JAM2 is a prognostic biomarker and inhibits proliferation, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, including proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, contributing to tumor progression. While previous studies have highlighted the polarizing functions of JAM2 in different cancer types, its specific role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we harnessed multiple public databases to analyze the expression and prognostic significance of JAM2 in LUAD. Using the Linkedomics database, Matescape database and R package, we explored the associated genes, the potential biological functions and the impact of JAM2 on the tumor microenvironment. Our findings from public databases were further validated using real-time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the influence of JAM2 on LUAD cell proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, we established a xenograft model to investigate the in vivo effects of JAM2 on tumorigenesis.

RESULTS

Our results revealed a significant downregulation of JAM2 in LUAD, and patients with low JAM2 expression exhibited unfavorable overall survival outcomes. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that JAM2 may be associated with processes such as cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, cell junctions and regulation of proliferation. Notably, increased JAM2 expression correlated with higher tumor microenvironment scores and reduced immune cell abundance. Furthermore, overexpression of JAM2 induced apoptosis, suppressed tumor proliferation and exhibited potential inhibitory effects on tumor invasion and migration through the modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, in vivo experiments confirmed that JAM2 overexpression led to a reduction in tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study highlights the clinical significance of low JAM2 expression as a predictor of poor prognosis in LUAD patients. Moreover, JAM2 was found to exert inhibitory effects on various aspects of tumor progression. Consequently, JAM2 emerges as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for LUAD patients.

TESC acts as a prognostic factor and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression in esophageal squamous carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Tescalcin (TESC) is a critical regulator of cell differentiation and growth, promoting malignant progression in various tumors. However, the role of TESC in esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blot were utilized to identify the difference in TESC expression between ESCC tissues and normal tissues adjacent to the carcinoma. The relationship between TESC and several clinicopathological features was shown by the chi-square test. Log-rank analysis and Cox regression were used to detect the relationship between TESC and the prognosis in ESCC. Clone formation and cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) were applied to detect the impact of TESC on ESCC proliferation. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were used to confirm the influence of TESC on the invasion and migration. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to describe the correlation between TESC and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein expression in ESCC. Western blot was used to detect the effect of TESC on the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin as well as AKT signaling pathway. Xenograft tumors were developed to test the pro-tumorigenic impacts of TESC in vivo.

RESULTS

TESC was upregulated expression in ESCC tissues and was linked to poorer prognosis and worse tumor infiltration, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis. Meanwhile, TESC was able to act as an independent prognostic factor in ESCC. TESC promoted tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT progression, and activated the phosphorylation of the AKT pathway. Furthermore, TESC knockdown inhibited the growth of carcinoma in vivo.

CONCLUSION

TESC is a predictive factor for poor prognosis in ESCC and may provide a new strategy for ESCC treatment.

FAM107A as a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous carcinoma inhibits growth and metastasis

BACKGROUND

Sequence similarity Family 107 member A (FAM107A) has been recognized as a tumor suppressor of various malignancies, which suppresses tumor proliferation and metastasis. Its specific role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear.

METHODS

Public datasets including Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot were utilized for comparative analysis of FAM107A expression between ESCC and normal tissues. The link between FAM107A and clinicopathological features, as well as prognosis determined through χ2-test, log-rank analysis, and univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. The impact of FAM107A on ESCC cell malignant behavior was confirmed through in vitro assays, including cell counting using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), clonal formation, wound healing, and transwell assays. Western blot analysis was employed to assess the effects of FAM107A on tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell cycle-related proteins. Finally, xenograft tumors were developed to investigate the influence of FAM107A on ESCC growth in vivo.

RESULTS

FAM107A exhibited low expression in ESCC tissues. Reduced FAM107A expression was associated with a poorer prognosis and unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics, such as degree of differentiation, T-stage, and N-stage. Overexpression of FAM107A suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, the EMT process, and cell cycle progression. Finally, FAM107A overexpression inhibited tumor development in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The decreased expression of FAM107A is indicative of a worse prognosis for ESCC patients. FAM107A exerts inhibitory impacts on malignant behavior and may hold promise as a therapeutic target for ESCC.

Tumor associated macrophages in esophageal squamous carcinoma: Promising therapeutic implications

Esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent and highly lethal malignant tumor, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 20 %. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most prominent immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising over 50 % of the tumor volume. TAMs can be polarized into two distinct phenotypes, M1-type and M2-type, through interactions with cancer cells. M2-type TAMs are more abundant than M1-type TAMs in the TME, contributing to tumor progression, such as tumor cell survival and the construction of an immunosuppressive environment. This review focuses on the role of TAMs in ESCC, including their polarization, impact on tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, migration, therapy resistance, and immunosuppression. In addition, we discuss the potential of targeting TAMs for clinical therapy in ESCC. A thorough comprehension of the molecular biology about TAMs is essential for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to treat ESCC.

Three-Field Versus Two-Field Lymphadenectomy in Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: 3-Year Survival Outcomes of a Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been used widely for the treatment of esophageal cancer. However, the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for esophagectomy in MIE remains unclear. This trial aimed to investigate the 3-year survival and recurrence outcomes in a randomized controlled trial comparing MIE with either three-field lymphadenectomy (3-FL) or two-field lymphadenectomy (2-FL).

METHODS

Between June 2016 and May 2019, 76 patients with resectable thoracic esophageal cancer were enrolled in a single-center randomized controlled trial and randomly assigned to MIE that included either 3-FL or 2-FL at a 1:1 ratio (n = 38 patients each). The survival outcomes and recurrence patterns were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The 3-year cumulative overall survival (OS) probability was 68.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 52.72-83.68 %) for the 3-FL group and 68.6 % (95 % CI, 53.12-84.08 %) for the 2-FL group. The 3-year cumulative probability of disease-free survival (DFS) was 66.3 % (95 % CI, 50.03-82.57 %) for the 3-FL group and 67.1 % (95 % CI, 51.03-83.17 %) for the 2-FL group.. The OS and DFS differences in the two groups were comparable. The overall recurrence rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.737). The incidence of cervical lymphatic recurrence in the 2-FL group was higher than in the 3-FL group (P = 0.051).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with 2-FL in MIE, 3-FL tended to prevent cervical lymphatic recurrence. However, it was not found to add survival benefit for the patients with thoracic esophageal cancer.

18 F-FDG PET/CT predicts the role of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in the pathological response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT for pathological response after neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

METHODS

The clinical data of 54 patients with ESCC who underwent two cycles of NICT followed by surgery were retrospectively analyzed. NICT consisted of PD-1 blockade therapy combined with chemotherapy. 18 F-FDG PET/CT scans were performed before and after NICT. The pathological results after surgery were used to assess the degree of pathological response. The scan parameters of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and their changes before and after NICT were compared with the pathological response.

RESULTS

Among the 54 patients, 10 (18.5%) achieved complete pathological response (pCR) and 21 (38.9%) achieved major pathological response (MPR). The post-NICT scan parameters and their changes were significantly associated with the pathological response. In addition, the values of the changes in the scanned parameters before and after treatment can further predict the pathological response of the patient.

CONCLUSION

18 F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy of NICT and predict pathological response in patients with ESCC. The post-NICT scan parameters and their changes can help identify patients who are likely to achieve pCR or MPR.

HDAC7 promotes NSCLC proliferation and metastasis via stabilization by deubiquitinase USP10 and activation of β-catenin-FGF18 pathway

Background

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play crucial roles in cancers, but the role and mechanism of HDAC7 in NSCLC have not been fully understood.

Methods

A total of 319 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent surgery were enrolled in this study. Immunohistochemistry and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were performed to investigate the relationship between HDAC7, fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) expression, and clinicopathologic characteristics. Cell functional experiments were implemented both in vivo and in vitro to investigate the effects on NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis. Recombinant lentivirus–meditated in vivo gene overexpression or knockdown, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation assays were applied to clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of HDAC7 in promoting NSCLC progression.

Results

The elevated expression of HDAC7 or FGF18 was positively correlated with poor prognosis, tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage, and tumor differentiation of NSCLC patients. NSCLC patients with co-expressed HDAC7 and FGF18 suffered the worst prognosis. HDAC7 overexpression promoted NSCLC proliferation and metastasis by upregulating FGF18. Conversely, overexpression of FGF18 reversed the attenuated ability in tumor growth and metastasis mediated by downregulating HDAC7. In terms of mechanism, our results suggested that the interaction of HDAC7 with β-catenin caused decreased β-catenin acetylation level at Lys49 and decreased phosphorylation level at Ser45. As a consequence, the HDAC7-mediated posttranslational modification of β-catenin facilitated nuclear transfer and activated FGF18 expression via binding to TCF4. Furthermore, deubiquitinase USP10 interacted with and stabilized HDAC7. The suppression of USP10 significantly accelerated the degradation of HDAC7 and weakened NSCLC growth and migration.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal that HDAC7 promotes NSCLC progression through being stabilized by USP10 and activating the β-catenin-FGF18 pathway. Targeting this novel pathway may be a promising strategy for further developments in NSCLC therapy.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02266-9.

Salvage surgery for advanced non-small cell lung cancer after targeted therapy: A case series

Background

Tumor recurrence or residual tumor after targeted therapy is common in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There is a lack of high‐level evidence on which type of treatment should be employed for these patients and the role of salvage surgery has not been well reported in the literature.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent salvage surgery in our center between January 2016 and June 2019 for advanced NSCLC after targeted therapy was performed.

Results

A total number of nine patients were identified, including five males and four females, with a median age of 56 years (range, 40–65 years), all diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma stage IIIa–IVb. All patients had received targeted therapy according to individual positive mutation of driver gene(s). Salvage surgery was performed for tumor recurrence or residual tumor after a duration of 2–46 months of targeted therapy. A negative surgical margin was achieved in all cases. Postoperative complication rate was 11.1% (1/9). All patients were alive at the time of this analysis and two patients had disease progression. After a median follow‐up of 17 months (range: 5–44 months), the median event‐free survival and postoperative survival was 14 months (range: 2–44 months) and 17 months (range: 5–44 months) respectively.

Conclusions

Salvage surgery may be a feasible and promising therapeutic option for tumor recurrence or residual tumor in advanced NSCLC in selective patients after targeted therapy.

Key points

Salvage surgery is feasible in selected patients with advanced NSCLC and provides promising survival outcomes after targeted therapy failure.

Salvage surgery provides precise molecular and pathological information which is most important for subsequent therapy.

The Protective Effects of Melatonin Against LPS-Induced Septic Myocardial Injury: A Potential Role of AMPK-Mediated Autophagy

Aim: Melatonin is an indolamine secreted by the pineal gland, as well as most of the organs and tissues. In addition to regulating circadian biology, studies have confirmed the multiple pharmacological effects of melatonin. Melatonin provides a strong defense against septic myocardial injury. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully described. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of melatonin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injury as well as the mechanisms involved. Methods: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS to induce a septic myocardial injury model or an LPS shock model, depending on the dose of LPS. Melatonin was given (20 mg/kg/day, via intraperitoneal injection) for a week prior to LPS insult. 6 h after LPS injection, echocardiographic analysis, TUNEL staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA were used to investigate the protective effects of melatonin against LPS induced myocardial injury. AMPK inhibitor, autophagy activator and inhibitor, siRNAs were used for further validation. Results: Survival test showed that melatonin significantly increased the survival rate after LPS-induced shock. In the sepsis model, melatonin markedly ameliorated myocardial dysfunction, decreased the release of inflammatory cytokines, activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), improved mitochondrial function, and activated autophagy. To confirm whether the protection of melatonin was mediated by AMPK and autophagy, Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor; 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor; and Rapamycin (Rapa), an autophagy activator, were used in this study. AMPK inhibition down-regulated autophagy, abolished protection of melatonin, as indicated by significantly decreased cardiac function, increased inflammation and damaged mitochondrial function. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition by 3-MA significantly impaired the protective effects of melatonin, whereas autophagy activation by Rapa reversed LPS + Compound C induced myocardial injury. In addition, in vitro studies further confirmed the protection of melatonin against LPS-induced myocardial injury and the mechanisms involving AMPK-mediated autophagy signaling. Conclusions: In summary, our results demonstrated that melatonin protects against LPS-induced septic myocardial injury by activating AMPK mediated autophagy pathway.

Histone deacetylase 9 downregulation decreases tumor growth and promotes apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer after melatonin treatment

Histone deacetylase 9 functions as an oncogene in a variety of cancers, but its role on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been reported. Melatonin was proven to possess anticancer actions, whereas its effect on NSCLC and underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood. In this study, 337 patients with complete clinicopathologic characteristics who underwent NSCLC surgery were recruited for the study. We found that NSCLC patients with high HDAC9 expression were correlated with worse overall survival and poor prognosis. HDAC9 knockdown significantly reduced NSCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Melatonin application also markedly inhibited cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Moreover, RNA-seq, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analyses showed that melatonin treatment decreased the HDAC9 level in NSCLC cells. A mechanistic study revealed that HDAC9 knockdown further enhanced the anticancer activities of melatonin treatment, whereas HDAC9 overexpression partially reversed the melatonin's anticancer effects. Additionally, the in vivo study found melatonin exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on xenograft tumors which were also strengthened by HDAC9 knockdown. These results indicated that HDAC9 downregulation mediated the anti-NSCLC actions of melatonin, and targeting HDAC9 may be the novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.

PERK/eIF-2α/CHOP Pathway Dependent ROS Generation Mediates Butein-induced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Apoptosis and G2/M Phase Arrest

Butein, a member of the chalcone family, is a potent anticarcinogen against multiple cancers, but its specific anti-NSCLC mechanism remains unknown. The present study examined the effects of butein treatment on NSCLC cell lines and NSCLC xenografts. Butein markedly decreased NSCLC cell viability; inhibited cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and colony forming ability; and induced cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in NSCLC cells. Moreover, butein significantly inhibited PC-9 xenograft growth. Both in vivo and in vitro studies verified that butein exerted anti-NSCLC effect through activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These pro-apoptotic effects were reversed by the use of 4- phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), CHOP siRNA, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and Z-VAD-FMK (z-VAD) in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of ER stress markedly reduced ROS generation. In addition, in vivo studies further confirmed that inhibition of ER stress or oxidative stress partially abolished the butein-induced inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, butein is a potential therapeutic agent for NSCLC, and its anticarcinogenic action might be mediated by ER stress-dependent ROS generation and the apoptosis pathway.

[Emerging Actions of Pterostilebene on Cancer Research]

紫檀芪（3, 5-二甲氧基-4’-羟基二苯乙烯）是一种主要存在于蓝莓、葡萄和花榈木中的多酚类化合物。已有的研究发现紫檀芪具有抗肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌等多种肿瘤的抗癌作用。其作用机制涉及调控影响多种肿瘤生物学特性。此外，紫檀芪具有比白藜芦醇更高的生物利用度和生物活性，其抗肿瘤作用和机制值得深入探讨和研究。

AMPK/PGC1α activation by melatonin attenuates acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity via alleviating mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective anticancer anthracycline drug, but its side effects at the level of the heart has limited its widespread clinical application. Melatonin is a documented potent antioxidant, nontoxic and cardioprotective agent, and it is involved in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and function. The present study established acute DOX-induced cardiotoxicity models in both H9c2 cells incubated with 1 μM DOX and C57BL/6 mice treated with DOX (20 mg/kg cumulative dose). Melatonin markedly alleviated the DOX-induced acute cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury. Both in vivo and in vitro studies verified that melatonin inhibited DOX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and morphological disorders, apoptosis, and oxidative stress via the activation of AMPK and upregulation of PGC1α with its downstream signaling (NRF1, TFAM and UCP2). These effects were reversed by the use of AMPK siRNA or PGC1α siRNA in H9c2 cells, and were also negated by the cotreatment with AMPK inhibitor Compound C in vivo. Moreover, PGC1α knockdown was without effect on the AMPK phosphorylation induced by melatonin in the DOX treated H9c2 cells. Therefore, AMPK/PGC1α pathway activation may represent a new mechanism for melatonin exerted protection against acute DOX cardiotoxicity through preservation of mitochondrial homeostasis and alleviation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

SIRT1 activation by pterostilbene attenuates the skeletal muscle oxidative stress injury and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ischemia reperfusion injury

Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is harmful to skeletal muscles and causes mitochondrial oxidative stress. Pterostilbene (PTE), an analogue of resveratrol, has organic protective effects against oxidative stress. However, no studies have investigated whether PTE can protect against IR-related skeletal muscular injury. In this study, we sought to evaluate the protective effect of PTE against IR-related skeletal muscle injury and to determine the mechanisms in this process. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with PTE for a week and then underwent limb IR surgery. The IR injury induced segmental necrosis and apoptosis, myofilament disintegration, thicker interstitial spaces, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the muscular tissue was inhibited, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde concentration and myeloperoxidase activity were up-regulated, and superoxide dismutase was down-regulated after IR. However, these effects were significantly inhibited by PTE in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism underlying IR injury is attributed to the down-regulation of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)-FOXO1/p53 pathway and the increase of the Bax/Bcl2 ratio, Cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1, Cleaved Caspase 3, which can be reversed with PTE. Furthermore, EX527, an SIRT1 inhibitor, counteracted the protective effects of PTE on IR-related muscle injury. In conclusion, PTE has protective properties against IR injury of the skeletal muscles. The mechanism of this protective effect depends on the activation of the SIRT1-FOXO1/p53 signaling pathway and the decrease of the apoptotic ratio in skeletal muscle cells.

AMPK orchestrates an elaborate cascade protecting tissue from fibrosis and aging

Fibrosis is a common process characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation after inflammatory injury, which is also a crucial cause of aging. The process of fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis of most diseases of the heart, liver, kidney, lung, and other organs/tissues. However, there are no effective therapies for this pathological alteration. Annually, fibrosis represents a huge financial burden for the USA and the world. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a pivotal energy sensor that alleviates or delays the process of fibrogenesis. In this review, we first present basic background information on AMPK and fibrogenesis and describe the protective roles of AMPK in three fibrogenic phases. Second, we analyze the protective action of AMPK during fibrosis in myocardial, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, and other organs/tissues. Third, we present a comprehensive discussion of AMPK during fibrosis and draw a conclusion. This review highlights recent advances, vital for basic research and clinical drug design, in the regulation of AMPK during fibrosis.

A global perspective on FOXO1 in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases

Lipid metabolism is a complex physiological process that is involved in nutrient adjustment, hormone regulation, and homeostasis. An unhealthy lifestyle and chronic nutrient overload can cause lipid metabolism disorders, which may lead to serious lipid-related diseases, including obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, tools for preventing dysfunctional lipid metabolism are urgently needed. The transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) is involved in lipid metabolism and plays a critical role in the development of lipid-related diseases. In this review, we provide a global perspective on the role of FOXO1 in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases. The information included here may be useful for the design of future studies and advancing investigations of FOXO1 as a therapeutic target.

Utilizing melatonin to combat bacterial infections and septic injury

Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a ubiquitously acting molecule that is produced by the pineal gland and other organs of animals, including humans. As melatonin and its metabolites are potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers, they are protective against a variety of disorders. Moreover, multiple molecular targets of melatonin have been identified, and its actions are both receptor-mediated and receptor-independent. Recent studies have shown that melatonin may be useful in fighting against sepsis and septic injury due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions; the results generally indicate a promising therapeutic application for melatonin in the treatment of sepsis. To provide a comprehensive understanding regarding the protective effects of melatonin against septic injury, in the present review we have evaluated the published literature in which melatonin has been used to treat experimental and clinical sepsis. Firstly, we present the evidence from studies that have used melatonin to resist bacterial pathogens. Secondly, we illustrate the protective effect of melatonin against septic injury and discuss the possible mechanisms. Finally, the potential directions for future melatonin research against sepsis are summarized.

Curcumin as a potential protective compound against cardiac diseases

Curcumin, which was first used 3000 years ago as an anti-inflammatory agent, is a well-known bioactive compound derived from the active ingredient of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Previous research has demonstrated that curcumin has immense therapeutic potential in a variety of diseases via anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory pathways. Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide and cause considerable harm to human beings. Numerous studies have suggested that curcumin exerts a protective role in the human body whereas its actions in cardiac diseases remain elusive and poorly understood. On the basis of the current evidence, we first give a brief introduction of cardiac diseases and curcumin, especially regarding the effects of curcumin in embryonic heart development. Secondly, we analyze the basic roles of curcumin in pathways that are dysregulated in cardiac diseases, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Thirdly, actions of curcumin in different cardiac diseases will be discussed, as will relevant clinical trials. Eventually, we would like to discuss the existing controversial opinions and provide a detailed analysis followed by the remaining obstacles, advancement, and further prospects of the clinical application of curcumin. The information compiled here may serve as a comprehensive reference of the protective effects of curcumin in the heart, which is significant to the further research and design of curcumin analogs as therapeutic options for cardiac diseases.

Pterostilbene attenuates high glucose-induced oxidative injury in hippocampal neuronal cells by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

In the present study, neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells were used to investigate the mechanisms mediating the potential protective effects of pterostilbene (PTE) against mitochondrial metabolic impairment and oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia for mimicking the diabetic encephalopathy. High glucose medium (100mM) decreased cellular viability after 24h incubation which was evidenced by: (i) reduced mitochondrial complex I and III activities; (ii) reduced mitochondrial cytochrome C; (iii) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; (iv) decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm); and (v) increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. PTE (2.5, 5, and 10μM for 24h) was nontoxic and induced the nuclear transition of Nrf2. Pretreatment of PTE (2.5, 5, and 10μM for 2h) displayed a dose-dependently neuroprotective effect, as indicated by significantly prevented high glucose-induced loss of cellular viability, generation of ROS, reduced mitochondrial complex I and III activities, reduced mitochondrial cytochrome C, decreased ΔΨm, and increased LDH levels. Moreover, the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were elevated after PTE treatment. In addition, the elevation of nuclear Nrf2 by PTE treatment (10μM for 2h) was abolished by Nrf2 siRNA. Importantly, Nrf2 siRNA induced the opposite changes in mitochondrial complex I and III activities, mitochondrial cytochrome C, reactive species generation, ΔΨm, and LDH. Overall, the present findings were the first to show that pterostilbene attenuated high glucose-induced central nervous system injury in vitro through the activation of Nrf2 signaling, displaying protective effects against mitochondrial dysfunction-derived oxidative stress.

Liver X Receptors and their Agonists: Targeting for Cholesterol Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Diseases

Liver X receptors α (LXRα) and β (LXRβ) are essential for protection against cardiovascular diseases. LXRs are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of DNA-binding transcription factors and act as sensors of cholesterol homeostasis. In this review, we introduce LXRs and briefly describe the roles of LXRs in reverse cholesterol transport and trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux. We discuss LXR agonists and the downstream genes of LXRs that are involved in the regulation of cholesterol transport. In addition, we describe the cardioprotective effects of LXRs against atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and myocardial hypertrophy. Finally, we expand our discussion to the actions of LXRs in atherosclerosis and suggest several potential research avenues that may be of interest to clinicians and basic scientists. The information included herein may be useful for the design of future experimental research studies and may advance the investigation of LXRs as therapeutic targets.

A new flavonoid glycoside (APG) isolated from Clematis tangutica attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating PKCε signaling

Clematis tangutica has been shown to be beneficial for the heart; however, the mechanism of this effectremains unknown. Apigenin-7-O-β-D-(-6″-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (APG) is a new flavonoid glycoside isolated from Clematis tangutica. This study investigates the effects of APG on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI). An IRI model of primary myocardial cells and mice was used in this study. Compared with the IR group, APG preconditioning is protective against IRI in primary myocardial cells and in mice hearts in a dose-dependent manner. The cardioprotective mechanisms of APG may involve a significant PKCε translocation into the mitochondria and an activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which respectively suppressesmitochondrial oxidative stress and inhibits apoptosis. In addition, PKCε-targeted siRNA and a PKCε specialized inhibitor (ε-V1-2) were used to inhibit PKCε expression and activity. The inhibition of PKCε reversed the cardioprotective effect of APG, with an inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 activation and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, PKCε activation plays an important role in the cardioprotective effects of APG. PKCε activation induced by APG preconditioning reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and promotes Nrf2/HO-1-mediated anti-apoptosis signaling.

FOXOs in the impaired heart: New therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases

Cardiac diseases have a high morbidity and mortality and affect the global population. Based on recent accumulating evidence, Forkhead box O (FOXOs) play important roles in cardiac diseases. Therefore, a summary of the current literature on the molecular mechanisms and roles of FOXOs in the heart will provide valuable information. In this review, we first briefly introduce the molecular features of FOXOs. Then, we discuss the regulation and cardiac actions of the FOXO pathways. Based on this background, we expand our discussion to the roles of FOXOs in several major cardiac diseases, such as ischemic cardiac diseases, diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial hypertrophy. Then, we describe some methodological problems associated with the FOXO gene-modified animal models. Finally, we discuss potential future directions. The information reviewed here may be significant for the design of future studies and may increase the potential of FOXOs as therapeutic targets.

Snapshot: implications for melatonin in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important intracellular membranous organelle. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ER is responsible for protein folding and trafficking, lipid synthesis and the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Interestingly, the morphology and structure of the ER were recently found to be important. Melatonin is a hormone that anticipates the daily onset of darkness in mammals, and it is well known that melatonin acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the body. Notably, the existing evidence demonstrates that melatonin is involved in ER homeostasis, particularly in the morphology of the ER, indicating a potential protective role of melatonin. This review discusses the existing knowledge regarding the implications for the involvement of melatonin in ER homeostasis.

Thapsigargin sensitizes human esophageal cancer to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via AMPK activation

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Forced expression of CHOP, one of the key downstream transcription factors during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, upregulates the death receptor 5 (DR5) levels and promotes oxidative stress and cell death. In this study, we show that ER stress mediated by thapsigargin promoted CHOP and DR5 synthesis thus sensitizing TRAIL treatment, which induced ESCC cells apoptosis. These effects were reversed by DR5 siRNA in vitro and CHOP siRNA both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, chemically inhibition of AMPK by Compound C and AMPK siRNA weakened the anti-cancer effect of thapsigargin and TRAIL co-treatment. Therefore, our findings suggest ER stress effectively sensitizes human ESCC to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via the TRAIL-DR5-AMPK signaling pathway, and that activation of ER stress may be beneficial for improving the efficacy of TRAIL-based anti-cancer therapy.

The emerging role of Toll-like receptor 4 in myocardial inflammation

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in cardiovascular diseases. Notably, numerous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 activates the expression of several of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes that play pivotal roles in myocardial inflammation, particularly myocarditis, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure. In addition, TLR4 is an emerging target for anti-inflammatory therapies. Given the significance of TLR4, it would be useful to summarize the current literature on the molecular mechanisms and roles of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. Thus, in this review, we first introduce the basic knowledge of the TLR4 gene and describe the activation and signaling pathways of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. Moreover, we highlight the recent progress of research on the involvement of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. The information reviewed here may be useful to further experimental research and to increase the potential of TLR4 as a therapeutic target.

Melatonin attenuated early brain injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and apoptosis signaling

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality rates due to the lack of effective therapy. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation associated with the upregulation of apoptotic signaling pathway has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases including hemorrhagic insults. Melatonin is reported to possess substantial anti-inflammatory properties, which is beneficial for early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. However, the molecular mechanisms have not been clearly identified. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of melatonin against EBI induced by SAH and to elucidate the potential mechanisms. The adult mice were subjected to SAH. Melatonin or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 2 hr after SAH. Melatonin was neuroprotective, as shown by increased survival rate, as well as elevated neurological score, greater survival of neurons, preserved brain glutathione levels, and reduced brain edema, malondialdehyde concentrations, apoptotic ratio, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Melatonin also attenuated the expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cleaved caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6); these changes were also associated with an increase in the anti-apoptotic factor (Bcl2) and reduction in the pro-apoptotic factor (Bim). In summary, our results demonstrate that melatonin treatment attenuates the EBI following SAH by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-associated apoptosis.

Pterostilbene Inhibits the Growth of Human Esophageal Cancer Cells by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural dimethylated resveratrol analog from blueberries, is known to have diverse pharmacological activities, including anticancer properties. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of PTE against human esophageal cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS) signaling in this process.

METHODS

Cell viability, the apoptotic index, Caspase 3 activity, adhesion, migration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and glutathione (GSH) levels were detected to explore the effect of PTE on human EC109 esophageal cancer cells. Furthermore, siRNA transfection and a chemical inhibitor were employed to confirm the role of ERS.

RESULTS

PTE treatment dose- and time-dependently decreased the viability of human esophageal cancer EC109 cells. PTE also decreased tumor cell adhesion, migration and intracellular GSH levels while increasing the apoptotic index, Caspase 3 activity and ROS levels, which suggest the strong anticancer activity of PTE. Furthermore, PTE treatment increased the expression of ERS-related molecules (GRP78, ATF6, p-PERK, p-eIF2α and CHOP), upregulated the pro-apoptosis-related protein PUMA and downregulated the anti-apoptosis-related protein Bcl-2 while promoting the translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and the activation of Caspase 9 and Caspase 12. The downregulation of ERS signaling by CHOP siRNA desensitized esophageal cancer cells to PTE treatment, whereas upregulation of ERS signaling by thapsigargin (THA) had the opposite effect. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, also desensitized esophageal cancer cells to PTE treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the results indicate that PTE is a potent anti-cancer pharmaceutical against human esophageal cancer, and the possible mechanism involves the activation of ERS signaling pathways.

Melatonin reverses flow shear stress-induced injury in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling

Tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs) are a promising treatment for valvular heart disease, although their application is limited by high flow shear stress (FSS). Melatonin has a wide range of physiological functions and is currently under clinical investigation for expanded applications; moreover, extensive protective effects on the cardiovascular system have been reported. In this study, we investigated the protection conferred by melatonin supplementation against FSS-induced injury in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and elucidated the potential mechanism in this process. Melatonin markedly reduced BMSC apoptotic death in a concentration-dependent manner while increasing the levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and decreasing those of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), and caspase 3. Notably, melatonin exerted its protective effects by upregulating the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which promotes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation. Further molecular experiments revealed that luzindole, a nonselective antagonist of melatonin receptors, blocked the anti-FSS injury (anti-FSSI) effects of melatonin. Inhibition of AMPK by Compound C also counteracted the protective effects of melatonin, suggesting that melatonin reverses FSSI in BMSCs through the AMPK-dependent pathway. Overall, our findings indicate that melatonin contributes to the amelioration of FSS-induced BMSC injury by activating melatonin receptors and AMPK/ACC signaling. Our findings may provide a basis for the design of more effective strategies that promote the use of TEHCs in patients.

Melatonin: the dawning of a treatment for fibrosis?

Fibrosis is a common occurrence following organ injury and failure. To date, there is no effective treatment for this condition. Melatonin targets numerous molecular pathways, a consequence of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions that reduce excessive fibrosis. Herein, we review the multiple protective effects of melatonin against fibrosis. There exist four major phases of the fibrogenic response including primary injury to the organ, activation of effector cells, the elaboration of extracellular matrix (ECM) and dynamic deposition. Melatonin regulates each of these phases. Additionally, melatonin reduces fibrosis levels in numerous organs. Melatonin exhibits its anti-fibrosis effects in heart, liver, lung, kidney, and other organs. In addition, adhesions which occur following surgical procedures are also inhibited by melatonin. The information reviewed here should be significant to understanding the protective role of melatonin against fibrosis, contribute to the design of further experimental studies related to melatonin and the fibrotic response and shed light on a potential treatment for fibrosis.

Nrf2 Weaves an Elaborate Network of Neuroprotection Against Stroke

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a neuroprotective transcription factor that has recently attracted increased attention. Stroke, a common and serious neurological disease, is currently a leading cause of death in the USA so far. It is therefore of vital importance to explore how Nrf2 behaves in stroke. In this review, we first introduce the structural features of Nrf2 and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and briefly depict the activation, inactivation, and regulation processes of the Nrf2 pathway. Next, we discuss the physiopathological mechanisms, upstream modulators, and downstream targets of the Nrf2 pathway. Following this background, we expand our discussion to the roles of Nrf2 in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and provide several potential future directions. The information presented here may be useful in the design of future experimental research and increase the likelihood of using Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for stroke in the future.

HDAC1 inhibition by melatonin leads to suppression of lung adenocarcinoma cells via induction of oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways

Melatonin is an indoleamine synthesized in the pineal gland that shows a wide range of physiological and pharmacological functions, including anticancer effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin on drug-induced cellular apoptosis against the cultured human lung adenocarcinoma cells and explored the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) signaling in this process. The results showed that melatonin treatment led to a dose- and time-dependent decrease in the viability of human A549 and PC9 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Additionally, melatonin exhibited potent anticancer activity in vitro, as evidenced by reductions of the cell adhesion, migration, and the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and increases in the apoptotic index, caspase 3 activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 and PC9 cells. Melatonin treatment also influenced the expression of HDAC-related molecules (HDAC1 and Ac-histone H3), upregulated the apoptosis-related molecules (PUMA and Bax), and downregulated the proliferation-related molecule (PCNA) and the anti-apoptosis-related molecule (Bcl2). Furthermore, the inhibition of HDAC signaling using HDAC1 siRNA or SAHA (a potent pan-inhibitor of HDACs) sensitized A549 and PC9 cells to the melatonin treatment. In summary, these data indicate that in vitro-administered melatonin is a potential suppressor of lung adenocarcinoma cells by the targeting of HDAC signaling and suggest that melatonin in combination with HDAC inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic intervention for human lung adenocarcinoma.

HO-1 Signaling Activation by Pterostilbene Treatment Attenuates Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage Induced by Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI) is harmful to the cerebral system and causes mitochondrial oxidative stress. The antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated antioxidant pathway plays an important role in maintaining the redox status of the brain. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), combined with potent AREs in the promoter of HO-1, is a highly effective therapeutic target for protection against cerebral IRI. Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural dimethylated analog of resveratrol from blueberries, is a strong natural antioxidant. PTE has been shown to be beneficial for some nervous system diseases and may regulate HO-1 signaling. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of PTE on cerebral IRI and to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying those effects. Mouse brains and cultured HT22 neuron cells were subjected to IRI. Prior to this procedure, the brains or cells were exposed to PTE in the absence or presence of the HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP or HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA). PTE conferred a cerebral protective effect, as shown by increased neurological scores, viable neurons and decreased brain edema as well as a decreased ion content and apoptotic ratio in vivo. PTE also increased the cell viability and decreased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and apoptotic ratio in vitro. ZnPP and HO-1 siRNA both blocked PTE-mediated cerebral protection by inhibiting HO-1 signaling and further inhibited two HO-1 signaling-related antioxidant molecules:

NAD(P)H

quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which are induced by PTE. PTE also promoted a well-preserved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondria complex I activity, and mitochondria complex IV activity, increased the mitochondrial cytochrome c level, and decreased the cytosolic cytochrome c level. However, this PTE-elevated mitochondrial function was reversed by ZnPP or HO-1 siRNA treatment. In summary, our results demonstrate that PTE treatment attenuates cerebral IRI by reducing IR-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage through the activation of HO-1 signaling.

Melatonin as a treatment for gastrointestinal cancer: a review

Gastrointestinal cancer is a disease that affects the population worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. Melatonin, an endogenously produced molecule, may provide a defense against a variety of cancer types. In particular, the ability of melatonin to inhibit gastrointestinal cancer is substantial. In this review, we first clarify the relationship between the disruption of the melatonin rhythm and gastrointestinal cancer (based on epidemiologic surveys and animal and human studies) and summarize the preventive effect of melatonin on carcinogenesis. Thereafter, the mechanisms through which melatonin exerts its anti-gastrointestinal cancer actions are explained, including inhibition of proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, and promotion of apoptosis and cancer immunity. Moreover, we discuss the drug synergy effects and the role of melatonin receptors involved in the growth-inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal cancer. Taken together, the information compiled here serves as a comprehensive reference for the anti-gastrointestinal cancer actions of melatonin that have been identified to date and will hopefully aid in the design of further experimental and clinical studies and increase the awareness of melatonin as a therapeutic agent in cancers of the gastrointestinal tract.

Melatonin prevents cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction via a SIRT1-dependent mechanism during ischemic-stroke in mice

Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a type of histone deacetylase, is a highly effective therapeutic target for protection against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI). Previous studies showed that melatonin preserves SIRT1 expression in neuronal cells of newborn rats after hypoxia-ischemia. However, the definite role of SIRT1 in the protective effect of melatonin against cerebral IRI in adult has not been explored. In this study, the brain of adult mice was subjected to IRI. Prior to this procedure, the mice were given intraperitoneal with or without the SIRT1 inhibitor, EX527. Melatonin conferred a cerebral-protective effect, as shown by reduced infarct volume, lowered brain edema, and increased neurological scores. The melatonin-induced upregulation of SIRT1 was also associated with an increase in the anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl2, and a reduction in the pro-apoptotic factor Bax. Moreover, melatonin resulted in a well-preserved mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial Complex I activity, and mitochondrial cytochrome c level while it reduced cytosolic cytochrome c level. However, the melatonin-elevated mitochondrial function was reversed by EX527 treatment. In summary, our results demonstrate that melatonin treatment attenuates cerebral IRI by reducing IR-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the activation of SIRT1 signaling.

A review of melatonin as a suitable antioxidant against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and clinical heart diseases

Cardiac tissue loss is one of the most important factors leading to the unsatisfactory recovery even after treatment of ischemic heart disease. Melatonin, a circadian molecule with marked antioxidant properties, protects against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. In particular, the myocardial protection of melatonin is substantial. We initially focus on the cardioprotective effects of melatonin in myocardial IR. These studies showed how melatonin preserves the microstructure of the cardiomyocyte and reduces myocardial IR injury. Thereafter, downstream signaling pathways of melatonin were summarized including Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, nitric oxide-synthase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2. Herein, we propose the clinical applications of melatonin in several ischemic heart diseases. Collectively, the information summarized in this review (based on in vitro, animal, and human studies) should serve as a comprehensive reference for the action of melatonin in cardioprotection and hopefully will contribute to the design of future experimental research.

Presynaptic noradrenergic regulation of glutamate inputs to hypothalamic magnocellular neurones

Glutamate and norepinephrine transmitter systems play critical roles in the synaptic control of hypothalamic magnocellular neurones. We recently reported on a norepinephrine-sensitive glutamate circuit within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that projects to magnocellular neurones. Here, we present evidence for norepinephrine regulation of glutamate release in the PVN and supraoptic nucleus (SON) via actions on presynaptic terminals. Whole-cell synaptic currents were recorded in magnocellular neurones of the SON and PVN in an acute slice preparation. Bath application of norepinephrine (100 microm) caused a robust, reversible increase in the frequency of spontaneous glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents in 100% of SON neurones (246%) and in 88% of PVN magnocellular neurones (259%). The norepinephrine-induced increase in glutamate release was mediated by activation of both presynaptic alpha1 receptors and alpha2 receptors, but the alpha1-receptor component was the predominant component of the response. The presynaptic actions of norepinephrine were predominantly, although not completely, resistant to blockade of Na-dependent spikes, implicating a presynaptic terminal locus of action. Interestingly, the spike-dependent component of the response was greater in PVN than in SON magnocellular neurones. This robust presynaptic facilitation of glutamate release by norepinephrine, combined with the known excitatory postsynaptic actions of norepinephrine, activational effects on local glutamate circuits, and inhibitory effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid release, indicate a strong excitatory role of norepinephrine in the regulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release during physiological stimulation.

Influence of sextant prostate needle biopsy or surgery on the detection and harvest of intact circulating prostate cancer cells

PURPOSE

The feasibility of harvesting intact, circulating prostate cancer cells from the blood of men with advanced prostate cancer has previously been demonstrated. We studied the influence of sextant prostate needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy on harvesting intact circulating prostate cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Via standard venipuncture 20 c.c. blood were obtained preoperatively, and 30 minutes and 3 days postoperatively from 23 men with clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing surgery. Similarly, blood was obtained before and after routine prostate biopsy from 13 men for an elevated prostate specific antigen level and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. The blood cells were removed via density centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting. The remaining prostate epithelial cells were characterized by indirect fluorescent immunocytochemical staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization using deoxyribonucleic acid probes.

RESULTS

Sextant biopsy of the prostate induced circulating cells in 3 of 13 men (23%), only 1 of whom demonstrated cells with aneuploidy (Gleason score 3+4 = 7). Circulating cells were detected preoperatively, 30 minutes or 3 days postoperatively in 35% of radical prostatectomy cases. Of the patients 13% had detectable circulating cells 30 minutes postoperatively only and 9% had cells harvested on postoperative day 3. Persistence of circulating prostate cancer cells was noted in 13% of men on postoperative day 3. Serum prostate specific antigen level and pathological stage did not appear to be related to harvested cell number.

CONCLUSIONS

Prostate cancer cells can be harvested from men with clinically localized disease undergoing sextant needle biopsy or radical prostatectomy. Routine prostate biopsy and surgery may influence the number of measurable circulating cells in the short term but the clinical significance and long-term prevalence of detectable circulating cells are unknown. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this assay for detecting, staging and monitoring prostate cancer.

A novel herpesvirus amplicon system for in vivo gene delivery

For gene therapy approaches to succeed, improved vector systems are needed that combine a large carrying capacity with high transduction efficiency in vivo. Towards this goal, we have developed a novel herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon vector, pHE, which contains an HSV-1 replication origin (ori S) and packaging sequence that permit vector replication and packaging into HSV-1 capsids. The vector also contains the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) unique latent replication origin (ori P) sequence and a modified EBNA-1 gene to allow the vector to be maintained as an episome in transfected E5 helper cells. This system allows for efficient packaging of high-titer vector since the E5 cells are first selected for the presence of the pHE vector before helper virus infection. The infectious pHE vector has efficient transgene expression in a variety of human cell lines in vitro. Stereotactic injection of pHE vector supernatant into the rat brain resulted in high, localized reporter gene expression. Finally, the pHE vector could carry a stable 21 kb DNA payload into HSV virions. This pHE vector system should have a broad range of gene transfer applications.

Relaxin-induced expression of Fos in the forebrain of the late pregnant rat

Relaxin, administered parenterally, has been shown to increase the release of oxytocin (OT) into the circulation and increase the firing rate of OTergic neurons. The objective of the present study was to determine if relaxin administration can result in the expression of a transcription factor, suggesting that it alters transcriptional activity within OTergic neurons at the level of the hypothalamus. Primigravid rats were ovariectomized and a jugular cannula was inserted on day 11 of gestation (g11). Pregnancy was maintained by implanting 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone caplets subcutaneously at the time of ovariectomy. At gl9, rats were challenged with intravenous relaxin or isotonic saline and the brains were removed for study. Immunohistochemistry was performed on coronal brain sections, utilizing Fos as a marker of cellular activation. In the group receiving relaxin, Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) was abundant only in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus as well as in the subfornical organ (SFO). In contrast, Fos-IR in the group given isotonic saline was lacking in these three brain regions. A double label study using antibodies against Fos and OT demonstrated that a majority of the Fos-labeled cells in the hypothalamus were OTergic. Because Fos can act as a transcription factor, we interpret these data to indicate that transcription within OTergic cells is altered following relaxin administration, with abundant Fos-IR being limited to the SON and PVN of the hypothalamus and the SFO during late pregnancy in the rat.

The spatiotemporal organization of auditory, visual, and auditory-visual evoked potentials in rat cortex

Four placements of an 8 x 8 channel microelectrode array were used to map auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual evoked potentials (AEP, VEP, AVEP) from a total of 256 electrode sites over a 7 x 7 mm2 area including most of somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortex in the right hemisphere of the rat. The unimodal AEP and VEP consisted of an archetypal response sequence representing a systematic spatial and temporal activation of primary and secondary sensory cortex. Spatiotemporal analysis of these waveforms indicated that they could be decomposed into a small number of spatial and temporal components; components that are related to patterns of specific and non-specific thalamocortical projections connecting the auditory and visual nuclei of the thalamus with primary and secondary auditory and visual cortex. These data suggest that the AEP and VEP complex are the cortical reflection of asynchronous activation of parallel thalamocortical projection systems. The areal distribution of the AEP and VEP also overlapped, primarily in secondary auditory and visual cortex, indicating that these regions contain populations of cells responding to either modality. Polymodal auditory-visual stimulation resulted in unique activation of two isolated populations of neurons positioned in secondary auditory and secondary visual cortex which were revealed by difference waveforms, computed by subtracting the sum of the AEP and VEP from the AVEP complex. Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). The polymodal zone in visual cortex also receives specific projections from the dorsal division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd). These data conform to a general model of thalamocortical organization in which specific thalamic nuclei with a high degree of modality specificity make restricted projections to primary sensory cortex and parts of secondary sensory cortex, and association thalamic nuclei with a high degree of sensory convergence make more divergent cortical projections. Primary and secondary sensory cortex, as well as distinct zones of polysensory cortex appear to be activated in tandem via parallel thalamocortical projections. Thus, the cerebral cortex must have simultaneous access to both unimodal and polymodal sensory information.