saddik B, Salamati P, Salimi Y, Salz I, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanchez Riera L, Santric Milicevic MM, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sawyer SM, Saxena S, Saylan M, Schneider IJC, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Sheikh A, Shen J, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Silva JP, Singh JA, Sinha DN, Soares Filho AM, Soriano JB, Soshnikov S, Soyiri IN, Starodubov VI, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Sunshine JE, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabb KM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran KB, Tran BX, Tudor Car L, Uthman OA, Uzochukwu BSC, Valdez PR, Varavikova E, Vasconcelos AMN, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Waheed Y, Wang YP, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Yadav P, Yano Y, Yenesew MA, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zafar S, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zhao Y, Zodpey S, Hay SI, Lopez AD, Mokdad AH, Vos T. Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i12-i26. [PMID: 31915273 PMCID: PMC7571356 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates. METHODS Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate. RESULTS For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lydia R Lucchesi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alireza Ahmadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Rajaa M Al-Raddadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ubai Alsharif
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Mina Anjomshoa
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Shivanthi Balalla
- School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Meysam Behzadifar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dipan Bose
- Transport & Digital Development, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan J Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jee-Young J Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Koustuv Dalal
- Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India
- School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Dragos Virgil Davitoiu
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Diego De Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan-Walter De Neve
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gabrielle Aline deVeber
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Linh Phuong Doan
- Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Kate A Dolan
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manisha Dubey
- United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
| | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Aman Yesuf Endries
- Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA
- School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rahul Gupta
- March of Dimes, Arlington, Virginia, USA
- School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andualem Henok
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Enayatollah Homaie Rad
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ehimario U Igumbor
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | | | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rizwan Kalani
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah T Khoja
- Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barthelemy Kuate Defo
- Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ratilal Lalloo
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hilton Lam
- Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York City, New York, USA
- International Relations Department, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Flavia R Machado
- Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Malik
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Haridwar, India
- Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Man Mohan Mehndiratta
- Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
- Neurology Department, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy
| | - Pablo A Montero-Zamora
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
- Health Management Reserach Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Trang Huyen Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Son Hoang Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | - Olanrewaju Oladimeji
- HAST, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pedro R Olivares
- Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Population Health Department, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Konrad Pesudovs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajesh Kumar Rai
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
- Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kiana Ramezanzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David Laith Rawaf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | | | - Leonardo Roever
- Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maheswar Satpathy
- UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mete Saylan
- Market Access Department, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ione J C Schneider
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiabin Shen
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivy Shiue
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Adauto Martins Soares Filho
- Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergey Soshnikov
- Department of Research Development, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vladimir I Starodubov
- Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jacob E Sunshine
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gizachew Assefa Tessema
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jarnail Singh Thakur
- School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Varavikova
- Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos
- Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tissa Wijeratne
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Sylvia Winkler
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Priyanka Yadav
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shamsa Zafar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balalla S, Krägeloh C, Medvedev O, Siegert R. Is the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire a Reliable and Valid Measure to Assess Long-Term Symptoms in Traumatic Brain Injury and Orthopedic Injury Patients? A Novel Investigation Using Rasch Analysis. Neurotrauma Rep 2020; 1:63-72. [PMID: 34223531 PMCID: PMC8240882 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PCS) symptoms are known to last years after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and similar symptoms are increasingly being documented among those who have not experienced a TBI. There remains however, a dearth of empirical evidence on the structural composition of symptoms beyond the post-acute symptom phase after TBI, and little is known about the potential use of PCS symptom scales to measure PCS-like symptoms in non-TBI individuals. Our objective was therefore to examine the psychometric performance and dimensionality of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) as a measure of long-term PCS symptoms among a TBI and non-TBI sample. A case-control sample of 223 patients with injury, consisting of age- and sex-matched TBI participants (n = 109) and orthopedic participants (n = 114) were recruited from a regional trauma registry in New Zealand (NZ), and assessed at mean 2.5 years post-injury. Results from the Rasch analysis showed that the RPQ achieved fit to the Rasch model, demonstrating very good reliability (Person Separation Index [PSI] = 0.87), thereby indicating that the measure can be used reliably for individual and group assessment of symptoms among both TBI and orthopedic patients. In this study we demonstrated evidence of a unidimensional construct of PCS symptoms in both groups, which helps alleviate previous uncertainty about factor structure, and permits the calculation of a total RPQ score. Conversion of ordinal to interval total scores presented within are recommended for clinicians and researchers, to improve instrument precision, and to facilitate the interpretation of change scores and use of parametric methods in data analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivanthi Balalla
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Northcote, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Krägeloh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Northcote, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Oleg Medvedev
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Richard Siegert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Northcote, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
James SL, Theadom A, Ellenbogen RG, Bannick MS, Montjoy-Venning W, Lucchesi LR, Abbasi N, Abdulkader R, Abraha HN, Adsuar JC, Afarideh M, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmed MB, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aichour MTE, Akinyemi RO, Akseer N, Alahdab F, Alebel A, Alghnam SA, Ali BA, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansari H, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Appiah SCY, Ariani F, Asefa NG, Asgedom SW, Atique S, Awasthi A, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayuk TB, Azzopardi PS, Badali H, Badawi A, Balalla S, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belachew AB, Belay YA, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Beuran M, Bhalla A, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Biadgo B, Biffino M, Bijani A, Bililign N, Birungi C, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Brown AW, Car M, Cárdenas R, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Chaiah Y, Champs AP, Chang JC, Choi JYJ, Christopher DJ, Cooper C, Crowe CS, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daryani A, Davitoiu DV, Degefa MG, Demoz GT, Deribe K, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Doku DT, Drake TM, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, El-Khatib Z, Ofori-Asenso R, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Esteghamati S, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Farzaei MH, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fukumoto T, Ganji M, Gankpe FG, Gebre AK, Gebrehiwot TT, Gezae KE, Gopalkrishna G, Goulart AC, Haagsma JA, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hawley C, Hay SI, Hegazy MI, Hendrie D, Henok A, Hibstu DT, Hoffman HJ, Hole MK, Homaie Rad E, Hosseini SM, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Hussen MA, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Jakovljevic M, Jayaraman S, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jones KM, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Jozwiak JJ, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kahsay A, Kahssay M, Kalani R, Karch A, Kasaeian A, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kassa ZY, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil I, Khan EA, Khan MS, Khang YH, Khazaie H, Khoja AT, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri AA, Kim D, Kim YE, Kisa A, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Lalloo R, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Laryea DO, Latifi A, Leshargie CT, Levi M, Li S, Liben ML, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Manda AL, Mansournia MA, Massenburg BB, Mate KKV, Mehndiratta MM, Mehta V, Meles H, Melese A, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Mengistu G, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Moazen B, Mohammadi M, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moosazadeh M, Moradi G, Moradi M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradinazar M, Morrison SD, Moschos MM, Mousavi SM, Murthy S, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Naghavi M, Naik G, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Negoi I, Nguyen TH, Nichols E, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nyasulu PS, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Okoro A, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olivares PR, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Pakhale S, Pandey AR, Pesudovs K, Pinilla-Monsalve GD, Polinder S, Poustchi H, Prakash S, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman MA, Rai RK, Rajati F, Ram U, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reiner RC, Reis C, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Rezaeian S, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roy N, Ruhago GM, Saddik B, Safari H, Safiri S, Sahraian MA, Salamati P, Saldanha RDF, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos JV, Santric Milicevic MMM, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savuon K, Schneider IJC, Schwebel DC, Sepanlou SG, Shabaninejad H, Shaikh MAA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Sharif M, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Shariful Islam SM, She J, Sheikh A, Shen J, Sheth KN, Shibuya K, Shiferaw MS, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Shoman H, Siabani S, Siddiqi TJ, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Sinha DN, Smith M, Soares Filho AM, Sobhani S, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Soyiri IN, Stein DJ, Stokes MA, Sufiyan MB, Sunguya BF, Sunshine JE, Sykes BL, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Te Ao BJ, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekle MG, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Topor-Madry R, Tortajada-Girbés M, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tudor Car L, Ukwaja KN, Ullah I, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Valdez PR, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Wagnew FWS, Waheed Y, Wang YP, Weldegwergs KG, Werdecker A, Wijeratne T, Winkler AS, Wyper GMA, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Yasin YJ, Ye P, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yost MG, Younis MZ, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zenebe ZM, Zodpey S, Feigin VL, Vos T, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:56-87. [PMID: 30497965 PMCID: PMC6291456 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 917] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury. METHODS We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016 to measure the global, regional, and national burden of TBI and SCI by age and sex. We measured the incidence and prevalence of all causes of injury requiring medical care in inpatient and outpatient records, literature studies, and survey data. By use of clinical record data, we estimated the proportion of each cause of injury that required medical care that would result in TBI or SCI being considered as the nature of injury. We used literature studies to establish standardised mortality ratios and applied differential equations to convert incidence to prevalence of long-term disability. Finally, we applied GBD disability weights to calculate YLDs. We used a Bayesian meta-regression tool for epidemiological modelling, used cause-specific mortality rates for non-fatal estimation, and adjusted our results for disability experienced with comorbid conditions. We also analysed results on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index, a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility. FINDINGS In 2016, there were 27·08 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·30-30·30 million) new cases of TBI and 0·93 million (0·78-1·16 million) new cases of SCI, with age-standardised incidence rates of 369 (331-412) per 100 000 population for TBI and 13 (11-16) per 100 000 for SCI. In 2016, the number of prevalent cases of TBI was 55·50 million (53·40-57·62 million) and of SCI was 27·04 million (24·98-30·15 million). From 1990 to 2016, the age-standardised prevalence of TBI increased by 8·4% (95% UI 7·7 to 9·2), whereas that of SCI did not change significantly (-0·2% [-2·1 to 2·7]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased by 3·6% (1·8 to 5·5) for TBI, but did not change significantly for SCI (-3·6% [-7·4 to 4·0]). TBI caused 8·1 million (95% UI 6·0-10·4 million) YLDs and SCI caused 9·5 million (6·7-12·4 million) YLDs in 2016, corresponding to age-standardised rates of 111 (82-141) per 100 000 for TBI and 130 (90-170) per 100 000 for SCI. Falls and road injuries were the leading causes of new cases of TBI and SCI in most regions. INTERPRETATION TBI and SCI constitute a considerable portion of the global injury burden and are caused primarily by falls and road injuries. The increase in incidence of TBI over time might continue in view of increases in population density, population ageing, and increasing use of motor vehicles, motorcycles, and bicycles. The number of individuals living with SCI is expected to increase in view of population growth, which is concerning because of the specialised care that people with SCI can require. Our study was limited by data sparsity in some regions, and it will be important to invest greater resources in collection of data for TBI and SCI to improve the accuracy of future assessments. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jones KM, Bhattacharjee R, Krishnamurthi R, Blanton S, Barker-Collo S, Theadom A, Thrift AG, Wolf SL, Venketasubramanian N, Parmar P, Maujean A, Ranta A, Cadilhac D, Sanya EO, MacKay-Lyons M, Pandian JD, Arora D, Obiako RO, Saposnik G, Balalla S, Bornstein NM, Langhorne P, Norrving B, Brown N, Brainin M, Taylor D, Feigin VL. Determining the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a stroke instructional and educational DVD in a multinational context: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil 2018; 32:1086-1097. [PMID: 29843517 DOI: 10.1177/0269215518777565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial of an instructional and educational stroke DVD and determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of this intervention in a multinational context. DESIGN Non-funded, pilot randomized controlled trial of intervention versus usual care. SETTING International, multicentre, community-based. PARTICIPANTS Community-living adults up to three years post stroke with moderate to severe disability and their nominated informal caregivers. INTERVENTIONS Intervention patients viewed and practised rehabilitation techniques demonstrated in the DVD over six weeks. MAIN MEASURES Trial feasibility by number of active recruitment sites, recruitment efficiency, randomization and follow-up. Intervention feasibility by patient and caregiver impressions. Preliminary efficacy by the quality of life - 5-level EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) health status measure, General Health Questionnaire and Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression at two months. RESULTS In total, 14 recruitment sites were established across eight countries. Recruitment was achieved at nine (64%) sites. Over 16 months, 66 participants were recruited (mean (SD) age = 63.5 (12.47) years) and randomized to intervention ( n = 34) and control ( n = 32) groups. In total, 54 (82%) completed a follow-up assessment. Patient and/or caregiver comments about the benefits and barriers to accessing the intervention were mixed. There were no significant between-group differences in outcomes at two months ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Conducting a multinational trial of a stroke DVD requires full funding. The intervention was acceptable to some patients and their caregivers, yet a generalized education approach did not fully meet their needs and/or expectations. A more individualized method may be required to meet peoples' changing needs during stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Jones
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohit Bhattacharjee
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rita Krishnamurthi
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Blanton
- 2 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alice Theadom
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amanda G Thrift
- 4 Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven L Wolf
- 2 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Priya Parmar
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annick Maujean
- 6 RECOVER Injury Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Annemarei Ranta
- 7 Department of Neurology, Wellington Regional Hospital, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dominique Cadilhac
- 4 Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emmanuel O Sanya
- 8 Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Jeyaraj D Pandian
- 10 Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Deepti Arora
- 10 Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Reginald O Obiako
- 11 Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- 12 Stroke Outcomes Research Center, Division of Neurology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shivanthi Balalla
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,13 School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- 14 Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter Langhorne
- 15 Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Norrving
- 16 Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nita Brown
- 17 Stroke Foundation of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael Brainin
- 18 Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria.,19 Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Denise Taylor
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,20 Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Valery L Feigin
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang H, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abraha HN, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Adedeji IA, Adedoyin RA, Adetifa IMO, Adetokunboh O, Afshin A, Aggarwal R, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Ahmad Kiadaliri A, Ahmed MB, Aichour MTE, Aichour AN, Aichour I, Aiyar S, Akanda AS, Akinyemiju TF, Akseer N, Al Lami FH, Alabed S, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alasfoor D, Aldridge RW, Alene KA, Al-Eyadhy A, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Aljunid SM, Alkaabi JM, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allam SD, Allebeck P, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Ameh EA, Amini E, Ammar W, Amoako YA, Anber N, Andrei CL, Androudi S, Ansari H, Ansha MG, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Ärnlöv J, Arora M, Artaman A, Aryal KK, Asayesh H, Asgedom SW, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Assaye AM, Atey TM, Atre SR, Avila-Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Babalola TK, Bacha U, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Balalla S, Barac A, Barber RM, Barboza MA, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen T, Barquera S, Barregard L, Barrero LH, Baune BT, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bedi N, Beghi E, Béjot Y, Bekele BB, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bennett JR, Bensenor IM, Benson J, Berhane A, Berhe DF, Bernabé E, Beuran M, Beyene AS, Bhala N, Bhansali A, Bhaumik S, Bhutta ZA, Bicer BK, Bidgoli HH, Bikbov B, Birungi C, Biryukov S, Bisanzio D, Bizuayehu HM, Bjerregaard P, Blosser CD, Boneya DJ, Boufous S, Bourne RRA, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Brugha TS, Bukhman G, Bulto LNB, Bumgarner BR, Burch M, Butt ZA, Cahill LE, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Campos-Nonato IR, Car J, Car M, Cárdenas R, Carpenter DO, Carrero JJ, Carter A, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro FF, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Chen H, Chiang PPC, Chibalabala M, Chisumpa VH, Chitheer AA, Choi JYJ, Christensen H, Christopher DJ, Ciobanu LG, Cirillo M, Cohen AJ, Colquhoun SM, Coresh J, Criqui MH, Cromwell EA, Crump JA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, das Neves J, Davey G, Davitoiu DV, Davletov K, de Courten B, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Deiparine S, Dellavalle RP, Deribe K, Deribew A, Des Jarlais DC, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani MK, Diaz-Torné C, Ding EL, Dixit P, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Doku DT, Donnelly CA, dos Santos KPB, Douwes-Schultz D, Driscoll TR, Duan L, Dubey M, Duncan BB, Dwivedi LK, Ebrahimi H, El Bcheraoui C, Ellingsen CL, Enayati A, Endries AY, Ermakov SP, Eshetie S, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Estep K, Fanuel FBB, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Feigin VL, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes JG, Fernandes JC, Feyissa TR, Filip I, Fischer F, Foigt N, Foreman KJ, Frank T, Franklin RC, Fraser M, Friedman J, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Fürst T, Furtado JM, Futran ND, Gakidou E, Gambashidze K, Gamkrelidze A, Gankpé FG, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gebregergs GB, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebrekidan KG, Gebremichael MW, Gelaye AA, Geleijnse JM, Gemechu BL, Gemechu KS, Genova-Maleras R, Gesesew HA, Gething PW, Gibney KB, Gill PS, Gillum RF, Giref AZ, Girma BW, Giussani G, Goenka S, Gomez B, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Goulart AC, Graetz N, Gugnani HC, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta T, Gupta V, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hakuzimana A, Halasa YA, Hamadeh RR, Hambisa MT, Hamidi S, Hammami M, Hancock J, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Hao Y, Harb HL, Hareri HA, Harikrishnan S, Haro JM, Hassanvand MS, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hay SI, He F, Heredia-Pi IB, Herteliu C, Hilawe EH, Hoek HW, Horita N, Hosgood HD, Hostiuc S, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Htet AS, Hu G, Huang JJ, Huang H, Iburg KM, Igumbor EU, Ileanu BV, Inoue M, Irenso AA, Irvine CMS, Islam SMS, Islam N, Jacobsen KH, Jaenisch T, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic MB, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke AU, Jeemon P, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jin Y, John D, John O, Johnson SC, Jonas JB, Jürisson M, Kabir Z, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalkonde Y, Kamal R, Kan H, Karch A, Karema CK, Karimi SM, Karthikeyan G, Kasaeian A, Kassaw NA, Kassebaum NJ, Kastor A, Katikireddi SV, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore SG, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Kesavachandran CN, Ketema EB, Khader YS, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khan G, Khang YH, Khera S, Khoja ATA, Khosravi MH, Kibret GD, Kieling C, Kim YJ, Kim CI, Kim D, Kim P, Kim S, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kishawi S, Kissoon N, Kivimaki M, Knudsen AK, Kokubo Y, Kopec JA, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko M, Krohn KJ, Kuate Defo B, Kuipers EJ, Kulikoff XR, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar P, Kumsa FA, Kutz M, Lachat C, Lagat AK, Lager ACJ, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Lambert N, Lan Q, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Lavados PM, Laxmaiah A, Lee PH, Leigh J, Leung J, Leung R, Levi M, Li Y, Liao Y, Liben ML, Lim SS, Linn S, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Lodha R, Logroscino G, Lorch SA, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Ma S, Macarayan ER, Machado IE, Mackay MT, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Magis-Rodriguez C, Mahdavi M, Majdan M, Majdzadeh R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra R, Malta DC, Mantovani LG, Manyazewal T, Mapoma CC, Marczak LB, Marks GB, Martin EA, Martinez-Raga J, Martins-Melo FR, Massano J, Maulik PK, Mayosi BM, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGarvey ST, McGrath JJ, McKee M, Mehata S, Mehndiratta MM, Mehta KM, Meier T, Mekonnen TC, Meles KG, Memiah P, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mengesha MM, Mengistie MA, Mengistu DT, Menon GR, Menota BG, Mensah GA, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Mezgebe HB, Micha R, Mikesell J, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Minnig S, Mirarefin M, Mirrakhimov EM, Misganaw A, Mishra SR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed KE, Mohammed S, Mohan MBV, Mohanty SK, Mokdad AH, Mollenkopf SK, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Montañez Hernandez JC, Montico M, Mooney MD, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Morawska L, Mori R, Morrison SD, Mruts KB, Mueller UO, Mullany E, Muller K, Murthy GVS, Murthy S, Musa KI, Nachega JB, Nagata C, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naidoo KS, Nanda L, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Natarajan G, Negoi I, Nguyen CT, Nguyen QL, Nguyen TH, Nguyen G, Ningrum DNA, Nisar MI, Nomura M, Nong VM, Norheim OF, Norrving B, Noubiap JJN, Nyakarahuka L, O'Donnell MJ, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Okoro A, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Oren E, Ortiz A, Osgood-Zimmerman A, Ota E, Owolabi MO, Oyekale AS, PA M, Pacella RE, Pakhale S, Pana A, Panda BK, Panda-Jonas S, Park EK, Parsaeian M, Patel T, Patten SB, Patton GC, Paudel D, Pereira DM, Perez-Padilla R, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pervaiz A, Pesudovs K, Peterson CB, Petri WA, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Piel FB, Pigott DM, Pishgar F, Plass D, Polinder S, Popova S, Postma MJ, Poulton RG, Pourmalek F, Prasad N, Purwar M, Qorbani M, Quintanilla BPA, Rabiee RHS, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MHU, Rahman SU, Rahman M, Rai RK, Rajsic S, Ram U, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rao PV, Rawaf S, Ray SE, Rego MAS, Rehm J, Reiner RC, Remuzzi G, Renzaho AMN, Resnikoff S, Rezaei S, Rezai MS, Ribeiro AL, Rivas JC, Rokni MB, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth GA, Rothenbacher D, Roy A, Rubagotti E, Ruhago GM, Saadat S, Sabde YD, Sachdev PS, Sadat N, Safdarian M, Safi S, Safiri S, Sagar R, Sahathevan R, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Salama J, Salamati P, Salomon JA, Salvi SS, Samy AM, Sanabria JR, Sanchez-Niño MD, Santos IS, Santric Milicevic MM, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Saxena S, Saylan MI, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schulhofer-Wohl S, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Schwendicke F, Seedat S, Seid AM, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shackelford KA, Shaheen A, Shahraz S, Shaikh MA, Shamsipour M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharma J, Sharma R, She J, Shen J, Shetty BP, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shifa GT, Shigematsu M, Shiri R, Shiue I, Shrime MG, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silpakit N, Silva DAS, Silva JP, Silveira DGA, Sindi S, Singh JA, Singh PK, Singh A, Singh V, Sinha DN, Skarbek KAK, Skiadaresi E, Sligar A, Smith DL, Sobaih BHA, Sobngwi E, Soneji S, Soriano JB, Sreeramareddy CT, Srinivasan V, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stein DJ, Steiner C, Stöckl H, Stokes MA, Strong M, Sufiyan MB, Suliankatchi RA, Sunguya BF, Sur PJ, Swaminathan S, Sykes BL, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadakamadla SK, Tadese F, Tandon N, Tanne D, Tarajia M, Tavakkoli M, Taveira N, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekelab T, Tekle DY, Temsah MH, Terkawi AS, Tesema CL, Tesssema B, Theis A, Thomas N, Thompson AH, Thomson AJ, Thrift AG, Tiruye TY, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Tortajada M, Tran BX, Truelsen T, Trujillo U, Tsilimparis N, Tuem KB, Tuzcu EM, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uthman OA, Uzochukwu BSC, van Boven JFM, Varakin YY, Varughese S, Vasankari T, Vasconcelos AMN, Velasquez IM, Venketasubramanian N, Vidavalur R, Violante FS, Vishnu A, Vladimirov SK, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Vos T, Waid JL, Wakayo T, Wang YP, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Werdecker A, Wesana J, Wijeratne T, Wilkinson JD, Wiysonge CS, Woldeyes BG, Wolfe CDA, Workicho A, Workie SB, Xavier D, Xu G, Yaghoubi M, Yakob B, Yalew AZ, Yan LL, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Ye P, Yimam HH, Yip P, Yirsaw BD, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Yotebieng M, Younis MZ, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zeeb H, Zenebe ZM, Zerfu TA, Zhang AL, Zhang X, Zodpey S, Zuhlke LJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390:1084-1150. [PMID: 28919115 PMCID: PMC5605514 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. INTERPRETATION Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate prevalence figures estimating the number of survivors of poliomyelitis (disease causing acute flaccid paralysis) following poliovirus infection are not available. We aim to undertake a systematic review of all literature concerning the prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis. METHODS Electronic databases were searched from 1900 up to May 2016 for peer-reviewed studies using a population-based approach witha defined denominator and some form of diagnostic or clinical verification of polio. Exclusion criteria were any prevalence data that were unable to be extracted or calculated and studies reporting on incidence only. The quality of each included study was assessed using an existing tool modified for use in prevalence studies. Average crude prevalence rates were used to calculate worldwide estimates. RESULTS Thirty-one studies met criteria with 90% of studies conducted in low-income to lower middle-income countries. Significant variability in the prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis was revealed, in low- income to lower middle-income (15 per 100 000 in Nigeria to 1733 in India) and upper-middle to high-income countries (24 (Japan) to 380 per 100 000 (Brazil). The total combined prevalence of survivors of poliomyelitis for those studies at low to moderate risk of bias ranged from 165 (high-income countries) to 425 (low-income to lower middle-income countries) per 100 000 person-years. Historical lameness surveys of children predominated, with wide variation in case definition and assessment criteria, and limited relevance to current prevalence given the lack of incidence of poliovirus infection in the ensuing years. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the need for future epidemiological studies of poliomyelitis to examine nationally representative samples, including all ages and greater focus on high-income countries. Such efforts will improve capacity to provide reliable and more robust worldwide prevalence estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Jones
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, North Shore Campus, AA254, 90 Akoranga Dr, Northcote 0627, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shivanthi Balalla
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, North Shore Campus, AA254, 90 Akoranga Dr, Northcote 0627, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alice Theadom
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, North Shore Campus, AA254, 90 Akoranga Dr, Northcote 0627, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Valery L Feigin
- National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, School of Public Health & Psychosocial Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, North Shore Campus, AA254, 90 Akoranga Dr, Northcote 0627, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, Bachman VF, Biryukov S, Brauer M, Burnett R, Casey D, Coates MM, Cohen A, Delwiche K, Estep K, Frostad JJ, Astha KC, Kyu HH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ng M, Slepak EL, Thomas BA, Wagner J, Aasvang GM, Abbafati C, Abbasoglu Ozgoren A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Aboyans V, Abraham B, Abraham JP, Abubakar I, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Aburto TC, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Adofo K, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Afshin A, Agardh EE, Al Khabouri MJ, Al Lami FH, Alam SS, Alasfoor D, Albittar MI, Alegretti MA, Aleman AV, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Ali MK, Alla F, Allebeck P, Allen PJ, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Ameh EA, Ameli O, Amini H, Ammar W, Anderson BO, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Argeseanu Cunningham S, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VSA, Artaman A, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Atkinson C, Avila MA, Awuah B, Badawi A, Bahit MC, Bakfalouni T, Balakrishnan K, Balalla S, Balu RK, Banerjee A, Barber RM, Barker-Collo SL, Barquera S, Barregard L, Barrero LH, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Basto-Abreu AC, Basu A, Basu S, Basulaiman MO, Batis Ruvalcaba C, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Benzian H, Bernabé E, Beyene TJ, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak AA, Blore JD, Blyth FM, Bohensky MA, Bora Başara B, Borges G, Bornstein NM, Bose D, Boufous S, Bourne RR, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJ, Brenner H, Briggs ADM, Broday DM, Brooks PM, Bruce NG, Brugha TS, Brunekreef B, Buchbinder R, Bui LN, Bukhman G, Bulloch AG, Burch M, Burney PGJ, Campos-Nonato IR, Campuzano JC, Cantoral AJ, Caravanos J, Cárdenas R, Cardis E, Carpenter DO, Caso V, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavalleri F, Çavlin A, Chadha VK, Chang JC, Charlson FJ, Chen H, Chen W, Chen Z, Chiang PP, Chimed-Ochir O, Chowdhury R, Christophi CA, Chuang TW, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Claßen TKD, Colistro V, Colomar M, Colquhoun SM, Contreras AG, Cooper C, Cooperrider K, Cooper LT, Coresh J, Courville KJ, Criqui MH, Cuevas-Nasu L, Damsere-Derry J, Danawi H, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dargan PI, Davis A, Davitoiu DV, Dayama A, de Castro EF, De la Cruz-Góngora V, De Leo D, de Lima G, Degenhardt L, del Pozo-Cruz B, Dellavalle RP, Deribe K, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Devries KM, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani MK, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dokova K, Dorsey ER, Driscoll TR, Duan L, Durrani AM, Ebel BE, Ellenbogen RG, Elshrek YM, Endres M, Ermakov SP, Erskine HE, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Fahimi S, Faraon EJA, Farzadfar F, Fay DFJ, Feigin VL, Feigl AB, Fereshtehnejad SM, Ferrari AJ, Ferri CP, Flaxman AD, Fleming TD, Foigt N, Foreman KJ, Paleo UF, Franklin RC, Gabbe B, Gaffikin L, Gakidou E, Gamkrelidze A, Gankpé FG, Gansevoort RT, García-Guerra FA, Gasana E, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Gething P, Gibney KB, Gillum RF, Ginawi IAM, Giroud M, Giussani G, Goenka S, Goginashvili K, Gomez Dantes H, Gona P, Gonzalez de Cosio T, González-Castell D, Gotay CC, Goto A, Gouda HN, Guerrant RL, Gugnani HC, Guillemin F, Gunnell D, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gutiérrez RA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hagan H, Hagstromer M, Halasa YA, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Hao Y, Harb HL, Haregu TN, Haro JM, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Hedayati MT, Heredia-Pi IB, Hernandez L, Heuton KR, Heydarpour P, Hijar M, Hoek HW, Hoffman HJ, Hornberger JC, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Hu G, Hu H, Huang C, Huang JJ, Hubbell BJ, Huiart L, Husseini A, Iannarone ML, Iburg KM, Idrisov BT, Ikeda N, Innos K, Inoue M, Islami F, Ismayilova S, Jacobsen KH, Jansen HA, Jarvis DL, Jassal SK, Jauregui A, Jayaraman S, Jeemon P, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang F, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kan H, Kany Roseline SS, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Karthikeyan G, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Khader YS, Khalifa SEAH, Khan EA, Khang YH, Khatibzadeh S, Khonelidze I, Kieling C, Kim D, Kim S, Kim Y, Kimokoti RW, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Kissela BM, Kivipelto M, Knibbs LD, Knudsen AK, Kokubo Y, Kose MR, Kosen S, Kraemer A, Kravchenko M, Krishnaswami S, Kromhout H, Ku T, Kuate Defo B, Kucuk Bicer B, Kuipers EJ, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lai T, Lakshmana Balaji A, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam H, Lan Q, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Laryea DO, Lavados PM, Lawrynowicz AE, Leasher JL, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leung R, Levi M, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lindsay MP, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, Logroscino G, London SJ, Lopez N, Lortet-Tieulent J, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lunevicius R, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VMP, MacIntyre MF, Magis-Rodriguez C, Mahdi AA, Majdan M, Malekzadeh R, Mangalam S, Mapoma CC, Marape M, Marcenes W, Margolis DJ, Margono C, Marks GB, Martin RV, Marzan MB, Mashal MT, Masiye F, Mason-Jones AJ, Matsushita K, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, Mazorodze TT, McKay AC, McKee M, McLain A, Meaney PA, Medina C, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Mekonnen W, Melaku YA, Meltzer M, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mensah GA, Meretoja A, Mhimbira FA, Micha R, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Misganaw A, Mishra S, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, Montañez Hernandez JC, Montico M, Moore AR, Morawska L, Mori R, Moschandreas J, Moturi WN, Mozaffarian D, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Mullany EC, Murthy KS, Naghavi M, Nahas Z, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Narayan KMV, Nash D, Neal B, Nejjari C, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ngalesoni FN, Ngirabega JDD, Nguyen G, Nguyen NT, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nogueira JR, Nolla JM, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Norman RE, Norrving B, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orozco R, Pagcatipunan RS, Pain AW, Pandian JD, Panelo CIA, Papachristou C, Park EK, Parry CD, Paternina Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pedraza LS, Pedroza A, Pejin Stokic L, Pekericli A, Pereira DM, Perez-Padilla R, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Perry SAL, Pervaiz A, Pesudovs K, Peterson CB, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Phua HP, Plass D, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pond CD, Pope CA, Pope D, Popova S, Pourmalek F, Powles J, Prabhakaran D, Prasad NM, Qato DM, Quezada AD, Quistberg DAA, Racapé L, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Raju M, Rakovac I, Rana SM, Rao M, Razavi H, Reddy KS, Refaat AH, Rehm J, Remuzzi G, Ribeiro AL, Riccio PM, Richardson L, Riederer A, Robinson M, Roca A, Rodriguez A, Rojas-Rueda D, Romieu I, Ronfani L, Room R, Roy N, Ruhago GM, Rushton L, Sabin N, Sacco RL, Saha S, Sahathevan R, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Salvo D, Sampson UK, Sanabria JR, Sanchez LM, Sánchez-Pimienta TG, Sanchez-Riera L, Sandar L, Santos IS, Sapkota A, Satpathy M, Saunders JE, Sawhney M, Saylan MI, Scarborough P, Schmidt JC, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Serdar B, Servan-Mori EE, Shaddick G, Shahraz S, Levy TS, Shangguan S, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shinohara Y, Shiri R, Shishani K, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Simard EP, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh GM, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soljak M, Soneji S, Søreide K, Soshnikov S, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stapelberg NJC, Stathopoulou V, Steckling N, Stein DJ, Stein MB, Stephens N, Stöckl H, Straif K, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sunguya BF, Swaminathan S, Swaroop M, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Takahashi K, Talongwa RT, Tandon N, Tanne D, Tanner M, Tavakkoli M, Te Ao BJ, Teixeira CM, Téllez Rojo MM, Terkawi AS, Texcalac-Sangrador JL, Thackway SV, Thomson B, Thorne-Lyman AL, Thrift AG, Thurston GD, Tillmann T, Tobollik M, Tonelli M, Topouzis F, Towbin JA, Toyoshima H, Traebert J, Tran BX, Trasande L, Trillini M, Trujillo U, Dimbuene ZT, Tsilimbaris M, Tuzcu EM, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Uzun SB, van de Vijver S, Van Dingenen R, van Gool CH, van Os J, Varakin YY, Vasankari TJ, Vasconcelos AMN, Vavilala MS, Veerman LJ, Velasquez-Melendez G, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Villalpando S, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Wagner GR, Waller SG, Wallin MT, Wan X, Wang H, Wang J, Wang L, Wang W, Wang Y, Warouw TS, Watts CH, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Werdecker A, Wessells KR, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams TN, Woldeyohannes SM, Wolfe CDA, Wong JQ, Woolf AD, Wright JL, Wurtz B, Xu G, Yan LL, Yang G, Yano Y, Ye P, Yenesew M, Yentür GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Younoussi Z, Yu C, Zaki ME, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zhu S, Zou X, Zunt JR, Lopez AD, Vos T, Murray CJ. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015; 386:2287-323. [PMID: 26364544 PMCID: PMC4685753 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1719] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. METHODS Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. FINDINGS All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. INTERPRETATION Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
|