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Mertens JE, Rigby CA, Bardelli M, Quinkert D, Hou MM, Diouf A, Silk SE, Chitnis CE, Minassian AM, Moon RW, Long CA, Draper SJ, Miura K. Evaluation of the precision of the Plasmodium knowlesi growth inhibition assay for Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein-based malaria vaccine development. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00514-0. [PMID: 38704253 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Recent data indicate increasing disease burden and importance of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria. A robust assay will be essential for blood-stage Pv vaccine development. Results of the in vitro growth inhibition assay (GIA) with transgenic P. knowlesi (Pk) parasites expressing the Pv Duffy-binding protein region II (PvDBPII) correlate with in vivo protection in the first PvDBPII controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) trials, making the PkGIA an ideal selection tool once the precision of the assay is defined. To determine the precision in percentage of inhibition in GIA (%GIA) and in GIA50 (antibody concentration that gave 50 %GIA), ten GIAs with transgenic Pk parasites were conducted with four different anti-PvDBPII human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at concentrations of 0.016 to 2 mg/mL, and three GIAs with eighty anti-PvDBPII human polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) at 10 mg/mL. A significant assay-to-assay variation was observed, and the analysis revealed a standard deviation (SD) of 13.1 in the mAb and 5.94 in the pAb dataset for %GIA, with a LogGIA50 SD of 0.299 (for mAbs). Moreover, the ninety-five percent confidence interval (95 %CI) for %GIA or GIA50 in repeat assays was calculated in this investigation. The error range determined in this study will help researchers to compare PkGIA results from different assays and studies appropriately, thus supporting the development of future blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates, specifically second-generation PvDBPII-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas E Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cassandra A Rigby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Martino Bardelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Quinkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville 20852, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville 20852, MD, United States
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville 20852, MD, United States.
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Barrett JR, Silk SE, Mkindi CG, Kwiatkowska KM, Hou MM, Lias AM, Kalinga WF, Mtaka IM, McHugh K, Bardelli M, Davies H, King LDW, Edwards NJ, Chauhan VS, Mukherjee P, Rwezaula S, Chitnis CE, Olotu AI, Minassian AM, Draper SJ, Nielsen CM. Analyses of human vaccine-specific circulating and bone marrow-resident B cell populations reveal benefit of delayed vaccine booster dosing with blood-stage malaria antigens. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1193079. [PMID: 38299155 PMCID: PMC10827869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported primary endpoints of a clinical trial testing two vaccine platforms for the delivery of Plasmodium vivax malaria DBPRII: viral vectors (ChAd63, MVA), and protein/adjuvant (PvDBPII with 50µg Matrix-M™ adjuvant). Delayed boosting was necessitated due to trial halts during the pandemic and provides an opportunity to investigate the impact of dosing regimens. Here, using flow cytometry - including agnostic definition of B cell populations with the clustering tool CITRUS - we report enhanced induction of DBPRII-specific plasma cell and memory B cell responses in protein/adjuvant versus viral vector vaccinees. Within protein/adjuvant groups, delayed boosting further improved B cell immunogenicity compared to a monthly boosting regimen. Consistent with this, delayed boosting also drove more durable anti-DBPRII serum IgG. In an independent vaccine clinical trial with the P. falciparum malaria RH5.1 protein/adjuvant (50µg Matrix-M™) vaccine candidate, we similarly observed enhanced circulating B cell responses in vaccinees receiving a delayed final booster. Notably, a higher frequency of vaccine-specific (putatively long-lived) plasma cells was detected in the bone marrow of these delayed boosting vaccinees by ELISPOT and correlated strongly with serum IgG. Finally, following controlled human malaria infection with P. vivax parasites in the DBPRII trial, in vivo growth inhibition was observed to correlate with DBPRII-specific B cell and serum IgG responses. In contrast, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were impacted by vaccine platform but not dosing regimen and did not correlate with in vivo growth inhibition in a challenge model. Taken together, our DBPRII and RH5 data suggest an opportunity for protein/adjuvant dosing regimen optimisation in the context of rational vaccine development against pathogens where protection is antibody-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mimi M. Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia M. Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kirsty McHugh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martino Bardelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd D. W. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Edwards
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Virander S. Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Chetan E. Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Angela M. Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn M. Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Martinez FJ, White M, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, Boucharlat A, Agou F, England P, Popovici J, Hou MM, Silk SE, Barrett JR, Nielsen CM, Reimer JM, Mukherjee P, Chauhan VS, Minassian AM, Draper SJ, Chitnis CE. PvDBPII elicits multiple antibody-mediated mechanisms that reduce growth in a Plasmodium vivax challenge trial. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:10. [PMID: 38184681 PMCID: PMC10771494 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain, region II, of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBPII) binds the Duffy antigen on the reticulocyte surface to mediate invasion. A heterologous vaccine challenge trial recently showed that a delayed dosing regimen with recombinant PvDBPII SalI variant formulated with adjuvant Matrix-MTM reduced the in vivo parasite multiplication rate (PMR) in immunized volunteers challenged with the Thai P. vivax isolate PvW1. Here, we describe extensive analysis of the polyfunctional antibody responses elicited by PvDBPII immunization and identify immune correlates for PMR reduction. A classification algorithm identified antibody features that significantly contribute to PMR reduction. These included antibody titre, receptor-binding inhibitory titre, dissociation constant of the PvDBPII-antibody interaction, complement C1q and Fc gamma receptor binding and specific IgG subclasses. These data suggest that multiple immune mechanisms elicited by PvDBPII immunization are likely to be associated with protection and the immune correlates identified could guide the development of an effective vaccine for P. vivax malaria. Importantly, all the polyfunctional antibody features that correlated with protection cross-reacted with both PvDBPII SalI and PvW1 variants, suggesting that immunization with PvDBPII should protect against diverse P. vivax isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael White
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Analytics G5 Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alix Boucharlat
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Molecular Biophysics Facility, CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Reasearch Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Farrell B, Alam N, Hart MN, Jamwal A, Ragotte RJ, Walters-Morgan H, Draper SJ, Knuepfer E, Higgins MK. The PfRCR complex bridges malaria parasite and erythrocyte during invasion. Nature 2024; 625:578-584. [PMID: 38123677 PMCID: PMC10794152 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The symptoms of malaria occur during the blood stage of infection, when parasites invade and replicate within human erythrocytes. The PfPCRCR complex1, containing PfRH5 (refs. 2,3), PfCyRPA, PfRIPR, PfCSS and PfPTRAMP, is essential for erythrocyte invasion by the deadliest human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Invasion can be prevented by antibodies3-6 or nanobodies1 against each of these conserved proteins, making them the leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidates. However, little is known about how PfPCRCR functions during invasion. Here we present the structure of the PfRCR complex7,8, containing PfRH5, PfCyRPA and PfRIPR, determined by cryogenic-electron microscopy. We test the hypothesis that PfRH5 opens to insert into the membrane9, instead showing that a rigid, disulfide-locked PfRH5 can mediate efficient erythrocyte invasion. We show, through modelling and an erythrocyte-binding assay, that PfCyRPA-binding antibodies5 neutralize invasion through a steric mechanism. We determine the structure of PfRIPR, showing that it consists of an ordered, multidomain core flexibly linked to an elongated tail. We also show that the elongated tail of PfRIPR, which is the target of growth-neutralizing antibodies6, binds to the PfCSS-PfPTRAMP complex on the parasite membrane. A modular PfRIPR is therefore linked to the merozoite membrane through an elongated tail, and its structured core presents PfCyRPA and PfRH5 to interact with erythrocyte receptors. This provides fresh insight into the molecular mechanism of erythrocyte invasion and opens the way to new approaches in rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nawsad Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Abhishek Jamwal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert J Ragotte
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Walters-Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Watson QD, Carias LL, Malachin A, Redinger KR, Bosch J, Bardelli M, Baldor L, Feufack-Donfack LB, Popovici J, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Zimmerman PA, King CL. Human monoclonal antibodies inhibit invasion of transgenic Plasmodium knowlesi expressing Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein. Malar J 2023; 22:369. [PMID: 38049801 PMCID: PMC10696754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax has been more resistant to various control measures than Plasmodium falciparum malaria because of its greater transmissibility and ability to produce latent parasite forms. Therefore, developing P. vivax vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (humAbs) remains a high priority. The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes is central to P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes. P. vivax expresses a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) on merozoites, a DARC ligand, and the DARC: PvDBP interaction is critical for P. vivax blood stage malaria. Therefore, PvDBP is a leading vaccine candidate for P. vivax and a target for therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies (humAbs). METHODS Here, the functional activity of humAbs derived from naturally exposed and vaccinated individuals are compared for the first time using easily cultured Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) that had been genetically modified to replace its endogenous PkDBP orthologue with PvDBP to create a transgenic parasite, PkPvDBPOR. This transgenic parasite requires DARC to invade human erythrocytes but is not reticulocyte restricted. This model was used to evaluate the invasion inhibition potential of 12 humAbs (9 naturally acquired; 3 vaccine-induced) targeting PvDBP individually and in combinations using growth inhibition assays (GIAs). RESULTS The PvDBP-specific humAbs demonstrated 70-100% inhibition of PkPvDBPOR invasion with the IC50 values ranging from 51 to 338 µg/mL for the 9 naturally acquired (NA) humAbs and 33 to 99 µg/ml for the 3 vaccine-induced (VI) humAbs. To evaluate antagonistic, additive, or synergistic effects, six pairwise combinations were performed using select humAbs. Of these combinations tested, one NA/NA (099100/094083) combination demonstrated relatively strong additive inhibition between 10 and 100 µg/mL; all combinations of NA and VI humAbs showed additive inhibition at concentrations below 25 µg/mL and antagonism at higher concentrations. None of the humAb combinations showed synergy. Invasion inhibition efficacy by some mAbs shown with PkPvDBPOR was closely replicated using P. vivax clinical isolates. CONCLUSION The PkPvDBPOR transgenic model is a robust surrogate of P. vivax to assess invasion and growth inhibition of human monoclonal Abs recognizing PvDBP individually and in combination. There was no synergistic interaction for growth inhibition with the humAbs tested here that target different epitopes or subdomains of PvDBP, suggesting little benefit in clinical trials using combinations of these humAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin D Watson
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lenore L Carias
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Malachin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karli R Redinger
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Lea Baldor
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Research Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Mitsi E, Diniz MO, Reiné J, Collins AM, Robinson RE, Hyder-Wright A, Farrar M, Liatsikos K, Hamilton J, Onyema O, Urban BC, Solórzano C, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Sheehan E, Lambe T, Draper SJ, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Maini MK, Ferreira DM. Respiratory mucosal immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and vaccination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6815. [PMID: 37884506 PMCID: PMC10603102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucosal immunity induced by vaccination is vital for protection from coronavirus infection in animal models. In humans, the capacity of peripheral vaccination to generate sustained immunity in the lung mucosa, and how this is influenced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, is unknown. Here we show using bronchoalveolar lavage samples that donors with history of both infection and vaccination have more airway mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and memory B cells than those only vaccinated. Infection also induces populations of airway spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are not expanded by vaccination alone. Airway mucosal T cells induced by infection have a distinct hierarchy of antigen specificity compared to the periphery. Spike-specific T cells persist in the lung mucosa for 7 months after the last immunising event. Thus, peripheral vaccination alone does not appear to induce durable lung mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, supporting an argument for the need for vaccines targeting the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mitsi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea M Collins
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan E Robinson
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Hyder-Wright
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Madlen Farrar
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Josh Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Onyia Onyema
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Britta C Urban
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carla Solórzano
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Emma Sheehan
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Clinical Science, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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7
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Bach FA, Muñoz Sandoval D, Mazurczyk M, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Harding AC, Kemp A, Silk SE, Barrett JR, Edwards NJ, Ivens A, Rayner JC, Minassian AM, Napolitani G, Draper SJ, Spence PJ. A systematic analysis of the human immune response to Plasmodium vivax. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e152463. [PMID: 37616070 PMCID: PMC10575735 DOI: 10.1172/jci152463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDThe biology of Plasmodium vivax is markedly different from that of P. falciparum; how this shapes the immune response to infection remains unclear. To address this shortfall, we inoculated human volunteers with a clonal field isolate of P. vivax and tracked their response through infection and convalescence.METHODSParticipants were injected intravenously with blood-stage parasites and infection dynamics were tracked in real time by quantitative PCR. Whole blood samples were used for high dimensional protein analysis, RNA sequencing, and cytometry by time of flight, and temporal changes in the host response to P. vivax were quantified by linear regression. Comparative analyses with P. falciparum were then undertaken using analogous data sets derived from prior controlled human malaria infection studies.RESULTSP. vivax rapidly induced a type I inflammatory response that coincided with hallmark features of clinical malaria. This acute-phase response shared remarkable overlap with that induced by P. falciparum but was significantly elevated (at RNA and protein levels), leading to an increased incidence of pyrexia. In contrast, T cell activation and terminal differentiation were significantly increased in volunteers infected with P. falciparum. Heterogeneous CD4+ T cells were found to dominate this adaptive response and phenotypic analysis revealed unexpected features normally associated with cytotoxicity and autoinflammatory disease.CONCLUSIONP. vivax triggers increased systemic interferon signaling (cf P. falciparum), which likely explains its reduced pyrogenic threshold. In contrast, P. falciparum drives T cell activation far in excess of P. vivax, which may partially explain why falciparum malaria more frequently causes severe disease.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT03797989.FUNDINGThe European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme, the Wellcome Trust, and the Royal Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A. Bach
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Muñoz Sandoval
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Insitute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Adam C. Harding
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kemp
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan R. Barrett
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C. Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Minassian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Spence
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Silk SE, Kalinga WF, Mtaka IM, Lilolime NS, Mpina M, Milando F, Ahmed S, Diouf A, Mkwepu F, Simon B, Athumani T, Rashid M, Mohammed L, Lweno O, Ali AM, Nyaulingo G, Mwalimu B, Mswata S, Mwamlima TG, Barrett JR, Wang LT, Themistocleous Y, King LDW, Hodgson SH, Payne RO, Nielsen CM, Lawrie AM, Nugent FL, Cho JS, Long CA, Miura K, Draper SJ, Minassian AM, Olotu AI. Superior antibody immunogenicity of a viral-vectored RH5 blood-stage malaria vaccine in Tanzanian infants as compared to adults. Med 2023; 4:668-686.e7. [PMID: 37572659 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RH5 is a leading blood-stage candidate antigen for a Plasmodium falciparum vaccine; however, its safety and immunogenicity in malaria-endemic populations are unknown. METHODS A phase 1b, single-center, dose-escalation, age-de-escalation, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in Bagamoyo, Tanzania (NCT03435874). Between 12th April and 25th October 2018, 63 healthy adults (18-35 years), young children (1-6 years), and infants (6-11 months) received a priming dose of viral-vectored ChAd63 RH5 or rabies control vaccine. Sixty participants were boosted with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) RH5 or rabies control vaccine 8 weeks later and completed 6 months of follow-up post priming. Primary outcomes were the number of solicited and unsolicited adverse events post vaccination and the number of serious adverse events over the study period. Secondary outcomes included measures of the anti-RH5 immune response. FINDINGS Vaccinations were well tolerated, with profiles comparable across groups. No serious adverse events were reported. Vaccination induced RH5-specific cellular and humoral responses. Higher anti-RH5 serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were observed post boost in young children and infants compared to adults. Vaccine-induced antibodies showed growth inhibition activity (GIA) in vitro against P. falciparum blood-stage parasites; their highest levels were observed in infants. CONCLUSIONS The ChAd63-MVA RH5 vaccine shows acceptable safety and reactogenicity and encouraging immunogenicity in children and infants residing in a malaria-endemic area. The levels of functional GIA observed in RH5-vaccinated infants are the highest reported to date following human vaccination. These data support onward clinical development of RH5-based blood-stage vaccines to protect against clinical malaria in young African infants. FUNDING Medical Research Council, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Wilmina F Kalinga
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ivanny M Mtaka
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Nasoro S Lilolime
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Florence Milando
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Saumu Ahmed
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Fatuma Mkwepu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Beatus Simon
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Thabit Athumani
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Mohammed Rashid
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Latipha Mohammed
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omary Lweno
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali M Ali
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Gloria Nyaulingo
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Bakari Mwalimu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Sarah Mswata
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Tunu G Mwamlima
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Yrene Themistocleous
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Lloyd D W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Susanne H Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ruth O Payne
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fay L Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ally I Olotu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
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9
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Jamwal A, Constantin CF, Hirschi S, Henrich S, Bildl W, Fakler B, Draper SJ, Schulte U, Higgins MK. Erythrocyte invasion-neutralising antibodies prevent Plasmodium falciparum RH5 from binding to basigin-containing membrane protein complexes. eLife 2023; 12:e83681. [PMID: 37796723 PMCID: PMC10569788 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Basigin is an essential host receptor for invasion of Plasmodium falciparum into human erythrocytes, interacting with parasite surface protein PfRH5. PfRH5 is a leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate and a target of growth-inhibitory antibodies. Here, we show that erythrocyte basigin is exclusively found in one of two macromolecular complexes, bound either to plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 1/4 (PMCA1/4) or to monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). PfRH5 binds to each of these complexes with a higher affinity than to isolated basigin ectodomain, making it likely that these are the physiological targets of PfRH5. PMCA-mediated Ca2+ export is not affected by PfRH5, making it unlikely that this is the mechanism underlying changes in calcium flux at the interface between an erythrocyte and the invading parasite. However, our studies rationalise the function of the most effective growth-inhibitory antibodies targeting PfRH5. While these antibodies do not reduce the binding of PfRH5 to monomeric basigin, they do reduce its binding to basigin-PMCA and basigin-MCT complexes. This indicates that the most effective PfRH5-targeting antibodies inhibit growth by sterically blocking the essential interaction of PfRH5 with basigin in its physiological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jamwal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Stephan Hirschi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Henrich
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Bernd Fakler
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSFreiburgGermany
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Uwe Schulte
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSFreiburgGermany
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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10
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Wideman SK, Frost JN, Richter FC, Naylor C, Lopes JM, Viveiros N, Teh MR, Preston AE, White N, Yusuf S, Draper SJ, Armitage AE, Duarte TL, Drakesmith H. Cellular iron governs the host response to malaria. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011679. [PMID: 37812650 PMCID: PMC10586691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and iron deficiency are major global health problems with extensive epidemiological overlap. Iron deficiency-induced anaemia can protect the host from malaria by limiting parasite growth. On the other hand, iron deficiency can significantly disrupt immune cell function. However, the impact of host cell iron scarcity beyond anaemia remains elusive in malaria. To address this, we employed a transgenic mouse model carrying a mutation in the transferrin receptor (TfrcY20H/Y20H), which limits the ability of cells to internalise iron from plasma. At homeostasis TfrcY20H/Y20H mice appear healthy and are not anaemic. However, TfrcY20H/Y20H mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS showed significantly higher peak parasitaemia and body weight loss. We found that TfrcY20H/Y20H mice displayed a similar trajectory of malaria-induced anaemia as wild-type mice, and elevated circulating iron did not increase peak parasitaemia. Instead, P. chabaudi infected TfrcY20H/Y20H mice had an impaired innate and adaptive immune response, marked by decreased cell proliferation and cytokine production. Moreover, we demonstrated that these immune cell impairments were cell-intrinsic, as ex vivo iron supplementation fully recovered CD4+ T cell and B cell function. Despite the inhibited immune response and increased parasitaemia, TfrcY20H/Y20H mice displayed mitigated liver damage, characterised by decreased parasite sequestration in the liver and an attenuated hepatic immune response. Together, these results show that host cell iron scarcity inhibits the immune response but prevents excessive hepatic tissue damage during malaria infection. These divergent effects shed light on the role of iron in the complex balance between protection and pathology in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Wideman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joe N. Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix C. Richter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José M. Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicole Viveiros
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Megan R. Teh
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E. Preston
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha White
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shamsideen Yusuf
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago L. Duarte
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology, Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Weiss GE, Ragotte RJ, Quinkert D, Lias AM, Dans MG, Boulet C, Looker O, Ventura OD, Williams BG, Crabb BS, Draper SJ, Gilson PR. The dual action of human antibodies specific to Plasmodium falciparum PfRH5 and PfCyRPA: Blocking invasion and inactivating extracellular merozoites. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011182. [PMID: 37713419 PMCID: PMC10529537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5) is the current leading blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate. PfRH5 functions as part of the pentameric PCRCR complex containing PTRAMP, CSS, PfCyRPA and PfRIPR, all of which are essential for infection of human red blood cells (RBCs). To trigger RBC invasion, PfRH5 engages with RBC protein basigin in a step termed the RH5-basigin binding stage. Although we know increasingly more about how antibodies specific for PfRH5 can block invasion, much less is known about how antibodies recognizing other members of the PCRCR complex can inhibit invasion. To address this, we performed live cell imaging using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which bind PfRH5 and PfCyRPA. We measured the degree and timing of the invasion inhibition, the stage at which it occurred, as well as subsequent events. We show that parasite invasion is blocked by individual mAbs, and the degree of inhibition is enhanced when combining a mAb specific for PfRH5 with one binding PfCyRPA. In addition to directly establishing the invasion-blocking capacity of the mAbs, we identified a secondary action of certain mAbs on extracellular parasites that had not yet invaded where the mAbs appeared to inactivate the parasites by triggering a developmental pathway normally only seen after successful invasion. These findings suggest that epitopes within the PfCyRPA-PfRH5 sub-complex that elicit these dual responses may be more effective immunogens than neighboring epitopes by both blocking parasites from invading and rapidly inactivating extracellular parasites. These two protective mechanisms, prevention of invasion and inactivation of uninvaded parasites, resulting from antibody to a single epitope indicate a possible route to the development of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta E. Weiss
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J. Ragotte
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Quinkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia M. Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Madeline G. Dans
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Coralie Boulet
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Looker
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olivia D. Ventura
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barnabas G. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Hou MM, Barrett JR, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Diouf A, Martinez FJ, Nielsen CM, Lias AM, King LDW, Edwards NJ, Greenwood NM, Kingham L, Poulton ID, Khozoee B, Goh C, Hodgson SH, Mac Lochlainn DJ, Salkeld J, Guillotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, Mohring F, Reimer JM, Chauhan VS, Mukherjee P, Biswas S, Taylor IJ, Lawrie AM, Cho JS, Nugent FL, Long CA, Moon RW, Miura K, Silk SE, Chitnis CE, Minassian AM, Draper SJ. Vaccination with Plasmodium vivax Duffy-binding protein inhibits parasite growth during controlled human malaria infection. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf1782. [PMID: 37437014 PMCID: PMC7615121 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
There are no licensed vaccines against Plasmodium vivax. We conducted two phase 1/2a clinical trials to assess two vaccines targeting P. vivax Duffy-binding protein region II (PvDBPII). Recombinant viral vaccines using chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors as well as a protein and adjuvant formulation (PvDBPII/Matrix-M) were tested in both a standard and a delayed dosing regimen. Volunteers underwent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) after their last vaccination, alongside unvaccinated controls. Efficacy was assessed by comparisons of parasite multiplication rates in the blood. PvDBPII/Matrix-M, given in a delayed dosing regimen, elicited the highest antibody responses and reduced the mean parasite multiplication rate after CHMI by 51% (n = 6) compared with unvaccinated controls (n = 13), whereas no other vaccine or regimen affected parasite growth. Both viral-vectored and protein vaccines were well tolerated and elicited expected, short-lived adverse events. Together, these results support further clinical evaluation of the PvDBPII/Matrix-M P. vivax vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Amelia M Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lloyd D W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nick J Edwards
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Lucy Kingham
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian D Poulton
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Cyndi Goh
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Susanne H Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Dylan J Mac Lochlainn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jo Salkeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Micheline Guillotte-Blisnick
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iona J Taylor
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Fay L Nugent
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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13
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Miura K, Diouf A, Fay MP, Barrett JR, Payne RO, Olotu AI, Minassian AM, Silk SE, Draper SJ, Long CA. Assessment of precision in growth inhibition assay (GIA) using human anti-PfRH5 antibodies. Malar J 2023; 22:159. [PMID: 37208733 PMCID: PMC10196285 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For blood-stage malaria vaccine development, the in vitro growth inhibition assay (GIA) has been widely used to evaluate functionality of vaccine-induced antibodies (Ab), and Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) is a leading blood-stage antigen. However, precision, also called "error of assay (EoA)", in GIA readouts and the source of EoA has not been evaluated systematically. METHODS In the Main GIA experiment, 4 different cultures of P. falciparum 3D7 parasites were prepared with red blood cells (RBC) collected from 4 different donors. For each culture, 7 different anti-RH5 Ab (either monoclonal or polyclonal Ab) were tested by GIA at two concentrations on three different days (168 data points). To evaluate sources of EoA in % inhibition in GIA (%GIA), a linear model fit was conducted including donor (source of RBC) and day of GIA as independent variables. In addition, 180 human anti-RH5 polyclonal Ab were tested in a Clinical GIA experiment, where each Ab was tested at multiple concentrations in at least 3 independent GIAs using different RBCs (5,093 data points). The standard deviation (sd) in %GIA and in GIA50 (Ab concentration that gave 50%GIA) readouts, and impact of repeat assays on 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of these readouts was estimated. RESULTS The Main GIA experiment revealed that the RBC donor effect was much larger than the day effect, and an obvious donor effect was also observed in the Clinical GIA experiment. Both %GIA and log-transformed GIA50 data reasonably fit a constant sd model, and sd of %GIA and log-transformed GIA50 measurements were calculated as 7.54 and 0.206, respectively. Taking the average of three repeat assays (using three different RBCs) reduces the 95%CI width in %GIA or in GIA50 measurements by ~ half compared to a single assay. CONCLUSIONS The RBC donor effect (donor-to-donor variance on the same day) in GIA was much bigger than the day effect (day-to-day variance using the same donor's RBC) at least for the RH5 Ab evaluated in this study; thus, future GIA studies should consider the donor effect. In addition, the 95%CI for %GIA and GIA50 shown here help when comparing GIA results from different samples/groups/studies; therefore, this study supports future malaria blood-stage vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ruth O Payne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ally I Olotu
- Interventions and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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14
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Watson QD, Carias LL, Malachin A, Redinger KR, Bosch J, Bardelli M, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Zimmerman PA, King CL. Naturally-acquired and Vaccine-induced Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein Inhibit Invasion of Plasmodium knowlesi (PvDBPOR) Transgenic Parasites. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.07.531647. [PMID: 36945444 PMCID: PMC10028882 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.07.531647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) expressed on erythrocytes is central to Plasmodium vivax (Pv) invasion of reticulocytes. Pv expresses a Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) on merozoites, a DARC ligand, and their protein-protein interaction is central to vivax blood stage malaria. Here we compared the functional activity of humAbs derived from naturally exposed and vaccinated individuals for the first time using easily cultured P. knowlesi (Pk) that had been genetically modified to replace its endogenous PkDBP orthologue with PvDBP to create a transgenic parasite, PkPvDBPOR. This transgenic parasite requires DARC to invade human erythrocytes but is not reticulocyte restricted. Using this model, we evaluated the invasion inhibition potential of 12 humAbs (9 naturally acquired; 3 vaccine-induced) targeting PvDBP individually and in combinations using growth inhibition assays (GIAs). The PvDBP-specific humAbs demonstrated 70-100% inhibition of PkPvDBPOR invasion with the IC50 values ranging from 51 to 338 μg/mL for the 9 naturally acquired (NA) humAbs and 33 to 99 μg/ml for the 3 vaccine-induced (VI) humAbs. To evaluate antagonistic, additive, or synergistic effects, six pairwise combinations were performed using select humAbs. Of these combinations tested, one NA/NA (099100/094083) combination demonstrated relatively strong additive inhibition between 10-100 μg/mL; all combinations of NA and VI humAbs showed additive inhibition at concentrations below 25 μg/mL and antagonism at higher concentrations. None of the humAb combinations showed synergy. This PkPvDBPOR model system enables efficient assessment of NA and VI humAbs individually and in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin D. Watson
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lenore L. Carias
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Malachin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karli R. Redinger
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert W. Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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15
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Nielsen CM, Barrett JR, Davis C, Fallon JK, Goh C, Michell AR, Griffin C, Kwok A, Loos C, Darko S, Laboune F, Tekman M, Diouf A, Miura K, Francica JR, Ransier A, Long CA, Silk SE, Payne RO, Minassian AM, Lauffenburger DA, Seder RA, Douek DC, Alter G, Draper SJ. Delayed boosting improves human antigen-specific Ig and B cell responses to the RH5.1/AS01B malaria vaccine. JCI Insight 2023; 8:163859. [PMID: 36692019 PMCID: PMC9977309 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications to vaccine delivery that increase serum antibody longevity are of great interest for maximizing efficacy. We have previously shown that a delayed fractional (DFx) dosing schedule (0-1-6 month) - using AS01B-adjuvanted RH5.1 malaria antigen - substantially improves serum IgG durability as compared with monthly dosing (0-1-2 month; NCT02927145). However, the underlying mechanism and whether there are wider immunological changes with DFx dosing were unclear. Here, PfRH5-specific Ig and B cell responses were analyzed in depth through standardized ELISAs, flow cytometry, systems serology, and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq). Data indicate that DFx dosing increases the magnitude and durability of circulating PfRH5-specific B cells and serum IgG1. At the peak antibody magnitude, DFx dosing was distinguished by a systems serology feature set comprising increased FcRn binding, IgG avidity, and proportion of G2B and G2S2F IgG Fc glycans, alongside decreased IgG3, antibody-dependent complement deposition, and proportion of G1S1F IgG Fc glycan. Concomitantly, scRNA-Seq data show a higher CDR3 percentage of mutation from germline and decreased plasma cell gene expression in circulating PfRH5-specific B cells. Our data, therefore, reveal a profound impact of DFx dosing on the humoral response and suggest plausible mechanisms that could enhance antibody longevity, including improved FcRn binding by serum Ig and a potential shift in the underlying cellular response from circulating short-lived plasma cells to nonperipheral long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Davis
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Fallon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cyndi Goh
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ashlin R. Michell
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Griffin
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Kwok
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Loos
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farida Laboune
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehmet Tekman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth O. Payne
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Roobsoong W, Yadava A, Draper SJ, Minassian AM, Sattabongkot J. The challenges of Plasmodium vivax human malaria infection models for vaccine development. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1006954. [PMID: 36685545 PMCID: PMC9849360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled Human Malaria Infection models (CHMI) have been critical to advancing new vaccines for malaria. Stringent and safe preparation of a challenge agent is key to the success of any CHMI. Difficulty producing the Plasmodium vivax parasite in vitro has limited production of qualified parasites for CHMI as well as the functional assays required to screen and down-select candidate vaccines for this globally distributed parasite. This and other challenges to P. vivax CHMI (PvCHMI), including scientific, logistical, and ethical obstacles, are common to P. vivax research conducted in both non-endemic and endemic countries, with additional hurdles unique to each. The challenges of using CHMI for P. vivax vaccine development and evaluation, lessons learned from previous and ongoing clinical trials, and the way forward to effectively perform PvCHMI to support vaccine development, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anjali Yadava
- Biologics Research & Development, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Healer J, Thompson JK, Mackwell KL, Browne CD, Seager BA, Ngo A, Lowes KN, Silk SE, Pulido D, King LDW, Christen JM, Noe AR, Kotraiah V, Masendycz PJ, Rajagopalan R, Lucas L, Stanford MM, Soisson L, Diggs C, Miller R, Youll S, Wycherley K, Draper SJ, Cowman AF. RH5.1-CyRPA-Ripr antigen combination vaccine shows little improvement over RH5.1 in a preclinical setting. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1049065. [PMID: 36605129 PMCID: PMC9807911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1049065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RH5 is the leading vaccine candidate for the Plasmodium falciparum blood stage and has shown impact on parasite growth in the blood in a human clinical trial. RH5 binds to Ripr and CyRPA at the apical end of the invasive merozoite form, and this complex, designated RCR, is essential for entry into human erythrocytes. RH5 has advanced to human clinical trials, and the impact on parasite growth in the blood was encouraging but modest. This study assessed the potential of a protein-in-adjuvant blood stage malaria vaccine based on a combination of RH5, Ripr and CyRPA to provide improved neutralizing activity against P. falciparum in vitro. Methods Mice were immunized with the individual RCR antigens to down select the best performing adjuvant formulation and rats were immunized with the individual RCR antigens to select the correct antigen dose. A second cohort of rats were immunized with single, double and triple antigen combinations to assess immunogenicity and parasite neutralizing activity in growth inhibition assays. Results The DPX® platform was identified as the best performing formulation in potentiating P. falciparum inhibitory antibody responses to these antigens. The three antigens derived from RH5, Ripr and CyRPA proteins formulated with DPX induced highly inhibitory parasite neutralising antibodies. Notably, RH5 either as a single antigen or in combination with Ripr and/or CyRPA, induced inhibitory antibodies that outperformed CyRPA, Ripr. Conclusion An RCR combination vaccine may not induce substantially improved protective immunity as compared with RH5 as a single immunogen in a clinical setting and leaves the development pathway open for other antigens to be combined with RH5 as a next generation malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Healer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer K. Thompson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen L. Mackwell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin A. Seager
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Ngo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kym N. Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Pulido
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd D. W. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy R. Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Paul J. Masendycz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lorraine Soisson
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carter Diggs
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Robin Miller
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Susan Youll
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kaye Wycherley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Alan F. Cowman,
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18
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Dicks MD, Rose LM, Russell RA, Bowman LA, Graham C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Doores KJ, Malim MH, Draper SJ, Howarth M, Biswas S. Modular capsid decoration boosts adenovirus vaccine-induced humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3639-3657. [PMID: 35949171 PMCID: PMC9364715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector vaccines have been widely and successfully deployed in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, despite inducing potent T cell immunity, improvement of vaccine-specific antibody responses upon homologous boosting is modest compared with other technologies. Here, we describe a system enabling modular decoration of adenovirus capsid surfaces with antigens and demonstrate potent induction of humoral immunity against these displayed antigens. Ligand attachment via a covalent bond was achieved using a protein superglue, DogTag/DogCatcher (similar to SpyTag/SpyCatcher), in a rapid and spontaneous reaction requiring only co-incubation of ligand and vector components. DogTag was inserted into surface-exposed loops in the adenovirus hexon protein to allow attachment of DogCatcher-fused ligands on virus particles. Efficient coverage of the capsid surface was achieved using various ligands, with vector infectivity retained in each case. Capsid decoration shielded particles from vector neutralizing antibodies. In prime-boost regimens, adenovirus vectors decorated with the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike induced >10-fold higher SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers compared with an undecorated vector encoding spike. Importantly, decorated vectors achieved equivalent or superior T cell immunogenicity against encoded antigens compared with undecorated vectors. We propose capsid decoration using protein superglues as a novel strategy to improve efficacy and boostability of adenovirus-based vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D.J. Dicks
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,Corresponding author: Matthew D. J. Dicks, SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK.
| | - Louisa M. Rose
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Lesley A.H. Bowman
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Simon J. Draper
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sumi Biswas
- SpyBiotech Ltd, 7600 The Quorum, Oxford Business Park North, Oxford, OX4 2JZ, UK,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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19
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Mukhopadhyay E, Brod F, Angell‐Manning P, Green N, Tarrant RD, Detmers FJ, Bolam EJ, Baleanu IN, Hobson M, Whale G, Morris SJ, Ashfield R, Gilbert SC, Jin J, Draper SJ, Moyle SP, Berrie EL, Hill AVS. Production of a high purity, C-tagged hepatitis B surface antigen fusion protein VLP vaccine for malaria expressed in Pichia pastoris under cGMP conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2784-2793. [PMID: 35822551 PMCID: PMC9546177 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) induce strong humoral and cellular responses and have formed the basis of some currently licensed vaccines. Here, we present the method used for the production of R21, a VLP-based anti-sporozoite malaria vaccine, under current Clinical Good Manufacturing Practice regulations (cGMP). Previous preclinical studies in BALB/c mice showed that R21 produced almost complete protection against sporozoite challenge with transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasites. Here, we have modified the preclinical production process to enable the production of sufficient quantities of highly pure, clinical-grade material for use in human clinical trials. The R21 construct was re-engineered to include a C-tag to allow affinity-based separation from the major contaminant alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX 1, ~74 kDa). To our knowledge, this is the first use of C-tag technology to purify a VLP vaccine candidate for use in human clinical trials. The R21 vaccine has shown high-level efficacy in an African Phase IIb trial, and multiple clinical trials are underway to assess the safety and efficacy of the vaccine. Our findings support the future use of C-tag platform technologies to enable cGMP-compliant biomanufacturing of high purity yeast-expressed VLP-based vaccines for early phase clinical trials when clinical grade material is required in smaller quantities in a quick time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Mukhopadhyay
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Florian Brod
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Philip Angell‐Manning
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Nicola Green
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Richard D. Tarrant
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Emma J. Bolam
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ioana N. Baleanu
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mark Hobson
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gary Whale
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Susan J. Morris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah P. Moyle
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Eleanor L. Berrie
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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20
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Salkeld J, Themistocleous Y, Barrett JR, Mitton CH, Rawlinson TA, Payne RO, Hou MM, Khozoee B, Edwards NJ, Nielsen CM, Sandoval DM, Bach FA, Nahrendorf W, Ramon RL, Baker M, Ramos-Lopez F, Folegatti PM, Quinkert D, Ellis KJ, Poulton ID, Lawrie AM, Cho JS, Nugent FL, Spence PJ, Silk SE, Draper SJ, Minassian AM. Repeat controlled human malaria infection of healthy UK adults with blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum: Safety and parasite growth dynamics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984323. [PMID: 36072606 PMCID: PMC9444061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In endemic settings it is known that natural malaria immunity is gradually acquired following repeated exposures. Here we sought to assess whether similar acquisition of blood-stage malaria immunity would occur following repeated parasite exposure by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). We report the findings of repeat homologous blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 clone) CHMI studies VAC063C (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03906474) and VAC063 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02927145). In total, 24 healthy, unvaccinated, malaria-naïve UK adult participants underwent primary CHMI followed by drug treatment. Ten of these then underwent secondary CHMI in the same manner, and then six of these underwent a final tertiary CHMI. As with primary CHMI, malaria symptoms were common following secondary and tertiary infection, however, most resolved within a few days of treatment and there were no long term sequelae or serious adverse events related to CHMI. Despite detectable induction and boosting of anti-merozoite serum IgG antibody responses following each round of CHMI, there was no clear evidence of anti-parasite immunity (manifest as reduced parasite growth in vivo) conferred by repeated challenge with the homologous parasite in the majority of volunteers. However, three volunteers showed some variation in parasite growth dynamics in vivo following repeat CHMI that were either modest or short-lived. We also observed no major differences in clinical symptoms or laboratory markers of infection across the primary, secondary and tertiary challenges. However, there was a trend to more severe pyrexia after primary CHMI and the absence of a detectable transaminitis post-treatment following secondary and tertiary infection. We hypothesize that this could represent the initial induction of clinical immunity. Repeat homologous blood-stage CHMI is thus safe and provides a model with the potential to further the understanding of naturally acquired immunity to blood-stage infection in a highly controlled setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Salkeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jordan R. Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celia H. Mitton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth O. Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mimi M. Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Baktash Khozoee
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn M. Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Muñoz Sandoval
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Florian A. Bach
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Megan Baker
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Doris Quinkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian D. Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M. Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fay L. Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Spence
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Angela M. Minassian,
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21
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Nacer A, Kivi G, Pert R, Juronen E, Holenya P, Aliprandini E, Amino R, Silvie O, Quinkert D, Le Duff Y, Hurley M, Reimer U, Tover A, Draper SJ, Gilbert S, Ho MM, Bowyer PW. Expanding the Malaria Antibody Toolkit: Development and Characterisation of Plasmodium falciparum RH5, CyRPA, and CSP Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:901253. [PMID: 35782147 PMCID: PMC9243361 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.901253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, an infection caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, continues to exact a significant toll on public health with over 200 million cases world-wide, and annual deaths in excess of 600,000. Considerable progress has been made to reduce malaria burden in endemic countries in the last two decades. However, parasite and mosquito resistance to frontline chemotherapies and insecticides, respectively, highlights the continuing need for the development of safe and effective vaccines. Here we describe the development of recombinant human antibodies to three target proteins from Plasmodium falciparum: reticulocyte binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5), cysteine-rich protective antigen (PfCyRPA), and circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). All three proteins are key targets in the development of vaccines for blood-stage or pre-erythrocytic stage infections. We have developed potent anti-PfRH5, PfCyRPA and PfCSP monoclonal antibodies that will prove useful tools for the standardisation of assays in preclinical research and the assessment of these antigens in clinical trials. We have generated some very potent anti-PfRH5 and anti-PfCyRPA antibodies with some clones >200 times more potent than the polyclonal anti-AMA-1 antibodies used for the evaluation of blood stage antigens. While the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are not directly comparable, the data provide evidence that these new antibodies are very good at blocking invasion. These antibodies will therefore provide a valuable resource and have potential as biological standards to help harmonise pre-clinical malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Nacer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adéla Nacer, ; Paul W. Bowyer,
| | - Gaily Kivi
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Raini Pert
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | | | - Pavlo Holenya
- Research and Development, JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rogerio Amino
- Malaria Infection & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Doris Quinkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Le Duff
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hurley
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Reimer
- Research and Development, JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Mei Ho
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Bowyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adéla Nacer, ; Paul W. Bowyer,
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22
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Hou MM, Barrett JR, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Diouf A, Martinez FJ, Nielsen CM, Lias AM, King LDW, Edwards NJ, Greenwood NM, Kingham L, Poulton ID, Khozoee B, Goh C, Mac Lochlainn DJ, Salkeld J, Guilotte-Blisnick M, Huon C, Mohring F, Reimer JM, Chauhan VS, Mukherjee P, Biswas S, Taylor IJ, Lawrie AM, Cho JS, Nugent FL, Long CA, Moon RW, Miura K, Silk SE, Chitnis CE, Minassian AM, Draper SJ. Impact of a blood-stage vaccine on Plasmodium vivax malaria. medRxiv 2022:2022.05.27.22275375. [PMID: 35664997 PMCID: PMC9164524 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.27.22275375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background There are no licensed vaccines against Plasmodium vivax , the most common cause of malaria outside of Africa. Methods We conducted two Phase I/IIa clinical trials to assess the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of two vaccines targeting region II of P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBPII). Recombinant viral vaccines (using ChAd63 and MVA vectors) were administered at 0, 2 months or in a delayed dosing regimen (0, 17, 19 months), whilst a protein/adjuvant formulation (PvDBPII/Matrix-M™) was administered monthly (0, 1, 2 months) or in a delayed dosing regimen (0, 1, 14 months). Delayed regimens were due to trial halts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Volunteers underwent heterologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with blood-stage P. vivax parasites at 2-4 weeks following their last vaccination, alongside unvaccinated controls. Efficacy was assessed by comparison of parasite multiplication rate (PMR) in blood post-CHMI, modelled from parasitemia measured by quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR). Results Thirty-two volunteers were enrolled and vaccinated (n=16 for each vaccine). No safety concerns were identified. PvDBPII/Matrix-M™, given in the delayed dosing regimen, elicited the highest antibody responses and reduced the mean PMR following CHMI by 51% (range 36-66%; n=6) compared to unvaccinated controls (n=13). No other vaccine or regimen impacted parasite growth. In vivo growth inhibition of blood-stage P. vivax correlated with functional antibody readouts of vaccine immunogenicity. Conclusions Vaccination of malaria-naïve adults with a delayed booster regimen of PvDBPII/ Matrix-M™ significantly reduces the growth of blood-stage P. vivax . Funded by the European Commission and Wellcome Trust; VAC069, VAC071 and VAC079 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT03797989 , NCT04009096 and NCT04201431 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi M Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Francisco J Martinez
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amelia M Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lloyd D W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Lucy Kingham
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Baktash Khozoee
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cyndi Goh
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Dylan J Mac Lochlainn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jo Salkeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Micheline Guilotte-Blisnick
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christèle Huon
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Virander S Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iona J Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Fay L Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sarah E Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Angela M Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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23
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Mitsi E, Reiné J, Urban BC, Solórzano C, Nikolaou E, Hyder-Wright AD, Pojar S, Howard A, Hitchins L, Glynn S, Farrar MC, Liatsikos K, Collins AM, Walker NF, Hill HC, German EL, Cheliotis KS, Byrne RL, Williams CT, Cubas-Atienzar AI, Fletcher TE, Adams ER, Draper SJ, Pulido D, Beavon R, Theilacker C, Begier E, Jodar L, Gessner BD, Ferreira DM. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization associates with impaired adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157124. [PMID: 35139037 PMCID: PMC8970672 DOI: 10.1172/jci157124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although recent epidemiological data suggest that pneumococci may contribute to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 disease, cases of coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during hospitalization have been reported infrequently. This apparent contradiction may be explained by interactions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and pneumococci in the upper airway, resulting in the escape of SARS-CoV-2 from protective host immune responses. Methods Here, we investigated the relationship of these 2 respiratory pathogens in 2 distinct cohorts of health care workers with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection identified by systematic screening and patients with moderate to severe disease who presented to the hospital. We assessed the effect of coinfection on host antibody, cellular, and inflammatory responses to the virus. Results In both cohorts, pneumococcal colonization was associated with diminished antiviral immune responses, which primarily affected mucosal IgA levels among individuals with mild or asymptomatic infection and cellular memory responses in infected patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that S. pneumoniae impair host immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and raise the question of whether pneumococcal carriage also enables immune escape of other respiratory viruses and facilitates reinfection. Trial registration ISRCTN89159899 (FASTER study) and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03502291 (LAIV study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mitsi
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Britta C Urban
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Solórzano
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elissavet Nikolaou
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sherin Pojar
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Howard
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Hitchins
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Glynn
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Madlen C Farrar
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea M Collins
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi F Walker
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Liverpool University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C Hill
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Esther L German
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina S Cheliotis
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Byrne
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher T Williams
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ana I Cubas-Atienzar
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom E Fletcher
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R Adams
- Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Pulido
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Luis Jodar
- Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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24
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Bjerkan L, Visweswaran GRR, Gudjonsson A, Labbé GM, Quinkert D, Pattinson DJ, Spång HCL, Draper SJ, Bogen B, Braathen R. APC-Targeted DNA Vaccination Against Reticulocyte-Binding Protein Homolog 5 Induces Plasmodium falciparum-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies and T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720550. [PMID: 34733274 PMCID: PMC8558525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antigen to antigen presenting cells (APCs) is an efficient way to induce robust antigen-specific immune responses. Here, we present a novel DNA vaccine that targets the Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5), a leading blood-stage antigen of the human malaria pathogen, to APCs. The vaccine is designed as bivalent homodimers where each chain is composed of an amino-terminal single chain fragment variable (scFv) targeting unit specific for major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expressed on APCs, and a carboxyl-terminal antigenic unit genetically linked by the dimerization unit. This vaccine format, named “Vaccibody”, has previously been successfully applied for antigens from other infectious diseases including influenza and HIV, as well as for tumor antigens. Recently, the crystal structure and key functional antibody epitopes for the truncated version of PfRH5 (PfRH5ΔNL) were characterized, suggesting PfRH5ΔNL to be a promising candidate for next-generation PfRH5 vaccine design. In this study, we explored the APC-targeting strategy for a PfRH5ΔNL-containing DNA vaccine. BALB/c mice immunized with the targeted vaccine induced higher PfRH5-specific IgG1 antibody responses than those vaccinated with a non-targeted vaccine or antigen alone. The APC-targeted vaccine also efficiently induced rapid IFN-γ and IL-4 T cell responses. Furthermore, the vaccine-induced PfRH5-specific IgG showed inhibition of growth of the P. falciparum 3D7 clone parasite in vitro. Finally, sera obtained after vaccination with this targeted vaccine competed for the same epitopes as PfRH5-specific mAbs from vaccinated humans. Robust humoral responses were also induced by a similar P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (PvDBP)-containing targeted DNA vaccine. Our data highlight a novel targeted vaccine platform for the development of vaccines against blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bjerkan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arnar Gudjonsson
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Doris Quinkert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Heidi C L Spång
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ranveig Braathen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Minassian AM, Themistocleous Y, Silk SE, Barrett JR, Kemp A, Quinkert D, Nielsen CM, Edwards NJ, Rawlinson TA, Ramos Lopez F, Roobsoong W, Ellis KJ, Cho JS, Aunin E, Otto TD, Reid AJ, Bach FA, Labbé GM, Poulton ID, Marini A, Zaric M, Mulatier M, Lopez Ramon R, Baker M, Mitton CH, Sousa JC, Rachaphaew N, Kumpitak C, Maneechai N, Suansomjit C, Piteekan T, Hou MM, Khozoee B, McHugh K, Roberts DJ, Lawrie AM, Blagborough AM, Nugent FL, Taylor IJ, Johnson KJ, Spence PJ, Sattabongkot J, Biswas S, Rayner JC, Draper SJ. Controlled human malaria infection with a clone of Plasmodium vivax with high quality genome assembly. JCI Insight 2021; 6:152465. [PMID: 34609964 PMCID: PMC8675201 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) provides a highly informative means to investigate host-pathogen interactions and enable in vivo proof-of-concept efficacy testing of new drugs and vaccines. However, unlike Plasmodium falciparum, well-characterized P. vivax parasites that are safe and suitable for use in modern CHMI models are limited. Here, two healthy malaria-naïve UK adults with universal donor blood group were safely infected with a clone of P. vivax from Thailand by mosquito-bite CHMI. Parasitemia developed in both volunteers and, prior to treatment, each volunteer donated blood to produce a cryopreserved stabilate of infected red blood cells. Following stringent safety screening, the parasite stabilate from one of these donors ("PvW1") was thawed and used to inoculate six healthy malaria-naïve UK adults by blood-stage CHMI, at three different dilutions. Parasitemia developed in all volunteers, who were then successfully drug treated. PvW1 parasite DNA was isolated and sequenced to produce a high quality genome assembly by using a hybrid assembly method. We analysed leading vaccine candidate antigens and multigene families, including the Vivax interspersed repeat (VIR) genes of which we identified 1145 in the PvW1 genome. Our genomic analysis will guide future assessment of candidate vaccines and drugs, as well as experimental medicine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kemp
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Quinkert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Jee-Sun Cho
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eerik Aunin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian A Bach
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Marini
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Zaric
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaux Mulatier
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Megan Baker
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Celia H Mitton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C Sousa
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Tianrat Piteekan
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mimi M Hou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Baktash Khozoee
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty McHugh
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J Roberts
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fay L Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iona J Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip J Spence
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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26
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de Graaf H, Payne RO, Taylor I, Miura K, Long CA, Elias SC, Zaric M, Minassian AM, Silk SE, Li L, Poulton ID, Baker M, Draper SJ, Gbesemete D, Brendish NJ, Martins F, Marini A, Mekhaiel D, Edwards NJ, Roberts R, Vekemans J, Moyle S, Faust SN, Berrie E, Lawrie AM, Hill F, Hill AVS, Biswas S. Safety and Immunogenicity of ChAd63/MVA Pfs25-IMX313 in a Phase I First-in-Human Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694759. [PMID: 34335606 PMCID: PMC8318801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmission blocking vaccines targeting the sexual-stages of the malaria parasite could play a major role to achieve elimination and eradication of malaria. The Plasmodium falciparum Pfs25 protein (Pfs25) is the most clinically advanced candidate sexual-stage antigen. IMX313, a complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein that forms heptamers with the antigen fused to it, improve antibody responses. This is the first time that viral vectors have been used to induce antibodies in humans against an antigen that is expressed only in the mosquito vector. Methods Clinical trial looking at safety and immunogenicity of two recombinant viral vectored vaccines encoding Pfs25-IMX313 in healthy malaria-naive adults. Replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63) and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding Pfs25-IMX313, were delivered by the intramuscular route in a heterologous prime-boost regimen using an 8-week interval. Safety data and samples for immunogenicity assays were taken at various time-points. Results The reactogenicity of the vaccines was similar to that seen in previous trials using the same viral vectors encoding other antigens. The vaccines were immunogenic and induced both antibody and T cell responses against Pfs25, but significant transmission reducing activity (TRA) was not observed in most volunteers by standard membrane feeding assay. Conclusion Both vaccines were well tolerated and demonstrated a favorable safety profile in malaria-naive adults. However, the transmission reducing activity of the antibodies generated were weak, suggesting the need for an alternative vaccine formulation. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02532049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans de Graaf
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iona Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Carol A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Zaric
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Li
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Baker
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Gbesemete
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Brendish
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Martins
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Marini
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Mekhaiel
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Roberts
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Moyle
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Lawrie
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Kotraiah V, Phares TW, Terry FE, Hindocha P, Silk SE, Nielsen CM, Moise L, Tucker KD, Ashfield R, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Draper SJ, Gutierrez GM, Noe AR. Identification and Immune Assessment of T Cell Epitopes in Five Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stage Antigens to Facilitate Vaccine Candidate Selection and Optimization. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690348. [PMID: 34305923 PMCID: PMC8294059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hurdles to effective blood stage malaria vaccine design include immune evasion tactics used by the parasite such as redundant invasion pathways and antigen variation among circulating parasite strains. While blood stage malaria vaccine development primarily focuses on eliciting optimal humoral responses capable of blocking erythrocyte invasion, clinically-tested Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) vaccines have not elicited sterile protection, in part due to the dramatically high levels of antibody needed. Recent development efforts with non-redundant, conserved blood stage antigens suggest both high antibody titer and rapid antibody binding kinetics are important efficacy factors. Based on the central role of helper CD4 T cells in development of strong, protective immune responses, we systematically analyzed the class II epitope content in five leading Pf blood stage antigens (RH5, CyRPA, RIPR, AMA1 and EBA175) using in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo methodologies. We employed in silico T cell epitope analysis to enable identification of 67 HLA-restricted class II epitope clusters predicted to bind a panel of nine HLA-DRB1 alleles. We assessed a subset of these for HLA-DRB1 allele binding in vitro, to verify the in silico predictions. All clusters assessed (40 clusters represented by 46 peptides) bound at least two HLA-DR alleles in vitro. The overall epitope prediction to in vitro HLA-DRB1 allele binding accuracy was 71%. Utilizing the set of RH5 class II epitope clusters (10 clusters represented by 12 peptides), we assessed stimulation of T cells collected from HLA-matched RH5 vaccinees using an IFN-γ T cell recall assay. All clusters demonstrated positive recall responses, with the highest responses – by percentage of responders and response magnitude – associated with clusters located in the N-terminal region of RH5. Finally, a statistically significant correlation between in silico epitope predictions and ex vivo IFN-γ recall response was found when accounting for HLA-DR matches between the epitope predictions and donor HLA phenotypes. This is the first comprehensive analysis of class II epitope content in RH5, CyRPA, RIPR, AMA1 and EBA175 accompanied by in vitro HLA binding validation for all five proteins and ex vivo T cell response confirmation for RH5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Leidos Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
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28
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Willcox AC, Huber AS, Diouf A, Barrett JR, Silk SE, Pulido D, King LDW, Alanine DGW, Minassian AM, Diakite M, Draper SJ, Long CA, Miura K. Antibodies from malaria-exposed Malians generally interact additively or synergistically with human vaccine-induced RH5 antibodies. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100326. [PMID: 34337556 PMCID: PMC8324462 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) is a leading Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage vaccine candidate. Another possible candidate, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), was not efficacious in malaria-endemic populations, likely due to pre-existing antimalarial antibodies that interfered with the activity of vaccine-induced AMA1 antibodies, as judged by in vitro growth inhibition assay (GIA). To determine how pre-existing antibodies interact with vaccine-induced RH5 antibodies, we purify total and RH5-specific immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) from malaria-exposed Malians and malaria-naive RH5 vaccinees. Infection-induced RH5 antibody titers are much lower than those induced by vaccination, and RH5-specific IgGs show differences in the binding site between the two populations. In GIA, Malian polyclonal IgGs show additive or synergistic interactions with RH5 human monoclonal antibodies and overall additive interactions with vaccine-induced polyclonal RH5 IgGs. These results suggest that pre-existing antibodies will interact favorably with vaccine-induced RH5 antibodies, in contrast to AMA1 antibodies. This study supports RH5 vaccine trials in malaria-endemic regions. RH5 IgG titers induced by infection are lower than those induced by RH5 vaccination Infection- and vaccine-induced RH5 IgGs have different specificity and avidity Infection- and vaccine-induced RH5 IgGs interact differently with RH5 mAbs Infection-induced IgGs generally do not reduce the activity of vaccine-induced IgGs
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Willcox
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Alex S Huber
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Jordan R Barrett
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Pulido
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd D W King
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G W Alanine
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M Minassian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mahamadou Diakite
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontostomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako 1805, Mali
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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29
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Minassian AM, Silk SE, Barrett JR, Nielsen CM, Miura K, Diouf A, Loos C, Fallon JK, Michell AR, White MT, Edwards NJ, Poulton ID, Mitton CH, Payne RO, Marks M, Maxwell-Scott H, Querol-Rubiera A, Bisnauthsing K, Batra R, Ogrina T, Brendish NJ, Themistocleous Y, Rawlinson TA, Ellis KJ, Quinkert D, Baker M, Lopez Ramon R, Ramos Lopez F, Barfod L, Folegatti PM, Silman D, Datoo M, Taylor IJ, Jin J, Pulido D, Douglas AD, de Jongh WA, Smith R, Berrie E, Noe AR, Diggs CL, Soisson LA, Ashfield R, Faust SN, Goodman AL, Lawrie AM, Nugent FL, Alter G, Long CA, Draper SJ. Reduced blood-stage malaria growth and immune correlates in humans following RH5 vaccination. Med 2021; 2:701-719.e19. [PMID: 34223402 PMCID: PMC8240500 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of an effective vaccine against the pathogenic blood-stage infection of human malaria has proved challenging, and no candidate vaccine has affected blood-stage parasitemia following controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum. METHODS We undertook a phase I/IIa clinical trial in healthy adults in the United Kingdom of the RH5.1 recombinant protein vaccine, targeting the P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5), formulated in AS01B adjuvant. We assessed safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against blood-stage CHMI. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02927145. FINDINGS The RH5.1/AS01B formulation was administered using a range of RH5.1 protein vaccine doses (2, 10, and 50 μg) and was found to be safe and well tolerated. A regimen using a delayed and fractional third dose, in contrast to three doses given at monthly intervals, led to significantly improved antibody response longevity over ∼2 years of follow-up. Following primary and secondary CHMI of vaccinees with blood-stage P. falciparum, a significant reduction in parasite growth rate was observed, defining a milestone for the blood-stage malaria vaccine field. We show that growth inhibition activity measured in vitro using purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody strongly correlates with in vivo reduction of the parasite growth rate and also identify other antibody feature sets by systems serology, including the plasma anti-RH5 IgA1 response, that are associated with challenge outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a new framework to guide rational design and delivery of next-generation vaccines to protect against malaria disease. FUNDING This study was supported by USAID, UK MRC, Wellcome Trust, NIAID, and the NIHR Oxford-BRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Ashlin R. Michell
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael T. White
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nick J. Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ian D. Poulton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Celia H. Mitton
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ruth O. Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael Marks
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hector Maxwell-Scott
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Antonio Querol-Rubiera
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Karen Bisnauthsing
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Tatiana Ogrina
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nathan J. Brendish
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Doris Quinkert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Megan Baker
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Lea Barfod
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Daniel Silman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mehreen Datoo
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iona J. Taylor
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David Pulido
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Willem A. de Jongh
- ExpreSion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Robert Smith
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JT, UK
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Anna L. Goodman
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Fay L. Nugent
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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30
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Müller K, Gibbins MP, Roberts M, Reyes‐Sandoval A, Hill AVS, Draper SJ, Matuschewski K, Silvie O, Hafalla JCR. Low immunogenicity of malaria pre-erythrocytic stages can be overcome by vaccination. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13390. [PMID: 33709544 PMCID: PMC8033512 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity is considered one important criterion for progression of candidate vaccines to further clinical evaluation. We tested this assumption in an infection and vaccination model for malaria pre-erythrocytic stages. We engineered Plasmodium berghei parasites that harbour a well-characterised epitope for stimulation of CD8+ T cells, either as an antigen in the sporozoite surface-expressed circumsporozoite protein or the parasitophorous vacuole membrane associated protein upregulated in sporozoites 4 (UIS4) expressed in exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs). We show that the antigen origin results in profound differences in immunogenicity with a sporozoite antigen eliciting robust, superior antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, whilst an EEF antigen evokes poor responses. Despite their contrasting immunogenic properties, both sporozoite and EEF antigens gain access to antigen presentation pathways in hepatocytes, as recognition and targeting by vaccine-induced effector CD8+ T cells results in high levels of protection when targeting either antigen. Our study is the first demonstration that poorly immunogenic EEF antigens do not preclude their susceptibility to antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell killing, which has wide-ranging implications on antigen prioritisation for next-generation pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Müller
- Parasitology UnitMax Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt UniversityBerlinGermany
| | - Matthew P Gibbins
- Department of Infection BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Present address:
Wellcome Centre for Integrative ParasitologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Mark Roberts
- Department of Infection BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Arturo Reyes‐Sandoval
- Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Instituto Politécnico NacionalIPN. Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Adolfo López MateosMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology UnitMax Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Department of Molecular ParasitologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt UniversityBerlinGermany
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies InfectieusesCIMI‐ParisParisFrance
| | - Julius Clemence R Hafalla
- Department of Infection BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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31
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Flynn O, Dillane K, Lanza JS, Marshall JM, Jin J, Silk SE, Draper SJ, Moore AC. Low Adenovirus Vaccine Doses Administered to Skin Using Microneedle Patches Induce Better Functional Antibody Immunogenicity as Compared to Systemic Injection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030299. [PMID: 33810085 PMCID: PMC8005075 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus-based vaccines are demonstrating promising clinical potential for multiple infectious diseases, including COVID-19. However, the immunogenicity of the vector itself decreases its effectiveness as a boosting vaccine due to the induction of strong anti-vector neutralizing immunity. Here we determined how dissolvable microneedle patches (DMN) for skin immunization can overcome this issue, using a clinically-relevant adenovirus-based Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine, AdHu5–PfRH5, in mice. Incorporation of vaccine into patches significantly enhanced its thermostability compared to the liquid form. Conventional high dose repeated immunization by the intramuscular (IM) route induced low antigen-specific IgG titres and high anti-vector immunity. A low priming dose of vaccine, by the IM route, but more so using DMN patches, induced the most efficacious immune responses, assessed by parasite growth inhibitory activity (GIA) assays. Administration of low dose AdHu5–PfRH5 using patches to the skin, boosted by high dose IM, induced the highest antigen-specific serum IgG response after boosting, the greatest skewing of the antibody response towards the antigen and away from the vector, and the highest efficacy. This study therefore demonstrates that repeated use of the same adenovirus vaccine can be highly immunogenic towards the transgene if a low dose is used to prime the response. It also provides a method of stabilizing adenovirus vaccine, in easy-to-administer dissolvable microneedle patches, permitting storage and distribution out of cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Flynn
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (O.F.); (K.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Kate Dillane
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (O.F.); (K.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Juliane Sousa Lanza
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (O.F.); (K.D.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jennifer M. Marshall
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (J.M.M.); (J.J.); (S.E.S.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (J.M.M.); (J.J.); (S.E.S.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (J.M.M.); (J.J.); (S.E.S.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (J.M.M.); (J.J.); (S.E.S.); (S.J.D.)
| | - Anne C. Moore
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (O.F.); (K.D.); (J.S.L.)
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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32
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Milne K, Ivens A, Reid AJ, Lotkowska ME, O'Toole A, Sankaranarayanan G, Munoz Sandoval D, Nahrendorf W, Regnault C, Edwards NJ, Silk SE, Payne RO, Minassian AM, Venkatraman N, Sanders MJ, Hill AVS, Barrett M, Berriman M, Draper SJ, Rowe JA, Spence PJ. Mapping immune variation and var gene switching in naive hosts infected with Plasmodium falciparum. eLife 2021; 10:e62800. [PMID: 33648633 PMCID: PMC7924948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Falciparum malaria is clinically heterogeneous and the relative contribution of parasite and host in shaping disease severity remains unclear. We explored the interaction between inflammation and parasite variant surface antigen (VSA) expression, asking whether this relationship underpins the variation observed in controlled human malaria infection (CHMI). We uncovered marked heterogeneity in the host response to blood challenge; some volunteers remained quiescent, others triggered interferon-stimulated inflammation and some showed transcriptional evidence of myeloid cell suppression. Significantly, only inflammatory volunteers experienced hallmark symptoms of malaria. When we tracked temporal changes in parasite VSA expression to ask whether variants associated with severe disease rapidly expand in naive hosts, we found no transcriptional evidence to support this hypothesis. These data indicate that parasite variants that dominate severe malaria do not have an intrinsic growth or survival advantage; instead, they presumably rely upon infection-induced changes in their within-host environment for selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Milne
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Aine O'Toole
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Diana Munoz Sandoval
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
| | - Wiebke Nahrendorf
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Clement Regnault
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Nick J Edwards
- The Jenner Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Adrian VS Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - J Alexandra Rowe
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip J Spence
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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33
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Frost JN, Tan TK, Abbas M, Wideman SK, Bonadonna M, Stoffel NU, Wray K, Kronsteiner B, Smits G, Campagna DR, Duarte TL, Lopes JM, Shah A, Armitage AE, Arezes J, Lim PJ, Preston AE, Ahern D, Teh M, Naylor C, Salio M, Gileadi U, Andrews SC, Dunachie SJ, Zimmermann MB, van der Klis FR, Cerundolo V, Bannard O, Draper SJ, Townsend AR, Galy B, Fleming MD, Lewis MC, Drakesmith H. Hepcidin-Mediated Hypoferremia Disrupts Immune Responses to Vaccination and Infection. Med 2021; 2:164-179.e12. [PMID: 33665641 PMCID: PMC7895906 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND How specific nutrients influence adaptive immunity is of broad interest. Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and imparts a significant burden of global disease; however, its effects on immunity remain unclear. METHODS We used a hepcidin mimetic and several genetic models to examine the effect of low iron availability on T cells in vitro and on immune responses to vaccines and viral infection in mice. We examined humoral immunity in human patients with raised hepcidin and low serum iron caused by mutant TMPRSS6. We tested the effect of iron supplementation on vaccination-induced humoral immunity in piglets, a natural model of iron deficiency. FINDINGS We show that low serum iron (hypoferremia), caused by increased hepcidin, severely impairs effector and memory responses to immunizations. The intensified metabolism of activated lymphocytes requires the support of enhanced iron acquisition, which is facilitated by IRP1/2 and TFRC. Accordingly, providing extra iron improved the response to vaccination in hypoferremic mice and piglets, while conversely, hypoferremic humans with chronically increased hepcidin have reduced concentrations of antibodies specific for certain pathogens. Imposing hypoferremia blunted the T cell, B cell, and neutralizing antibody responses to influenza virus infection in mice, allowing the virus to persist and exacerbating lung inflammation and morbidity. CONCLUSIONS Hypoferremia, a well-conserved physiological innate response to infection, can counteract the development of adaptive immunity. This nutrient trade-off is relevant for understanding and improving immune responses to infections and vaccines in the globally common contexts of iron deficiency and inflammatory disorders. FUNDING Medical Research Council, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe N. Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sarah K. Wideman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Bonadonna
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole U. Stoffel
- ETH Zurich, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katherine Wray
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, and Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gaby Smits
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dean R. Campagna
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiago L. Duarte
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular & Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine (FMUP) and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Akshay Shah
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew E. Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - João Arezes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra E. Preston
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David Ahern
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Megan Teh
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon C. Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, and Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael B. Zimmermann
- ETH Zurich, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fiona R.M. van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver Bannard
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alain R.M. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Bruno Galy
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie C. Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food, and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Haematology Theme, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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34
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Rahikainen R, Rijal P, Tan TK, Wu H, Andersson AC, Barrett JR, Bowden TA, Draper SJ, Townsend AR, Howarth M. Overcoming Symmetry Mismatch in Vaccine Nanoassembly through Spontaneous Amidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:321-330. [PMID: 32886840 PMCID: PMC7821241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matching of symmetry at interfaces is a fundamental obstacle in molecular assembly. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are important vaccine platforms against pathogenic threats, including Covid-19. However, symmetry mismatch can prohibit vaccine nanoassembly. We established an approach for coupling VLPs to diverse antigen symmetries. SpyCatcher003 enabled efficient VLP conjugation and extreme thermal resilience. Many people had pre-existing antibodies to SpyTag:SpyCatcher but less to the 003 variants. We coupled the computer-designed VLP not only to monomers (SARS-CoV-2) but also to cyclic dimers (Newcastle disease, Lyme disease), trimers (influenza hemagglutinins), and tetramers (influenza neuraminidases). Even an antigen with dihedral symmetry could be displayed. For the global challenge of influenza, SpyTag-mediated display of trimer and tetramer antigens strongly induced neutralizing antibodies. SpyCatcher003 conjugation enables nanodisplay of diverse symmetries towards generation of potent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolle Rahikainen
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Hung‐Jen Wu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Anne‐Marie C. Andersson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Current address: InProTher ApsOle Maaløes Vej 32200KøbenhavnDenmark
| | | | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7BNUK
| | | | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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35
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Rahikainen R, Rijal P, Tan TK, Wu H, Andersson AC, Barrett JR, Bowden TA, Draper SJ, Townsend AR, Howarth M. Overcoming Symmetry Mismatch in Vaccine Nanoassembly through Spontaneous Amidation. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2021; 133:325-334. [PMID: 38504824 PMCID: PMC10947127 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Matching of symmetry at interfaces is a fundamental obstacle in molecular assembly. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are important vaccine platforms against pathogenic threats, including Covid-19. However, symmetry mismatch can prohibit vaccine nanoassembly. We established an approach for coupling VLPs to diverse antigen symmetries. SpyCatcher003 enabled efficient VLP conjugation and extreme thermal resilience. Many people had pre-existing antibodies to SpyTag:SpyCatcher but less to the 003 variants. We coupled the computer-designed VLP not only to monomers (SARS-CoV-2) but also to cyclic dimers (Newcastle disease, Lyme disease), trimers (influenza hemagglutinins), and tetramers (influenza neuraminidases). Even an antigen with dihedral symmetry could be displayed. For the global challenge of influenza, SpyTag-mediated display of trimer and tetramer antigens strongly induced neutralizing antibodies. SpyCatcher003 conjugation enables nanodisplay of diverse symmetries towards generation of potent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolle Rahikainen
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Hung‐Jen Wu
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Anne‐Marie C. Andersson
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Current address: InProTher ApsOle Maaløes Vej 32200KøbenhavnDenmark
| | | | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7BNUK
| | | | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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36
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Mohring F, Rawlinson TA, Draper SJ, Moon RW. Multiplication and Growth Inhibition Activity Assays for the Zoonotic Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3743. [PMID: 33659403 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Clinical symptoms of the disease arise from the growth and multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within the blood of the host. Thus in vitro assays to determine how drug, antibody and genetic perturbations affect the growth rate of Plasmodium parasites are essential for the development of new therapeutics and improving our understanding of parasite biology. As both P. falciparum and P. knowlesi can be maintained in culture with human red blood cells, the effect of antimalarial drugs and inhibitory antibodies that target the invasion capacity of Plasmodium parasites are routinely investigated by using multiplication assays or growth inhibition assays against these two species. This protocol gives detailed step-by-step procedures to carry out flow cytometry-based multiplication assays and growth inhibition activity assays to test neutralizing antibodies based on the activity of the parasite enzyme lactate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium knowlesi adapted to human red blood cell culture. Whilst similar assays are well established for P. falciparum, P. knowlesi is more closely related to all other human infective species ( Pacheco et al., 2018 ) and so can be used as a surrogate for testing drugs and vaccines for other malaria species such as P. vivax, which is the most widespread cause of malaria outside of Africa, but cannot yet be cultured under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mohring
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Rawlinson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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37
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Schäfer C, Roobsoong W, Kangwanrangsan N, Bardelli M, Rawlinson TA, Dambrauskas N, Trakhimets O, Parthiban C, Goswami D, Reynolds LM, Kennedy SY, Flannery EL, Murphy SC, Sather DN, Draper SJ, Sattabongkot J, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI. A Humanized Mouse Model for Plasmodium vivax to Test Interventions that Block Liver Stage to Blood Stage Transition and Blood Stage Infection. iScience 2020; 23:101381. [PMID: 32739836 PMCID: PMC7399188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax remains vastly understudied, mainly due to the lack of suitable laboratory models. Here, we report a humanized mouse model to test interventions that block P. vivax parasite transition from liver stage infection to blood stage infection. Human liver-chimeric FRGN huHep mice infected with P. vivax sporozoites were infused with human reticulocytes, allowing transition of exo-erythrocytic merozoites to reticulocyte infection and development into all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes, in vivo. In order to test the utility of this model for preclinical assessment of interventions, the invasion blocking potential of a monoclonal antibody targeting the essential interaction of the P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein with the Duffy antigen receptor was tested by passive immunization. This antibody inhibited invasion by over 95%, providing unprecedented in vivo evidence that PvDBP constitutes a promising blood stage vaccine candidate and proving our model highly suitable to test blood stage interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura M Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Spencer Y Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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38
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Rijal P, Elias SC, Machado SR, Xiao J, Schimanski L, O'Dowd V, Baker T, Barry E, Mendelsohn SC, Cherry CJ, Jin J, Labbé GM, Donnellan FR, Rampling T, Dowall S, Rayner E, Findlay-Wilson S, Carroll M, Guo J, Xu XN, Huang KYA, Takada A, Burgess G, McMillan D, Popplewell A, Lightwood DJ, Draper SJ, Townsend AR. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Ebola Virus Infection Derived from Vaccinated Humans. Cell Rep 2020; 27:172-186.e7. [PMID: 30943399 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe therapeutic monoclonal antibodies isolated from human volunteers vaccinated with recombinant adenovirus expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) and boosted with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Among 82 antibodies isolated from peripheral blood B cells, almost half neutralized GP pseudotyped influenza virus. The antibody response was diverse in gene usage and epitope recognition. Although close to germline in sequence, neutralizing antibodies with binding affinities in the nano- to pico-molar range, similar to "affinity matured" antibodies from convalescent donors, were found. They recognized the mucin-like domain, glycan cap, receptor binding region, and the base of the glycoprotein. A cross-reactive cocktail of four antibodies, targeting the latter three non-overlapping epitopes, given on day 3 of EBOV infection, completely protected guinea pigs. This study highlights the value of experimental vaccine trials as a rich source of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Sean C Elias
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Samara Rosendo Machado
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Julie Xiao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon C Mendelsohn
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Catherine J Cherry
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geneviève M Labbé
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tommy Rampling
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | | | - Jia Guo
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Ning Xu
- Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alain R Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts, a highly effective vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum remains elusive. Vaccines targeting the pre-erythrocytic stages of the P. falciparum life cycle are the most advanced to date, affording moderate levels of efficacy in field trials. However, the discovery that the members of the merozoite PfRH5-PfCyRPA-PfRipr (RCR) complex are capable of inducing strain-transcendent neutralizing antibodies has renewed enthusiasm for the possibility of preventing disease by targeting the parasite during the blood stage of infection. With Phase I/II clinical trials now underway using first-generation vaccines against PfRH5, and more on the horizon for PfCyRPA and PfRipr, this review explores the rationale and future potential of the RCR complex as a P. falciparum vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ragotte
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Dookie RS, Villegas-Mendez A, Kroeze H, Barrett JR, Draper SJ, Franke-Fayard BM, Janse CJ, MacDonald AS, Couper KN. Combinatorial Tim-3 and PD-1 activity sustains antigen-specific Th1 cell numbers during blood-stage malaria. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12723. [PMID: 32306409 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Co-inhibitory receptors play a major role in controlling the Th1 response during blood-stage malaria. Whilst PD-1 is viewed as the dominant co-inhibitory receptor restricting T cell responses, the roles of other such receptors in coordinating Th1 cell activity during malaria are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that the co-inhibitory receptor Tim-3 is expressed on splenic antigen-specific T-bet+ (Th1) OT-II cells transiently during the early stage of infection with transgenic Plasmodium yoelii NL parasites expressing ovalbumin (P yoelii NL-OVA). We reveal that co-blockade of Tim-3 and PD-L1 during the acute phase of P yoelii NL infection did not improve the Th1 cell response but instead led to a specific reduction in the numbers of splenic Th1 OT-II cells. Combined blockade of Tim-3 and PD-L1 did elevate anti-parasite IgG antibody responses. Nevertheless, co-blockade of Tim-3 and PD-L1 did not affect IFN-γ production by OT-II cells and did not influence parasite control during P yoelii NL-OVA infection. CONCLUSION Thus, our results show that Tim-3 plays an unexpected combinatorial role with PD-1 in promoting and/ or sustaining a Th1 cell response during the early phase of blood-stage P. yoelii NL infection but combined blockade does not dramatically influence anti-parasite immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Dookie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hans Kroeze
- Leiden malaria group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Blandine M Franke-Fayard
- Leiden malaria group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Leiden malaria group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin N Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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De Groot AS, Moise L, Terry F, Gutierrez AH, Hindocha P, Richard G, Hoft DF, Ross TM, Noe AR, Takahashi Y, Kotraiah V, Silk SE, Nielsen CM, Minassian AM, Ashfield R, Ardito M, Draper SJ, Martin WD. Better Epitope Discovery, Precision Immune Engineering, and Accelerated Vaccine Design Using Immunoinformatics Tools. Front Immunol 2020; 11:442. [PMID: 32318055 PMCID: PMC7154102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational vaccinology includes epitope mapping, antigen selection, and immunogen design using computational tools. Tools that facilitate the in silico prediction of immune response to biothreats, emerging infectious diseases, and cancers can accelerate the design of novel and next generation vaccines and their delivery to the clinic. Over the past 20 years, vaccinologists, bioinformatics experts, and advanced programmers based in Providence, Rhode Island, USA have advanced the development of an integrated toolkit for vaccine design called iVAX, that is secure and user-accessible by internet. This integrated set of immunoinformatic tools comprises algorithms for scoring and triaging candidate antigens, selecting immunogenic and conserved T cell epitopes, re-engineering or eliminating regulatory T cell epitopes, and re-designing antigens to induce immunogenicity and protection against disease for humans and livestock. Commercial and academic applications of iVAX have included identifying immunogenic T cell epitopes in the development of a T-cell based human multi-epitope Q fever vaccine, designing novel influenza vaccines, identifying cross-conserved T cell epitopes for a malaria vaccine, and analyzing immune responses in clinical vaccine studies. Animal vaccine applications to date have included viral infections of pigs such as swine influenza A, PCV2, and African Swine Fever. “Rapid-Fire” applications for biodefense have included a demonstration project for Lassa Fever and Q fever. As recent infectious disease outbreaks underscore the significance of vaccine-driven preparedness, the integrated set of tools available on the iVAX toolkit stand ready to help vaccine developers deliver genome-derived, epitope-driven vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Andres H Gutierrez
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel Fredric Hoft
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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42
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Arezes J, Foy N, McHugh K, Quinkert D, Benard S, Sawant A, Frost JN, Armitage AE, Pasricha SR, Lim PJ, Tam MS, Lavallie E, Pittman DD, Cunningham O, Lambert M, Murphy JE, Draper SJ, Jasuja R, Drakesmith H. Antibodies against the erythroferrone N-terminal domain prevent hepcidin suppression and ameliorate murine thalassemia. Blood 2020; 135:547-557. [PMID: 31899794 PMCID: PMC7046598 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythroferrone (ERFE) is produced by erythroblasts in response to erythropoietin (EPO) and acts in the liver to prevent hepcidin stimulation by BMP6. Hepcidin suppression allows for the mobilization of iron to the bone marrow for the production of red blood cells. Aberrantly high circulating ERFE in conditions of stress erythropoiesis, such as in patients with β-thalassemia, promotes the tissue iron accumulation that substantially contributes to morbidity in these patients. Here we developed antibodies against ERFE to prevent hepcidin suppression and to correct the iron loading phenotype in a mouse model of β-thalassemia [Hbb(th3/+) mice] and used these antibodies as tools to further characterize ERFE's mechanism of action. We show that ERFE binds to BMP6 with nanomolar affinity and binds BMP2 and BMP4 with somewhat weaker affinities. We found that BMP6 binds the N-terminal domain of ERFE, and a polypeptide derived from the N terminus of ERFE was sufficient to cause hepcidin suppression in Huh7 hepatoma cells and in wild-type mice. Anti-ERFE antibodies targeting the N-terminal domain prevented hepcidin suppression in ERFE-treated Huh7 cells and in EPO-treated mice. Finally, we observed a decrease in splenomegaly and serum and liver iron in anti-ERFE-treated Hbb(th3/+) mice, accompanied by an increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin and a decrease in reticulocyte counts. In summary, we show that ERFE binds BMP6 directly and with high affinity, and that antibodies targeting the N-terminal domain of ERFE that prevent ERFE-BMP6 interactions constitute a potential therapeutic tool for iron loading anemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Arezes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Foy
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Biotherapeutics R&D, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kirsty McHugh
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Quinkert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Benard
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Biotherapeutics R&D, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anagha Sawant
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Joe N Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; and
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - May S Tam
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Orla Cunningham
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Biotherapeutics R&D, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Lambert
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Biotherapeutics R&D, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John E Murphy
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reema Jasuja
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Haematology Theme NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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43
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Warszawski S, Dekel E, Campeotto I, Marshall JM, Wright KE, Lyth O, Knop O, Regev-Rudzki N, Higgins MK, Draper SJ, Baum J, Fleishman SJ. Design of a basigin-mimicking inhibitor targeting the malaria invasion protein RH5. Proteins 2020; 88:187-195. [PMID: 31325330 PMCID: PMC6904230 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many human pathogens use host cell-surface receptors to attach and invade cells. Often, the host-pathogen interaction affinity is low, presenting opportunities to block invasion using a soluble, high-affinity mimic of the host protein. The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) provides an exciting candidate for mimicry: it is highly conserved and its moderate affinity binding to the human receptor basigin (KD ≥1 μM) is an essential step in erythrocyte invasion by this malaria parasite. We used deep mutational scanning of a soluble fragment of human basigin to systematically characterize point mutations that enhance basigin affinity for RH5 and then used Rosetta to design a variant within the sequence space of affinity-enhancing mutations. The resulting seven-mutation design exhibited 1900-fold higher affinity (KD approximately 1 nM) for RH5 with a very slow binding off rate (0.23 h-1 ) and reduced the effective Plasmodium growth-inhibitory concentration by at least 10-fold compared to human basigin. The design provides a favorable starting point for engineering on-rate improvements that are likely to be essential to reach therapeutically effective growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Warszawski
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elya Dekel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ivan Campeotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Marshall
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine E. Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Oliver Lyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Orli Knop
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Sarel J Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Nikolaeva D, Illingworth JJ, Miura K, Alanine DGW, Brian IJ, Li Y, Fyfe AJ, Da DF, Cohuet A, Long CA, Draper SJ, Biswas S. Functional Characterization and Comparison of Plasmodium falciparum Proteins as Targets of Transmission-blocking Antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:155-166. [PMID: 29089373 PMCID: PMC6944241 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria continues to evade control efforts, utilizing highly specialized sexual-stages to transmit infection between the human host and mosquito vector. In a vaccination model, antibodies directed to sexual-stage antigens, when ingested in the mosquito blood meal, can inhibit parasite growth in the midgut and consequently arrest transmission. Despite multiple datasets for the Plasmodium sexual-stage transcriptome and proteome, there have been no rational screens to identify candidate antigens for transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) development. This study characterizes 12 proteins from across the P. falciparum sexual-stages as possible TBV targets. Recombinant proteins are heterologously expressed as full-length ectodomains in a mammalian HEK293 cell system. The proteins recapitulate native parasite epitopes as assessed by indirect fluorescence assay and a proportion exhibits immunoreactivity when tested against sera from individuals living in malaria-endemic Burkina Faso and Mali. Purified IgG generated to the mosquito-stage parasite antigen enolase demonstrates moderate inhibition of parasite development in the mosquito midgut by the ex vivo standard membrane feeding assay. The findings support the use of rational screens and comparative functional assessments in identifying proteins of the P. falciparum transmission pathway and establishing a robust pre-clinical TBV pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nikolaeva
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK; Malaria Immunology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseaseNational Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Malaria Immunology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseaseNational Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Iona J Brian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Alex J Fyfe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Dari F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Immunology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseaseNational Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Sumi Biswas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford UK.
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45
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Hodgson SH, Muller J, Lockstone HE, Hill AVS, Marsh K, Draper SJ, Knight JC. Use of gene expression studies to investigate the human immunological response to malaria infection. Malar J 2019; 18:418. [PMID: 31835999 PMCID: PMC6911278 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional profiling of the human immune response to malaria has been used to identify diagnostic markers, understand the pathogenicity of severe disease and dissect the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity (NAI). However, interpreting this body of work is difficult given considerable variation in study design, definition of disease, patient selection and methodology employed. This work details a comprehensive review of gene expression profiling (GEP) of the human immune response to malaria to determine how this technology has been applied to date, instances where this has advanced understanding of NAI and the extent of variability in methodology between studies to allow informed comparison of data and interpretation of results. Methods Datasets from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) including the search terms; ‘plasmodium’ or ‘malaria’ or ‘sporozoite’ or ‘merozoite’ or ‘gametocyte’ and ‘Homo sapiens’ were identified and publications analysed. Datasets of gene expression changes in relation to malaria vaccines were excluded. Results Twenty-three GEO datasets and 25 related publications were included in the final review. All datasets related to Plasmodium falciparum infection, except two that related to Plasmodium vivax infection. The majority of datasets included samples from individuals infected with malaria ‘naturally’ in the field (n = 13, 57%), however some related to controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies (n = 6, 26%), or cells stimulated with Plasmodium in vitro (n = 6, 26%). The majority of studies examined gene expression changes relating to the blood stage of the parasite. Significant heterogeneity between datasets was identified in terms of study design, sample type, platform used and method of analysis. Seven datasets specifically investigated transcriptional changes associated with NAI to malaria, with evidence supporting suppression of the innate pro-inflammatory response as an important mechanism for this in the majority of these studies. However, further interpretation of this body of work was limited by heterogeneity between studies and small sample sizes. Conclusions GEP in malaria is a potentially powerful tool, but to date studies have been hypothesis generating with small sample sizes and widely varying methodology. As CHMI studies are increasingly performed in endemic settings, there will be growing opportunity to use GEP to understand detailed time-course changes in host response and understand in greater detail the mechanisms of NAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne H Hodgson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. .,Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Julius Muller
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen E Lockstone
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Road Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Julian C Knight
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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46
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Labbé GM, Miura K, Silk SE, Gu W, Moon JE, Jin J, Payne RO, Fay MP, Dutta S, Long CA, Draper SJ. Harmonization study between three laboratories for expression of malaria vaccine clinical trial IgG antibody ELISA data in µg/mL. Malar J 2019; 18:300. [PMID: 31477111 PMCID: PMC6721210 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to report vaccine-induced IgG responses in terms of µg/mL, as opposed arbitrary units (AU), enables a more informed interpretation of the magnitude of the immune response, and better comparison between vaccines targeting different antigens. However, these interpretations rely on the accuracy of the methodology, which is used to generate ELISA data in µg/mL. In a previous clinical trial of a vaccine targeting the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) from Plasmodium falciparum, three laboratories (Oxford, NIH and WRAIR) reported ELISA data in µg/mL that were correlated but not concordant. This current study sought to harmonize the methodology used to generate a conversion factor (CF) for ELISA analysis of human anti-AMA1 IgG responses across the three laboratories. Methods Purified IgG was distributed to the three laboratories and, following a set protocol provided by NIH, AMA1-specific human IgG was affinity purified. A new “harmonized CF” was generated by each laboratory using their in-house ELISA, and the original clinical trial ELISA data were re-analysed accordingly. Results Statistical analysis showed that the data remained highly correlated across all three laboratories, although only Oxford and NIH were able to harmonize their CF for ELISA and generate concordant data. Conclusions This study enabled two out of the three laboratories to harmonize their µg/mL readouts for the human anti-AMA1 IgG ELISA, but results reported from WRAIR are ~ twofold higher. Given the need to validate such information for each species and antigen of interest, it is important to bear in mind these likely differences when interpreting µg/mL ELISA data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève M Labbé
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Wenjuan Gu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - James E Moon
- Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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47
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Mohring F, Hart MN, Rawlinson TA, Henrici R, Charleston JA, Diez Benavente E, Patel A, Hall J, Almond N, Campino S, Clark TG, Sutherland CJ, Baker DA, Draper SJ, Moon RW. Rapid and iterative genome editing in the malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi provides new tools for P. vivax research. eLife 2019; 8:45829. [PMID: 31205002 PMCID: PMC6579517 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tackling relapsing Plasmodium vivax and zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi infections is critical to reducing malaria incidence and mortality worldwide. Understanding the biology of these important and related parasites was previously constrained by the lack of robust molecular and genetic approaches. Here, we establish CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in a culture-adapted P. knowlesi strain and define parameters for optimal homology-driven repair. We establish a scalable protocol for the production of repair templates by PCR and demonstrate the flexibility of the system by tagging proteins with distinct cellular localisations. Using iterative rounds of genome-editing we generate a transgenic line expressing P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP), a lead vaccine candidate. We demonstrate that PvDBP plays no role in reticulocyte restriction but can alter the macaque/human host cell tropism of P. knowlesi. Critically, antibodies raised against the P. vivax antigen potently inhibit proliferation of this strain, providing an invaluable tool to support vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mohring
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Natalie Hart
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan Henrici
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A Charleston
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avnish Patel
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hall
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Baker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert William Moon
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Alanine DGW, Quinkert D, Kumarasingha R, Mehmood S, Donnellan FR, Minkah NK, Dadonaite B, Diouf A, Galaway F, Silk SE, Jamwal A, Marshall JM, Miura K, Foquet L, Elias SC, Labbé GM, Douglas AD, Jin J, Payne RO, Illingworth JJ, Pattinson DJ, Pulido D, Williams BG, de Jongh WA, Wright GJ, Kappe SHI, Robinson CV, Long CA, Crabb BS, Gilson PR, Higgins MK, Draper SJ. Human Antibodies that Slow Erythrocyte Invasion Potentiate Malaria-Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell 2019; 178:216-228.e21. [PMID: 31204103 PMCID: PMC6602525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5) is the leading target for next-generation vaccines against the disease-causing blood-stage of malaria. However, little is known about how human antibodies confer functional immunity against this antigen. We isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PfRH5 from peripheral blood B cells from vaccinees in the first clinical trial of a PfRH5-based vaccine. We identified a subset of mAbs with neutralizing activity that bind to three distinct sites and another subset of mAbs that are non-functional, or even antagonistic to neutralizing antibodies. We also identify the epitope of a novel group of non-neutralizing antibodies that significantly reduce the speed of red blood cell invasion by the merozoite, thereby potentiating the effect of all neutralizing PfRH5 antibodies as well as synergizing with antibodies targeting other malaria invasion proteins. Our results provide a roadmap for structure-guided vaccine development to maximize antibody efficacy against blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G W Alanine
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Doris Quinkert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Shahid Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Francesca R Donnellan
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nana K Minkah
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Francis Galaway
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Abhishek Jamwal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jennifer M Marshall
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Lander Foquet
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Elias
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geneviève M Labbé
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexander D Douglas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ruth O Payne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joseph J Illingworth
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David J Pattinson
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David Pulido
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Barnabas G Williams
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Willem A de Jongh
- ExpreS(2)ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N., #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul R Gilson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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49
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Knuepfer E, Wright KE, Kumar Prajapati S, Rawlinson TA, Mohring F, Koch M, Lyth OR, Howell SA, Villasis E, Snijders AP, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Rosanas-Urgell A, Higgins MK, Baum J, Holder AA. Divergent roles for the RH5 complex components, CyRPA and RIPR in human-infective malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007809. [PMID: 31185066 PMCID: PMC6588255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which invade and replicate in erythrocytes. For Plasmodium falciparum, the major cause of severe malaria in humans, a heterotrimeric complex comprised of the secreted parasite proteins, PfCyRPA, PfRIPR and PfRH5 is essential for erythrocyte invasion, mediated by the interaction between PfRH5 and erythrocyte receptor basigin (BSG). However, whilst CyRPA and RIPR are present in most Plasmodium species, RH5 is found only in the small Laverania subgenus. Existence of a complex analogous to PfRH5-PfCyRPA-PfRIPR targeting BSG, and involvement of CyRPA and RIPR in invasion, however, has not been addressed in non-Laverania parasites. Here, we establish that unlike P. falciparum, P. knowlesi and P. vivax do not universally require BSG as a host cell invasion receptor. Although we show that both PkCyRPA and PkRIPR are essential for successful invasion of erythrocytes by P. knowlesi parasites in vitro, neither protein forms a complex with each other or with an RH5-like molecule. Instead, PkRIPR is part of a different trimeric protein complex whereas PkCyRPA appears to function without other parasite binding partners. It therefore appears that in the absence of RH5, outside of the Laverania subgenus, RIPR and CyRPA have different, independent functions crucial for parasite survival. Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases, causing significant human suffering and death. It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium proliferating in the bloodstream. Understanding the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion is key for developing novel intervention strategies. P. falciparum, the cause of the most severe form of malaria, requires the interaction of a trimeric protein complex RH5-CyRPA-RIPR with the host receptor BSG for successful invasion. We show here that the BSG receptor is not essential for invasion by two other major causes of human malaria, P. vivax and P. knowlesi. Furthermore, we analyzed the role of CyRPA and RIPR in the absence of an RH5-like molecule in P. knowlesi and show that these molecules do not associate to form a protein complex unlike in the presence of RH5 in P. falciparum. PkRIPR is part of a different protein complex. Despite this difference CyRPA and RIPR still have essential functions during host cell invasion in other important human malaria-causing parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Knuepfer
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
| | - Katherine E. Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
| | | | | | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Koch
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R. Lyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Howell
- Proteomics Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Proteomics Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew K. Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
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50
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Illingworth JJ, Alanine DG, Brown R, Marshall JM, Bartlett HE, Silk SE, Labbé GM, Quinkert D, Cho JS, Wendler JP, Pattinson DJ, Barfod L, Douglas AD, Shea MW, Wright KE, de Cassan SC, Higgins MK, Draper SJ. Functional Comparison of Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1254. [PMID: 31214195 PMCID: PMC6558156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria genome encodes over 5,000 proteins and many of these have also been proposed to be potential vaccine candidates, although few of these have been tested clinically. RH5 is one of the leading blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine antigens and Phase I/II clinical trials of vaccines containing this antigen are currently underway. Its likely mechanism of action is to elicit antibodies that can neutralize merozoites by blocking their invasion of red blood cells (RBC). However, many other antigens could also elicit neutralizing antibodies against the merozoite, and most of these have never been compared directly to RH5. The objective of this study was to compare a range of blood-stage antigens to RH5, to identify any antigens that outperform or synergize with anti-RH5 antibodies. We selected 55 gene products, covering 15 candidate antigens that have been described in the literature and 40 genes selected on the basis of bioinformatics functional prediction. We were able to make 20 protein-in-adjuvant vaccines from the original selection. Of these, S-antigen and CyRPA robustly elicited antibodies with neutralizing properties. Anti-CyRPA IgG generally showed additive GIA with anti-RH5 IgG, although high levels of anti-CyRPA-specific rabbit polyclonal IgG were required to achieve 50% GIA. Our data suggest that further vaccine antigen screening efforts are required to identify a second merozoite target with similar antibody-susceptibility to RH5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca Brown
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Doris Quinkert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jee Sun Cho
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P Wendler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lea Barfod
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael W Shea
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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